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七年级英语下册单元语法聚焦

七年级英语下册单元语法聚焦
七年级英语下册单元语法聚焦

单元语法聚焦一

一、情态动词can的用法

1.概念

情态动词表示说话人对有关动作或状态的观点,如需要、可能、意愿、怀疑等,在形式上,情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化,有的情态动词没有时态的变化,如must。情态动词本身词义不完全,不能单独作谓语动词,必须和不带to的动词不定式连用。常见的情态动词有can, may, must, have to, should, would 等。

(1)肯定句

主语+can+动词原形+其他. E.g. I can find your bag.我能找到你的包。

(2)否定句

主语+cannot/can't+动词原形+其他. E.g. They can't answer these questions.他们不能回答这些问题。

(3)一般疑问句

其一般疑问句是将述句中的can移至_主语_前,句末加问号,读升调。肯定回答用yes, 否定回答用no。

E.g.—Can you see the blackboard?“你能看到黑板吗?”

—Yes, I can./No, I can't.“是的,我能。”/“不,我看不到。”

(4)特殊疑问句

其特殊疑问句结构为“特殊疑问词+含有情态动词can的一般疑问句”,回答时要根据特殊疑问词所问的情况进行回答。

E.g.—What can you see in the room?“你在房间里能看见什么?”

—I can see only a table.“我只能看见一桌子。”

二、定冠词the的用法

1.特指双方都知道的人或物。E.g. Take the medicine.吃药。

2.指上文提到过的人或事。E.g. He has a new house.The house is very big.他有一幢新房子。那幢房子很大。

3.指世界上独一无二的事物。E.g. the sun 太阳, the sky 天空

4.与单数名词连用,表示一类事物。E.g. the dollar美元, the fox狐狸

5.用在序数词前面。

E.g.—Where do you live?“你住在哪儿?”

—I live on the second floor.“我住二楼。”

6.用在西方乐器名词之前。E.g. play the piano弹钢琴

7.用在姓氏的复数形式之前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。E.g. the Greens 格林一家/格林夫妇

8.某些形容词前加定冠词可以泛指一类人,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。

E.g. the blind盲人, the hungry饥饿的人

单元语法聚焦二

一、时间的表达方法

1.整点表达法

时间刚好是整点,可用“基数词+o'clock ”表示,o'clock也可省略。9:00→nine或nine o'clock。2.非整点表达法

(1)顺读法:即按照“先时后分”的顺序,都用基数词读出。 4:20→four twenty。

使用一般现在时的几种情况:

1.当句中有频度副词often(经常)、usually(通常)、sometimes(有时)或always(总是)等,同时该句中没有表示过去或将来的时间状语时,那么这个句子就用一般现在时。频度副词位于实义动词之前,be动词/助动词/情态动词之后。

E.g. The student often plays basketball at school.这名学生经常在学校打篮球。

E.g. My friends always help me with my English.我的朋友们总是帮助我学英语。

E.g. Sometimes Jim plays the piano after lunch.吉姆有时在午饭后弹钢琴。

2.一般现在时常与具有周期性的时间状语连用,

如every day, in the morning, on Sunday, at eight o'clock 等。

E.g. That teacher takes the No. 17 bus to school in the morning. 那位老师早上坐17路公交车去学校。

E.g. I watch TV every day. 我每天都看电视。

3.what time和when 引导的特殊疑问句及回答

what time和when用来询问主语在什么时间做某件事情。what time用来提问具体的时间,指“几点几分”,也可以用when替换。when用来提问不具体的时间,年份、月份、日期等。其句型结构:

What time+do/does+主语+动词原形+…?

When+do/does+主语+动词原形+…?

答语可以是完整的句子,也可以是简单的时间状语。

E.g. —What time does Rick go to school?

—He goes to school at 7:00. (At 7:00.)

E.g. —When does your friend exercise?

—He usually exercises on weekends. (On weekends.)

单元语法聚焦三

有关交通方式的表达法

how作为疑问副词,可以用来询问交通方式。

How do/does sb. get to…?某人如何到……?

乘坐不同交通工具的表达方法有以下几种:

1.take+限定词+交通工具名词(常在句中作谓语): take the bus/train/subway等。

E.g. —How does your father go to Guangzhou?“你父亲怎样去?”

—He takes the train.“他乘火车去。”

2.动词+to+地点名词(在句中作谓语)。这类动词有walk, drive, fly, ride等。

E.g. He rides to his friend's home.他骑车去他朋友家。

注意:动词(如walk, drive等)后面接地点副词(here, there, home等)时,介词to要省略。

3.by+交通工具名词(在句中作状语): by bus/train/taxi/air等。

E.g. —How do you go to Beijing?“你怎样去?”

—I go to Beijing by plane.“我乘飞机去。”

注意:该短语中的交通工具名词前不加任何冠词,而且也不用复数形式。

4.in/on+限定词+交通工具名词(在句中作状语): on a bus/bike, on the train, in his car等。E.g. —How does Lily go to school?“莉莉怎样去上学?”

—She goes to school on her bike.“她骑自行车去上学。”

5.on foot意为“步行”。

E.g. Lucy goes to school on foot every day.露西每天步行去上学。

6.how还可以与long,far等构成短语。how long用于询问时间的长短或物体的长度;how far 用于询问两地之间距离。

E.g. How long does it take you to get to school?你到达学校需要多长时间?

E.g. How long is the ruler?这把尺子有多长?

E.g. How far is it from your home to school?你的家离学校有多远?

单元语法聚焦四

一、祈使句

祈使句用来表示请求、命令或建议。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称you, 但通常省略。祈使句的句末一般用句号,表示较强语气时用感叹号。为表示礼貌,可在祈使句句首或句末加please。句末用please时,前面通常加逗号,即用“Please…”或“…,please.”句式。若有称呼语,要用逗号隔开,放在句首或句末。

1.祈使句的肯定形式:动词原形+其他。

E.g. Please buy some bananas for me.请为我买一些香蕉。

2.祈使句的否定形式:在动词原形前加don’t,即“Don't+动词原形+其他”。

E.g. Don't look out of the window. 不要向窗外看。

3.祈使句的反意疑问句用will you/won't you。但是,以let's开头的祈使句的反意疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问部分用will you。

E.g. Don't swim here, will you?不要在这儿游泳,好吗?

E.g. Let's go to the zoo, shall we?让我们去动物园吧,好吗?

4.let 引导的句子也是祈使句的一种。其肯定形式为“Let+sb.+动词原形+其他”;否定形式为“Let +sb.+not+动词原形+其他”/“Don‘t let+sb. 动词原形+其他”。

E.g. Let's join the soccer club.让我们加入足球俱乐部吧。

E.g. Don‘t let them play with fire. 别让他们玩火。

5.“No+n./v.-ing”表示禁止性的祈使句。

E.g. No smoking! 禁止吸烟! No fishing!禁止钓鱼!

二、have to与must

1. have to 表示客观上“不得不”,must 表示主观需要或受责任感的驱使认为有必要或有义务去做某事,通常意为“必须”。

E.g. I have to do my homework now.现在我不得不做作业。(不得不做)

E.g. We must be there on time. 我们一定准时到达。 (受责任感的驱使)

2. have to与must的否定形式分别是don't have to(不必), mustn't(一定不要,禁止)。

3. 在含有must的一般疑问句中,肯定回答为“Yes,主语+must.”否定回答为“No主语+needn't/don't have to.”

单元语法聚焦五

一、形容词的用法

形容词表示人或事物的性质或状态,常用来修饰名词,如red, great, good, bad等。形容词通常可分为性质形容词和叙述形容词两类。

1.形容词的位置

形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前面。当形容词修饰不定代词或副词时,要放在不定代词或副词后面。

E.g. There is something wrong with the bike.这辆自行车出毛病了。

2.形容词的用法

形容词除了可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语以外,有些形容词还可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物。这时,它相当于一个名词,可以作主语或宾语。

rich(富裕的)—the rich(富人) poor(贫穷的)—the poor(穷人) old(老的)—the old(老人) E.g. We should help the poor. 我们应该帮助穷人。

[注意] 有些形容词只能作表语,不能作定语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有比较等级的变化,也不可以用程度副词修饰。大多数以a-开头的形容词都属于表语形容词,如afraid(害怕的), alone(单独的), asleep(睡着的)等。

E.g. He is afraid.他害怕。(不能说:He is an afraid man.)

二、疑问副词why的用法

1.由why引导的特殊疑问句

why意为“为什么”,是一个疑问副词。由它引导的特殊疑问句用来询问原因,其答语通常由because引导。

E.g. —Why does he go to the hospital?“他为什么去医院?”

—Because he is ill. “因为他病了。”

[注意] 在一般现在时态的特殊疑问句中,如果句子的谓语动词是实义动词,主语是第三人称单数,那么why后面的助动词就用does, 否则用do,句中的谓语动词均用原形。

E.g. —Why does your sister go to the zoo?你妹妹为什么去动物园?

—Because she likes animals.因为她喜欢动物。

2.why还可以用于向别人提出建议,句型为“Why don't you+动词原形+其他?”或“Why not+动词原

形+其他?”,意为“为什么不……呢?”。

单元语法聚焦六

现在进行时(一)

1.用法

(1)表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。E.g. She is reading a book now.她现在正在看书。

(2)表示当前一段时间一直进行的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作。

E.g. They are working on the farm these days.这些天他们一直在农场干活。

(3)表示将要发生的动作。这类动词主要有come, go, leave, fly, arrive, begin等。

E.g. They are flying to Shanghai tomorrow.他们明天将坐飞机去。

(4)有些动词,如lie(位于), stand(位于), belong to(属于),own(拥有), have(有), know, like, love, want, hope等,通常不用于进行时。

E.g. Tom wants to go to school. 汤姆想去上学。

E.g. He likes playing soccer. 他喜欢踢足球。

2.构成

现在进行时是由“be(am/is/are)+v.-ing”构成的。

(1)be动词随主语而变化。即I am…/You are…/He (She, It) is…/We (You, They) are…

单元语法聚焦七

一、how引导的特殊疑问句

1.how的基本含义是“怎样”,用于询问“程度怎样”,还可以询问“健康状况”和“天气情况”等。

(1)询问天气“怎样”。

E.g. —How's the weather in Beijing? 的天气怎么样?

—It's sunny. 晴朗。

(2)询问事情进展“怎样”。

E.g. —How's it going? 情况进展怎么样?

—Not bad, thanks. 不错,。

(3)询问动作的执行程度“怎样”。

E.g. —How do you like China? 你觉得中国怎么样?

—I like it very much. 我非常喜欢。

(4)询问身体健康状况“怎样”。

E.g. —How are you?你好吗?

—I'm fine. Thank you. 我很好,。

(5)询问动作执行的方式、手段等“怎样”。

E.g. —How do you usually go to school? 你通常怎样去上学?

—On foot. 步行。

2.how还可以与其他词一起构成短语,询问数量、价格、年龄等。

(1)how about用于询问或征询意见等,相当于 what about,后接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式,意为“……怎么样,……好不好”。

E.g. I like playing football. How about you? 我喜欢踢足球。你呢?

(2)how many用于询问人或物品的数量,后接可数名词的复数形式,意为“多少”。

E.g. —How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少名学生?

—There are forty. 四十名。

(3)how much既可以询问物品数量,后接不可数名词,意为“多少”;又可以询问物品价格,意为“多少钱”。

(4)how old询问年龄,意为“多大”。

E.g. —How old are you? 你多大了?

—I'm twelve. 我十二岁。

(5)how far用于询问距离,意为“多远”。

E.g. —How far is it from your home to school? 从你家到学校有多远?

—About three hundred meters. 大约三百米。

(6)how long 既可以询问时间,意为“多久”;又可以询问物品的长度,意为“多长”。

E.g. How long will it last? 这要持续多久?

E.g. How long is the river? 这条河有多长?

三、现在进行时(二)

句式结构:现在进行时主要有肯定、否定、疑问等句式结构及对一般疑问句的简略回答。

1.肯定句式

现在进行时的肯定句的基本形式:主语+be动词+v.-ing+其他.

E.g. They're running along the street.他们正沿着街道跑。

2.否定句式

其否定形式是在be动词后加not。

E.g. He isn't doing his homework.他没在做家庭作业。

3.一般疑问句式及其简略回答

现在进行时的述句变一般疑问句时,只需将be动词提到句首。一般疑问句用Yes或No来回答。

E.g. —Are they working now?现在他们正在工作吗?

—Yes, they are./No, they aren't.是的,他们正在工作。/不,他们没有。

4.特殊疑问句

现在进行时的特殊疑问句是在一般疑问句之前加上一个特殊疑问词。

E.g. What are you doing?你正在干什么?

E.g. Where are they working?他们正在哪儿工作?

单元语法聚焦八

there be句型

1.there be句型中的主语通常放在谓语后面,动词be为谓语。若主语为单数,用there is;若主语为复数,用there are;若主语为不可数名词,用there is。

E.g. There are ten trees in front of the hospital.医院前面有十棵树。

2.there be句型中的谓语应和后面的主语保持一致,若有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语常和最靠近它的那个主语保持一致,即遵循“就近原则”。

E.g. There is a chair and two desks in the office.办公室里有一把椅子和两书桌。

3.there be句型的一般疑问句是把be放在句首,句末用问号,读时句末用升调。回答这类疑问句时,肯定回答:Yes, there is/are. 否定回答:No, there isn't/aren't.

E.g. —Is there a book in your backpack?“你的背包里有一本书吗?”

—Yes, there is./No, there isn't.“是的,有。”/“不,没有。”

4.there be句型的特殊疑问句及其回答

there be句型一般现在时的特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词+is/are there+名词+地点状语+时间状语?”构成,有时地点状语和时间状语可省略。

E.g. —How many people are there in your class?“你们班有多少人?”

—Fifty-three.“53个人。”

5.对there be结构中的主语进行提问时,无论主语是单数还是复数,习惯上都用“What's+地点状语?” there常省略。

(1)There are some flowers in the garden.(对画线部分提问) E.g. What’s in the garden?

(2)There is some meat in the fridge.(对画线部分提问) E.g. What’s in the fridge? 6.对there be 后的地点状语进行提问时,句型结构用“Where is/are+主语?”

There is a kite in the sky.(对画线部分提问) E.g. Where is the kite?

7.there be与have的区别

there be 强调位置关系,表示“某地有某人/物”;have 强调所属关系,表示“某人拥有某人或某物”。

E.g. There are some boys in the park. 公园里有一些男孩子。

E.g. My father has two cars. 我父亲有两辆车。

单元语法聚焦九

一、选择疑问句

选择疑问句表示提供两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方在所提供的围、对象选择。在所提供的最后一个备选对象前面要用表示选择关系的并列连词or。朗读时or前面用升调,or 后面用降调,句末用问号。1.选择疑问句的结构

(1)一般疑问句+or+另一个备选对象?

E.g. Is he tall or short? 他是高还是矮?

(2)特殊疑问句+一个备选对象+or+另一个备选对象?

E.g. Which boy is Tom, the tall one or the short one? 哪个男孩是汤姆,高个的还是矮个的?2.选择疑问句的回答

回答选择疑问句时,一般在所提供的备选对象围选择,有时也要视具体情况作灵活处理,但不能用“Yes/No”来回答,一般用一个完整的述句或其简略形式来回答,主语和谓语均可省略。

E.g. —Is he thin or heavy? 他瘦还是胖?

—He's a little heavy.他有点儿胖。

二、描述他人外貌

1. 询问某人外貌特征的常用句型

“What do/does+主语+look like?”表示“……长什么样?”回答时可用“sb. is/are+形容词.”或“sb. have/has(+形容词)+名词.”

E.g. —What do the twins look like?“那对双胞胎长什么样?”

—They have short hair.“他们留着短发。”

E.g. —What does your brother look like?“你弟弟长什么样?”

—He is really tall. He has curly hair.“他个子真的很高,留着卷发。”

2. 描述外貌常用的形容词

(1)描述体形:fat(胖的),thin(瘦的),heavy(重的)

(2)描述头发:long(长的), short(短的), straight(直的), curly(卷曲的)

(3)描述身高:tall(高的), short(矮的), of medium height(中等身高)

(4)描述颜色:blonde(金黄色的), brown(棕色的), black(黑色的), grey(灰色的)

单元语法聚焦十

一、可数名词与不可数名词

英语中名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。简单地说,能数出个数的为可数名词,不能数出个数的为不可数名词。可数名词有单、复数之分,而不可数名词没有复数形式。

七年级下册英语语法整理

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