当前位置:文档之家› 关于深孔加工机床的中英文翻译

关于深孔加工机床的中英文翻译

关于深孔加工机床的中英文翻译
关于深孔加工机床的中英文翻译

小直径深孔钻的加工方法

摘要:固碳化钨2毫米直径深孔钻在加工钻孔的过程中要求保证排屑的完整性,内部切削液的顺利供应。切削液的流速取决于内部轮廓和钻轴的轴截面面积,同时也取决于深孔钻的硬度和断裂承受力。刀具磨损切削力增加,从而也强调了这次改进方案的优化进展、完整性,可达到的切削参数谨慎选择。

关键词:产品加工,切割领域,深孔钻,加工精度。

简介

深孔钻产品,深孔钻镗方法通常有三种: [1]单刃钻、BTA和喷射钻被使用; BTA和喷射钻被应用于特殊加工领域钻排屑;单刃钻方法可应用于传统的机器,如机械加工中心或回转机床。在该方法的指导下,专用机的投资费用可减少,长径比大的高品质钻床被应用在标准机床。例如,加工中心。

某些为具体的程序和机械的需求考虑,例如高压冷却润滑剂设备,以足够高的速度范围进行冲刷和润滑,使必须的切割速度可以实现的。因为高表面质量和形状精度,可实现由单刃钻。单边缘钻的经济优势率先使用在其长径比小于5的短孔均匀加工上。

在加工直径范围介于0.9毫米——2毫米的最小单刃钻工具的发展过程中,新的应用领域是被猜想成为是一个新的单刃钻,例如间接应用于钻孔加工和润滑或排屑结构设计中。因此,可以使用该方法的典型优势,如以高质量、高切除率加工最小的直径。

由于该方法的高经济使必要的工作时间减少。切削条件从而确定必要的工作时间,即高金属切除率可以由安装的发动机功率来实现。通常,切削条件,可以选择在经济方面的切削过程,成为不稳定的因素,因为该工具的动力学行为[4]。饲料价格,这是过高,或者其他参数的调整,

不属于配套项目,可能会干扰这一进程的完整性和钻孔质量,在最坏的情况导致的刀具破损。特别是在以最小的直径,那里的工具是比较昂贵的单刃钻,

由于其昂贵的生产,掌握了裁剪过程中的演练,以避免生产损失,并将演习和生产损失破损是高度重视。

关于获取高效率的问题,不同直径较大的单刃钻,最小直径钻的问题(水平面2毫米处),尤其是与冷却润滑剂和去除芯片供应。由于截面小,扭转和弯曲

载荷不同,一组芯片由芯片形状,造成刀具的磨损,这是不利于工件的加工与刀具的稳定性,很快导致的刀具破损。相对于直径范围在2毫米以上的工件,最小的单刃钻加工时需要超过100 bar的工作压力。

图1 高效率的获得

单刃钻是是空心的,有能够提供冷却润滑剂的功能,和在钻杆的内表面形成了一个通道,在钻轴的外表面,冷却润滑剂就是沿着这个通道流向刀头,将铁削带离工件内部。管道面积的减少、冷却润滑剂的流速还是刀具的刚度,都可减少工件的横截面。使用高刚度、大横截面管道钻头的目的是为了确保冷却润滑剂的顺利流通,,以保证冷却润滑剂的安全供应。当一个直径大于2毫米的刀架通常由25 CrM04 V用硬质合金组成,钻头和小单刃钻是轴焊接硬质合金制造的,根据不同的材料,较脆,因此在加工过程中风险较大。

对于单刃钻在加工的可靠性和达到了高加工速度的完整性调查,为获得有关切削参数之间关系的新知识,冷却润滑剂流量,切削力,切削形状和加工质量(见图.2)。一个加工系统的优化,才能实现切削的价值,切削力的测量和切屑形成的观察,在计算精度的准确性条件下,用以提高该方法的可靠性,监测的磨损和破损的工具正在研发可靠性阶段。这是实现生产流程的完整性,进一步优化的工具,在图2所示,应当加强钻轴的强度是为了使冷却润滑剂达到最大流量。

图2:调查联络点

相比较,关于刀具在静态和动态因素必须在被确定的条件下,才能被使用。

加工范围与加工精度

经试验验证的工艺优化材料42CrM04V,100Cr6和Ck45表明,该切割速度和进给率只能在非常小的范围内加工零件,否则可能导致像彩带长螺旋不符合标准的铁屑形状的,象长条形铁屑或带状铁屑(5)。此外,切割和进给力可以变得更高,以便于工件强度超标,造成刀具破损。通过切削试验应有一个可靠地进给力作为进给速度(图3)。

图3 进给速度对进给力的影响

除了优化的切削参数,冷却润滑剂的流量的连续流动为一个巨大的发展。加工工艺完整性的重要性。该铁屑的排除取决于冷却液的压力值。除了与加工强度和流经冷却液管段长度有关外,压力和介质的粘度也存在相关性[6]。从测试的粘度上看,影响不大(图4),从对截面通道依赖的强度可以得出结论[7]。

图4:润滑油粘度对冷却液流速影响

增加刀具监控的优势

刀具监控是为了监测深孔钻加工过程中刀具的正常加工。在所有深孔钻床,有专用设备监督冷却润滑剂的压力,这应停止在一个压力增加铁削的排除量造成的情况。此外,进给力的监控方法,钻削时间,或深孔钻的驱动电机功率消耗都在使用。这些监测装置已建成的工具,切削力比加工直径小于2毫米的单刃钻高。

为发展刀具破损和刀具磨损监测设备,已经进行了一次测试中,不同测量结果的变量被统计,,如进给力,钻削时间,超声加工。因此应该认识到,是否有造成测量变量的因素,可以显示该工具的磨损和破损课程的功能,有利于监控。

作为测量装置,该工具的工作面,既是一个测量平台和测力计适用面。也是测量体重的DMS平台,两者构成两个板块之间的预应力,从而允许高动态测量。

通过对测量机方法的测量,意味着钻削时间和进给力被测量。对于超声发射测量,因使用不同的传感器,为克亚尔加速度传感器被挑选。

到目前为止,有关调查表明刀具破损,由于进给力信号的单一更新引起的冲击,造成钻头的损伤。在同一时间,由于信号峰值的不稳定,可造成刀具破损(图5)。要确定刀具破损的原因,对进给力信号进行分析,可观察到,钻头损伤可能是由一个进给力的不稳定造成减少刀具信号破损的过程。像进给力信号,钻削时间也改变了刀具破损的,其中相当类似的信号增幅。超声发射信号的测量表明,该方法是采用最小直径在单刃钻刀具的监测,如果有足够的信号可以在该处安装一个合适的传感器。

图5.刀具磨损时进给力的变化情况

一个钻头破损的原因,在所有的调试方法中,有一个信号峰值。图6显示了在繁忙状态下,信号的改变情况,以及在信号准静态状况下,刀具破损的变化。如果是合适的刀具磨损监测,正在调查的方法就是当前测试中的方法。

图6. 刀具磨损时信号调试的变化

工具的优化

除了上述已优化的切削参数,刀具优化的关键在于,当冷却润滑剂的最大流量时刀具的最大刚度的几何改善是另一个主要任务。其主要受限于这些工具静态和动态的稳定,必须视其为为几何。因为冷却润滑剂供应和排屑主要是由钻头的横截面几何形状确定,一个条件已被却确定,它一方面满足了高扭转和弯曲刚度,另一方面要求预留下横截面面积尽可能大的冷却润滑剂供应空缺。至目前为止,实验值主要取决于这两方面的结合。

至于计算,三钻头几何模型被设计。钻杆为一个圆柱形的冷却管道,如硬质合金工具,2孔的形状和一个虚构的断面几何(图7)的特征量,这是必要的动态计算,如扭转、刚度计算由模型设计。这些模型是可以计算出交叉转动惯量,扭转、刚度、钻削时间和横截面积、柱荷载等,其中横截面的区域是特征频率计算的必要条件(图8)。

图7.内通道截面面积和通道形状

图8.通道面积的变化

综述

在钻削过程中的单边最小的直径在准确把握是一个对经济的方法应用的前提。只有对加工的特点及其可靠性的确切掌握,才能进行有目的的过程监控。

对于1毫米钻,三个工作面材料的选择要求依赖于进给和铁削形态为依据,最终确定进给力。此外,循环性能主要依靠直径,压力,温度和冷却管道的几何量来进行测试。结果显示,冷却剂粘度对其具有明显的影响,但循环系统对横截面面积具有较高的依赖。

在测量进给力特性领域,钻削时间和超声信号用于指导刀具磨损引起的信号改变情况,,而这些破损信号的识别能力倾向可以证明。

有限元法,在交叉的钻头和轴节的负载条件下的计算提供了一些钻头的优化设计和大量的可利用条件,用以排除破损优化思路。

参考文献

1、Cronjager , L: Technologie des Tiefbohrens. In: Work zeug maschine international S (1974), p. 29-30

2、BomlriIger. H.: Tiefbohren auf Bearbeitungszentren. In: VOIFachtagung Tiefbohren 1991 in Stuttgart, p. S7-73

3、 Engler. H.: Tiefbohren auf konventionellen Werkzeugmascbinen. In: VOI-Fachtagung Tiefbohren 1991 in Stuttgart, p. 27-SS

4、He;se~ u.; Hauger. R.: "ohe StabilitAt-Torsionschwingungen vermindem bcim Tiefbohren mit Einlippenwerkzeugen. In: Maschinenmarict 97 (1991), Nr. 23, p. 46-S1

5、 Heise~ u.. Enderle. K.: Stand der Technik beim Tiefbobren. In: VOITagun~d Tiefbohren 1991 in Stuttgart, p. 1-10

6、Osman. M.OM .? ChaU. a.s.: Die Auswirkung der Fonn des Oldurchgangsquerschnitts heim Tiefbohren. In: tz fllr Metallverarbeitung (1982) p. 36-39

7 、He;se~ U.: Tedmologie beim Bohren k1einster Durchmesser. In: Beg1eitband zur Tagung "20 Jahre Zerspanun¢orschung", Dortmund,1992. p.

4.46 - 4.71

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译608组合机床CAD系统开发与研究

外文资料 The aggregate machine-tool CAD system development and research Abstract aggregate machine-tool CAD is in Window 95/98, Wndows under the NT4.0 environment, designs personnel's special-purpose CAD system with VC5.0 and the AutoCAD R14 ADS/ARX technology development face the aggregate machine-tool.This software technological advance, performance reliable, function strong, convenient practical, has provided the modernized design tool for our country aggregate machine-tool profession. Key word: Aggregate machine-tool CAD jig CAD multi-axle-box CAD 1 uses the aggregate machine-tool CAD technology imperative The aggregate machine-tool is with according to serialized, the standardized design general part and the special purpose machine which composes according to the work piece shape and the processing technological requirement design special-purpose part, belongs to the disposable design, the disposable manufacture piecework product.Therefore, the design quantity is big, the design work is complex.In the

外文翻译--农村金融主流的非正规金融机构

附录1 RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade their operations and be integrated into the wider financial market? Under conducive policy conditions, some have spontaneously taken the opportunity of evolving into semiformal or formal microfinance institutions (MFIs). This has usually yielded great benefits in terms of financial deepening, sustainability and outreach. Donors may build on these indigenous foundations and provide support for various options of institutional development, among them: incentives-driven mainstreaming through networking; encouraging the establishment of new IFIs in areas devoid of financial services; linking IFIs/MFIs to banks; strengthening Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as promoters of good practices; and, in a nonrepressive policy environment, promoting appropriate legal forms, prudential regulation and delegated supervision. Key words: Microfinance, microcredit, microsavings。 1. informal finance, self-help groups In March 1967, on one of my first field trips in Liberia, I had the opportunity to observe a group of a dozen Mano peasants cutting trees in a field belonging to one of them. Before they started their work, they placed hoe-shaped masks in a small circle, chanted words and turned into animals. One turned into a lion, another one into a bush hog, and so on, and they continued to imitate those animals throughout the whole day, as they worked hard on their land. I realized I was onto something serious, and at the end of the day, when they had put the masks into a bag and changed back into humans,

财务管理外文翻译

财务风险管理 尽管近年来金融风险大大增加,但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。全球市场越来越多的问题是,风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场。意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到,而其后的市场反应,很快就发生了。经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格,交易对手会迅速成为一个问题。因此,重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分。 什么是风险? 风险给机会提供了基础。风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。风险是指有损失的可能性,而暴露是可能的损失,尽管他们通常可以互换。风险起因是由于暴露。金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构,包括直接或间接的影响。当一个组织的金融市场暴露,有损失的可能性,但也是一个获利或利润的机会。金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益。 风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化。事件发生的可能性很小,但这可能导致损失率很高,特别麻烦,因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。换句话说,可能就是变异的风险回报。由于它并不总是可能的,或者能满意地把风险消除,在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。 财务风险是如何产生的呢? 无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购,投资和贷款,以及其他各种业务活动,产生了财务风险。它可以出现在合法的交易中,新项目中,兼并和收购中,债务融资中,能源部分的成本中,或通过管理的活动,利益相关者,竞争者,外国政府,或天气出现。当金融的价格变化很大,它可以增加成本,降低财政收入,或影响其他有不利影响的盈利能力的组织。金融波动可能使人们难以规划和预算商品和服务的价格,并分配资金。 有三种金融风险的主要来源: 1、金融风险起因于组织所暴露出来的市场价格的变化,如利率、汇率、和大宗商品价格。 2、引起金融风险的行为有与其他组织的交易如供应商、客户,和对方在金融衍生产品中的交易。 3、由于内部行动或失败的组织,特别是人、过程和系统所造成的金融风险。 什么是财务风险管理? 财务风险管理是用来处理金融市场中不确定的事情的。它涉及到一个组织所面临的评估和组织的发展战略、内部管理的优先事项和当政策一致时的财务风险。企业积极应对金融风险可以使企业成为一个具有竞争优势的组织。它还确保管理,业务人员,利益相关者,董事会董事在对风险的关键问题达成协议。金融风险管理组织就必须作出那些不被接受的有关风险的决定。那些被动不采取行动的战略是在默认情况下接受所有的风险,组织使用各种策略和产品来管理金融风险。重要的是要了解这些产品和战略方面,通过工作来减少该组织内的风险承受能力和目标范围内的风险。 风险管理的策略往往涉及衍生工具。在金融机构和有组织的交易所,衍生物广泛地进行

组合机床毕业设计外文翻译

The Aggregate Machine-tool The Aggregate Machine-tool is based on the workpiece needs, based on a large number of common components, combined with a semi-automatic or automatic machine with a small number of dedicated special components and process according to the workpiece shape and design of special parts and fixtures, composed. Combination machine is generally a combination of the base, slide, fixture, power boxes, multi-axle, tools, etc. From. Combination machine has the following advantages: (1) is mainly used for prism parts and other miscellaneous pieces of perforated surface processing. (2) high productivity. Because the process of concentration, can be multi-faceted, multi-site, multi-axis, multi-tool simultaneous machining. (3) precision and stability. Because the process is fixed, the choice of a mature generic parts, precision fixtures and automatic working cycle to ensure consistent processing accuracy. (4) the development cycle is short, easy to design, manufacture and maintenance, and low cost. Because GM, serialization, high degree of standardization, common parts can be pre-manufactured or mass organizations outsourcing. (5) a high degree of automation, low labor intensity. (6) flexible configuration. Because the structure is a cross-piece, combination. In accordance with the workpiece or process requirements, with plenty of common parts and a few special components consisting of various types of flexible combination of machine tools and automatic lines; tools to facilitate modification: the product or process changes, the general also common components can be reused. Combination of box-type drilling generally used for processing or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece is generally not rotate, the rotational motion of the tool relative to the workpiece and tool feed movement to achieve drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring and other processing. Some combination of turning head clamp the workpiece using the machine to make the rotation, the tool for the feed motion, but also on some of the rotating parts (such as the flywheel, the automobile axle shaft, etc.) of cylindrical and face processing. Generally use a combination of multi-axis machine tools, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-faceted or multi-station machining methods simultaneously, productivity increased many times more than generic tools. Since the common components have been standardized and serialized, so can be flexibly configured according to need, you can shorten the design and manufacturing cycle. Multi-axle combination is the core components of general machine tools. It is the choice of generic parts, is designed according to special requirements, in combination machine design process, is one component of a larger workload. It is based on the number and location of the machining process diagram and schematic design combination machine workpiece determined by the hole, cutting the amount of power transmission components and the design of each spindle spindle type movement. Multi-axle power from a common power box, together with the power box installed on the feed slide, to be completed by drilling, reaming and other machining processes. The parts to be processed according to the size of multi-axle box combination machine tool design, based on an original drawing multi-axle diagram, determine the range of design data,

矿物加工专业毕业翻译翻译

化工工程科学54(1999)1045-1052 以实验为基础全面的描述物料在浮选床中的损失 K.P. Galvin*, S. Pratten, G. Nguyen Tran Lam 澳大利亚新南威尔士2308号,纽卡斯尔大学化工学院弧形多相分选中心1998年6月27接受,1998年11月19日发表 摘要 任何一种物相在重悬浮液的中沉降速率计算的经验公式的改进算法。当所有的物相被同密度重液悬浮起来的时候理查森-查基方程,给出了该公式的特殊情况。因此它的主要意义在于描述方程中的沉降离子在不同密度的悬浮液中的移动速度。这篇短文是从一个模型中得到结果,并且在这个模型中具有普遍适用性。该模型的解释也曾用于Moritomi(1982年)等人对流化床的逆转化方面。这种简单的模型很吸引人,经常被用于设计和控制选矿设备方面。该模型准确的预测了单个颗粒在不同密度重液中的沉降速度,因此也验证了Al-Habbooby- Lockett改进方程。该模型有望应用于所有的颗粒在不同重液的沉降研究。在这个阶段,验证了特定低浓度的液体通过低密度流化床分选,出现的分选情况和反分选情况。希望通过这篇文章能让更多的人对截然不同的粒子进行广泛的对这个模型进行验证。 ○C1999年爱思维尔科技股份有限公司版权所有。 关键词:移动速率;液体浮选床;单一组分浮选数据 1 简介 单一颗粒i在无限流体空间中的沉降终速,Uii表示流体的体积分数,颗粒的最终沉降终速随着流体体积分数的增大而相对减小。颗粒的沉降的

速度主要由物质体积分数Vi分数决定Φi查利德森-扎基经验公式来描述。 Vi=Uti(1-Φi)ni-1(1) 在这里ni是很定的,对于典型的球形颗粒为4.65为低雷诺数,不到0.1。系统包含粒子的种类,根据它们的大小不同,Lockett和Al-Habbooby方程一般是足够的设计目的。三种颗粒的物质,这一方程为Vi=Uti(1-Φ i-Φj-Φk)ni-1 (2) 虽然Lockett和Al-Habbooby方程适合与系统为不同密度的重液,但根据我们的经验,此方称是无效的。适用Lockett和Al-Habbooby方程的离子的物种,在他们之间没有显著的密度差异。 更多的机械模型被开发的主要原因是让人们更容易的理解物理过程,而不是阻碍更合适精确的工艺流程别设计。史密斯(1965.1966.1998)举个例子设计了一种离子模型来解释不同颗粒在当地不同的体积分数中的流体中的情况。他认识到每种颗粒均服从于一般的压力梯度。巴切勒(1972),巴切勒和文(1982)研究了颗粒分选模型中单物质颗粒相互作用和反作用,产生了适用于极低体积分数的多物质线性方程组。实验工作涉及悬浮液中包含不同密度的颗粒的平衡和转化研究,通常被限制与流化床中。研究包括Duijn and Rietema(1982), Moritomi et al. (1982, 1986), and Gibilaro et al.(1986).在这个系统分选的快速进行,系统中有不同密度的多种颗粒的存在,导致分选的主要原因是悬浮液的密度,而不是液体的密度。然而作为能量的平衡Clift et al.(1987)研究表明,浮力又总是受到液体密度的影响。 这篇文章的目的在于提出一种更广泛形式适用于所有悬浮液的理查

财务风险中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译 财务风险重要性分析 译文: 摘要:本文探讨了美国大型非金融企业从1964年至2008年股票价格风险的决定小性因素。我们通过相关结构以及简化模型,研究诸如债务总额,债务期限,现金持有量,及股利政策等公司财务特征,我们发现,股票价格风险主要通过经营和资产特点,如企业年龄,规模,有形资产,经营性现金流及其波动的水平来体现。与此相反,隐含的财务风险普遍偏低,且比产权比率稳定。在过去30年,我们对财务风险采取的措施有所减少,反而对股票波动(如独特性风险)采取的措施逐渐增加。因此,股票价格风险的记载趋势比公司的资产风险趋势更具代表性。综合二者,结果表明,典型的美国公司谨慎管理的财政政策大大降低了财务风险。因此,现在看来微不足道的剩余财务风险相对底层的非金融公司为一典型的经济风险。 关键词:资本结构;财务风险;风险管理;企业融资 1 绪论 2008年的金融危机对金融杠杆的作用产生重大影响。毫无疑问,向金融机构的巨额举债和内部融资均有风险。事实上,有证据表明,全球主要银行精心策划的杠杆(如通过抵押贷款和担保债务)和所谓的“影子银行系统”可能是最近的经济和金融混乱的根本原因。财务杠杆在非金融企业的作用不太明显。迄今为止,尽管资本市场已困在危机中,美国非金融部门的问题相比金融业的困境来说显得微不足道。例如,非金融企业破产机遇仅限于自20世纪30年代大萧条以来的最大经济衰退。事实上,非金融公司申请破产的事件大都发生在美国各行业(如汽车制造业,报纸,房地产)所面临的基本经济压力即金融危机之前。这令人惊讶的事实引出了一个问题“非金融公司的财务风险是如何重要?”。这个问题的核心是关于公司的总风险以及公司风险组成部分的各决定因素的不确定性。 最近在资产定价和企业融资再度引发的两个学术研究中分析了股票价格风险利

英汉汉英翻译学习 译后感

至今为止,已经学了一个学期的翻译基础。虽说未涉及汉译英的学习,但从过去这一学期对英译汉理论与实践的学习,我深知翻译并非一件容易的事。对我来说,学好翻译这门课程并将其运用到实践中去,任重而道远。 在未上翻译课之前,每每听人提及翻译,以为就只是单纯的两种语言的转换;谁知经过一个学期的翻译课学习,才知道自己竟是大错特错了。当代英国翻译理论家纽马克的翻译理论及其语言六大功能(表达功能、信息功能、祈使功能、人际功能、审美功能、元语言功能),我国翻译家严复的“信、达、雅”三大翻译标准等,让我更进一步了解什么是翻译。 对于我们初学者来说,在进行翻译活动时,除了要遵循翻译的两大原则(忠实、通顺)外,还要注意直译与意译、异化与归化等翻译技巧的运用。否则,翻译时,容易出现“翻译腔”。如;And so you shall be my darling----when l tell you! 译文一:当我告诉你的时候——我的宝贝,你会知道的。译文二:那你等着吧——等到我告诉了你,你就懂得了!这两种翻译中,第一种机械地模仿原文,不知变通,是典型的“翻译腔”。而第二种摆脱了原文的结构束缚,用符合目的语的语言表达形式再现了原文的意义和精神。 此外,对一些翻译技巧(如:词类转换法、重复法、正反反正翻译法、抽象与具体转换法、抽词拆译法、增词语省略法、物称人称转化法、形合意合转换法、视点转换法等)的学习及反复练习,也让我在学习的同时发现并总结出一些翻译时常出现的问题。如:的、地、得的正确使用(美丽的太阳花、吃力地行走、高兴得手舞足蹈);量词的正确使用(一只小熊、一头大熊、一个熊妈妈);标点符号的正确使用(注意句子的停顿);“so·····that”不能译成“如此·····以至于”可译成“那样·····因此or所以”;“when·····”不能译成“当······时”;人的mate译成“伙伴”,动物的mate译成“配偶”,而人的“配偶”是spouse;“go down the wind”译成顺着风走,“go up the wind”译成逆着风走;定语从句的译法:分片——逐个译出——理解大意——调整语序。 另外,长句的翻译也是一大难点。像顺序法、分译法、逆序法、综合法等长句翻译方法都可用于翻译中,才能译出更好的译文。 与汉语习惯不同,在英语中,为了避免重复,通常用同义词、近义词代替前文出现过的词。同时,英语中通常用大量的连词,是句子更紧凑,而汉语恰恰相反。因此,在英译汉时,要尽量避免将关联词“和、所以、因此、而且····”翻译出来。 我深知自己基础比较薄弱,因而在学习时也比较吃力,但我不会因此而自暴自弃,相反,我会加倍努力,尽自己最大的努力学好翻译这门课程。

组合机床外文文献

Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2006) 29: 178–183 DOI 10.1007/s00170-004-2493-9
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ferda C. C ? etinkaya
Unit sized transfer batch scheduling in an automated two-machine ?ow-line cell with one transport agent
Received: 26 July 2004 / Accepted: 22 November 2004 / Published online: 16 November 2005 ? Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 Abstract The process of splitting a job lot comprised of several identical units into transfer batches (some portion of the lot), and permitting the transfer of processed transfer batches to downstream machines, allows the operations of a job lot to be overlapped. The essence of this idea is to increase the movement of work in the manufacturing environment. In this paper, the scheduling of multiple job lots with unit sized transfer batches is studied for a two-machine ?ow-line cell in which a single transport agent picks a completed unit from the ?rst machine, delivers it to the second machine, and returns to the ?rst machine. A completed unit on the ?rst machine blocks the machine if the transport agent is in transit. We examine this problem for both unit dependent and independent setups on each machine, and propose an optimal solution procedure similar to Johnson’s rule for solving the basic two-machine ?owshop scheduling problem. Keywords Automated guided vehicle · Lot streaming · Scheduling · Sequencing · Transfer batches entire lot to ?nish its processing on the current machine, while downstream machines may be idle. It should be obvious that processing the entire lot as a single object can lead to large workin-process inventories between the machines, and to an increase in the maximum completion time (makespan), which is the total elapsed time to complete the processing of all job lots. However, the splitting of an entire lot into transfer batches to be moved to downstream machines permits the overlapping of different operations on the same product while work proceeds, to complete the lot on the upstream machine. There are many ways to split a lot: transfer batches may be equal or unequal, with the number of splits ranging from one to the number of units in the job lot. For instance, consider a job lot consisting of 100 identical items to be processed in a three-stage manufacturing environment in which the ?ow of its operations is unidirectional from stage 1 through stage 3. Assume that the unit processing time at stages 1, 2, and 3 are 1, 3, 2 min, respectively. If we do not allow transfer batches, the throughput time is (100)(1+3+2) = 600 min (see Fig. 1a). However, if we create two equal sized transfer batches through all stages, the throughput time decreases to 450 min, a reduction of 25% (see Fig. 1b). It is clear that the throughput time decreases as the number of transfer batches increases. Flowshop problems have been studied extensively and reported in the literature without explicitly considering transfer batches. Johnson [1], in his pioneering work, proposed a polynomial time algorithm for determining the optimal makespan when several jobs are processed on a two-machine (two-stage) ?owshop with unlimited buffer. With three or more machines, the problem has been proven to be NP-hard (Garey et al. [2]). Besides the extension of this problem to the m -stage ?owshop problem, optimal solutions to some variations of the basic two-stage problem have been suggested. Mitten [3] considered arbitrary time lags, and optimal scheduling with setup times separated from processing was developed by Yoshida and Hitomi [4]. Separation of the setup, processing and removal times for each job on each machine was considered by Sule and Huang [5]. On the other hand, ?owshop scheduling problems with transfer batches have been examined by various researchers. Vickson
1 Introduction
Most classical shop scheduling models disregard the fact that products are often produced in lots, each lot (process batch) consisting of identical parts (items) to be produced. The size of a job lot (i.e., the number of items it consists of) typically ranges from a few items to several hundred. In any case, job lots are assumed to be indivisible single entities, although an entire job lot consists of many identical items. That is, partial transfer of completed items in a lot between machines on the processing routing of the job lot is impossible. But it is quite unreasonable to wait for the
F.C. ?etinkaya (u) Department of Industrial Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa-T.R.N.C., Mersin Turkey E-mail: ferda.cetinkaya@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713006061.html,.tr Tel.: +90-392-6301052 Fax: +90-392-3654029

农村金融小额信贷中英文对照外文翻译文献

农村金融小额信贷中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade

英文版自我介绍翻译(共4篇)

篇一:面试用英语自我介绍怎么说 面试用英语自我介绍怎么说? 面试过程中自我介绍是在所难免的,中文自我介绍尚且难倒了很多人,更何况是英文自我介绍呢,但是面试用英语自我介绍在一些外资企业或者和英语相关岗位也是不可避免的。今天我们就说一说面试用英语自我介绍怎么说? 其实自我介绍大体都是一样的,简单的基本介绍,个人情况和兴趣爱好的一个阐述,话不多说先举一个例子吧。(先英文后中文吧) hello, everybody, my name is xxx, my personality alacrity is bright, i like to make friend, enjoying to read some books about philosophy usually, i like discussing problems with my friends together, i feel very happy to know everyone, hoping to get along with everyone delectation in the day of aftertime. 大家好,我是xxx,我的性格活泼开朗,喜欢交流,日常生活中我喜欢看一些哲学性的书,很喜欢和朋友一起探讨问题,非常高兴认识大家,在之后的生活里能够和大家相处融洽。 大家在做英文自我介绍过程不用担心和害怕,并不是所有的面试官英文水平都很好,有些可能根本就听不懂你在说什么,在这个面试过程中你最重要的是要保持微笑和自信,无论多么蹩脚的英文你首先要保证流利和自信就可以了。 篇二:考研英语自我介绍及各个专业所对应的英语翻译 考研英语自我介绍及各专业所对应英语翻译自我介绍(self-introduce) (5.结束语)ok, that is all, thank you for your attention. 2你的家庭(about family) with me, and encourage me not to give up. during my preparation for graduate examination, the support from my family is always my momentum([m?ument?m]). their love is unselfish, i am deeply affected, so i will do all what i can to repay them. 3.介绍你的家乡(about hometown) 4.你的大学(about university) i have spent 4 years of good times there and the unselfish assistance from my teachers and schoolmates deserves my appreciation. when i decided to go on for further study, my teachers suggested that i should walk out of the original campus to broaden my horizons ,besides your university has a good atmosphere . 5. why do you choose to study in our department? there are several reasons for my choice: first of all, the subjects i have learned in huadong are partly the same with the subjects here and my teachers encourage me to go for further study in other schools to broaden my horizons ,without doubt this university is the best in our country ;what’s more i am deeply affected by my uncle who is a driller, so i choose the subject --oil-gas well engineering; last but not least, i am deeply impressed by the academic atmosphere here. 6.your graduation design and advisor my graduation design title is “numerical simulation of water jet”, which means through numerical simulation i should find the effect of the shape of water hole and nozzle on the water jet. our design began just several weeks ago, and i was busy with the preparation for second examinations, after i have found many relevant spe documents, now i am trying to use special software “fluent “perfectly. 各工程与技术科学专业所对应英文翻译 下面是各种工程与技术科学专业所对应的英文翻译

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档