Strengthening and toughening of a 2800-MPa grade maraging steel
Yi He *,Ke Yang,Wenshen Qu,Fanya Kong,Guoyue Su
Institute of Metal Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016,People’s Republic of China
Received 9October 2001;accepted 23January 2002
Abstract
A new high Ni,Ti and low Mo maraging steel based on 13Ni(400)maraging steel has been developed.The optimum heat treatment was found to be cryogenic treatment (CT)at 200K followed by aging treatment at 773K for 4h in as-forged or solution condition.Optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)revealed that the precipitates,such as Ni 3(Mo,Ti),were well developed in lath martensite.It achieved strength of 2700MPa and fracture toughness of above 30MPa m 1/2.The balance among alloy elements and the removal of undissolved coarse particles ensured the good combination of strength and toughness by a normal thermomechanical treatment condition.D 2002Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.
Keywords:Maraging steel;Strengthen;Fracture toughness;Precipitation hardening
1.Introduction
Maraging steels represent one class of ultra-high strength steels that attain their strength by precip-itation hardening.During the past four decades,many kinds of maraging steels have been developed.18%Ni maraging steels containing cobalt are typical category,which result in practical applications of various grade steels with strength up to 2400MPa,designated as 18Ni(350).In order to meet the demands of special project,2800MPa grade marag-ing steel,a higher strength maraging steel than 18Ni type,such as 13%Ni –15Co –10Mo –0.2Ti alloy (designated as 13Ni(400)),which was first invented
by Mihalisin and Bieber [1],has been a subject of many investigations [2–10].In 13Ni(400)maraging steel,as a main alloying element,nickel is obviously lower in content,whereas both cobalt and molybde-num contents are markedly increased in order to get a higher strength,and the titanium is abandoned for maintaining the toughness.However,in most cases,the strength of 13Ni(400)has difficulty reaching the designed strength,i.e.,2800MPa,because of undis-solved Fe 2Mo laves phase in the matrix,and its ductility and fracture toughness (K IC )are lower than what was expected in the forged state [2–10].In order to further strengthen and toughen the 2800MPa grade maraging steel,some other types of maraging steels,such as 15Ni–25Co –7Mo [8],16Ni –15Co –(5f 7)Mo –2.5Ti [9],17Ni –15Co –6Mo–1Ti [11],etc.,have been developed,but they still had bad toughness and ductility with designed
0167-577X/02/$-see front matter D 2002Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S 0167-577X (02)00610-9
*
Corresponding author.Fax:+86-24-23891320.E-mail address:yihe@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d88104955.html, (Y .He).
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d88104955.html,/locate/matlet
November 2002
Materials Letters 56(2002)763–
769
strength.Although after a special complicated ther-momechanical treatment the ductility of these alloys could have gotten some improvement and its K IC were close to 30MPa m 1/2[7–11],it is necessary to enhance and stabilize the mechanical properties for practical application.
In the present work,an attempt to improve both ductility and toughness without deterioration of strength was made for a 2800-MPa grade maraging steel through a proper adjustment of Ni,Mo and Ti contents,which can result in an enhancement of toughness for the martensite matrix and a modifica-tion of the precipitate phase.
2.Experimental procedure
An 18Ni maraging steel,whose chemical compo-sition is given in Table 1,was melted in a 25-kg vacuum induction melting furnace and then remelted in a vacuum arc melting furnace fitted with a 100-mm diameter mould.The steel was homogenized at 1473K for 24h and then forged into plates with 15mm in thickness and rods with 30mm in diameter,followed by air-cooling.
Mechanical behaviors were measured on longitu-dinal direction for the experimental steel under different solution and aging treatments.Hardness measurements were made to investigate the age-hardening behavior of the steel.The transformation temperatures of the heat were established by dila-tometry.Tensile testing were performed on an AG-5000A MTS machine at a displacement rate of 0.2mm/min.The plane strain fracture toughness (K IC )was also evaluated using three-point bending method in accord with ASTM specification.All the tests were conducted at room temperature.Microstructure observation was made on optical microscopy,scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM)and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Quantitative X-ray dif-fraction method was employed to check the amount of retained austenite.
3.Results 3.1.Hardness
Variation of hardness as a function of aging time at different temperature for the experimental steel is shown in Fig.1.It can be found that the aging response is fairly rapid at 773and 803K,and almost 90%of total increase of hardness is attained within the first 15min of aging.Maximum hardness of HRC61.9is obtained at 773K within about 180min and slight overaging occurs after about 20h.However,at temperature of 803K,the hardness begins to decline at about 120min,which is relatively earlier for the steel.Aging at 743K gives a continuous increase of hardness with aging time until about 16h at the peak-aging value.It is also clearly shown that the aging hardness of the steel subjected to a cryogenic treat-ment (CT)at 200K is much higher than that of as-forged samples without CT.3.2.Dilatometry curve
The transformation temperatures for the experi-mental alloy were estimated using dilatometry.Fig.2shows the dilatometry curve together with the various transformation temperatures for this alloy.The A s (873K)and A f (1058K)of the reverse transformation were almost the same as the values of other corresponding grade maraging steel [9],while the M s declined to about 323K,and the M f was below the room temperature.According to the measurement of retained austenite amount by quantitative X-ray diffraction,it was estimated that transformation of austinite to martensite finished at about 200K.3.3.Microstructures
Fig.3shows optical micrographs of the experi-mental steel under two different conditions,with and without CT after forging.It was found that the trans-formation from austenite to martensite is not com-
Table 1
Chemical composition of experimental 18Ni maraging steel (wt.%)Ni Co Mo Ti Al C S P Si Mn O N Fe 17.88
14.75
6.69
1.10
0.08
0.0037
0.002
0.001
0.02
0.007
0.0025
0.0015
Bal
Y.He et al./Materials Letters 56(2002)763–769
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pleted under air cooling or water quenching to room temperature after forging because of more Ni,an austenite-stabilizing element,in the experimental steel compared with that in 13Ni(400)maraging steel.The amount of retained austenite in the steel without CT is about 30%,as shown in Fig.3a .However,with a cryogenic treatment at 200K,the steel has got full of low-carbon martensite structure without retained aus-tenite,as shown in Fig.3b .A complete transformation to martensite also makes the steel an obvious increase of hardness for the as-forged specimens,as shown in Fig.1.
Fig.4represents TEM images of the heat taken after aging for 4h at 773K followed by solution treatment at 1133K and CT in the as-forged con-dition.From the bright field image (Fig.4a),it can be seen that the microstructure of the sample consists of lath martensite with high density of dislocations.The dark field image (Fig.4b)shows that great deals of needle-like precipitates in nanometer size are well developed in the lath martensite.It can be indexed from the SAD pattern shown in Fig.4c that the precipitate should be a Ni 3(Mo,Ti)type phase.The undissolved coarse particles reported in literature [15,21]were not found in this
experiment.
Fig.3.Optical micrographs of the experimental 18Ni maraging steel.(a)As-forged;(b)as-forged +
CT.
Fig.1.Effect of aging time on hardness of as-forged experimental 18Ni maraging
steel.
Fig.2.Dilatometry curve for the alloy showing transformation temperatures.
Y.He et al./Materials Letters 56(2002)763–769765
3.4.Mechanical properties and fractography Table 2lists the results of tensile and plane strain fracture toughness (K IC )tests for both as-forged bars and plates of the 18Ni maraging steel.It can be seen that UTS,YS,and K IC of the experimental steel without CT either as-forged or subjected to a solution treatment are the same as those of 18Ni(350)steel.Strength of the steel is much lower than the designed value because of the retained austenite in microstruc-ture.However,the strength could reach up to 2700MPa due to the removal of the retained austenite by CT before aging.On the other hand,fracture tough-ness,K IC ,does not fall down sharply and still remains at a relatively high level,above 30MPa m 1/2.It is worth noticing that a solution treatment at 1133K for 1h has almost little influence on strength and fracture toughness of the steel.
The maximum strength and optimum toughness of some other the same grade maraging steels are
also
Fig.4.TEM image and corresponding diffraction pattern of the alloy with solution treatment of 1073K/1h followed by CT and aging at 773K for 4h.(a)Bright field image,showing the martensite lath morphology;(b)dark field image taken from the Ni 3(Mo,Ti)spot indicated by the arrow in (c),showing precipitates equally embedded in the lath;(c)[001]M SAD pattern.
Table 2
Properties of experimental 18Ni maraging steel in different conditions
Condition
U.T.S.(MPa)Y .S.(MPa)Elong.(%)R.A.(%)Hardness (HRC)K IC
(MPa m 1/2)Bar
1133K/1h +773K/4h 2313219713.032.35837.0773K/4h
2270221513.535.55841.41133K/1h +CT +773K/4h 26702593 5.824.561.832.6CT +773K/4h
26932617 6.026.06231.6Plate 1133K/1h +CT +773K/4h 27092617 6.038.16231.5CT +773K/4h 27222678 4.730.06230.2Bar
13Ni (400)[3]
25422498 5.2 1.5–27.525692530 1.8 6.4–60.413Ni (400)[12]
2500–5f 725–3317Ni–15Co–6Mo –1Ti [11]2609257510.637.160.829.315Ni–25Co–7Mo [8]
2700––30–1416Ni–15Co–5f 7Mo –2.5Ti [9]
2891
–
–
30
–
25
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given in Table 2.It is clearly shown that the maximum UTS of 13Ni(400)maraging steel is only 2570MPa,which is much lower than the designed value.Although the strength of other steels got some improvements by special complicated thermomechan-ical and cold-rolling treatment [7–12],their fracture toughness is lower than that of expected.
Fig.5shows the fracture surface of the exper-imental 18Ni maraging steel in the peak-aging steel condition.Macro-fracture morphology of the tensile specimen presents a ductile fracture,as shown in Fig.5a .The micro-morphology (see Fig.5b )also shows a transgranular rupture with uniform dimples due to the ductile nucleation,growth and coales-cence of microvoids.All these are consistent with high reduction in area of the steel.Fracture surface of K IC sample,as shown in Fig.5c ,gives an essentially ductile behavior,though it seems to tend to be a little bit brittle,which is also accorded with high fracture toughness of the steel with ultra-high strength.
4.Discussion
As a main alloying element,nickel plays a very important role in maraging steels.Speich and Swann [13]investigated the Fe–Ni alloy and found that yield strength of the quenched alloy increases with increasing nickel content,which is attributed to the increase of dislocation density.It was found [13]that from pure iron to Fe–4%Ni,the transformation substructure only consists of randomly arranged dislocations,and inversely,when the nickel content is above 25%,internally twinned martensite plates with bad toughness are formed.Therefore,nickel content in maraging steels is one of the important factors for maintaining both high strength and good toughness.In 13Ni(400)maraging steel,although the lower nickel content,compared with that in 18Ni maraging steel,is beneficial to the martensite transformation at room temperature [14],ductility and toughness of the steel is essentially reduced,which has been verified by many investigators [2–10].Inversely,increasing the nickel content up to 18%in the present experimental 18Ni steel could effectively improve mechanical properties of the steel,especially for ductility and toughness
by
Fig.5.SEM photographs of fracture surface of the experimental 18Ni maraging steel.(a)Macro-fracture morphology of tensile specimen;(b)micro-fracture morphology of tensile specimen;(c)fracture morphology of K IC sample.
Y.He et al./Materials Letters 56(2002)763–769767
preventing coalescence of voids and propagation of cracks between voids[15].In practice,it has been verified that maraging steels with18%Ni possess good combinations of strength and toughness in the development in the last decades[16].
In order to obtain the designed ultra-high strength, increasing the cobalt content based on18Ni(350) maraging steel is necessary for the present18Ni steel. On the one hand,cobalt can raise the M s temperature of the steel.On the other more important hand,cobalt will lower the solubility of molybdenum in the mar-tensite matrix[15,17,18]and then there will be more molybdenum taking part in aging reaction to strengthen the steel,which is the so-called synergistic effect of cobalt and molybdenum[19].
As a main strengthening alloying element in maraging steels,molybdenum is always aged with nickel to form metastable Ni3Mo precipitates[15] that have a good lattice fit with the b.c.c.structure of martensite matrix[20].However,the steels with higher molybdenum and/or lower nickel levels tend to have Fe2Mo laves phase formation that is detri-mental for reduction of area and fracture toughness of the steels[15,21].In13Ni(400)maraging steel, the molybdenum content is so high up to10wt.% that the superfluous Mo produces undissolved coarse Fe2Mo particles that are harmful to both strength and fracture toughness of the steel[2,3,6,15,21].In fact,data of the present18Ni steel demonstrate that a proper reduction of molybdenum from10%down to7%would not cut down the strength,but improve the properties.
Titanium has been proven to be desirable supple-mental hardener for maraging steels.Its role during aging of the steels is to form Ni3Ti precipitate in the lath martensite matrix[15,22,23].As titanium is increased from0.2%in18Ni(200)to 1.6%in 18Ni(350)maraging steel,the yield strength is increased from1400to2400MPa[16].This is about 700MPa increase for each percent of titanium.How-ever,the fracture toughness is sharply dropped from above150MPa m1/2to below50MPa m1/2[24]. Regardless of a moderate titanium content that pro-vides a good combination of strength and toughness, titanium in13Ni(400)maraging steel is cut down to below0.2%,which results in an adequate strength for the steel,but its ductility and fracture toughness are not improved obviously.In fact,increase of titanium content is feasible to get the designed strength for the present18Ni steel.Furthermore,a balance between titanium and trace elements such as carbon,nitrogen and sulfur in the matrix should also be considered to achieve a better fracture toughness.
5.Conclusion
Improvement on both strength and fracture tough-ness for2800MPa grade maraging steel can be made by modification of main alloying elements content and proper heat treatment.A strength of2700MPa with fracture toughness above30MPa m1/2were obtained for the presently designed2800MPa grade maraging steel by modification of Ni,Co,Mo and Ti contents based on13Ni(400),as well as a cryogenic treatment before aging.
References
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Y.He et al./Materials Letters56(2002)763–769769
从实践的角度探讨在日语教学中多媒体课件的应用 在今天中国的许多大学，为适应现代化，信息化的要求，建立了设备完善的适应多媒体教学的教室。许多学科的研究者及现场教员也积极致力于多媒体软件的开发和利用。在大学日语专业的教学工作中，教科书、磁带、粉笔为主流的传统教学方式差不多悄然向先进的教学手段而进展。 一、多媒体课件和精品课程的进展现状 然而，目前在专业日语教学中能够利用的教学软件并不多见。比如在中国大学日语的专业、第二外語用教科书常见的有《新编日语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《中日交流标准日本語》（初级、中级）（人民教育出版社）、《新编基础日语（初級、高級）》（上海译文出版社）、《大学日本语》（四川大学出版社）、《初级日语》《中级日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新世纪大学日语》（外语教学与研究出版社）、《综合日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新编日语教程》（华东理工大学出版社）《新编初级（中级）日本语》（吉林教育出版社）、《新大学日本语》（大连理工大学出版社）、《新大学日语》（高等教育出版社）、《现代日本语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《基础日语》（复旦大学出版社）等等。配套教材以录音磁带、教学参考、习题集为主。只有《中日交流標準日本語（初級上）》、《初級日语》、《新编日语教程》等少数教科书配备了多媒体DVD视听教材。 然而这些试听教材，有的内容为日语普及读物，并不适合专业外语课堂教学。比如《新版中日交流标准日本语（初级上）》，有的尽管DVD视听教材中有丰富的动画画面和语音练习。然而，课堂操作则花费时刻长，不利于教师重点指导，更加适合学生的课余练习。比如北京大学的《初级日语》等。在这种情形下，许多大学的日语专业致力于教材的自主开发。 其中，有些大学的还推出精品课程，取得了专门大成绩。比如天津外国语学院的《新编日语》多媒体精品课程为2007年被评为“国家级精品课”。目前已被南开大学外国语学院、成都理工大学日语系等全国40余所大学推广使用。
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新视野三版读写B2U4Text A College sweethearts 1I smile at my two lovely daughters and they seem so much more mature than we,their parents,when we were college sweethearts.Linda,who's21,had a boyfriend in her freshman year she thought she would marry,but they're not together anymore.Melissa,who's19,hasn't had a steady boyfriend yet.My daughters wonder when they will meet"The One",their great love.They think their father and I had a classic fairy-tale romance heading for marriage from the outset.Perhaps,they're right but it didn't seem so at the time.In a way, love just happens when you least expect it.Who would have thought that Butch and I would end up getting married to each other?He became my boyfriend because of my shallow agenda:I wanted a cute boyfriend! 2We met through my college roommate at the university cafeteria.That fateful night,I was merely curious,but for him I think it was love at first sight."You have beautiful eyes",he said as he gazed at my face.He kept staring at me all night long.I really wasn't that interested for two reasons.First,he looked like he was a really wild boy,maybe even dangerous.Second,although he was very cute,he seemed a little weird. 3Riding on his bicycle,he'd ride past my dorm as if"by accident"and pretend to be surprised to see me.I liked the attention but was cautious about his wild,dynamic personality.He had a charming way with words which would charm any girl.Fear came over me when I started to fall in love.His exciting"bad boy image"was just too tempting to resist.What was it that attracted me?I always had an excellent reputation.My concentration was solely on my studies to get superior grades.But for what?College is supposed to be a time of great learning and also some fun.I had nearly achieved a great education,and graduation was just one semester away.But I hadn't had any fun;my life was stale with no component of fun!I needed a boyfriend.Not just any boyfriend.He had to be cute.My goal that semester became: Be ambitious and grab the cutest boyfriend I can find. 4I worried what he'd think of me.True,we lived in a time when a dramatic shift in sexual attitudes was taking place,but I was a traditional girl who wasn't ready for the new ways that seemed common on campus.Butch looked superb!I was not immune to his personality,but I was scared.The night when he announced to the world that I was his girlfriend,I went along
一、高考小说阅读鉴赏答题技巧(公式化答题) (一)人物形象 1．常见题型 ①结合全文，简要分析人物形象。 ②对文中人物进行客观公正的评析(包括作者自身对人物的态度和读者对人物的评价)——××是一个怎样的人物？ ③概括人物的性格特征——××有哪些优秀的品质？ ④分析小说对人物进行描写的具体方法及其作用。 ⑤分析某一次要人物的作用。 2．解题思路 通过人物的描写(语言、行动、心理、肖像、细节)分析人物的性格特征。 人物(自身的性格特点，与另一个人物烘托、映衬、反衬)→情节(人物性格决定情节发展)→主题(突显某种主题) 首先总体把握小说人物形象特点，确定作者的感情倾向是褒还是贬，是颂扬还是讽刺。分析主要人物的性格特征可从三个方面入手：分析人物外貌、动作、细节、语言、心理活动的描写，从多方面准确地把握人物形象的特征；着重分析人物与人物、人物与环境的矛盾冲突；思考和发掘人物形象的思想意义。 然后找出小说中关于这个人物生活的环境及言行的语句，以及作者的议论或者作者借作品中其他人物对他的评价的语句。 接着看用了什么描写方法，在此基础上进行归类概括。最后选择恰当的词句表述出来。 3．答题格式 ××是一个……的人物形象。作为什么人，他怎么样，表现了他
怎样的性格(思想品质)。 某一次要人物的作用： ①这一人物的……性格烘托或者反衬主要人物……的性格，使人物性格更加鲜明。 ②通过两个形象的……对比，表达小说的主题……(主题内容概述)。 ③本文描写了……的情节，这一形象安排有推动故事情节发展的作用。 附：人物形象描写的方法 (1)正面描写——直接描写 如概括介绍、肖像描写、语言描写(对话/独白)、行动描写、细节描写、心理描写等。 (2)侧面描写——间接描写、侧面描写，通过其他人物的言行，间接写主人公。 如用有关人物的对话，心理活动，事件叙述等烘托所要描写的主要人物的性格特征；在情节发展中展现人物性格特征；环境描写衬托或烘托。 形象刻画基本技巧——各种描写手法的运用与作用 (1)肖像、神态、动作描写：更好展现人物……的内心世界及……性格特征。 (2)语言描写：①刻画人物……性格，反映人物……心理活动，促进故事情节的发展。 ②描摹人物的语态，使形象刻画栩栩如生、跃然纸上。 (3)心理描写：直接表现人物思想和内在情感(矛盾/焦虑/担心/喜悦/兴奋等)，表现人物……思想品质，刻画人物……性格，推动情节发
Unit 1 1学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 2我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 3到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 4好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不。大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 5直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 6网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 7我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 8学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。我能与人交流，并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7. virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.
教案检查记录情况记录 精品文档 教案检查记录情况记录 根据学校安排，由教导处组织，学校领导、各教研组长参加，对2013年春季 开学至3月22号期间的教师教案和学生作业情况进行了检查，检查情况汇总如下: 语文组: 本次教案编写课时量充足，设计合理，结构完整，详略得当，作业次数充足， 批注认真，有评语。特别是杨焕荣、尹秋菊等老师的教案内容充实，书写认真，反 思深刻。 数学组: 各教师教案编写认真，规范，内容充实，环节完整，有教学反思。且能从实际 出发，由感而发，作业批改及时，有详细的批注，评语。简亚丽、何修建、王新爱 等老师，教案编写、作业批改很认真 英语组: 通过检查英语组全体教师都能认真备课且设计合理，条理清楚，书写工整。写 有反思的有楚玉莉、董玉玲、余为勇、陈海云老师。作业形式多样，批改认真，董 玉玲、孙俊老师全批全改且有鼓励性语言的有余为勇，存在问题是个别教师备课量 虽足但过于简单，没写课后反思。 政史地组: 本次检查中，教案编写都较认真，及时，足额，且内容较为充实，完备，结构 完整，书写认真，反思深刻，设计 1 / 12 精品文档
操作性强，方法多样，体现了新课改理念，作业批改较及时认真，个别同志有 针对性评语，对学生进行详细评价，具有很大的促进作用。但也有个别同志教案过 于简单，不能完全体现新课改要求，设计不十分合理，需要大力改进。 理化生组: 大多数教师多为详案，书写认真，结构完整，节节有反思。作业有批有改，极 个别教师部分教案书写有点简单，内容空洞。 通过各组反馈情况，总结如下: 好的方面 1(总体检查情况良好，绝大多数老师能根据所任学科教材及班级实际备课、编 写教案，课时教案目标突出，渗透了新课程理念，以人为本，面向全体，积极倡导 自主、合作、探究的教学模式，有一定教学准备，过程清晰。 2(大部分老师的教案具有内容规范、项目填写齐全、突出重难点等优点，还体 现了学习方法、课后练习具有实效性，学习形式多样性的特点。 3(多数老师能根据教学对象和所教科目的不同、科学设计教案、能根据不同年龄、不同层次的学生，采取不同的内容和进度。 4(教学反思有一定的量，大部分老师课后发现有更好的上课思路、方法，能及 时写的备课本上，补上去或修改 2 / 12 精品文档 好，使下次备课更加完美，较有效地达到了反思的目的。 5多数教师能够认真对待作业的布置及批改这一环节;批改及时、认真，对于作业完成出色或有进步的学生能够给出激励性的评语，调动了学生的积极性;模块测试，单词测试，课文背诵检查到位及时. 存在的问题
新大学日语简明教程课文翻译 第21课 一、我的留学生活 我从去年12月开始学习日语。已经3个月了。每天大约学30个新单词。每天学15个左右的新汉字，但总记不住。假名已经基本记住了。 简单的会话还可以，但较难的还说不了。还不能用日语发表自己的意见。既不能很好地回答老师的提问，也看不懂日语的文章。短小、简单的信写得了，但长的信写不了。 来日本不久就迎来了新年。新年时，日本的少女们穿着美丽的和服，看上去就像新娘。非常冷的时候，还是有女孩子穿着裙子和袜子走在大街上。 我在日本的第一个新年过得很愉快，因此很开心。 现在学习忙，没什么时间玩，但周末常常运动，或骑车去公园玩。有时也邀朋友一起去。虽然我有国际驾照，但没钱，买不起车。没办法，需要的时候就向朋友借车。有几个朋友愿意借车给我。 二、一个房间变成三个 从前一直认为睡在褥子上的是日本人，美国人都睡床铺，可是听说近来纽约等大都市的年轻人不睡床铺，而是睡在褥子上，是不是突然讨厌起床铺了？ 日本人自古以来就睡在褥子上，那自有它的原因。人们都说日本人的房子小，从前，很少有人在自己的房间，一家人住在一个小房间里是常有的是，今天仍然有人过着这样的生活。 在仅有的一个房间哩，如果要摆下全家人的床铺，就不能在那里吃饭了。这一点，褥子很方便。早晨，不需要褥子的时候，可以收起来。在没有了褥子的房间放上桌子，当作饭厅吃早饭。来客人的话，就在那里喝茶；孩子放学回到家里，那房间就成了书房。而后，傍晚又成为饭厅。然后收起桌子，铺上褥子，又成为了全家人睡觉的地方。 如果是床铺的话，除了睡觉的房间，还需要吃饭的房间和书房等，但如果使用褥子，一个房间就可以有各种用途。 据说从前，在纽约等大都市的大学学习的学生也租得起很大的房间。但现在房租太贵，租不起了。只能住更便宜、更小的房间。因此，似乎开始使用睡觉时作床，白天折小能成为椅子的、方便的褥子。
新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译 学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。 虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。 老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。 由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。 两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。 以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。 每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！” 没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。 我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 好在这种情况没持续多久。 到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。 与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！ 不过情况却远不尽如人意。 由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。 上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。 我开始产生一种畏惧感。 虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。 看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。 这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。 我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。 它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。 我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 我随时随地都在学习。 不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。 我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。 有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。 但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。 突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。 尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。 它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。 学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。 与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。 由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。 我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。
习惯与礼仪 我是个漫画家，对旁人细微的动作、不起眼的举止等抱有好奇。所以，我在国外只要做错一点什么，立刻会比旁人更为敏锐地感觉到那个国家的人们对此作出的反应。 譬如我多次看到过，欧美人和中国人见到我们日本人吸溜吸溜地出声喝汤而面露厌恶之色。过去，日本人坐在塌塌米上，在一张低矮的食案上用餐，餐具离嘴较远。所以，养成了把碗端至嘴边吸食的习惯。喝羹匙里的东西也象吸似的，声声作响。这并非哪一方文化高或低，只是各国的习惯、礼仪不同而已。 日本人坐在椅子上围桌用餐是1960年之后的事情。当时，还没有礼仪规矩，甚至有人盘着腿吃饭。外国人看见此景大概会一脸厌恶吧。 韩国女性就座时，单腿翘起。我认为这种姿势很美，但习惯于双膝跪坐的日本女性大概不以为然，而韩国女性恐怕也不认为跪坐为好。 日本等多数亚洲国家，常有人习惯在路上蹲着。欧美人会联想起狗排便的姿势而一脸厌恶。 日本人常常把手放在小孩的头上说“好可爱啊！”，而大部分外国人会不愿意。 如果向回教国家的人们劝食猪肉和酒，或用左手握手、递东西，会不受欢迎的。当然，饭菜也用右手抓着吃。只有从公用大盘往自己的小盘里分食用的公勺是用左手拿。一旦搞错，用黏糊糊的右手去拿，
会遭人厌恶。 在欧美，对不受欢迎的客人不说“请脱下外套”，所以电视剧中的侦探哥隆波总是穿着外套。访问日本家庭时，要在门厅外脱掉外套后进屋。穿到屋里会不受欢迎的。 这些习惯只要了解就不会出问题，如果因为不知道而遭厌恶、憎恨，实在心里难受。 过去，我曾用色彩图画和简短的文字画了一本《关键时刻的礼仪》（新潮文库）。如今越发希望用各国语言翻译这本书。以便能对在日本的外国人有所帮助。同时希望有朝一日以漫画的形式画一本“世界各国的习惯与礼仪”。 练习答案 ５、 （１）止める並んでいる見ているなる着色した （２）拾った入っていた行ったしまった始まっていた
新视野大学英语第三版第二册读写课文翻译 Unit 1 Text A 一堂难忘的英语课 1 如果我是唯一一个还在纠正小孩英语的家长，那么我儿子也许是对的。对他而言，我是一个乏味的怪物：一个他不得不听其教诲的父亲，一个还沉湎于语法规则的人，对此我儿子似乎颇为反感。 2 我觉得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位学生时，才开始对这个问题认真起来的。这个学生刚从欧洲旅游回来。我满怀着诚挚期待问她：“欧洲之行如何？” 3 她点了三四下头，绞尽脑汁，苦苦寻找恰当的词语，然后惊呼：“真是，哇！” 4 没了。所有希腊文明和罗马建筑的辉煌居然囊括于一个浓缩的、不完整的语句之中！我的学生以“哇！”来表示她的惊叹，我只能以摇头表达比之更强烈的忧虑。 5 关于正确使用英语能力下降的问题，有许多不同的故事。学生的确本应该能够区分诸如their/there/they're之间的不同，或区别complimentary 跟complementary之间显而易见的差异。由于这些知识缺陷，他们承受着大部分不该承受的批评和指责，因为舆论认为他们应该学得更好。 6 学生并不笨，他们只是被周围所看到和听到的语言误导了。举例来说，杂货店的指示牌会把他们引向stationary（静止处），虽然便笺本、相册、和笔记本等真正的stationery（文具用品）并没有被钉在那儿。朋友和亲人常宣称They've just ate。实际上，他们应该说They've just eaten。因此，批评学生不合乎情理。 7 对这种缺乏语言功底而引起的负面指责应归咎于我们的学校。学校应对英语熟练程度制定出更高的标准。可相反，学校只教零星的语法，高级词汇更是少之又少。还有就是，学校的年轻教师显然缺乏这些重要的语言结构方面的知识，因为他们过去也没接触过。学校有责任教会年轻人进行有效的语言沟通，可他们并没把语言的基本框架——准确的语法和恰当的词汇——充分地传授给学生。
新视野大学英语1课文翻译 1下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。 2在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。”“等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。”在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。 3让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。 4对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 5有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 6在大学里，一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里，住在你隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌，令你头痛欲裂！你可能喜欢早起，而你的室友却是个夜猫子！尽管如此，你和你的室友仍然可能成
教导处对作业、教案检查的总结报告 在教导处组织下，以教研组为单位，我们本学期在学初、期中、期末对全体任课教师的作业教案进行了检查与评价。本次检查与评价我们抱着客观、公正的态度，注重检查作业、教案的质量，依据我校制定的相关要求进行的。主要目的是对老师们本学期的工作做一个记载，同时发现好的做法及时推广，发现问题及时纠正。因此，我在总结过程中希望每位教师都能抱着学习的态度来听，这样有利于完善自己。下来，我就从三方面对本次活动作以下总结: 一、优点: 1、全体教师作业、教案数量达标;能重视学生学习主体性和教师主导作用，注重课堂教学情境设计、合理安排内容，不同的教学内容采用形式多样的备课方法。 2、教案书写工整、规范、教学环节齐全、条理清楚。 3、教材基点把握准确，能显示教研教改思路，注意学法渗透，具有教师活动、学生活动设计及设计意图。 4、合理使用信息技术手段，在教案备写中能看到课件、碟片、大屏幕等字眼。 5、教案有的教师开始注重教后修补。 6、新、老教师听课记录达标，记录认真，评析到位。 7、教案具有实用性和可操作性，重视对难点、重点的反复推敲。 8、作业批改详细、认真，鼓励语新颖准确，作文批改认真、批注到位。 9、作业布置分量适中，注重双基，分层次作业，形式多样(活动作业)。 10、各教研组通报会通报到位，注重实效，为作业批改、教案备写指明方向。 二、不足: 1、个别教师备课过程简单，教学设计粗略，字迹潦草，龙飞凤舞，重数量忽质量，更重要的是个别教师有错字、病句现象。
2、个别教师的教学重点、难点、教学目标与课时案及不吻合。 3、个别新教师教案只是教材内容的罗列或者是教材内容的填充，未能体现教学组织和设计，就象是教材的翻版。 4、个别新教师的教案记流水帐，如师说什么，生答什么。 5、个别教师教学反思没有落到实处。 6、个别教师作业批改不规范，细节、步骤中的问题来纠正，一道大题只打一个对号，没有要求补错，鼓励性评语较少。 7、备课新授课多，极少见备练习课和试卷讲评课。 8、个别教师欠认真、细心，如作业本学校名称写错等现象说明这一点。 9、教师对什么是教案知之甚少，不能学习常规制度。 10、听课记录参与活动的评析认真，不参与的记录评析粗略。 11、照抄教案书籍现象严重。 12、作文批改不认真，批注模棱两可。 三、努力的方向: 1、教研组长应加强对个别教师作业、教案进行个别指导，力争将作业批改、教案备写纳入正规化。 2、教导处加强教案的质量管理，要求教师写实实在在的教案，要注重备教法和学法。 3、提倡广大教师备表格教案，要求教师对教案实行再回笼。 4、要求写实实在在的教学心得，不要写空洞的理论。 总之，本次作业教案检查与展评比以前好得多，好的做法我们要认真学习，发扬广大，对于存在的问题要及时解决、不断完善。作业、教案的质量优劣直接关系着教学效果的好与坏，我们决不能走形式，走过程来应付检查，我们必须不断地总结经验与教训，不断探索、不断创新，才能提高教育教学质量。另外，在本次活动中，通过全体教师的展评，我
新视野大学英语2课文翻译（Unit1-Unit7） Unit 1 Section A 时间观念强的美国人 Para. 1 美国人认为没有人能停止不前。如果你不求进取，你就会落伍。这种态度造就了一个投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个是劳力。 Para. 2 人们一直说：“只有时间才能支配我们。”人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待的。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的利用作出解释；我们还要因付出时间而收取费用。时间是一种宝贵的资源，许多人都深感人生的短暂。时光一去不复返。我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。 Para. 3 外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙——常常处于压力之下。城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这部分地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。工作时间被认为是宝贵的。Para. 3b 在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人吃完后用餐，以便按时赶回去工作。你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。不要觉得这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费”时间到不恰当的地步。 Para. 4 许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒暄。他们也会怀念那种一边喝茶或咖啡一边进行的礼节性交流，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。他们也许还会怀念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的客人的，更不用说会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去打高尔夫球。既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人，我们就开门见山地谈正事。因此，时间老是在我们心中的耳朵里滴滴答答地响着。 Para. 5 因此，我们千方百计地节约时间。我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流，而不是通过直接接触。虽然面对面接触令人愉快，但却要花更多的时间, 尤其是在马路上交通拥挤的时候。因此，我们把大多数个人拜访安排在下班以后的时间里或周末的社交聚会上。 Para. 6 就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或完全没有关系。在有些国家, 如果没有目光接触，就做不成大生意，这需要面对面的交谈。在美国，最后协议通常也需要本人签字。然而现在人们越来越多地在电视屏幕上见面，开远程会议不仅能解决本国的问题，而且还能通过卫星解决国际问题。
文学作品之赏析句子答题技巧 1.修辞： 比喻、排比铺陈、拟人、对偶、反复（突出某种意思，强调某种情感，具有强烈的抒情性和感染力）反问、设问等 2.描写手法： 对比、衬托、人（正面描写之外貌、语言、动作、神态、心理、细节、侧面描写）景（白描、虚实、动静、渲染、视嗅听触结合，侧面烘托等），场景描写 3句式： 长短句，整句结合（整句：对偶、排比、四字格短语等，散句：句子参次不齐、长短不一）。设问、反问、疑问、感叹句、肯定句、否定句等 4.词语： 炼字（动词、形容词、叠词，拟声词，副词、数词、助词、等），引诗词、化典故（富有文采，典雅优美）；语体色彩（书面语、口语、方言、文言），语气（呢、呀、啊等），语调（轻快、沉重等），感情色彩（褒贬，是否鲜明） 5语言特色（风格）： 平实质朴，含蓄委婉，清新明丽，形象生动、绚丽飘逸，幽默讽刺，达豪放，沉郁悲慨、音律和谐等 6.语句语段作用 典例1：舅舅生性内向，平日不喜欢流露情感。只有拉琴的时候，眯上眼睛，嘴角上扬，跟着节奏摇头晃脑，手腕舞动，很是陶醉。过去每年春节，他都要在外公家给我们表演，用激昂的音乐代替了漂亮的吉祥话。在静养的日子，他不喜欢在家拉琴，常常晚上去公园的小山丘上坐着，孤零零的。舅妈有时去寻他，在背后听完曲子，回来说：声音不一样了。“两个人生活久了，只闻其声，便心领神会。（《再也听不得二胡如泣如诉之声》散文） 1.从描写入手赏析文中画波浪线的句子 （1）神态、动作描写，写舅舅在拉琴时的神态与动作，生动地突出了舅舅的陶醉。（2）对比，描写舅舅先前拉琴时的“激昂漂亮”与病后公园拉琴的“孤零零”，两者形成对比，突出了病后舅舅的心理状态。 (3)侧面描写（衬托），借舅妈借舅妈的感受及语言描写衬托病后舅舅的变化，变得失落、伤感。 典例2：这时，阊门外传来若断若续的琴声，张翰不由得驻足静听。这琴声，如流水淙淙，似雁落平沙，仿佛月下独酌，又像是静夜徘徊。当此夜色，一弦一柱，扣人心扉。他信步而行，不觉来到城河边上。近处的一只船中，漏出隐隐约约的烛光，那清幽的琴声，与烛光一起摇曳，如涟漪般荡漾开来。（小说《抚琴》） 2. 从描写入手赏析文中画波浪线的句子 （1）运用比喻。把琴声比作淙淙流水、雁落平沙、月下独酌、静夜徘徊，化无形为有形，生动形象地写出琴声的清幽孤寂，安闲恬静中夹杂着孤独、茫然、忧伤；
新视野大学英语3第三版课文翻译 Unit 1 The Way to Success 课文A Never, ever give up! 永不言弃！ As a young boy, Britain's great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide. Toward the end of his period as prime minister, he was invited to address the patriotic young boys at his old school, Harrow. The headmaster said, "Young gentlemen, the greatest speaker of our time, will be here in a few days to address you, and you should obey whatever sound advice he may give you." The great day arrived. Sir Winston stood up, all five feet, five inches and 107 kilos of him, and gave this short, clear-cut speech: "Young men, never give up. Never give up! Never give up! Never, never, never, never!" 英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了，在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。后来，他凭着军旅生涯中的杰出表现当选为英国首相。他的才思、智慧、公民责任感以及在二战痛苦而黑暗的时期拒绝投降的无畏勇气，为他赢得了美名。他非凡的决心，不仅激励了整个民族，还鼓舞了全世界。 在他首相任期即将结束时，他应邀前往母校哈罗公学，为满怀报国之志的同学们作演讲。校长说：“年轻的先生们，当代最伟大的演说家过几天就会来为你们演讲，他提出的任何中肯的建议，你们都要听从。”那个激动人心的日子终于到了。温斯顿爵士站了起来——他只有5 英尺5 英寸高，体重却有107 公斤。他作了言简意赅的讲话：“年轻人，要永不放弃。永不放弃！永不放弃！永不，永不，永不，永不！” Personal history, educational opportunity, individual dilemmas - none of these can inhibit a strong spirit committed to success. No task is too hard. No amount of preparation is too long or too difficult. Take the example of two of the most scholarly scientists of our age, Albert Einstein and Thomas Edison. Both faced immense obstacles and extreme criticism. Both were called "slow to learn" and written off as idiots by their teachers. Thomas Edison ran away from school because his teacher whipped him repeatedly for asking too many questions. Einstein didn't speak fluently until he was almost nine years old and was such a poor student that some thought he was unable to learn. Yet both boys' parents believed in them. They worked intensely each day with their sons, and the boys learned to never bypass the long hours of hard work that they needed to succeed. In the end, both Einstein and Edison overcame their childhood persecution and went on to achieve magnificent discoveries that benefit the entire world today. Consider also the heroic example of Abraham Lincoln, who faced substantial hardships, failures and repeated misfortunes in his lifetime. His background was certainly not glamorous. He was raised in a very poor family with only one year of formal education. He failed in business twice, suffered a nervous breakdown when his first love died suddenly and lost eight political