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A review on eye movement studies in childhood and adolescent psychiatry

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Areviewoneyemovementstudiesinchildhoodandadolescentpsychiatry

NandaN.J.Rommelsea,b,*,StefanVanderStigchelc,JosephA.Sergeantb

aDepartmentofPsychiatry,RadboudUniversityMedicalCenter,ReinierPostlaan12,6525GCNijmegen,TheNetherlandsbDepartmentofClinicalNeuropsychology,VUUniversity-Amsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlandscDepartmentofExperimentalPsychology,UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,TheNetherlands

articleinfo

Articlehistory:Accepted26August2008Availableonline2October2008

Keywords:ChildAdolescentPsychiatryEyemovementSaccadeabstract

Theneuralsubstratesofeyemovementmeasuresarelargelyknown.Therefore,measurementofeyemovementsinpsychiatricdisordersmayprovideinsightintotheunderlyingneuropathologyofthesedis-orders.Visuallyguidedsaccades,antisaccades,memoryguidedsaccades,andsmoothpursuiteyemove-mentswillbereviewedinvariouschildhoodpsychiatricdisorders.Thefouraimsofthisrevieware(1)togiveathoroughoverviewofeyemovementstudiesinawidearrayofpsychiatricdisordersoccurringdur-ingchildhoodandadolescence(attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder,oppositionaldeviantdisorderandconductdisorder,autismspectrumdisorders,readingdisorder,childhood-onsetschizophrenia,Tourette’ssyndrome,obsessivecompulsivedisorder,andanxietyanddepression),(2)todiscussthespec-ificityandoverlapofeyemovementfindingsacrossdisordersandparadigms,(3)todiscussthedevelop-mentalaspectsofeyemovementabnormalitiesinchildhoodandadolescencepsychiatricdisorders,and(4)topresentsuggestionsforfutureresearch.Inordertomakethisreviewofinteresttoabroadaudience,attentionwillbegiventotheclinicalmanifestationofthedisordersandthetheoreticalbackgroundoftheeyemovementparadigms.Ó2008ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.

1.Aimsandstructureofthisreview

1.1.Aims

Eyemovementsareperhapsthemostthoroughlystudieddo-

maininthefieldofcognitiveneuroscience.Numerousingenious

paradigmshavebeendevelopedtounraveltheirunderlyingneuro-

logicalandcognitivesubstrates.Currentknowledgeofthesepro-

cesseshasbeenobtainedbymeasuringeyemovementsin

monkeysandhealthyadults.Thesestudieshaveprovideddetailed

knowledgeofthebasiccharacteristicsofeyemovements.This,in

turn,haspromptedresearcherstoassesseyemovementsinvari-

ouspsychiatricdisordersandhasfacilitatedtheunderstandingof

thecomplexunderlyingneuropathophysiologyofthesedisorders.

Mostofthesestudieshavefocusedoneyemovementsinadultpa-

tients.Thesefindingsmaynotnecessarilybeextrapolatedtochild

andadolescentpatients,sincetheclinicalmanifestationandaetiol-

ogyofpsychiatricdisordersmaydifferbetweenchildhood-onset

andadult-onset(Carlson,Bromet,&Sievers,2000;Jaffeeetal.,

2002;Matsumotoetal.,2001).Moreover,eyemovementsthem-

selvesmaydiffersubstantiallybetweenchildrenandadults

(Karatekin,2007;Mezzalira,CoelhoNeves,QueirozMaudonnet,oBilécki,&GobbideÁvila,2005).Itseemsimportant,therefore,to

reviewseparatelyeyemovementstudiesinchildhoodandadoles-

centpsychiatricdisorderstodeterminewhicheyemovementdys-

functionsarepresentinthesepatients.

Severalreviewsareavailableoneyemovementstudiesinadult

patients(oftenfocusedonaparticulardisorderoreyemovement

paradigm;Hutton&Ettinger,2006;Lee&Williams,2000;Reuter

&Kathmann,2004;Trillenberg,Lencer,&Heide,2004),whereas

onlytworeviewsareavailableonchildandadolescentpatients

(Karatekin,2007;Sweeney,Takarae,Macmillan,Luna,&Minshew,

2004).Bothreviewswereinstructiveinreviewingtheliteratureon

attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder(ADHD)andautismspec-

trumdisorders(ASD)AmericanPsychiatricAssociation[APA]

(1994),buteyemovementliteratureonTourette’ssyndrome(TS)

andchildhood-onsetschizophreniawasreviewedinonlyoneof

thesepapers,andneitherreviewfocusedonchildhood-onset

obsessivecompulsivedisorder(OCD),readingdisorder(RD),anxi-

etyanddepression,oroppositionaldeviantdisorder(ODD)and

conductdisorder(CD).Therefore,themainaimsofthecurrentre-

vieware(1)togiveathoroughoverviewofeyemovementstudies

inawidearrayofpsychiatricdisordersoccurringduringchildhood

andadolescence,(2)todiscussthespecificityandoverlapofeye

movementfindingsacrossdisorders,(3)todiscussthedevelop-

mentalaspectsofeyemovementabnormalitiesinchildhoodand

adolescencepsychiatricdisorders,and(4)topresentsuggestions

forfutureresearch.

0278-2626/$-seefrontmatterÓ2008ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.025*Correspondingauthor.Address:DepartmentofPsychiatry,RadboudUniversityMedicalCenter,ReinierPostlaan12,6525GCNijmegen,TheNetherlands.Fax:+31243512211.E-mailaddress:n.lambregts-rommelse@psy.umcn.nl(N.N.J.

Rommelse).BrainandCognition68(2008)391–414

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

BrainandCognition

journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/b&

c