大学英语语法知识
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第一章 基本句型
1．句子成分
1）主语：表示句子所说为何人或何物，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动词-ing 形式（短语）和名词从句等充当。
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer
plowed his field.
He enjoys camping in the mountains. To translate
this ideal into reality needs hard work.
Living in that island country for three months was an unforgettable
experience for me. Two will be enough.
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. That they failed
in their attempt is entirely understandable.
2) 谓语：说明主语做什么或是什么，由动词充当，须与主语保持人称和数的一致。动词的性质决定其是否必须跟主语补语、宾语、宾语补语以及状语等后续成分。
People’s standards of living are going up steadily. I may be
wrong.
He watched horrified by the terrible accident. I stood
on the porch, dumb, expectant.
She left the room angry and frustrated. She
looked sad and discouraged.
We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do
something for them.
It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries be
expanded.
For many years he remained single. He is called
Little Tiger.
3) 表语：说明主语是什么或怎么样，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式（短语）、副词、介词短语、词组、从句等充当。
He still remained a hero in people’s minds. What
nationality is he?
That’s something we have always to keep in mind. Seventy-four!
You don’t look it.
She was the first to learn about it. His hair has
gone white.
Her first job had been selling computers. Time is
pressing. Let’s hurry up.
The thing for her to have done was to have run away from her home, but she
never did.
All I could do was send him a telegram. We must be off now.
The proof of the pudding is in the eating. She felt at
ease and confident in the future.
They are twice the size of chickens. That would be a
great weight off my mind.
4) 宾语：表示动作行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或其他东西、动名词（短语），不定式（短语）、复合结构、从句等充当。
Show your passports, please! They didn’t
promise him anything definite.
-- How many do you need? -- We need two. They carried the
seriously wounded.
I enjoyed working with you. Hope to see you
again.
You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. I’ll get it
stamped.
See that everything is ready by half past ten. Did you write
down what she said?
◆ 介词宾语：介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，而需和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来在句中充当一个成分。和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词宾语。能充当介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（短语）、由连接代（副）词引起的从句或不定式短语。
It’s going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast.
How much luggage can I take with me? She is fond
of skating.
I’m thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time. He gave a
lesson on how to improve soil.
5) 宾语补语：用来补充说明宾语，可由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语、动词-ing形式以及动词-ed形式等充当。
6) 定语：用来修饰名词或代词，由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）、介词短语、副词、从句等充当。
Our government tries in every way to satisfy our need. He gave
a vivid description of the battle.
Our two hundred thousand auto workers are out on strike. We belong to
the third world.
They are to send a government trade delegation to China. His words
moved everyone present.
What’s your government’s policy towards these countries?
Do you know the number of foreign guests coming to the party?
Their aim is to find ways to satisfy the peasants’ demand “to change
low-yielding land to high-yielding land.”
Those under 18 must not carry weight above 10.25 kilograms.
They should have told us if there was anything up. This is the
only reference book there is on the subject.
7) 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示谓语的时间、地点、方式、目的、程度，通常由副词(短语)、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）、形容词、词组、复合结构、从句等充当。有时，还可用名词充当。
Theoretically you’re right, but things may not work like that in fact.
They did everything they could to save the worker’s life. She did
this out of kindness.
Please fill in the card giving all the information required.
They all rushed over, eager to help.
Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate. She jumped
ten feet.
When I was ill she nursed me day and night. We have
been sitting here hours waiting for you.
That being the case, we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing. We did
it only because we had to.
2．基本句型
1）主—系—表
此句型中动词为联系动词：
A. be动词
B. 表示“变得，成为”的动词：become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn, fall,
etc.
C. 表示“保持某一状态”的动词：continue, hold, keep, remain, stay, stand,
etc.
D. 表示“看起来，好象”的动词：appear, look, seem, etc.
E. 表示“感官”的动词：feel, smell, sound, taste, etc.
I am a student. She is pretty.
Tom’s wish has come true. The river grows wider.
The weather turned cold. The milk remained
fresh for a week.
The weather continued warm. John stood loyal to his
friend.
The house appears large. Your sister seemed
unwell.
Your sentence sounds right. The apple tastes sour.
2) 主—谓
该句型中动词为不及物动词，不带宾语。
The girl smiles. The birds are flying in
the sky.
3) 主—谓—宾
该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。
They speak English. The boy plays football
very well.
4) 主—谓—间宾(人)—直宾(物) (双宾语)
① 该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。
