Hall–Petch relationship in a nanotwinned nickel alloy
Leon L.Shaw,a,*Angel L.Ortiz b and Juan C.Villegas c
a
Department of Chemical,Materials and Biomolecular Engineering,University of Connecticut,Storrs,CT 06269,USA
b
Departamento de Ingenier?
′a Meca ′nica,Energe ′tica y de los Materiales Universidad de Extremadura,06071Badajoz,Spain c
Intel Corporation,Chandler,AZ 85226,USA
Received 5November 2007;revised 4January 2008;accepted 14January 2008
Available online 26January 2008
The Hall–Petch relationship in a nanotwinned alloy with absence of dislocation pile-ups is investigated for the ?rst time.It is shown that,when the twin spacing is large (d >150nm),the hardness exhibits a d à1/2dependence.However,when the twin spacing is small (d <100nm),a d à1dependence results.These phenomena are interpreted based on dislocation-mediated mechanisms corroborated by the analysis of electron microscopy and X-ray di?ractometry.ó2008Acta Materialia Inc.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Hardness;Plastic deformation;Twinning;Nanocrystalline microstructure;Hall–Petch relation
Grain re?nement has been a topic of intensive re-search for several decades.The driving force behind these enduring e?orts is the enhancement of strength as the grain size decreases,as described by the empirical Hall–Petch (H–P)relationship [1,2]r y ?r i tk y D à1=2
e1T
where r y is the yield strength of a polycrystalline mate-rial,D is the average grain diameter,r i is the overall resistance of lattice to dislocation movement and k y is the H–P slope measuring the relative strengthening con-tribution of grain boundaries (GBs).Eq.(1)has been found to be applicable to a wide range of coarse-grained materials (D P $1l m),including applications to the ?ow stress at a given strain and the hardness of the material [3],the dislocation cells of heavily deformed materials [4],the materials with several levels of sub-structures,e.g.the co-presence of low-angle cell bound-aries and high-angle cell block boundaries [5],and materials with microsized twins [6,7].
Recently,the applicability of the H–P relation to ultra?ne-grained materials (100nm [13],where a comprehensive list of references can be found.However,studies on the H–P relation in nano-twinned materials are extremely scarce,with only one investigation on single-phase nanotwinned materials re-ported in the open literature [14].In that study,Eq.(1)is found to be valid for electrodeposited Cu with twin thickness as small as 13nm.Furthermore,the Hall–Petch slope is nearly the same as that determined from coarse-grained Cu,suggesting that the strengthening ef-fect of twin boundaries (TBs)is analogous to that of conventional GBs even in the nanometer scale [14].The applicability of the H–P relation to the nanotwin-ned Cu has been explained by dislocation pile-ups against TBs [14].However,it is well known that many materials do not exhibit dislocation pile-ups [15],and their H–P relations have been explained by the activa-tion of GB dislocation sources [16]or other alternative mechanisms [17–19].In this study we have investigated,for the ?rst time,the dependence of the hardness of nanotwinned materials on the twin spacing with absence of dislocation pile-ups.The absence of dislocation pile-ups can be attained from low stacking fault energy materials when the twin thickness is too small to support dislocation pile-ups,as revealed in this study. A nickel-base HASTELLOY C-2000òalloy 1with a low stacking fault energy (1.22mJ m à2)[20]was chosen for this study in order to produce a gradient of 1359-6462/$-see front matter ó2008Acta Materialia Inc.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.01.025 *Corresponding author.Tel.:+18604862592;fax:+18604864745;e-mail:leon.shaw@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d77461077.html, 1 HASTELLOY and C-2000are registered trademarks of Haynes International,Inc. Available online at https://www.doczj.com/doc/d77461077.html, Scripta Materialia 58(2008) 951–954 https://www.doczj.com/doc/d77461077.html,/locate/scriptamat high-density nanotwins in the sample.The C-2000alloy is a corrosion-resistance alloy with a single-phase,face-centered-cubic (fcc)structure and a nominal chemical composition (in wt.%)of 23Cr,16Mo,1.6Cu,0.01C,0.08Si and balance Ni.The as-received C-2000plates were in an annealed condition.These annealed plates were subjected to a surface severe plastic deformation (S 2PD)treatment to create a surface region containing nanograins followed by a gradient of high-density nanotwins with a continuous increase in the twin thick-ness as the position moves away from the treated surface of the plate [21].The S 2PD method used in this study,similar to the surface mechanical attrition treatment [22,23],entails impacting the surface of the plate with high-energy balls (e.g.WC/Co balls)repeatedly under an argon atmosphere for 30min [24,25].The detail of other experimental conditions for S 2PD can be found elsewhere [21]. The microscopy analysis (Fig.1)reveals that a micro-structural gradient has been produced via the S 2PD pro-cess with a gradual decrease in the deformation twin density as the position moves away from the impacted surface.Parallel nanotwins (3–8nm thick)with and without 60°unit dislocations in between are present near the impacted surface (Fig.1b),whereas twin–twin inter-sections with high-density dislocation entanglement in between are present below the nanotwinned surface re-gion (Fig.1c).Further away from the impacted surface is the deformation region,with small plastic strains exhibiting dislocation emission from twin boundaries (Fig.1d).Based on the peak broadening analysis of X-ray di?raction (XRD)patterns,the crystallite size and dislocation density as functions of the position measured from the impacted surface have been quanti?ed [21].Be-cause of the absence of dislocation cells in the S 2PD-pro- cessed C-2000alloy,the crystallite size measured via XRD re?ects the size of the substructures mainly sepa-rated by twin boundaries with only a small proportion of fault and grain boundaries,and thus can be approx-imately regarded as the twin spacing [21].Furthermore,it is found that the twin spacing decreases as the position becomes closer to the impacted surface.Figure 2shows the dislocation density and the average number of dislo-cations within each twinned (or untwinned)region as a function of the twin spacing.Note that although the dis-location density increases as the twin spacing becomes smaller (i.e.as the position becomes closer to the im-pacted surface),the number of dislocations per twinned (or untwinned)region actually decreases.This is in excellent agreement with the transmission electron microscopy (TEM)analysis,as revealed by comparing Figure 1b and c. Figure 3presents the H–P relationship between the Vickers hardness,H V ,and the twin spacing,d ,revealing that the H V àd à1/2relationship is not linear,but is concave towards the d à1/2axis.Furthermore,the trend shown by the nanoindentation hardness is identical to that exhibited by the Vickers hardness.However,the nanohardness data have allowed the valid measurement of the hardness at locations 10l m away from the im-pacted surface [25],and thus extended the evaluation of the e?ect of the twin spacing down to 30nm.We pro-pose that the non-linear H àd à1/2relationship is due to the change in the deformation mechanism as the twin Figure 1.Microstructures of the C-2000alloy after S 2PD processing.(a)An overall view of the cross-section from the impacted surface (indicated)to the nearly undeformed interior,showing a gradual increase in the deformation twin density (as indicated by the deformation marking density)when the position becomes closer to the impacted surface.(b)A Fourier-?ltered lattice image near the impacted surface,showing the presence of parallel nanotwins with and without dislocations in between.(c)TEM bright-?eld image at a location $100l m from the impacted surface,showing the twin–twin intersection with dislocation entanglement in between.(d)TEM bright-?eld image from a location near the undeformed interior,showing emission of dislocations from a twin boundary. Figure 2.The dislocation density and the average number of disloca-tions per twinned (or untwinned)region as a function of the twin spacing.Note that when the twin spacing decreases from 750to 34nm,the position measured from the impacted surface changes from 500to 10l m, respectively. Figure 3.The hardness,H ,as a function of the inverse of the square root of the twin spacing,d à1/2.Note that the H àd à1/2relationship is not linear,but is concave towards the d à1/2axis. 952L.L.Shaw et al./Scripta Materialia 58(2008)951–954 spacing becomes smaller.For large twin spacings(i.e. d>$150nm),the hardness is mainly controlled by the increase in the internal stress due to the additional dislocation density which results from the presence of twin boundaries.For small twin spacings(i.e. d<$100nm),the hardness is dictated by the energy re-quired to spread and expand dislocations across the glide planes within the twinned or untwinned regions. The transition of the deformation mechanism occurs in the intermediate size of the twin spacing(i.e. $100nm These proposed mechanisms are consistent with microstructural examinations.As shown in Figures1 and2,there are a relatively large number of dislocations within twinned and untwinned regions when the twin spacing is large.As such,dislocation glide across large twinned or untwinned regions would have to overcome the resistance resulting from interactions with disloca-tions.Since twin boundaries can behave as a source for emitting dislocations,as revealed in this study (Fig.1d)and predicted theoretically recently[26],the dislocation density,q,is thus proportional to the reci-procal of the twin spacing,dà1[16].With this deforma-tion mechanism,the yield strength of the material will follow the Taylor relationship as well as the H–P rela-tionship[16],i.e. r y?r ita MGb ???q p?r i tk y dà1=2e2T where a is the geometrical constant,M is the Taylor fac- tor,G is the shear modulus,b is the Burgers vector,q is the dislocation density,d is the twin spacing,and r i and k y have been de?ned in Eq.(1).Based on the hardness data in the range of large twin spacings shown in Figure 3,the maximum H–P slope for the twinned C-2000with d>$150nm,k H(max),is found to be0.696MPa m1/2, which is larger than the H–P slope of coarse-grained pure Ni,k H=0.474MPa m1/2[4].Here k H is the H–P slope referring to the Vickers hardness and H V is as- sumed to follow the Tabor’s relation(i.e.H V%3r y) [27,28]and thus k H=3k y.The higher H–P slope is attributed to solid solution strengthening in the C-2000 alloy.Thus,the similar H–P slopes indicate that the strengthening e?ect of TBs is analogous to that of con-ventional GBs when the twin spacing is larger than 150nm for the C-2000alloy.The coe?cient of a MGb in the Taylor relation can also be determined from the experimental data of H V vs. ???q p(Fig.4),and is found to be1.79?10à8GPa m for the same range of the large twin spacings(d P150nm)used to calculate k H(max). This number is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction,which leads to a MGb=1.63?10à8GPa m if one has chosen a=0.33[8],M=3.0[8], G=64.5GPa[20]and b=0.255?10à9m[20]. The fact that the hardness data of the twinned C-2000 with the twin spacing larger than150nm can be de- scribed by both H–P and Taylor relations suggests that dislocations play a critical role in this twinned alloy when the twin spacing is larger than150nm.Further-more,the role of TBs can be regarded as‘‘increasing the dislocation density”since the Taylor relation can fully describe the hardness data without resorting to the twin spacing.However,such a situation is no longer true when the twin spacing is smaller than100nm, where a dà1dependence is present(Fig.5)and the coef-?cient of a MGb in the Taylor relation obtained from the experiment becomes much smaller than that predicted from the dislocation theory(Fig.4). When the twin spacing is small(i.e.d<$100nm), the number of dislocations within each twinned and untwinned region is small(Figs.1b and2).As such, the resistance to plastic deformation and thus the hard-ness are not controlled by the resistance resulting from interactions with dislocations,but by the energy re-quired to spread and expand dislocations across the glide planes within the twinned and untwinned region. With this deformation mechanism,the yield strength and hardness should exhibit a linear relationship vs. the reciprocal of the dislocation cell size,as demon-strated by Langford and Cohen[29,30],as well as re-viewed in a recent article[13].For the twinned C-2000 with a small twin spacing,the hardness should thus ex-hibit a dà1dependence.This is indeed the case observed in this study.As shown in Figure5,a dà1dependence is present for both the Vickers hardness and nanoindenta-tion hardness when the twin spacing is smaller than 100nm.Furthermore,the Taylor relation should not be present for the twinned C-2000with a small twin spacing because the hardness is not controlled by the Figure4.The hardness,H,of the C-2000alloy with S2PD processing as a function of the square root of the dislocation density, ???q p.The slope of the?tting line for the?rst three data points(as indicated)is 5.37?10à8GPa m,which leads to a MGb=1.79?10à8GPa m.The twin spacing at the same location that gives the square root of the dislocation density shown is indicated on the top of the graph along the x -axis. Figure5.The hardness,H,as a function of the reciprocal of the twin spacing,dà1.Note that a linear relationship is present for both the Vickers hardness and nanoindentation hardness when d<100nm. L.L.Shaw et al./Scripta Materialia58(2008)951–954953 resistance resulting from interactions with dislocations. This trend is also con?rmed by the experimental data, as shown in Figure4,where the Taylor relation works well for the twin spacing larger than150nm,but fails for the twin spacing smaller than100nm.Based on these phenomena,it can be concluded that when the twin spacing is smaller than100nm,the hardness is dic-tated by the energy required to spread and expand dislo-cations across the glide planes within the twinned and untwinned region.Furthermore,it is this dà1depen-dence that causes the bending of the linear Hàdà1/2 relation towards the dà1/2axis. It should be mentioned that the phenomena disclosed above were obtained from the C-2000alloy with nanotwins generated via S2PD.Thus,there are three po-tential sources of errors that can alter the hardness in the surface region of the alloy.First,some impurities from the ball can di?use into the sample.Second,there may be ultra?ne-scale pores and minor?aws due to the se-vere impacting of the surface,a trace amount of which could drop the hardness[31].Third,some re-distribu-tion of solutes in the sample(e.g.microsegregation to grain boundaries)may be possible during S2PD.How-ever,the detailed analysis indicates that all of these potential sources of errors are unlikely to a?ect the result of the present study.Our previous XRD investiga-tion[21]indeed revealed the WC contamination of the impacted surface due to material transfer between balls and the C-2000plate.Nevertheless,the contamination becomes minute at locations10l m below the impacted surface and almost imperceptible at20l m below the im-pacted surface[21].Since the dà1dependence is observed from20to190l m below the impacted surface for the Vickers hardness and from10to190l m below the im-pacted surface for the nanoindentation hardness,it can rule out the possibility of the WC contamination leading to a dà1dependence.Similarly,extensive SEM examina-tion of the cross-sections like the one shown in Figure1a has never revealed the presence of ultra?ne cracks and pores at locations5l m below the impacted surface [21,25,32],and therefore the second source of errors is also very unlikely.Finally,if di?usion of contaminants and microsegregation occurred at depths20l m below the impacted surface during S2PD processing,the inte-grated intensities of XRD peaks at these locations would have changed because of the alternation of the structure factors for all of the crystallographic planes, and thus the ratio of the integrated intensities of di?er-ent XRD peaks(e.g.I111/I200,where I111and I200are the integrated intensities of{111}and{200}planes, respectively)would also have changed at these locations, which is not observed in the XRD analysis[21].Thus, the third source of errors is also unlikely. In short,the present study demonstrates that the strengthening e?ect of TBs is similar to that of conven-tional GBs.Furthermore,we have presented the?rst evidence that,when the twin spacing is large(i.e. d>150nm),the resistance to plastic deformation is dictated by interactions with dislocations which results from the presence of TBs,and this deformation mecha-nism leads to a dà1/2dependence of the hardness.When the twin spacing is small(d<100nm),the resistance to plastic deformation is controlled by the energy required to spread and expand dislocations across the glide planes within the twinned and untwinned region,and this deformation mechanism leads to a dà1dependence of the hardness.The transition of the deformation mechanism occurs in the intermediate size of the twin spacing(100nm The authors acknowledge the?nancial support by National Science Foundation through Grant No. DMR-0207729. [1]E.O.Hall,Proc.Phys.Soc.London,Sect B64(1951)747. 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[31]L.He,E.Ma,J.Mater.Res.11(1996)72. [32]J.C.Villegas,K.Dai,L.Shaw,P.Liaw,Mater.Sci.Eng. A410(2005)257. 954L.L.Shaw et al./Scripta Materialia58(2008)951–954 play a part (in) 重要程度：★☆☆☆☆难易程度：★★☆☆☆ Have you realized the part computers have ___________ in the daily life? A. made B. given C. caused D. played 【参考答案】D 【拓展延伸】 1. play a part (in) 在……中扮演一个角色；参与；在……中起作用 2. play the role of 扮演……的角色 play an important role / part in...在……中起重要作用 play the leading role / part主演；起带头作用 3. take part in 参加 for the most part多半；在很大程度上 for one’s part就某人而言，对某人来说 1. Colors play an important ___________ in the way you look. A. part B. form C. effect D. pride 2. Mr. Huang will ___________ in the movement. A. play a leading part B. take parts C. play leading part D. take a part 3. __________ part that women ___________ in society is great. A. The; plays B. A; takes C. A; plays 【摘要】黄自先生是我国杰出的音乐家，他以艺术歌曲的创作最为代表。而黄自先生特别强调了钢琴伴奏对于艺术歌曲组成的重要性。本文是以黄自先生创作的具有爱国主义和人道主义的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》为研究对象，通过对作品分析，归纳钢琴伴奏的弹奏方法与特点，并总结黄自先生的艺术成就与贡献。 【关键词】艺术歌曲；和声；伴奏织体；弹奏技巧 一、黄自艺术歌曲《天伦歌》的分析 （一）《天伦歌》的人文及创作背景。黄自的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》是一首具有教育意义和人道主义精神的作品。同时，它也具有民族性的特点。这首作品是根据联华公司的影片《天伦》而创作的主题曲，也是我国近代音乐史上第一首为电影谱写的艺术歌曲。作品创作于我国政治动荡、经济不稳定的30年代，这个时期，这种文化思潮冲击着我国各个领域，连音乐艺术领域也未幸免――以《毛毛雨》为代表的黄色歌曲流传广泛，对人民大众，尤其是青少年的不良影响极其深刻，黄自为此担忧，创作了大量艺术修养和文化水平较高的艺术歌曲。《天伦歌》就是在这样的历史背景下创作的，作品以孤儿失去亲人的苦痛为起点，发展到人民的发愤图强，最后升华到博爱、奋起的民族志向，对青少年的爱国主义教育有着重要的影响。 （二）《天伦歌》曲式与和声。《天伦歌》是并列三部曲式，为a+b+c，最后扩充并达到全曲的高潮。作品中引子和coda所使用的音乐材料相同，前后呼应，合头合尾。这首艺术歌曲结构规整，乐句进行的较为清晰，所使用的节拍韵律符合歌词的特点，如三连音紧密连接，为突出歌词中号召的力量等。 和声上，充分体现了中西方作曲技法融合的创作特性。使用了很多七和弦。其中，一部分是西方的和声，一部分是将我国传统的五声调式中的五个音纵向的结合，构成五声性和弦。与前两首作品相比，《天伦歌》的民族性因素增强，这也与它本身的歌词内容和要弘扬的爱国主义精神相对应。 （三）《天伦歌》的伴奏织体分析。《天伦歌》的前奏使用了a段进唱的旋律发展而来的，具有五声调性特点，增添了民族性的色彩。在作品的第10小节转调入近关系调，调性的转换使歌曲增添抒情的情绪。这时的伴奏加强和弦力度，采用切分节奏，节拍重音突出，与a段形成强弱的明显对比，突出悲壮情绪。 c段的伴奏采用进行曲的风格，右手以和弦为主，表现铿锵有力的进行。右手为上行进行，把全曲推向最高潮。左手仍以柱式和弦为主，保持节奏稳定。在作品的扩展乐段，左手的节拍低音上行与右手的八度和弦与音程对应，推动音乐朝向宏伟、壮丽的方向进行。coda 处，与引子材料相同，首尾呼应。 二、《天伦歌》实践研究 《天伦歌》是具有很强民族性因素的作品。所谓民族性，体现在所使用的五声性和声、传统歌词韵律以及歌曲段落发展等方面上。 作品的整个发展过程可以用伤感――悲壮――兴奋――宏达四个过程来表述。在钢琴伴奏弹奏的时候，要以演唱者的歌唱状态为中心，选择合适的伴奏音量、音色和音质来配合，做到对演唱者的演唱同步，并起到连接、补充、修饰等辅助作用。 作品分为三段，即a+b+c+扩充段落。第一段以五声音阶的进行为主，表现儿童失去父母的悲伤和痛苦，前奏进入时要弹奏的使用稍凄楚的音色，左手低音重复进行，在弹奏完第一个低音后，要迅速的找到下一个跨音区的音符；右手弹奏的要有棱角，在前奏结束的时候第四小节的t方向的延音处，要给演唱者留有准备。演唱者进入后，左手整体的踏板使用的要连贯。随着作品发展，伴奏与旋律声部出现轮唱的形式，要弹奏的流动性强，稍突出一些。后以mf力度出现的具有转调性质的琶音奏法，要弹奏的如流水般连贯。在重复段落，即“小 我国艺术歌曲钢琴伴奏-精 2020-12-12 【关键字】传统、作风、整体、现代、快速、统一、发展、建立、了解、研究、特点、突出、关键、内涵、情绪、力量、地位、需要、氛围、重点、需求、特色、作用、结构、关系、增强、塑造、借鉴、把握、形成、丰富、满足、帮助、发挥、提高、内心 【摘要】艺术歌曲中，伴奏、旋律、诗歌三者是不可分割的重 要因素，它们三个共同构成一个统一体，伴奏声部与声乐演唱处于 同样的重要地位。形成了人声与器乐的巧妙的结合，即钢琴和歌唱 的二重奏。钢琴部分的音乐使歌曲紧密的联系起来，组成形象变化 丰富而且不中断的套曲，把音乐表达的淋漓尽致。 【关键词】艺术歌曲；钢琴伴奏；中国艺术歌曲 艺术歌曲中，钢琴伴奏不是简单、辅助的衬托，而是根据音乐 作品的内容为表现音乐形象的需要来进行创作的重要部分。准确了 解钢琴伴奏与艺术歌曲之间的关系,深层次地了解其钢琴伴奏的风 格特点,能帮助我们更为准确地把握钢琴伴奏在艺术歌曲中的作用 和地位，从而在演奏实践中为歌曲的演唱起到更好的烘托作用。 一、中国艺术歌曲与钢琴伴奏 “中西结合”是中国艺术歌曲中钢琴伴奏的主要特征之一，作 曲家们将西洋作曲技法同中国的传统文化相结合，从开始的借鉴古 典乐派和浪漫主义时期的创作风格，到尝试接近民族乐派及印象主 义乐派的风格，在融入中国风格的钢琴伴奏写作，都是对中国艺术 歌曲中钢琴写作技法的进一步尝试和提高。也为后来的艺术歌曲写 作提供了更多宝贵的经验，在长期发展中，我国艺术歌曲的钢琴伴 奏也逐渐呈现出多姿多彩的音乐风格和特色。中国艺术歌曲的钢琴 写作中，不可忽略的是钢琴伴奏织体的作用，因此作曲家们通常都以丰富的伴奏织体来烘托歌曲的意境，铺垫音乐背景，增强音乐感染力。和声织体，复调织体都在许多作品中使用，较为常见的是综合织体。这些不同的伴奏织体的歌曲，极大限度的发挥了钢琴的艺术表现力，起到了渲染歌曲氛围，揭示内心情感，塑造歌曲背景的重要作用。钢琴伴奏成为整体乐思不可缺少的部分。优秀的钢琴伴奏织体，对发掘歌曲内涵，表现音乐形象，构架诗词与音乐之间的桥梁等方面具有很大的意义。在不断发展和探索中，也将许多伴奏织体使用得非常娴熟精确。 二、青主艺术歌曲《我住长江头》中钢琴伴奏的特点 《我住长江头》原词模仿民歌风格，抒写一个女子怀念其爱人的深情。青主以清新悠远的音乐体现了原词的意境，而又别有寄寓。歌调悠长，但有别于民间的山歌小曲；句尾经常出现下行或向上的拖腔，听起来更接近于吟哦古诗的意味，却又比吟诗更具激情。钢琴伴奏以江水般流动的音型贯穿全曲，衬托着气息宽广的歌唱，象征着绵绵不断的情思。由于运用了自然调式的旋律与和声，显得自由舒畅，富于浪漫气息，并具有民族风味。最有新意的是，歌曲突破了“卜算子”词牌双调上、下两阕一般应取平行反复结构的惯例，而把下阕单独反复了三次，并且一次比一次激动，最后在全曲的高音区以ff结束。这样的处理突出了思念之情的真切和执著，并具有单纯的情歌所没有的昂奋力量。这是因为作者当年是大革命的参加者，正被反动派通缉，才不得不以破格的音乐处理，假借古代的 play a part in的用法 Do you know this pretty girl Right! She is Audrey Hepburn who played many classic roles in a great many famous films. For example, < Roman Holiday> is the one of the films which earned Hepburn her first Academy Award for Best Actress. Audrey Hepburn played the part/role of Princess Ann in this film. play the part/role of…扮演……角色 Audrey Hepburn played a leading part in Audrey Hepburn also played leading roles in < Funny Face>and < My Fair Lady〉.( My Fair Lady 窈窕淑女影片讲述下层卖花女被语言学教授改造成优雅贵妇的故事，从头至尾洋溢着幽默和雅趣 .Funny Face 甜姐儿) Play a role in…在……中扮演角色，在……中起作用 play a part/role in doing sth. 在做某事方面起作用,参与做某事 We can?all?play?a?role/part?in?reducing?our?dependence?on?plastic, if we started to?take some small?steps?in?our?everyday?lives?to?be Unit 7 Will people have robots?知识 点整理 Unit7willpeoplehaverobots?知识点整理 一、词组、短语： 、oncomputers在电脑上， 2、onpaper在纸上， 3、livetobe200yearsold活到200岁， 4、freetime空闲时间， 5、indanger 在危险中， 6、ontheearth在世界上 7、playapartinsth在某方面出力/做贡献， 8、spacestation太空站， 8、lookfor寻找， 9、computerprogrammer电脑程序师， 10、inthefuture 在将来， 11、hundredsof成百上千的， 12、thesame…as与…一样， 13、overandoveragain反复， 14、getbored 无聊， 15、wakeup醒来/唤醒， 16、looklike 看起来像， 17、falldown倒下/落下 二、重要句子（语法） 、will+动词原形 将要做 2、fewer/more+可数名词复数更少/更多… 3、less/more+不可数名词 更少/更多 4、trytodosth. 尽力做某事 5、havetodosth 不得不做某事 6、agreewithsb. 同意某人的意见 7、such+名词（词组） 如此 8、playapartindoingsth 参与做某事 9、makesbdosth 让某人做某事 10、helpsbwithsth 帮助某人做某事 11、Therewillbe+主语+其他 将会有…. 12、Thereis/are+sb.+doingsth 有…正在做… 13、Itis +形容词+forsb+todosth 做某事对某人来说… 语法： whatwillthefuturebelike? citieswillbemorepolluted.Andtherewillbefewertrees. willpeopleusemoneyin100years? 人教版八年级英语上册Unit7知识点归纳整 理 Unit7illpeoplehaverobots? 短语归纳 onputer在电脑上2.onpaper在纸上3.aeup醒 livetodo200yearsold活动200岁5.freetie空闲时间indanger处于危险之中7.ontheearth在地球上 playapartinsth.参与某事9.inthefuture在未 0spacestation太空站11.puterprograer电脑编程员 loofor寻找13.hundredsof许多；成百上千 thesae…as…与……一样15.getbored感到厌烦的 overandoveragain多次；反复地17.falldon倒塌 ill+动词原形将要做…… feer/ore+可数名词复数更少/更多…… 0.less/ore+不可数名词更少/更多…… 1.havetodosth.不得不做某事 2.agreeithsb.同意某人的意见 3.such+名词如此…… playapartindoingsth.参与做某事 Thereillbe+主语+其他将会有…… Thereis/are+sb./sth.+doingsth.有……正在做某事 aesb.dosth.helpsb.ithsth.帮助某人做某事 trytodosth.尽力做某事 It’s+ad+forsb.todosth.对某人来说，做某事……的。 语法讲解 Boosillonlybeonputers,notonpaper.书将只在电脑里，而不是在纸上。 Thereillbeorepollution.将会有更多的污染。 ).Thereillbe+n=Thereis/aregoingtobe+n将会有…ThereisgoingtobeafootballatchthisFriday. ).pollution:污染；公害pollute：污染；弄脏polluted：受污染的 Everyoneshouldplayapartinsavingtheearth.每个人应该参与挽救地球。 Todaytherearealreadyrobotsoringinfactories.现在已经有机器人在工厂里工作了。 Therebesb.doingsth.有某人正在做…Thereisabirdsinginginthetree. Theyagreeitaytaehundredsofyears.他们同意这可能花费几百年的时间。 Ittaes+时间+todosth.某人花费时间区做某事。 Ittooehalfanhourtofinishyhoeor. agreetodosth.eagreetoeetuplaterandtalthingsover XX九年级英语上册Unit13教案（新版人教 版） 学科English年级9班级 课型fresh课时1/6媒体ataperecorder,cAI 课题Unit13e’retryingtosavetheearth!SectionA1a~1c 话题Protectingtheenvironent 功能Talaboutpollutionandenvironentalprotection 教 学 目 标 知识 技能1.Targetlanguage: e’retryingtosavetheearth. Peoplearethroinglitterintotheriver. Theriverusedtobesoclean. Everyoneshouldhelptocleanuptheriver. Graar: Presentprogressive,usedto,odalverbs ordsandexpressions; curriculuords:litter,botto,fisheran Usefulexpressions:befullof,put…into,thro…into,cleanup,playapartin,closedon 过程 方法Accordingtodesigningsoetass,totrainstudents’listeningabilityandtotrainstudents’unicativepetence． 情感 态度Everyoneshouldeepourriversclean. 学习策略Listeningforeyords,transforinginforation. 重点TargetLanguage 难点1．Hototrainstudents’listeningability． ．Hototrainstudents’unicativepetence． 教学内容及问题情境学生活动设计意图 a.TointroduceSstotheunitgoal,talaboutpollutionanden vironentalprotection. Picture: Thefourpicturesshodifferentforsofenvironentalpollut 八年级上册英语单元知识点归纳 Unit1Wheredidyougoonvacation? 短语归纳 1.goonvacation去度假 2.stayathome待在家里 3.gotothemountains去爬山 4.gotothebeach去海滩 5.visitmuseums参观博物馆 6.gotosummercamp去参加夏令营 7.quiteafew相当多 8.studyfortests为测验而学习 9.goout出去10.mostofthetime大部分时间11.haveagoodtimedoing=havefundoing=enjoyoneself玩得高兴 去购 物because+句子 查明22.goon上上下下 用法： 3.nothing 4.seem+ 13.dislikedoingsth.不喜欢做某事 14.keepdoingsth.继续做某事keepondoingsth不停做某事 15.Whynotdo.sth.=whydon’tyoudosth为什么不做……呢？ 16.so+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于…… 17.tellsb.(not)todosth.告诉某人（不要）做某事 18.enough+名词，形容词+enough 19.notreally.真的没有。 20.seemtodosth似乎好像做某事 21.Byefornow!到这该说再见了。 22.Howdoyoulike…=Whatdoyouthinkof…=Whatdoyouthinkabout… Unit2Howoftendoyouexercise? 短语 1.helpwithhousework帮助做家务 2.onweekends=ontheweekend在周末 3.howoften多久 一次howsoon多久（回答in10years）4.hardlyever几乎从不 5.onceaweek每周一次twiceamonth每月两次everyday每天three/four…timesaweek每周三四…次 6.befree=beavailable有空 7.gotothemovies去看电影 https://www.doczj.com/doc/d77461077.html,etheInternet用互联网ontheInternet在网上surftheInternet 上网 9.swingdance摇摆舞10.playtennis打网球play+ 球类/棋类/中国乐器playthe+西洋乐器11.stayuplate熬夜；睡得很晚12.atleast至少atmost最多 擅长 根本firstofall 21.suchas看牙医 用法 少…? 5.主语 7.It’ 10.What Unit3I 短语 和……相同；与……一致bedifferentfrom与……不同5.careabout关心；介意takecareof=lookafter照顾6.belikeamirror像一面镜子7.themostimportant最重要的8.aslongas只要；既然 9.bringout使显现；使表现出10.getbettergrades取得更好的成绩11.reachfor伸手取12.infact 事实上；实际上13.makefriends交朋友14.one…,theother…一个…，另一个15.touchone’sheart 感动某人16.betalentedinmusic有音乐天赋 17.shareeverything分享一切18.talkabout谈论19.primaryschoolstudents小学生middleschoolstudent中学生https://www.doczj.com/doc/d77461077.html,rmation是不可数名词，一则消息：apieceofinformation 21.theEnglishstudycenter英语学习中心 用法 XX八年级英语上册第七单元导学案（人 教版） 本资料为woRD文档，请点击下载地址下载全文下载地址Unit7 willpeoplehaverobots? Period8 SectionBSelfcheck 教师复备栏或 学生笔记栏 【学习目标】 .熟练掌握本单元词汇： 2.熟练掌握本单元句型： 5） In20years，IthinkI’llbeanewspaperreporter. ontheweekend,I’lllooklesssmartbutIwillbemorecomfortable. whatwillyour…belike? 【学习重点 难点】 本单元的单词、短语、语法 【学法指导】 及时练习与巩固 【教学过程】 一、 导入（启发探究 3分钟） 对话复习： Nick:whatareyoureading,jill? jill:It’sbookaboutfuture. Nick:Soundscool.Sowhatwillthefuturebelike? jill:well,citieswillbemorecrowdedandpolluted.Therew illbefewertreesandtheenvironmentwillbeingreatdanger. Nick:Thatsoundsbad!willwehavetomovetootherplanets. jill:maybe.ButIwanttoliveontheearth. Nick:me,too.Thenwhatcanwedo? jill:wecanuselesswaterandplantsmoretrees.Everyonesh ouldplayapartinsavingtheearth. 二、自学（自主探究 6分钟） 用法： 八年级英语上册Unit7 Will people have robots?知识点归纳 课 件www.5y https://www.doczj.com/doc/d77461077.html,八年级英语上册Unit7willpeoplehaverobots?知识点归纳 八年级上Unit7willpeoplehaverobots? oncomputer在电脑上 onpaper在纸上 livetodo200yearsold活动200岁 freetime空闲时间 indanger处于危险之中 ontheearth在地球上 playapartinsth.参与某事 spacestation太空站 lookfor寻找 computerprogrammer电脑编程员 inthefuture在未来 hundredsof许多；成百上千 thesame…as…与……一样 overandoveragain多次；反复地 getbored感到厌烦的 wakeup醒来 falldown倒塌will+动词原形 将要做…… fewer/more+可数名词复数 更少/更多……less/more+不可数名词 更少/更多…… havetodosth.不得不做某事 agreewithsb.同意某人的意见 such+名词（词组） 如此…… playapartindoingsth.参与做某事 Therewillbe+主语+其他 将会有…… Thereis/are+sb./sth.+doingsth.有……正在做某事makesb.dosth.使某人做某事 helpsb.withsth.帮助某人做某事 trytodosth.尽力做某事 It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth. 对某人来说，做某事……的。 1.ThestudentsinourschoollearnEnglish computers. A.at 八年级英语上册Unit7Willpeoplehaverobots?知识点归纳puters在电脑上， 2、onpaper在纸上， 3、livetobe200yearsold活到200岁， 4、freetime空闲时间， 5、indanger在危险中， 6、ontheearth在世界上 7、playapartinsth在某方面出力/做贡献， 8、spacestation太空站， 8、lookfor寻找， 9、computerprogrammer电脑程序师， 10、inthefuture在将来， 11、hundredsof成百上千的， 12、thesame…as与…一样， 13、overandoveragain反复， 14、getbored无聊， 15、wakeup醒来/唤醒， 16、looklike看起来像， 17、falldown倒下/落下 二、重要句子（语法） 1、will+动词原形将要做 2、fewer/more+可数名词复数更少/更多… 3、less/more+不可数名词更少/更多 4、trytodosth.尽力做某事 5、havetodosth不得不做某事 6、agreewithsb.同意某人的意见 7、such+名词（词组）如此 8、playapartindoingsth参与做某事 9、makesbdosth让某人做某事 10、helpsbwithsth帮助某人做某事 11、Therewillbe+主语+其他将会有…. 12、Thereis/are+sb.+doingsth有…正在做… 13、Itis+形容词+forsb+todosth做某事对某人来说…语法： Whatwillthefuturebelike? Citieswillbemorepolluted.Andtherewillbefewertrees. Willpeopleusemoneyin100years? No,theywon’t.Everythingwillbefree. Willtherebeworldpeace? Yes,Ihopeso. Kidswillstuffyathomeoncomputers. Theywon’tgotoschool. 八上英语复习重点总结 Unit1Wheredidyougoonvacation? 单元重点： 1）一般过去时 2）不定代词的用法： a)不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单三 b)形容词修饰不定代词要放在其后 c)something一般用在肯定句中，anything一般用在否定句和疑问句中重点词组： goonvacation去度假stayathome待在家里gotothemountains去爬山gotothebeach去海滩visitmuseums参观博物馆gotosummercamp去参观夏令营quiteafew相当多 studyfor为……而学习 goout出去 mostofthetime大部分时间tastegood尝起来很好吃ofcourse当然 feellike给……的感觉/想要inthepast在过去walkaround四处走走becauseof因为onebowlof…一碗……thenextday第二天 drinktea喝茶 findout找出；查明 goon继续 takephotos照相somethingimportant重要的事upanddown上上下下 comeup出来 用法集锦： 1）buysth.forsb./buysb.sth.为某人买某物 2）taste+adj.尝起来……look+adj.看起来…… 3）nothing…but+动词原形除了……之外什么都没有 4）seem+（tobe）+adj.看起来…… 你还能想到seem的什么用法？ 5）arrivein+大地点/arriveat+小地点到达某地 6）decidetodosth.决定去做某事 7）try的用法： 作动词：trydoingsth.尝试做某事/trytodosth.尽力去做某事tryone’sbesttodosth. 作名词：haveatry 8)forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事/forgettodosth.忘记做某事 9)enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事 10)dislikedoingsth.不喜欢做某事 11)Whynotdo.sth.?为什么不做……呢？ 12)So+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于…… 13)tellsb.(not)todosth.告诉某人（不要）做某事 14)总结keep的用法 Unit2Howoftendoyouexercise? 单元重点： 1）关于how的词组 2）频率副词的位置：放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实意动词之前 3)Howoften与Howman ytimes的区别？ 重点词组： helpwithhousework帮助做家务onweekends/ontheweekend在周末高中英语每日一题第3周playapartin含解析新人教版必修120171011143
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