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常见英语语法例解

常见英语语法例解
$“由于……”的英语表达法
英语中,用于表示“由于……”意义的方法比较多,
除原因状语从句外,还有介词短语、成语介词、
不定式短语、分词短语、形容词短语,独立主格
结构等。现分述如下,供大家参考。
I.介词短语--介词十名词或代词
1. with:表原因时,多指心理、生理或顺乎自然规
律的原因。
(1) He jumped with joy. 他高兴得跳起来。
(2) shiver with cold 冷得发抖
(3) be down with fever 发热病倒
2.through:表原因时,常指消极原因,或抱怨的口
气,有时也可指正面原因。
(4) mistakes made through carelessness
由于粗心大意而造成的错误
(5) That was all done through friendship.
那样做完全是出于友爱。
3.from:表示原因、动机。
(6) lots of people suffered from hunger in those
days.在那些日子里,许多人都挨过饿。
(7) He felt very weak from lack of sleep.
由于缺少睡眠,他感觉很虚弱。
4.out of (接近from):出于,由于
(8) They have done that out of concern for the
children. 他们这样做是出于对孩子们的关怀。
5.for:由于,因为
(9) If it weren't for the leadership of the Communist
Party,our happy life today would be simply
impossible. 没有共产党的领导,就不可能有我们
今天的幸福生活。
(10) The West Lake is noted for its scenery.
西湖以风景优美而著名。
6.at:可以跟在动词、形容词或过去分词之后表原因 。
(11) We rejoiced at every victory you won.
我们为你取得的每一个成就感到欢欣鼓舞。
(12) She felt glad at what he had said.
她为他所说的话而感到高兴。
(13) He was delighted at the idea of going to
England.他一想到要去英国就感到高兴。
II. 成语介词
1.because of:因为、由于,常用作状语。
(14) The football match was cancelled because of rain.
由于下雨,足球赛取消了。
2.on account of 比because of更正式,多用于书面语中。
(15) We have to give up our plan on account of your objection.
由于你的反对,我们不得不放弃计划。
(16) That was on account of the lack of exercises.
那是由于缺乏锻炼所致。
3. by(或in)virtue of,由于,因为(多用于书面语)。
(17)He passed the examination by virtue of hard work.
由于努力工作,他通过了考试。
4.due to:在标准英语中,due to构成的介词短语
常用来作表语,而现在,due to短语也可以用作状语。
(18) His failure was due to carelessness.
他的失败是由于粗心大意。
(19) The flight was cancelled due to the fog.
班机因雾停航。
5.owing to:构成的短语作状语,既能指积极的原因,也可指消极的原因。
(20) Owing to our joint efforts,the task was ful-

filled ahead of schedule.
由于我们的共同努力,任务提前完成了。(状语,表积极原因)
6.thanks to:由于,多亏,常用于书面语,多表
示正面情况,间或也表示反面情况。
(21) thanks to your hlep,we finished the task in time.
由于你的帮助,我们及时完成了任务。
(22) Thanks to the bad weather,our journey was very uncomfortable.
由于天气不好,我们的旅行很不舒服。
7.as a result of:由于……结果
(23) As a result of this interview,the number was reduced to two.
这次面试的结果,人数减至两名。
8.in(或as) consequence of:由于--的缘故,用于书面语。
(24) In consequence of his ill health,he lost the opportunity.
由于身体欠佳,他失去了这次机会。
9.in view of:书面语,由于,鉴于
(25) in view of these facts,it seemed useless to continue.
由这些事实看来,继续下去似乎是无效的。
10.what with...and(what with)... 半因...,半因...;
一方面由于..,一方面由于...,表示两方面原因。
(26) What with over work and what with hunger, John fell ill.
一半由于工作过度,一半由于饥饿,约翰病倒了。

III. 不定式短语
不定式短语可以用在作表语的形容词或过去分词后
面作状语,说明产生这种情绪的原因。
(27)We are proud to be youg people of New China.
作为新中国的肯年:我们感到自豪。
(28) We were surprised to find him there.
看到他在那里, 我们感到很惊奇。
IV 分词短语
分词短语可作状语表示原因,分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。
1. 现在分词短语
(29) Not knowing her address, we could not get touch with her.
由于不知道她的地址,我们无法和她联系。
(30) Many of us, being so excited, could not go to sleep that night.
我们很多人是那样激动,那天晚上都没有睡着。
2. 过去分词短语也可以用作状语表原因
(31) He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey.
由于旅途劳累,他很快就睡着了
(32) Moved by their speech,we were momentarily at a loss what to say.
他们的活使我们很感动。一时不知道说什么好…
V. 形容词短语表原因
(33) Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.
由于害怕困难,他们就拣容易的路走。
(34) Unable to find words to express themselves,they silently grasped our hands.
因一时找不出表达的言辞,他们默默地紧握着我们的手。
VI. 复合结构
1. 独立主格结构:由名词(或代同)+分同(或形容词、个定式、介同短语、副词等)构成。可以用来作原因状语。

(35) John being away,Henry had to do the work.
由于约翰不在.只好由亨利来做这个工作。
(36) When she was fifty she retired, her health having been impaired by years of over work.

五十岁时退休厂。(因为)多年劳累把她的身体搞垮了。
2.介词with有时跟一个复合结构,作用与独立结构差个多,也可用于表原因。
(37)He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
全班都盯着他瞧,他更感到不自在了。
(38) With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it'll rain presently.
大气这样闷,十之八九要下雨。
$help之后不定式须带to的情况
关于这一点,一船语法书、教科书和词典都未给
出令人信服的答案,都说:help之后的不定式可以
带to也可不带to,后一种情况多见于美国英语。不
错,这两种结构确实都存在,但表达的意思却不尽
相同。Quirk认为:HELP also takes the
to-infinitive.The bare infinitive seems to be the
more common in AmE than in BrE,but in both
varieties the choice is conditioned by the subject's
involvement.见(A GRAMMAR OF CONTEMPORARY
ENGLISH p.841) POINTS OF MODERN ENGLISH
SYNTAX中译本p.50引用了英国著名语言学家
Frederick T.Wood博士提出的令人满意的解释:
用不带to的结构表示帮助别人的人具体参与了行动,承担了一部分工作,从而减轻了被帮助者一部分负担。
请比较以下两句:
A). I helped him (to) mend his bicycle.
B). I helped her to mount her bicycle.
a句用不用to皆可,因为我帮助他修车,我可以承担一部分修理任务,从而减轻了他的负担。
b句不可省to,因为我帮她骑车,我显然不能承担一部分骑的工作,而只能帮助她达到学会骑车之目的。
A). Will you help me clear the table?
B). This book helped me to see the truth.
用Quirk的话来解释:In the example with bare infinitive,external help is called in,in the example
with to-infinitive,assistance is outside the action
proper.(见A GRAMMAR OF CONTEMPORARY
ENGLISH p.841)

再举几例,想君必能从中领悟某种道理。
1.The trip helped him to see much of the world.
2.The stick helps him(to) walk.
3. This book helps the student (to) understand the
verb more clearly.
4.Can anyone help me(to) carry suitcase upstairs?
5.We'll help make the beds.
6. On his days off he helped his comrades wash
and mend their clothes.
另外,还有两种情况值得一提:
1.在help之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语时,
其后通常用带to的不定式:
Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry
the chairs Out.
Will you help the old man with a heavy bag in
his hand to get on the train?
2.在被动结构中,作help的主语的补足语的不定
式必须带to:
The comrades must be helped to preserve the style
of plain living and hard struggle.
$单音节形容词前能用"MORE"和"MOST"来修饰吗?
根据比较级的一般用法,当我们对不同事物的同一性
质进行比较时,如

果其形容词是单音节词,其比较级
构成形式是在其词尾加-er、显然例句中的用法并不
符合这一规则。因为它所比较的并非不同对象的同一
性质,而是同一事物的两种不同性质。这类比较从句
有其特殊的构成形式,不管其形容词是单音节词还是
多音节词,在结构上都必须采用more...than的形式。
同时,因为在两个比较项之间其语义在于肯定前项而
对后项加以否定,所以在翻译时要调换比较项的位
置,可译为:与其说…不妨说…。例如:
1.He is more bold than intelligent.
与其说他聪明,不如说他胆大。
2.The boy is more kind than brave.
与其说这男孩勇敢,不如说他善良,
3. The teacher was more happy than angry at the news.
获悉这个消息后,与其说老师很生气,不如说老师很高兴。

4.She was more annoyed than worried when they didn't come on time.
他们没有按时到达,与其说她为此深感焦虑,不如
说她为此十分恼火。

不过,如果所比较的是同一事物的长、宽、高等
尺度,也可以采用单音节形容词+er+than的形式,
但不能省略从句的主语和谓语。例句:

5.The wall was in some places thicker than it was high.
这面墙有的地方的厚度大于它的高度。
由此可见,在对同一事物的不同性质进行比较时,
more是可以修饰单音节形容词的。

此外,笔者想顺便在此谈一下“most”修饰单音节形容
词的用法。如:

It's most kind of you to say so.
你这样说真是太客气了.

本句中"most"的用法并不符合一般意义上的最高级的
构成规则。因为kind属单音节词,其最高级形式应为
kindest.此处"most"+单音节形容词的用法被语法学
家称之为绝对最高级(Absolute Superlative),以
区分于我们所熟知的一般意义的最高级--相对最高级
(Relative Superlative)。

那么,什么是绝对最高级呢?有的事物在特定范围内
并不是最大的;但是因为它没有明确的比较对象,只
是在一般情形中显得“特别突出”这时使用最高级并
非为了同别的事物进行比较,以表示其最高的程度,
而只是表示"very"的意义(很高的程度),这种笼统
使用的最高级称为绝对最高级。而与之相对应的最高
级(通常译为最、顶等)被称为相对最高级。

"most"在绝对最高级中的用法不同于其在相对最高级
中的用法,首先,在它的前面不加定冠词the,它也不
会因形容词音节的多少而变化,同时在读音上也不采
用重读形式,试比较下面句子中most在绝对最高级和相
对最高级中在意义及读音上的不同:

1. They had the most delightful time of their life there.
他们在那儿度过了一生中最愉快的时光。

They had a most delightful time there.
他们在那儿度过了非常愉快的时光。

2.The scenery here is the most picturesque in this neighborhood.
这儿的风景是附近一带最美的。
The view from the mountain top was most picturesque.
从山顶望去风景极美。

3.It is the most dangerous trick to play with fire.
玩火是最危险的把戏。
It is a most dangerous trick to play with fire.
玩火是十分危险的。
$几种带有否定词的比较句型
英语中表示比较的句型相当多,如果句型中插进了
一个否定词,其意义和用法就很难掌握,下面介绍
几种常见的表达方式:

1.no better than:表示“和……一样;实际等
于……”,如:
Eg. He is no better than a beggar.
他实际上等于一个乞丐。
Eg. The invalid is no better than he was yesterday.
病人的情况和昨天一样。
Eg. He has no better a say in the matter than I have.
他和我一样在这件事上没有发言权。

2.not... any more than或no more... than:
表示“同……一样不”,如:
Eg. I could no more do that than you.
Eg. I could not do that any more than you.
你不能做这件事,我也不能做。
Eg. He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar.
我不是一个学者,他也不是一个诗人。
Eg. This story is no more interesting than that one.
这个故事和那个故事一样没有趣味。
Eg. He is no more able to read German than I am.
他和我一样都不懂德语。

3.not so much... as:表示“与其……不如……”
Eg. He is not so much a writer as a reporter.
他与其说是个作家,不如说是个记者。
Eg. Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.
你的解释没有起到启发作用,反而把我们弄糊涂了。
Eg. Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it.
与其说海洋分隔了世界,不如说海洋联结了世界。
Eg. I don't so much dislike him as hate him.
我与其说不喜欢他,不如说我恨他。

4.nothing like:表示“没有什么能比得上……”
Eg. There is nothing like home.
金窝银窝,不如自己的草窝。
Eg. There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit.
没有比散步来保持健康更好的了。
Eg. There is nothing like leather for shoes.
做鞋用皮革再好没有了。

5.nothing like(或near)as(或so)... as:表示
“远远不像……那样”
Eg. This novel is nothing near so interesting as that one.
这篇小说远远不及那篇小说有趣。
Eg. The book is nothing like as difficult as I expected.
这本书远没有我想像的那么难懂。
Eg. His analysis of the poem is nothing like as penetrating as yours.
他对这首诗的分析远没有你的分析那样透彻。

6.no less... than:表示“和……一样”
Eg. He is no less active than he used to be.
他和从前一样活跃。

Eg. His mind is no less alert than yours.
他的思路和你的一样敏捷。
Eg. Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill.
我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战斗技能。
$英语中常见的倒装结构
一、英语中构成疑问句(除对主语或主语之定语提问
的特殊疑问句外),通常须使用倒装结构,这是语法
结构的需要。例如:
1.When are we going to drink to your happiness?
我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?
2.Have you seen the film?
你看了那部电影吗?
3.Have you anything like that?
在美国英语中常见:Do you have anything like that?
你有那样的东西吗?

二、以副词here,there,off,out,away等开头的句
子,主要是表示感叹语气的句子,当其主语为名
词时,通常要使用倒装。例如:
4. Here comes our teacher!
你们的老师来了!
5.Away went the boy to the school!
那男孩子到学校里去了!
6.Off goes the woman!
那个女人走了!

三、当构成关联从属连词so...that的so位于句
首时,往往要使用倒装结构。例如:

7.So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street.
同学们大声读书,人们在街上都听得见(他们的
读书声)。
8.So small were the words that he could hardly see them.
字那么小,他几乎看不见。

四、以引导词there开头的句子,须使用倒装
结构。例如:

(A) 表示“……有……”之概念的“There+ be
+主语”结构:
9. There are three books on the desk.
桌上有三本书。
10.There were something in the box.
箱子里有东西。

(B) 用于正式文体,特别是文学作品中的 "there+
不及物动词十主语" 结构,当主语不明确而又是一
个很长的名词短语时,往往使用这种结构:
11.There entered a strange little man.
走进来一个奇怪而身材又矮小的人。
12. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
从前,海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。

在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中,这种结构若带有地
点状语,而且把这种状语放在句首时,可以用省略
there的倒装结构。如:
13.In the cottage lives a family of six.
在这幢小茅舍里住着一家六口。

五、当平时一般不放在句首的状语,为了强调起见
而放在句首时,使用倒装结构。例如:
14. Near the bridge was an old cottage.
在桥的附近有一幢古老的小茅舍。
15.Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.
见到一只猛虎的那一天,我记得很清楚。

六、当直接引语的一部分或者全部位于句首时,引
述分句的主语又是名词或名词短语,该引述分句常
用倒装结构。例如:
16. "What shall we do?" said the teacher."
“我们怎么呢?”老师说。
17、 "Great!" said my father." "I'll go there."
"好极了!" 我父

亲说。“我将到那里去。”

七、某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或
放在句首,以构成倒装结构。例如:
18. No matter how interesting the book is,he doesn't like to read it.
(语序是:No matter how+表语十主语十系动词be)
不管这本书多有趣,他都不想看。

19.However hard a solid may be,we can change its shape.
(语序是: However+表语+主语+系动词be)不管一个
固体有多硬,我们都可以改变其形状。

20.Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets.
(语序是:表语十as+代词作主语十系动词be)
尽管他年纪小,他却知道家里的一些秘密。

21.Difficult as the work was (或:Difficult as was the work),it was finished in time.
(语序是:表语十as十名词作主语十系动词be,或:
表语+as+系动词be+名词作主语)
工作虽然困难,还是及时完成了。

注:(1) 用as引导的让步状语从句,表语应放在as之前
(例20和例21);如果主语是代词,主语就要放在系
动词be之前。例20;如果主语是名词,则主语可以放
在系动词be之前或后,如例21。

(2) 用as引导的让步状语从句中,如果谓语是
“助动词+主要动词原形”,则应把主要动词原形
放在as之前,其语序为:主要动词原形+as+
主语十助动词。例如:

22. Try as I might, Icould not lift the stone.
尽管我用尽力气,我还是举不起这块石头。

八、有些表示“感叹、祝愿”等语气的句子,也可
使用倒装结构。例如:
23.Isn't it cold!
天气真冷!
24.Was I surprised!
我真感到惊奇!
25.May "both be happy!"
祝你们两位幸福!

总之,使用倒装结构的情况比较复杂,不可能在有限
的篇幅内作出详尽的介绍与论述。究竟何时使用倒装
结构,归结起来不外两点:一是语法结构需要时用;
二是表示强调时用。
$ "一...就..."的英语表示法
“一……就……”,这一汉语句型在英语中有多种
不同的表现形式,归纳起来,大致有以下十种。

1. no sooner...than...
No sooner had he got to the station than the train started.
他一到达车站,火车就开走了。
I had no sooner seen him than I asked him about the matter.
我一见到他,就问及那件事情。

(注) no sooner与than搭配放在句首,助动词had放在
主语前,即:No sooner had I seen....
no sooner所在的主句常用过去完成时, that引导的从
句用一般过去时。no sooner... than与下面的
hardly...when以及scarcely...when(间或before) 同义,
用法相同。

2.hardly...when...
Hardly had it stopped raining when they went to work in the fields.
雨一停,他们就到田里去干活了。
He had hardly got off the bus when he met an old
friend of his.
他一下公共汽车,就碰见他的一个

老朋友。

3. scarcely...when/before...
Scarcely had the bell rung when they went to the playground.
铃一响,他们就到操场去了。
He had scarcely got home before it began to rain.
他一到家,天就开始下雨了。

4.as soon as
As soon as the teacher entered the classroom,the
students stopped talking.
老师一进教室,学生们就停止讲话了。
I'll write to tell you as soon as I know about it.
我一了解情况,就会写信告诉你。
(注)as soon as引导的从句可以放在句首,也可以放
在句未。主句和从句多数场合都是用一般过去时,
有时候主句用一般将来时,从句用现在时表示将
来时。

5.on+动名词
On arriving at the village,we were warmly welcomed by the villagers.
我们一到那个村子,就受到了村民们的热烈欢迎。
(注) "on+动名词"这一句型多用来表示时间的短促和动
作的紧凑,这一介词短语一般放在句首。动名词也
可换用相应的名词,如上例可改成:
On our arrival at the village,...。
句中的谓语动词用一般过去时:on后的动名词,
一般来自表示去向性动作的动词,如arrive,reach,return, leave等。

6.at+动名词
At seeing her mother,the girl burst into tears.
一见到母亲,那女孩就放声大哭起来。
(注) "at+动名词"和上述"on+动名词"多放在句首。
动名词也可换用相应的名词,如上例可改成:
At the sight of her mother,...。句中的谓语动词用
一般过去时。at后的动名词,一般来自see,hear等
表示视、听感觉的动词。

7. right after
The workers went home for a rest right after
completing their task.
工人们一完成任务,就回家休息了。
(注) right after后跟动名词,放在句子后部。句中的
谓语动词用一般过去时。

8.immediately
Immediately the discussion was finished,the meeting was over.
讨论一完毕,会就散了。
(注) immediately为副词,这里起连词作用,换用
instantly也可以。

9.the instant (that)
The instant (that) she came back, she helped her
brother with his homework.
她一回来,就帮助她的弟弟做作业。
(注) the instant (that)起连词作用,后跟从句。与下
面的the moment (that)用法相同。

10.the moment (that)
The enemy plane was shot down the moment (that) it
intruded into our air space.
这架敌机一侵入我国领空就被击落。
$ 英语“方位”表示法
(一)in the east 与 on the east的区别
1.in the east表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝
对方向。如:
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东边升起,从西边落下。
The Great Wall begins in the east from the Shanghaiguan Pass and ends at the Jiayuguan Pass in the west.
长城东起山海关,西至嘉峪关。

2. on the east表示某事物位于另一事物所朝的方
向。这里的方向

是相对而言的。如:
China faces the Pacific on the east.
中国东临太平洋。
The United States faces the Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west.
美国东临大西洋,西濒太平洋。
(二) in (to,on,at) the east of
.要表示A在B的东部,即:A在B的范围之内时就用
"A is in the east of B",如:

Japan is in the east of Asia.
日本在亚洲东部。
Italy is in the south of Europe.
意大利在欧洲南部。

2.如果A在B的东方,即:A在B的范围之外,且相
隔有一定的距离,就用"A lies to the east of B".
口语中有时可将to the省去。如:

Japan lies (to the) east of China.
日本位于中国东方。
France lies (to the) east of England.
法国位于英国东方。

3.如果A在B的东边(侧),即:A与B相邻接。就用
"A is on the east of B".如:

Guangdong is on the south of Hunan.
广东在湖南南边。
Shangdong is on the north of Jiangsu.
山东在江苏北边。

4.如果把方位词当作一个整体看,或是看成一点,
就用"A is at the east of B" 如:
There was a big battle at the north of the Liaodong Peninsula.
在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。

5.如果要表示“A位于B东面100公里处”时我们既可
以说"A lies l00km to the east of B",也可以说
"A lies 100km east of B". 后者在美国口语中更为
常见。如:
The plane crashed 30 miles south of the city.
飞机在离城南30英里处坠毁。
Suzhou lies 50 miles to the west of Shanghai.
苏州位于上海西面50英里处。
(三) 汉语里“东南西北”的先后顺序到英语里就
变成了north,south,east,west;并由此有了
下列中、英文表达上的差异。
东南方:southeast 西南方:southwest
西北方:northwest 东北方:northeast

如:十三陵位于北京西北50公里处。
The Ming Tombs are located about 50 km to the northwest of Beijing.
天津位于北京东南120公里处。
Tiajin is situated l20 km southeast of Beijing.
(四)要表示方位的“偏向”时通常用by
正东偏北: east by north
正南偏西: south by west
正北偏东: north by east
正南偏东: south by east

如:We are sailing in the direction of east by north.
我们正朝着正东偏北方向航行。
The island lies south by east from here.
那个岛位于此地的正南偏东方向。
$英语形容词的排列顺序
当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词,形容词该如何排
列?为什么不能说a black new pen,而是说成a new
black pen?这里面有无规则可循?

如果你记住Opshacom这个为帮助记忆而杜撰的词,
就能掌握英语中形容词排列的顺序。

Opshacom中p代表opinion,指表示人们观点的形容
词,如beautiful,horrible,lovely,nice等;

sh代表shape,指表示形状的形容词,如long,short,
round, narrow等;

a代表age,指表示年龄、时代的形容词,

如old,
new, young等;

c代表colour,指表示颜色的形容词,如red,black,
orange等;

o代表origin,指表示国籍、地区的形容词,
如British,Canadian,German等;

m代表material,指表示材料的形容词,如plastic,
metal,aluminium等。

英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列,
如a nice long new black British plastic pen
当然,实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连
用的情况。


请根据形容词排列规则完成以下练习:
1.She has a ___ jacket.(leather,brown,beautiful)
2.He has a ___ car. (American,long,red)
3.They live in a ___ house. (old,beautiful)
4.We have a ___ table. (antique,small,wooden)
5.He has a ___ jumper. (woollen, lovely, red)
6.She has a ___ ring. (diamond,new,fabulous)
7.It was a ___ song.(French,old, lovely)
8.He owns a ___ dog.(black,horrible,big)
9.She bought a ___ scarf.(gorgeous,silk,pink)
10.I saw a ___ film. (new,fantastic, British)

答案:
OP sh a c o m
opinion shape age colour origin material
1.beautiful brown leather jacket.
2.long red American car.
3.beautiful old house.
4.small antique wooden table.
5.lovely red woollen jumper.
6.fabulous new diamond ring.
7.lovely old French song.
8.horrible big black dog.
9.gorgeous pink silk scarf.
10.fantastic new British film.
$主动态表示被动意义
一般说来,表示被动意义要用被动态,构成被动
态的动词必须是及物动词,不及物动词是没有被
动态的。

但是,英语里有些不及物动词在SV(A)结构中却
含有被动意义。这里主要有两种情况:
一种是早期英语的残余。例如:
The house is building.(房屋在建造中。)
The book is printing.(书在印刷中)

在现代英语中则要求用通常的被动态表示,试比较:
The house is being built.
The book is being printed.

另一种情况是为数不少的不及物动词可以表示被
动意义。不及物动词的这种用法与汉语表示颇为
相似,在日常用语中常有所见,值得注意,现摘
引若干实例如下。

Browning's plays won't act.
布朗宁的戏剧不宜上演。

The meeting adjourned at five o'clock.
会议于五点钟休会。

Tomatoes bruise easily.
西红柿很容易碰伤。

This belt won't buckle.
这根腰带扣不上。

My voice doesn't carry well.
我的声音传不远。

Enamel wares clean easily.
搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。

This box doesn't close properly.
这箱子关不拢。

These apples cook well.
这些苹果适于烹煮。

This metal cuts easily.
这种金属容易切削。

The pipe does not draw well.
这烟斗不大畅通。

Nylon dries quickly.
尼龙织物干得快。

This material does not dye well.
这料子染不好。

It eats well.
这东西吃上去味道好。

The hall soon

filled.
那大厅不久便坐满了人。

Damp Wood will not fire.
潮湿的木头不会着火。

This wheat grinds well.
这种麦子很好磨。

The brake does not grip properly.
刹车不灵。

This car handles well.
这车很好驾驶。

Damp clothes iron easily.
湿衣服容易烫平。

Will this meat keep till tomorrow?
这肉能放到明天吗?

Mosquitoes kill easily when incubating.
蚊子在产卵时易于消灭。

The flat lets for 30 yuan a month.
这套公寓房间每月租金30元。

The match lights easily.
这火柴容易划着。

The door won't lock.
门锁不上。

The cow milks well.
这头母牛出奶率高。

These books pack easily.
这些书易于包装。

These potatoes peel easily.
这些土豆皮很容易剥。

Ripe apples pick easily.
熟了的苹果容易摘下来。

That drama will play.
那出戏适宜上演。

This poem reads well.
这首诗读起来很好。

His voice records well.
他的声音录下来很好听。

The verses scan smoothly.
这些诗很合韵律。

That play screens badly.
那个剧本不适于拍电影。

His new novel is selling well.
他的新小说销路良好。

The window won't shut.
这窗关不上。

Some kinds of wood split easily.
有些木材容易劈开。

Some kinds of food soon spoil.
有些食物很容易变坏。

This linen c1oth spots easily.
这麻布容易沾污。

White clothes stain easily.
白色衣服容易弄脏。

The damp match won't strike.
这潮湿的火柴擦不着。

This paper tears easily.
这种纸一撕就破。

Not every idiom translates with such ease.
不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。

The cloth washes well.
这布很耐洗。

This material won't wear.
这种材料不耐久。

The door won't open.
这门打不开。

对上述不及物动词为什么能用于表示被动意义的
问题,说法不一。通常认为这部分动词一般都是
及物动词,是及物动词的不及物用法。也有人认
为像his books don't sell这种句子的动词在形
式上是主动的,意义是被动的,实际上是his books are not sold的意思。

对于以上说法,荷兰学者依拉德斯(P.A.Erades)
提出了反对意见,提出:这种"主动"结构相对应
的"被动"结构是存在的,但是,一看就知道含义
不同。他说his novels are not sold 仅仅说明
一个事实,而his novels don't sell却意味着这
些小说有某种内在品质在影响其销路,意味着这
些小说肯定不属于"畅销书"之列。以此类推,下
列各组句子意思不同:
1a. The middle house won't let.(租不出去)
1b. The middle house will not be let.(不会出租)
2a. His plays won't act.(不适宜上演)
2b. His plays will not be played.(不会上演)
3a. She does not photograph well.(不上照)
3b. She has not been photographed well.(

照没有
拍好)

依拉德斯的结论是:"只是当主语具有某种内在品
质,可以促进、妨碍或阻止谓语表示的概念得以实
现时,才能用这类结构。"(即前面所说的主动态
表示被动意义的结构)依拉德斯的这种解释颇有道
理,可以适用于以上一切例子。

Eg. The door won't lock.
(门锁不上)说明门本身有毛病,这与通常的被动
态所表示的含义不同,就是说
The door will not be locked
并非说门本身有问题而锁不上,而是指某人不会锁
门,或者在说话人看来门是不会被锁上的。

以上说明告诉我们,上述结构不仅与不及物动词有
关,而且与主语有关,不及物动词的主语通常指
物,并且兼起动作执行者的作用,这种"主动"结
构与其相对应的"被动"结构不代表同一个意思。






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