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1．按照查尔斯.达尔文的理论，自然选择依据四个原则。第一，繁殖是在自然环境内发生的。第二，一个物种的基因，即包含个体特征的生命基本单位，要传给后代。这些基因具有一定程度的随机可变性；也就是说，将不同的特征分散到一个物种的各个成员。第三，由于一个物种的成员具有不同的特征，一些成员在自然环境中的生存机会比其他成员多一些，把遗传特征传给下一地啊的机会也多一些。第四，世世代代以来，在自然环境中帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会在一个物种中变成共同的特征，而不曾帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会消失。
According to Charles Darwin, natural selection is based on four principles. First, reproduction occurs within a natural environment. Second, the genes of a species, the basic units of life that contain the individual’s traits, are passed on to offspring. These genes have a degree of random variability; that is, different characteristics are distributed among the members of a species. Third, because the members of a species possess different characteristics, some members have a better chance of surviving in the natural environment than do others—and of passing their particular genetic traits to the next generation. Fourth, over thousands of generations, those genetic traits that aid survival in the natural environment tend to become common in a species, while those that do not tend to disappear.
2、从前有一个人，他有一个梦。他梦到一片和平与和谐的土地。他梦到一个不以肤色评判人的地方。他梦到一个国家，在那里不同种族的孩子们在一起玩。他梦到一个国家，在那里所有的人都是平等的。有些人不喜欢他的梦，他们说这个梦永远不会实现。有些人则对他的梦喝彩，他们想实现这个梦。对一些人而言，这个崇高的理想已经实现，而对另一些人而言，还只是一个幻想。
这个人，马丁.路德.金博士，在1963年的一篇有名的演讲“我有一个梦”中表达了他的理想。其实这个根植于“美国梦”的理想，并不是个完全新奇的主张。从一开始，这个由移民所组成的国家，便欢迎渴望自由和追求生活新起点的人的到来。但不同种族的到来同时也造成了紧张的氛围。
Once a man had a dream. He dreamed of a land of peace and harmony. He dreamed of a place where people were not judged by their skin color. He dreamed of a country where children of different races could play together. He dreamed of a nation where all people were equal. Some people didn’t like his dream. They said it would never happen. Some people applauded his dream. They wanted to make it happen. This noble vision has come true for some. For others, it’s still just a fantasy.
In 1963, this man, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., expressed his vision in the famous speech, “I Have a Dream.” But the dream —rooted in the American Dream—wasn’t really new. From the beginning, this nation of immigrants welcomed people desiring freedom and a new start. However, the coming together of different races and ethnic groups created some tensions.
3、中产阶级起源于18世纪的工业革命，当时的企业家将英国以手工生产物品
的乡村社会转变成一种用工厂机器大量生产产品的城市经济。于是出现了由工厂经理和商人组成的新阶级，而且他们变得越来越富有、越来越重要。在20世纪，由于教育的发展，更多的人进入大学接受教育，中产阶级发展得很快。人们称为医生、教师或白领雇员，他们在办公室工作而不在工厂操作机器，他们形成了以受教育程度和资产而不是以出身划分的职业中产阶级。如今，大部分中产阶级人士拥有自己的住房和汽车，生活舒适并鼓励子女上大学。
The middle class has its origins in the 18th-century Industrial Revolution when entrepreneurs changed Britain from a village-based society in which goods were made by hand to an urban economy in which goods were made in large quantities in factories by machines. This led to a new class of factory managers and traders who became increasingly rich and important. The middle class grew rapidly in the 20th century with the spread of education, giving more people access to colleges and universities. These people became doctors, teachers or white-collar workers, people working in an office rather than operating machines in a factory, and formed a professional middle class based on education and money rather than on birth. Most middle-class people now own their own house and car, have a comfortable lifestyle, and encourage their children to go to university.
4、未来，水资源的缺乏可能会引起一些严重的问题。首先它可能会产生更多的健康问题。水资源的缺乏常常意味着饮用水不再安全。安格曼先生说，诸如霍乱（cholera）等在水中传播的疾病会使全世界出现许多问题。水资源缺乏也会引起更多的国际冲突。一些国家可能在未来不得不争夺水资源。现在有些国家，例如埃及，荷兰，伊拉克等，60%的淡水来自国外。此外，水资源缺乏将影响一个国家发展经济的能力，因为新工业在开始阶段经常需要大量的水。
Lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health problems. Lack of water often means drinking water is not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of disease, such as cholera, which are carried in water. Lack of water may also result in more international conflicts. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherland, and Iraq. Besides, lack of water would affect the ability to improve their economies, because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning. 5、在所有和吸烟有关的疾病中，也许人们最容易忽略的就是吸烟上瘾。然而，1999年8月克林顿总统宣布尼古丁为使人上瘾的麻醉药物。2000年3月，生产切斯特菲尔德（Chesterfield）和云雀牌（Lark）香烟的利格特集团（the Liggett Group）承认吸烟使人上瘾并会引发癌症，并且同意向22个州支付总额为7.5亿美元的赔偿金。这22个州提起了诉讼，要求烟草公司向治疗与吸烟有关的疾病的医疗补助制度（Medicaid）进行赔偿。这件事将带来这样一个信息，大烟草公司充分意识到了他们出售的产品会使人上瘾，他们出售的产品对大众的健康影响极大。
Of all the diseases associated with smoking, addiction is perhaps the one that receives the least attention. But President Clinton declared nicotine an addictive drug in August, 1990. In March, 2000, the Liggett Group, makers of Chesterfield and Lark brand cigarettes, admitted that cigarettes were addictive and cause cancer and agreed to pay about $750 million total to 22 states that had filed suit to force tobacco companies to pay for Medicaid for smoking-related illnesses. The Liggett deal product information that indicates major tobacco companies were fully aware the product they were selling is addictive, that the product they were selling had great impact on public health.
6、大部分人都说岁数越大，越不会盼着下个生日的到来。但对于孩子们而言，生日是一年一度的盛事——在那一整天里，他们是众人关注的焦点。于是孩子的生日聚会已经成为美国的一大产业也就不足为奇了。孩子们——或者更可能是他们的父母——总试图超越别人，办出最奢华的生日聚会。在过去，你或许雇个人，弄匹小马（pony）在旁边转转，让所有人都骑骑马就可以了。而如今你却要租下整个动物园或者一拖车的异国（exotic）动物。
Most of us would say that the older we get, the less we look forward to celebrating another birthday. For children, though, a birthday is that one occasion each year when they are the center of attention all day long. It is not surprising, then, that children’s birthday parties have turned into big business in America. Kids—or more likely their parents—often try to outdo one another in putting on the most extravagant birthday party. In the past, you might have hired a man with a pony to come by and give everyone pony rides. Today, you can hire an entire zoo or a trailer filled with exotic animals.
7、西奥多.罗斯福，美国军事家、政治家、作家和探险家，毕业于哈佛大学，美国第26任总统。1900年当选副总统。1901年总统威廉.麦金莱（William Mckinley）被无政府主义者刺杀身亡，他接任美国总统。在总统任期内，他对美国的主要贡献是资源保护政策，他保护了许多国有森林、矿产、石油等资源，因此深受美国人民的爱戴。在对外政策方面，他主张实行扩张政策，建设强大的军队，干涉美洲事务，他曾实行过著名的大棒政策（the Big Stick policy）,对弱国态度十分粗鲁。在日俄战争（Russo-Japanese War）中，他因调停战争而获得1906年的诺贝尔和平奖。
Theodore Roosevelt was a U.S. military strategist, statesman, writer and explorer, a graduate of Harvard University, the 26th president of the United States. He was elected vice president in 1900. In 1901, when President William McKinley was assassinated by anarchist, he became President of the United States. In his presidential term, his main contribution to the United States was a resource conservation policy. He protected a number of state-owned forests, minerals, oil and other resources, so he was deeply loved by the people of the United States. In foreign affairs, he advocated a policy of expansion, building a strong army, and interfering in American affairs. He had implemented the Big Stick policy; and carried a very rude attitude toward weak countries, In 1906, he won a Nobel Pease Prize for his mediation in the
Russo-Japanese War.
8、美国高等教育的革命从19世纪60年代中期到19世纪80年代中期，改变可美国高等教育并使其现代化。这场革命中有三个互相作用的因素。刘伟教育界领导者的出现保证了所需的个人影响力。除此之外，几乎所有历史悠久的学院和校友和朋友都公开要求更新、更实用、更先进的教学，这种呼声发展成压倒保守派的一场运动。在东部地区教会的领导人被抛弃，而西部地区的学校则扩大了学习范围，树立了一种新的社会责任感，这样教育水平也得到了很大的提升。
To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid 1860’s to the mid 1880’s, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a half dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range if studies and a new sense of public duty.
贵州大学研究生英语期末考试-翻译及部分答案
5.Enlish-speaking South African s of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. 5.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6.Such symbolism suggests (shows) that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. 6.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。 第二课 1. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love of the most creative periods of my life. 1.苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫没有改变这一点，一点儿也没有。我被炒了鱿鱼，但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。 2. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. 2. 因为，作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感所重新代替，一切都还不确定。这让我觉得如此自由，进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。 3. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don’t lose faith. 3.良药苦口，但是我想病人需要它。有时，生活会像一块砖头击中你的脑袋，但不要失去信心。 4. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. 4.我知道，“记住你即将死去”是避免掉进患得患失陷阱的最佳办法。你已经什么都没有了,你根本没有任何理由不去听从自己的心声。 5. Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. 5.你们的时间很有限，所以不要将它浪费在重复其他人的生活上。不要被教条所束缚，也就是说不要按照别人的想法来生活。不要让他人喧嚣的观点淹没了你的心声。 第六课 1.Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow, which adherents of
最新,人教,版,英语,七年级,上册,汉译,英,专项,人教版七年级上册汉译英专项训练 1. 这个用英语怎么说？______________________________ . 2. 请拼读一下它。_________________________________ . 3. 它是什么颜色的。_______________________________ . 4. 钥匙是黄色的。________________________________ . 5. 他叫什么名字？_______________________________ . 6. 她叫什么名字？______________________________ . 7. 见到你很高兴。_____________________________ . 8. 他是杰克吗？______________________________. 9. 他的名字叫迈克。__________________________ . 10. 她的名字叫什么？____________________________ . 11. 她的名字叫珍妮。__________________________ . 12. 她的电话号码是多少？_____________________ . 13.他的电话号码是3575-689 。_____________________ . 14. 你姓什么？_____________________________ . 15. 你的（第一个）名字叫什么？________________ . 16. 我朋友的名字叫吉娜斯米斯。____________________ . 17.这是我姐姐。_______________________ . 18. 那是我的家人（庭）。___________________ . 19. 那（些）是我的父母亲。____________________ . 20. 她是谁？____________________ . 21. 他是我姐姐。________________________ .
Unit 1 无论你是多么富有经验的演说家无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在如此嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲 1. No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have pre pared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy re ception. 就像吉米娃娃的朋友都关心吉米一样 2. Just as all his si ster’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 汽车生产商在新车的基础都应有汽车识别号码 3. Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several place s on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 老师回来时你敢告我状的话 4. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to yo u any more. 有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但是大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活 5. Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority ch oose to live with their children. 现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金 6. Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessar y finances to establish the company. Unit 2 被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 1. The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 总体看来，枣豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜时最好的铁质来源。 2. All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are th e best sources o f iron.
英语期末考试复习材料 汉译英 Unit2 1. We should boldly absorb and draw upon all the achievements of the human society, including those of the capitalist countries, and make innovations with new experience for our benefit. 我们要大胆吸收和借鉴人类社会包括资本主义社会创造的一切文明成果，结合新的实践，进行新的创造，为我所用。 2. In one's mind, he needs the power of fortitude to strengthen himself as he is confronted with something beyond his ability and suffering from sins and pains. 有些已经超出人能力的大事，在忍受罪恶和痛苦的侵袭时，人的心灵需要勇气和刚毅的力量来坚定自己。 3. The sports schools’ target and task is to select, bring up, and infuse some reserve sports players to excellent sports teams. 体育运动学校的目标和任务是向优秀的运动队选拔、培养、输送体育后备人才。 4. It is not difficult for us to find ourselves in Clyde, including aspiration of success, fame, money and even beauty. 我们每个人都不难再克莱德身上找到自己的影子，包括对成功名利、金钱甚至美女的渴望。 5. In the tumult of everyday life, it's very easy to focus on the negative and to lose sight of what really matters. 在日常生活的纷扰中，人很容易想到消极的事情，忽略掉真正重要的东西。 Unit 6 1. Now her teachers corps, called Teach for American is off and running. After a rigorous competition,500 recent college graduates won places out of a field of2,500 applicants, proving Ms.Kopp's theory that making the corps selective would enhance its appeal to college students. 现在他的教师工作团——名为教师报国团——已迅速展开工作。经过一番激烈竞争之后，2500名申请人中有500名刚从大学毕业的学生被录取。这就证明了柯普女士的理论：工作团从严录取将可在大学生中增加号召力。2. There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。 3. Though the professor explained the point in detail, many students still couldn't understand it. 尽管这位教授详细的讲解了这一点，但许多学生任然不理解。 4. V arious projects are in progress, but we do always need your help. If you have good designs, ideas or would kindly give a hand, please contact related project co-ordinators. 我们有好几个不同的计划正在进行中，所以十分需要你们的帮忙。如果你有好的建议、想法或可抽空帮忙，请与有关负责人联络。 5. He was taken on for a three-month trial period before being accepted as a permanent member of staff. 在她被接受为固定雇员之前经过了三个月的试用期。 Unit8 1. Washington Post has been in slow decline for the past 50 years, which was deteriorated by the Great Depression. 华盛顿邮报在过去的五十年间一直处于缓慢衰落的状态，随后的大萧条则加剧了这种恶化。 2. Men like to pursue an elusive woman, like a cake of wet soap in a bathtub. 男人们喜欢追逐那些像浴缸里的湿肥皂般难以捉摸的女人。 3. It didn't take the children long to figure out the correct answer，which surprised the teacher very much. 孩子们没有花很多时间就算出了正确答案，这让老师觉得非常奇怪。 4. We shouldn't complain about being poor—many families are much worse off. 我们不应该因为穷而叫苦连天，许多人的家境还要糟的多呢。 5. The bargain they reached with their employers was to reduce their wage claim in return for a shorter working week
牛津译林版七年级下英语期末考试专题练习—汉译英 1.我正在写信推荐李雷获得“最佳学生”称号。 2.这个孩子不会写字。 3.你上周收到你妹妹的来信了吗？ 4.他经常为穷人募捐。 5.如果你尽最大努力，你会擅长写作的。 6 昨天早晨消防员花了半小时扑灭了火。 7.那个小姑娘害怕独自一人游过那条河吗？ 8.一个叫Tom的工程师帮我检查了那个坏的电脑。 9.在这个村庄里，有些家庭种麦子，然而其他的养奶牛。 10.认真听老师讲，你就会了解更多关于怎样自我保护了。 11.金鱼安静且容易照料。 12.我任何地方都找不到我的钢笔。 13.她很聪明能重复我说的话。 14.我的鹦鹉是我一个特别的老朋友。 15.只要你喜欢，饲养蛇也没什么问题。 16.我的手表可能坏了。 17.每天早晨醒来的时候我都能听见鸟儿在唱歌。 18.看见灌木丛中有一只小兔子，Millie很是惊讶。 19.当时王老师正忙于在网上查找信息。 20.我们花了整整一个下午打扫教室。 21.Mike 像往常一样让座了吗？
22.我现在不害怕独自待在家里。 23.记住要保持我们的教室干净。 24.基蒂为这次旅行准备了大量的水和食物。 25.你们没有必要担心这些孩子的能力。 26.闭着眼睛做眼保健操对我们有好处。 27.你不能让猫靠近鱼。 28.如果不带地图的话，我们有可能会迷路。 29.你可以在高压锅(the pressure cooker)上浇点水以使它冷却。 30. 你应该多花点时间考虑怎样学好你的功课。 31．在阳光下读书对你的眼睛有害。 32．不要给金鱼喂太多的食物。 33．我认为乌龟是很容易照顾的。 34．我想教那个小女孩说话。 35．我的狗会做很多精彩的把戏。 36. 这双鞋子看上去很漂亮，我想试穿一下。 37.两个星期前我收到我叔叔的来信。 38.善良的人总是先想到别人。 39.你要保守秘密，否则这会使他不高兴。 40.当我朋友不高兴时，我会尽力帮助他们。 41. 她害怕蛇，因为蛇可能会咬她。 42. 大多数时间，她只想睡在我的膝盖上。 43.她用木头为狗搭起一个小房子
外研版七年级下册英语单词表（2012年版） Module 1 1.n.蜡笔 2.n.橡皮擦 3.n.手套 4.n.钱包 5.n.表；（通常指）手表 6.pron.谁的 7.首先；第一 8.v.失去 9.v.发现；找到 10.失物招领箱 11.pron.我的 12.pron.你（们）的 13.n.录音带；录像带 14.adj.紫色的；紫红色的n.紫色；紫红色 15.pron.她的 16.adj.仔细的；认真的；小心的 17.小心（对待）…… 18.adv.从某时刻起 19.从现在起 20.（用于刚找到某人或某物时）在这儿 21.n.照相机 22.n.电话；电话机 23.移动电话；手机 24.失物招领箱 25.匆匆忙忙 26.v.丢下；遗忘 27.n.飞机 28.n.出租车29.adv.为什么 30.n.机场；航空港 31.num.百 32.几百；成百上千 33.寻找 34.num.千 35.adj.奇怪的 36.n.船 37.n.鸭 38.n.猪 39.n.香肠；腊肠Module 2 1.v.演奏；弹奏 2.n.网球 3.n.钢琴 4.v.骑；乘 5.n.俱乐部 6.n.学期 7.n.布告板 8.想要；希望 9.int.噢；喔 10.adj.所有的；全部的 11.仅此而已 12.v.焦急；担心 13.担心…… 14.v.教；讲授 15.adv.那么；就 16.n.班长；监督员 17.n.开始；开端
18.与某人相处融洽 19.adj.乐意的 20.乐于做某事 21.v.承诺；保证 22.adv.快地；快速地adj.快的；快速的 23.adj.健康的；强健的 24.adv.就；正好 25.n.球；球类游戏 26.n.运动项目 27.n.队伍；球队 28.adj.最好的 29.n.得分；成绩 30.adj.整齐的；整洁的；v.收拾；整理 31.adj.确信的；有把握的 32.pron.每个人 33.正如；正像 34.adj.美的；美丽的 35.v.放飞（风筝）；飞行；乘飞机 36.n.风筝 37.v.游泳 Module 3 1.复习；练习 2.n.野餐 3.n.家务劳动 4.prep.在……时候 5.adv.其他；另外 6.pron.没有人 7.prep.在……点钟 8.pron.没有什么；没有东西9.adj.愚蠢的；傻气的 10.adj.极好的 11.adv.面向未来的；向前 12.盼望 13.n.迷；支持者 14.交朋友 15.n.球衣；（男式）衬衫 16.v.为……喝彩 17.n.运动员；选手 18.v.希望 19.v.赢；获胜 20.过得愉快 21.pron.我自己 22.prep.在……期间 23.n.5月 24.五一劳动节 25.adv.迟；晚adj.迟的；晚的 26.n.步行；走 27.散步 28.n.乡下；乡村 29.num.第二 30.v.收集 31.n.垃圾 32.n.娱乐；乐趣 33.暑假 34.n.营地；帐篷 35.adj.澳大利亚的 36.n.观光；游览 37.观光
这种植物The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 研究结果Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 有些Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 我们We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do, we would do it. 当局They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. 要是If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience. 她从She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 我从I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along. 随着As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity. 她可She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 谁都No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him. 据报Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into the affair in person. 这些These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work. Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs. 你只You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods. 不知Their car broke down halfway for no reason. As a result they arrived three hours later than they had planned. 那位The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later. 这个The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business is thriving. 我父Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house. 如今Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past. 一家In order to be successful, a business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace. 与申Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job. 对于For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal. 我们We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts. 这位This little man is not so innocent as he appears. 对这There's nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor Wang for help. 双方Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, and hope that the cooperation can be furthered.
上瘾性毒品与犯罪的经济学 犯罪率的攀升一个流行解释是毒品的泛滥。诸如海洛因、可卡因和PCP等上瘾性毒品的使用，从三个方面增加了犯罪。首先，有些瘾君子需要实施犯罪获取收入。毒瘾让他们虚弱到无法胜任合法岗位上的工作，抑或合法工作的收人不足以支付吸毒的支出。其次，和饮酒类似，毒品可能通过降低自我控制能力或使情绪波动加剧，从而人们更容易犯罪。大约70%的美国大城市中由于抢劫、枪支犯罪和盗窃被捕的罪犯，经检查都发现曾吸食海洛因、可卡因或PCP。再次，毒品买卖是一项利润丰厚的生意，因而，也值得为之展开保护和争夺。于是，毒贩子将对其竞争对手实施暴力犯罪。 毒品导致犯罪显著增加，因而降低犯罪的社会成本也应包括减少上瘾性毒品的使用。我们已经发现，至今超过200万的美国监禁犯人中。有很高比例都是因为与毒品犯罪有关。惩罚贩毒 当前，美国的政策试图通过截断毒品供给和减少毒品的需求，破解上瘾性毒品使用与犯罪之间的关联。减少非法毒品供给和使用的一个方法是，提高贩卖和吸食毒品的预期成本。一些毒品供给商将离开贩毒行业，转而投向风险更低的合法活动中。与此同时，由于供给控制所导致的高昂市场价格，也让消费者减少毒品的购买。 一些经济学家们辩称，因为事实性前提不正确，所以这个政策不对。批评者指出，上瘾使得毒品的需求缺乏弹性。因此，供给控制所导致的非法毒品的市场价格上升，将不会显著减少瘾君子的毒品消费。相反，这将促使瘾君子增加犯罪数量获取更多收入，以支撑其吸食之恶习。 图12.1描述了这种论断。这个图分成两个部分，分别代表两种毒品使用者。左边图表示瘾君子的毒品需求为D，右边图表示未上瘾时的毒品需求为D'。“未上瘾”的意思是偶尔的毒品吸食者，生理上并未对毒品产生依赖。图12.1显示了一个成功的阻断毒品、惩罚毒品贩子和吸毒者行动的影响.行动之前，毒品价格为p1，瘾君子和非瘾君子的毒品使用量分别表示为x1和x'1。对毒品采取行动之后，价格上升到p2。这个价格包括了购买价格，以及购买非法毒品所带来的惩罚风险的货币当量。x2比x1并没有下降多少，这意味着瘾君子的需求缺乏弹性。价格为p2时，非瘾君子的毒品使用景为x'2。x'2相比x'1减小很多，这表明非瘾君子的毒品需求富有弹性。价格从p1上升到p2对瘾君子的吸毒量没有多大影响，相反非瘾君子的毒品需求下降很多。 现在考虑价格上升对吸毒支出的影响，瘾君子购买x1数量毒品时的较低价格为P1，总支出为x1×p1,，即图12. 1中B+C的面积。禁毒行动之后，瘾君子以p2的价格购买x2数量的毒品，总支出为p2×x2，即图1 2. 1中的A十B的面积。因而，禁毒行动导致瘾君子毒品支出的大幅增加，具体增加额为A-C。总支出之所以增加，那是因为瘾君子购买的毒品数量几乎不变，而支付的价格却大大提高。 结果，瘾君子们将需要更多的金钱支付毒品，而大多数的钱财都可能来源于财产犯罪。因此，提高瘾君子吸毒成本的公共政策，可能导致更多犯罪的增加(禁毒行动提升了毒品价格.也导致非瘾君子的吸毒总支出下降了A'-C')。 以上分析揭示了一个两难困境:公共政策提高毒品价格，好的效应是减少非瘾君子的毒品使用。非瘾君子吸毒减少，大概意味着他们的犯罪量也将下降，同样也减少非瘾君子变成瘾君子的数量。然而，提高毒品价格的公共政策，不好的影响是显著增加了瘾君子的毒品支出。瘾君子支出增加意味着，他们为了获得更多钱财购买毒品，将会实施更多的犯罪。 针对这些事实，显而易见的一个反应就是，尽量抽取两个世界的好的方面，即提高非瘾君子的毒品价格，而瘾君子的毒品价格不能上升。就这句话来说，显而易见的对策就是，毒品政策必须对瘾君子和非瘾君子进行价格歧视。成功的价格歧视，致使图12.1中的瘾君子
七年级英语汉译英专项练习（二） 63、大家都在公园里玩得很开心。 Everyone in the park now. 64、瞧！那些孩子们在拍照。 Look! The children . 65、我很惊讶他们会说英语！ I am they can English. 66、你们在谈论什么？ What they ? 67、为了提高英语我们必须每天早晨练习。 We have to practice English improve it. 68、Tony 正在到处寻找他的钥匙。 Tony his key here and there. 69、你的朋友长什么样子？ What your friend ? 70、Ms Clark 总是穿白色运动鞋。 Ms Clark always white . 71、她中等身材，头发很长。 She of build and hair. 72、Mike是一个戴眼镜的高个子男孩。 Mike is a tall boy . 73、谁是你们篮球队队长？ Who is your basketball team? 74、Mary有点文静。 Mary is quiet. 75、我们英语老师喜欢在课上讲笑话。 Our English teacher loves in Class. 76、她从不停止说话。 She never . 77、当他在上学路上碰见老师时，他总是停下来问好！ He always “hello” to them when he meets his teachers on the way to school. 78、放学后请记住打扫教室！ Remember the classroom after school, please. 79、没人知道。 to the question.
第一单元 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3 .Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4. We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. 第二单元 1 ．If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 ．I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along? 4. As their products find their way into the international
(仅供参考 ) 第一课 1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. 1.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存 在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人 都懂英语。英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语 的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。 s 2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism [a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated —and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion. 2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界里，主 要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播，这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3.By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly (very) safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat 3.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及 其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做是很安全的，因为这些语言现 在已不会构成什么大的威胁。 4.Yet many people see (consider/ regard) English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessedby any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex (network), and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus (organization). 4.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈世界语言所具有的明显 优势，例如庞大的交流网络、发达的文字与传媒体系以及强大的文化教育设施。 5.Enlish-speaking South African s of British descent were not particularly strong
七年级英语上册预备篇第一单元试卷班级姓名 一．汉译英(10分) 1.晚上_____________ 2.你好吗__________________ 3.我很好。______________ 4.早晨_______________ 5.下午__________ 6. I am的缩写形式_______ 7. 谢谢________________ 8.健康的，美好的 9. 光盘10. 英国广播公司二．单项选择。（30分） ( )1.选出字母e发音和其他单词不同的一项：A.Helen B. evening C. he D. she ( )2.选出字母a发音和其他单词不同的一项：A.Dale B. Frank C. Grace D. age ( ) morning ,class ! ----_______________ ’m fine . B. Thank you ! ! D. Good morning , teacher ! ( )4.晚饭后，你散步时遇到了你的一个朋友，你应说_________来打招呼。
A Good morning ! afternoon ! evening ! night ( ) are you ----I’m fine ,thanks. How are you ----_________ do you do are you , good ! ’m OK . ( )6.当你想问对方的身体状况时，应说： “_______”。 A．How are you ’s your name morning 7．下列字母______与字母Ii含有相同的元音音素。 A．Rr B．Gg C．Yy 8．下列各组字母中不含元音字母的是______。 A．a c d f B．g h k m C．j i n r D．l m n o
新视野大学英语翻译答案 Unit 1 一. 汉译英 1.对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题 之前他们还可以有时间思考答案。 Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2.网上学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无疑义和 用处。 She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless. 3.与以英语为母语的人交谈是非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到 许多东西。 Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4.如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。 Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5.他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但是她觉得这个要求太过分 了。 He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6.既然我们已经学完这门课程，就应该多做些复习。 Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. 二. 英译汉 1.I’ll never forget the teacher who showed me that learning a foreign language could be fun and rewarding. Were it not for him, I would not be able to speak English as well as I do now. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有 价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。 2.No other language lets you experience the cultures of the world like English. With a strong knowledge of the English language, you can have wonderful cultural adventures