An Introduction to An Introduction to European CultureEuropean Culture
Purposes of the coursePurposes of the courseImprove English learningImprove English learningUpgrade personal qualityUpgrade personal qualityPrepare for graduate programPrepare for graduate programPrepare for graduate programPrepare for graduate programPromote intercultural competencePromote intercultural competenceBroaden your vision for future and life.Broaden your vision for future and life.
Characteristics of the CourseCharacteristics of the CourseWide Coverage of many fields:Wide Coverage of many fields:astronomy, geography, literature, history, astronomy, geography, literature, history, religion, philosophy, political thoughts, art religion, philosophy, political thoughts, art (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), science, etc. science, etc. Knowing something of everything, not Knowing something of everything, not everything of something everything of something ––Only a tasteOnly a taste
Focus of StudyFocus of StudyHistorical background of every periodHistorical background of every periodMajor events (wars, invasions, reforms, Major events (wars, invasions, reforms, revolutions, social changes,etc.)revolutions, social changes,etc.)Ideologies (main assumptions) Ideologies (main assumptions) Ideologies (main assumptions) Ideologies (main assumptions) Prominent historical figures (political, literary, Prominent historical figures (political, literary, religious, scientific, artistic)religious, scientific, artistic)Literary and artistic styles (main characteristics)Literary and artistic styles (main characteristics)
Contents: Division 1Contents: Division 1------1010AttendanceAttendanceEvaluation (paper and written exam)Evaluation (paper and written exam)
Abilities needed and to be developedAbilities needed and to be developedMemorization (names, times, etc.)Memorization (names, times, etc.)Comprehension (ideas and ideologies)Comprehension (ideas and ideologies)Compare and contrast (east and west)Compare and contrast (east and west)Critical thinking (why Europe leads the Critical thinking (why Europe leads the Critical thinking (why Europe leads the Critical thinking (why Europe leads the world in many ways)world in many ways)Personal analysis and synthesis Personal analysis and synthesis
How can you learn the course well?How can you learn the course well?To establish two lines which lead the To establish two lines which lead the journey of human history: journey of human history: GodGod--centered thoughts centered thoughts ------------JudeoJudeo--Christian Christian thoughtsthoughtsthoughtsthoughtsHumanHuman--centered thoughtscentered thoughts--------CrecoCreco--Roman Roman thoughtsthoughts
Establish a chronological framework of world history:Establish a chronological framework of world history:1200 1200 ––146 B.C.: Ancient Greece146 B.C.: Ancient Greece700 B.C. 700 B.C. ––27 B.C. 27 B.C. ––395 A.D.395 A.D.--476 476 ––10541054--1453: Ancient Roman 1453: Ancient Roman EmpireEmpire476 A.D. 476 A.D. ––14th century : Medieval Age14th century : Medieval Age14th C (Dante) 14th C (Dante) ––midmid--17th C (Shakespeare, English Revolution)17th C (Shakespeare, English Revolution)14th C (Dante) 14th C (Dante) ––midmid--17th C (Shakespeare, English Revolution)17th C (Shakespeare, English Revolution)17th C: prodigious development of sci & Tech 17th C: prodigious development of sci & Tech 18th C: enlightenment 18th C: enlightenment 19th C: Marxism, Darwinism, realism19th C: Marxism, Darwinism, realism20th C: modernism, postmodernism20th C: modernism, postmodernismSince 1970s: information age, globalization, economic integration, Since 1970s: information age, globalization, economic integration, multiculturalism multiculturalism
Ancient Greek CultureAncient Greek CultureHistorical context:Historical context:1200 BC. Trojan War (700BC: Homer) 1200 BC. Trojan War (700BC: Homer) 800800--500 BC: 500 BC: formative periodformative period(city states)(city states)500500--336 BC: 336 BC: classical periodclassical period: heyday: heydaywinning winning GrecoGreco--Persian Way; democracy in Athens; Persian Way; democracy in Athens; flourish of sci and art;flourish of sci and art;flourish of sci and art;flourish of sci and art;civil war: Athens vs. Sparta civil war: Athens vs. Sparta 伯罗奔尼撒战争伯罗奔尼撒战争(432(432--404 404 BC), declined. BC), declined. 336336--146 BC: 146 BC: Hellenization period Hellenization period 希腊化时期希腊化时期Alexander III (356Alexander III (356--336336--323 BC); 323 BC); center: Alexandria in Egypt; Roman conquest in 146 BCcenter: Alexandria in Egypt; Roman conquest in 146 BC
PhilosophyPhilosophyWhat is philosophy?What is philosophy?Contending Schools of thoughtsContending Schools of thoughts诡辩学派诡辩学派Sophists 500 B.C.Sophists 500 B.C.代表人物：代表人物：ProtagorasProtagoras代表人物：代表人物：ProtagorasProtagorasMan is measure of all things.Man is measure of all things.Forerunner of Socratic dialecticForerunner of Socratic dialecticEmphasis on ability to argue for any case Emphasis on ability to argue for any case regardless of its truthregardless of its truth
CynicsCynics：犬儒学派：犬儒学派300 B.C.300 B.C.DiogenesDiogenes主张：主张：simplicitysimplicitysimplicitysimplicitybrotherhoodbrotherhoodrejecting conventionsrejecting conventions
Sceptics Sceptics 不可知派不可知派PyrrhonPyrrhonNot all knowledge is attainable.Not all knowledge is attainable.Wise men should not judge, but should Wise men should not judge, but should Wise men should not
judge, but should Wise men should not judge, but should aim at balanced imperturbability.aim at balanced imperturbability.
Epicureans Epicureans 伊壁鸠鲁学派伊壁鸠鲁学派EpicurusEpicurusPleasure is the highest good of life,Pleasure is the highest good of life,achieved through practiced virtue. achieved through practiced virtue. Different from hedonism(Different from hedonism(Different from hedonism(Different from hedonism(享乐主义）－享乐主义）－through sensual indulgence.through sensual indulgence.
Stoics Stoics 斯多葛派，禁欲主义学派斯多葛派，禁欲主义学派ZenoZenoantithesis of Epicureansantithesis of Epicureansvirtue, not pleasure, is the highest good.virtue, not pleasure, is the highest good.DutyDutyDutyDutyHardshipHardship
Famous philosophers and scientistsFamous philosophers and scientistsPythagorasPythagorasHeracleitueHeracleitueDemocritusDemocritusEucidEucidEucidEucidArchimedesArchimedesSocratesSocratesPlatoPlatoAristotleAristotle
LiteratureLiteratureLyric poetry Lyric poetry Homer Homer Iliad OdysseyIliad OdysseyWhy is Homer important in the history of Why is Homer important in the history of European literature?European literature?European literature?European literature?SapphoSapphoPindarPindar
Drama religious festivals. 5Drama religious festivals. 5ththcentury century B.C B.C Dramatists:Dramatists:History History History History
Art, architecture, sculpture and potteryArt, architecture, sculpture and pottery
Further studiesFurther studies《《西方文化史鉴西方文化史鉴》》叶胜年著叶胜年著上海外语教育上海外语教育出版社出版社《《前车可鉴前车可鉴——西方思想文化的兴衰西方思想文化的兴衰》》（美）（美）华夏出版社华夏出版社华夏出版社华夏出版社
Ancient Rome Ancient Rome Period of Kings: 753Period of Kings: 753--510 B.C. 510 B.C. City of Rome set upCity of Rome set upPeriod of Republic: 510Period of Republic: 510--27 B.C. 27 B.C. 1) Occupation of whole Italy1) Occupation of whole Italy1) Occupation of whole Italy1) Occupation of whole Italy2) expansion: Punic Wars 2) expansion: Punic Wars （（264264－－133 133 B.C.B.C.））, defeating Carthage (, defeating Carthage (迦太基迦太基))3) Slave uprisings (1333) Slave uprisings (133--27 BC.):27 BC.):斯巴达克斯巴达克斯斯
Period of Empire: 27 B.C. Period of Empire: 27 B.C. ––476 A.D. 476 A.D. ––1453 1453 27 BC.27 BC.－－193 AD. Pax Romana193 AD. Pax Romana前三头：克拉苏，庞培，凯撒前三头：克拉苏，庞培，凯撒（（Julius CaeserJulius Caeser））后三头：雷必达，安东尼，屋大维后三头：雷必达，安东尼，屋大维（（Augustus OctaviusAugustus Octavius））after 193: weakened, b
arbarian invasions after 193: weakened, barbarian invasions after 193: weakened, barbarian invasions after 193: weakened, barbarian invasions (Huns, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals)(Huns, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals)475: split 475: split ––WRE and ByzantiumWRE and Byzantium1453: conquered by Ottoman Empire 1453: conquered by Ottoman Empire (Modern Italy: 1871)(Modern Italy: 1871)
Romans & GreeksRomans & GreeksSimilarities:Similarities:Democracy: citizen assembly, hostile to Democracy: citizen assembly, hostile to monarchymonarchyReligion and mythology:Religion and mythology:Religion and mythology:Religion and mythology:Languages (Greek and Latin): IndoLanguages (Greek and Latin): Indo--European family European family
Differences:Differences:Romans built an empire, Greeks not.Romans built an empire, Greeks not.Greeks: Greeks: art and intellectart and intellectRomans: Romans: Military: Roman legionsMilitary: Roman legionsMilitary: Roman legionsMilitary: Roman legionsLaw: Roman LawLaw: Roman LawConstructions: aqueducts, roadsConstructions: aqueducts, roadsGovernment system: effective Government system: effective bureaucracybureaucracy
The BibleThe BibleIt is not a single book, but a collection of It is not a single book, but a collection of 66 books, different in style, content, 66 books, different in style, content, subject of matter, and point of view.subject of matter, and point of view.Not written by one person, but by many Not written by one person, but by many anonymously, some sections had existed anonymously, some sections had existed orally before.orally before.orally before.orally before.Not written within a single period of time:Not written within a single period of time:Old Testament: 1,000 Old Testament: 1,000 --15 B.C.15 B.C.N. T.: 50 N. T.: 50 ––150 A.D.150 A.D.Not written in one language:Not written in one language:O.T: in Hebrew; N.T: in Greek (partly in O.T: in Hebrew; N.T: in Greek (partly in Aramaic Aramaic 阿拉米语阿拉米语))
* Books in it are not systematically classified * Books in it are not systematically classified or chronologically arranged. or chronologically arranged. * It contains words of God,* It contains words of God,an inspired and inspiring bookan inspired and inspiring bookan encyclopedia (poem, history, tale,an encyclopedia (poem, history, tale,moral teachings, etc.),moral teachings, etc.),* It is a book that was ordered to be burned, * It is a book that was ordered to be burned, * It is a book that was ordered to be burned, * It is a book that was ordered to be burned, but survived every time.but survived every time.* It is a book translated into over 1,000 Ls * It is a book translated into over 1,000 Ls and and dialects.dialects.* Number One in terms of publication volume; * Number One in terms of publication volume; greatly influencing Eu culture. greatly influencing Eu culture.
Classification of 66 booksClassification of 66 booksOld Testament: (Hebrew His
tory)Old Testament: (Hebrew History)1. Law and history1. Law and history2. Prophecies2. Prophecies3. Poetry, drama, tales, moral teachings3. Poetry, drama, tales, moral teachingsNew Testament: (Life of Jesus Christ)New Testament: (Life of Jesus Christ)1. Gospels1. Gospels1. Gospels1. Gospels2. Letters2. Letters3. Revelations 3. Revelations The central theme binding all books:The central theme binding all books:Hebrew tradition written by, meant for and Hebrew tradition written by, meant for and about Hebrews. about Hebrews.
GenealogyGenealogyAdam & Eve Adam & Eve ––Noah Noah 诺亚诺亚(Ark)(Ark)––Abraham Abraham (to Canaan(to Canaan迦南迦南) ) ––Moses Moses 摩西摩西(Exodus) (Exodus) ––Joshua Joshua （约书亚）（约书亚）(back to Canaan) (back to Canaan) ––Joshua Joshua （约书亚）（约书亚）(back to Canaan) (back to Canaan) ––split split （犹太国（犹太国&&以色列国）以色列国）––Saul Saul 扫罗扫罗(unification) (unification) ––David David 大卫大卫(built Jerusalem) (built Jerusalem) ––SolomonSolomon所罗门所罗门
Life of GesusLife of GesusBorn on Dec. 25th, 4 B.C. Born on Dec. 25th, 4 B.C. In Bethlehem In Bethlehem 伯利恒伯利恒From a carpenterFrom a carpenter’’s familys familyJoseph & Virgin MaryJoseph & Virgin MaryDisappeared as a childDisappeared as a childLife before 30: unknownLife before 30: unknownLife before 30: unknownLife before 30: unknownAt 30: baptized by JohnAt 30: baptized by JohnFrom 30From 30--33: preaching33: preachingAt 33: cruxifixation on Good FridayAt 33: cruxifixation on Good Friday2 days later (Sunday): resurrection to 2 days later (Sunday): resurrection to heaven (Easter) heaven (Easter)
Spread of ChristianitySpread of ChristianityIn early time: suppressed by Roman gov.In early time: suppressed by Roman gov.Later: developed quicklyLater: developed quickly305 A.D.: stopped persecution305 A.D.: stopped persecution313: Emperor Constantine granted religious 313: Emperor Constantine granted religious freedom (Edict of Milanfreedom (Edict of Milan米兰敕令米兰敕令), became legal.), became legal.freedom (Edict of Milanfreedom (Edict of Milan米兰敕令米兰敕令), became legal.), became legal.Constantine baptized at deathbedConstantine baptized at deathbed392: Emperor Theodosius 392: Emperor Theodosius 塞奥多西乌斯塞奥多西乌斯made made Christianity the official religion of the Empire and Christianity the official religion of the Empire and outlaw all other religions.outlaw all other religions.6th century: Nestorianism 6th century: Nestorianism 景教景教reached China.reached China.
Translation of BibleTranslation of BibleOriginal: Hebrew (Original: Hebrew (旧旧)& Greek)& Greek（新）（新）Septuagint: Septuagint: 七十子希腊文旧约全书七十子希腊文旧约
全书（（3rd. century B.C. in Alexandria3rd. century B.C. in Alexandria））(lost)(lost)Vulgate edition: Latin whole Bible by Vulgate edition: Latin whole Bible by Vulgate edition: Latin whole Bible by Vulgate edition: Latin whole Bible by Jerome Jerome 日罗姆日罗姆（（405 A.D.405 A.D.））; model ; model for versions in other Ls. for versions in other Ls. After 16th Century: into many After 16th Century: into many national languages.national languages.
English VersionsEnglish Versions1382: John Wycliff 1382: John Wycliff 威克里夫威克里夫16th Century: William Tyndale, literary 16th Century: William Tyndale, literary qualityquality1611: King James1611: King James’’BibleBible（詹姆斯一世钦定（詹姆斯一世钦定1611: King James1611: King James’’BibleBible（詹姆斯一世钦定（詹姆斯一世钦定本）本）, plain language and most influential, plain language and most influential1885: revised edition1885: revised edition1901: American edition 1901: American edition
Chinese VersionsChinese Versions* 7th C: * 7th C: 景教本景教本（敦煌）（敦煌）* * 17th C: 17th C: 明清本，明清本，by by missionariesmissionaries* 1919: * 1919: , financed by , financed by * 1919: * 1919: 和合本和合本, financed by , financed by churcheschurches* 1979* 1979：：联合本联合本（（in H.K.in H.K.））
Famous saying from the BibleFamous saying from the Biblethe last straw that falls gently on the camelthe last straw that falls gently on the camel’’s s back back 引起巨大后果的最后因素引起巨大后果的最后因素Can the leopard change its spots? Can the leopard change its spots? 本性难移本性难移. . To sow the wind and reap the whirlwindTo sow the wind and reap the whirlwind自食其自食其To sow the wind and reap the whirlwindTo sow the wind and reap the whirlwind自食其自食其果果..A living dog is better than a dead lion.A living dog is better than a dead lion.It is more difficult for the rich to give than for It is more difficult for the rich to give than for the camel to go through the eye of a needle. the camel to go through the eye of a needle.
The Middle Ages The Middle Ages （（the Medieval Timesthe Medieval Times））Time: 476 A.D. Time: 476 A.D. ––14th C.(14th C.(人文主义出现人文主义出现))Feudalization in EU. Feudalization in EU. No political unity, no central gov.No political unity, no central gov.Wars and invasions(1066, Crusades)Wars and invasions(1066, Crusades)Only organization: Catholic churchOnly organization: Catholic churchOnly organization: Catholic churchOnly organization: Catholic churchChurch gained power and influenceChurch gained power and influenceSuppress scientists (Suppress scientists (““hereticheretic””): Inquization (the ): Inquization (the Dark Age)Dark Age)
Everyone was a believer: Age of FaithEveryone was a believer: Age of FaithBirth of many nations: England, France, SpainBirth of many nations: England, France, Spain
CrusadersCrusadersCause: Jerusalem fell to pagans killing Cause: Jerusalem fell to pagans killing Christian pilgrimsChristian pilgrimsTimes: 12 crusades, 200 yearsTimes: 12 crusades, 200 yearsEffect: Effect: EastEast--West contactWest contactEastEast--West contactWest contactrise of monarchyrise of monarchymaterialismmaterialisminternational trade developmentinternational trade developmentlearning revived learning revived
RenaissanceRenaissanceTime: 14th C Time: 14th C ––midmid--17th C. (Eng. Revo.)17th C. (Eng. Revo.)Origin: Italy, spread to all Eu. Origin: Italy, spread to all Eu. Means: revival of interest in R. & G. cultureMeans: revival of interest in R. & G. cultureIdeology: humanismIdeology: humanismBourgeois in natureBourgeois in natureProdigious development in sci. and tech.Prodigious development in sci. and tech.Prodigious development in sci. and tech.Prodigious development in sci. and tech.National languagesNational languagesAbsolute authority of Catholic: shakenAbsolute authority of Catholic: shakenGiants appearedGiants appeared
Different emphasisDifferent emphasisItaly: artItaly: artFrance: literatureFrance: literatureEngland: philosophy, dramaEngland: philosophy, dramaEngland: philosophy, dramaEngland: philosophy, dramaGermany: religionGermany: religion
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsSpread of HumanismSpread of HumanismReturn to classical valuesReturn to classical valuesBeginning of objective sci. inquiryBeginning of objective sci. inquiryBeginning of objective sci. inquiryBeginning of objective sci. inquiryFlourish of literature and artFlourish of literature and artGeographic discoveriesGeographic discoveries
HumanismHumanismA philosophy to assert greatness of A philosophy to assert greatness of man: man: physical beauty + power of reasonphysical beauty + power of reasonA movement to restore human value A movement to restore human value of ancient classics as opposed to of ancient classics as opposed to A movement to restore human value A movement to restore human value of ancient classics as opposed to of ancient classics as opposed to scholasticism scholasticism 经院哲学经院哲学of the M. Ages.of the M. Ages.Bourgeois in nature, against Bourgeois in nature, against feudalism, paving the way for the feudalism, paving the way for the rising capitalismrising capitalism
Religious RevolutionReligious RevolutionA 16th C. religious, social, political movementA 16th C. religious, social, political movementAim: to oppose absolute authority of Roman Aim: to oppose absolute authority of Roman Catholic church and replace it with the authority Catholic church and replace it with the authority
of the Bibleof the BibleDisputes: (1) who is the supreme authority, the Disputes: (1) who is the supreme authority, the Church or Bible? (2) Can individuals Church or Bible? (2) Can individuals Church or Bible? (2) Can individuals Church or Bible? (2) Can individuals communicate directly with God? (indulgences)communicate directly with God? (indulgences)Beginning: M. LutherBeginning: M. Luther’’s 95 theses (Wittengergs 95 theses (Wittengerg威威登堡登堡church)church)Result: split of churchResult: split of church
ReformersReformers’’practicepracticeTranslate Bible into vernacularsTranslate Bible into vernacularsSimplify church ritualsSimplify church ritualsAbolishing indulgences Abolishing indulgences 赎罪券赎罪券Reform churchReform churchReform churchReform churchOppose church interference with Oppose church interference with naitonal eco. And politicsnaitonal eco. And politicsPeasant warPeasant war
Martin LutherMartin LutherFounder of Protestant ChurchFounder of Protestant Church95 theses95 thesesAgainst indulgencesAgainst indulgencesStarted religious reform which extended to Started religious reform which extended to eco and poli. liberation from church eco and poli. liberation from church eco and poli. liberation from church eco and poli. liberation from church controlcontrolTranslate Bible into German vernacularTranslate Bible into German vernacularFighter for democracy and nationalismFighter for democracy and nationalismIdeal of equalityIdeal of equality
Split of ChristianitySplit of Christianity395 A.D.: Roman Empire395 A.D.: Roman Empire--West and EastWest and East476: W.RE ended476: W.RE ended1054: Catholic 1054: Catholic R. Catholic & OrthodoxR. Catholic & Orthodox1453: end of E.RE (Byzantium) 1453: end of E.RE (Byzantium) 1520s: R. Catholic 1520s: R. Catholic Catholic & ProtestantCatholic & Protestant(Calvinism(Calvinism瑞瑞, Huguenot, Huguenot法法, Presbyterianism, Presbyterianism苏苏, Anglican, Anglican英英, etc.), etc.)After 1620: Quacker, MethodismAfter 1620: Quacker, Methodism美美, etc.), etc.)
Reformation in EnglandReformation in EnglandFocus: Pope vs. King (Germany: church Focus: Pope vs. King (Germany: church vs. Bible)vs. Bible)J. Knox established Presbyterian churchJ. Knox established Presbyterian churchWycliffe translated English BibleWycliffe translated English BibleHerry VIII broke with Pope (on marriage)Herry VIII broke with Pope (on marriage)Herry VIII broke with Pope (on marriage)Herry VIII broke with Pope (on marriage)Act of supremacy of 1534Act of supremacy of 1534Closing monasteries and seizing landClosing monasteries and seizing land
Counter ReformationCounter ReformationSpain became the base of church reform, Spain became the base of church reform, establishment of Inquizationestablishment of Inqui
zationCouncil of Trent: stressing Catholic Council of Trent: stressing Catholic orthodoxyorthodoxyorthodoxyorthodoxyJesuits: conservative Catholic advocates Jesuits: conservative Catholic advocates who helped to win much of Germany, who helped to win much of Germany, Poland, Hungary, etc. (still alive today) Poland, Hungary, etc. (still alive today)
Protestantism and CapitalismProtestantism and CapitalismRoman Catholic church weakenedRoman Catholic church weakenedDenominations flourished Denominations flourished ––ProtestantismProtestantismLiberation of ideas: imagination, creationLiberation of ideas: imagination, creationFormation of many nationFormation of many nation--statesstatesNational languages: popularNational languages: popularNational languages: popularNational languages: popularSci, trade, commerceSci, trade, commerceInventions and discoveriesInventions and discoveriesObedience gave way to quest, challenge Obedience gave way to quest, challenge and freedomand freedom
Geographic DiscoveriesGeographic DiscoveriesBy 1600, surface of the known earth doubledBy 1600, surface of the known earth doubledColumbus(Columbus(热那亚人，西班牙热那亚人，西班牙): N. World (Oct. 12, ): N. World (Oct. 12, 1492) (1492) (比较：郑和，比较：郑和，14051405－－14331433年年77次下西洋次下西洋))Diaz Diaz （葡萄牙）：（葡萄牙）：Cape of Good Hope (1487)Cape of Good Hope (1487)Da Gama (Da Gama (葡萄牙葡萄牙))：：Route to India via Good Route to India via Good Hope (1497)Hope (1497)Hope (1497)Hope (1497)Amerigo (Amerigo (意大利，亚美利哥意大利，亚美利哥··维斯普契维斯普契))：亚美利：亚美利加洲加洲Magellan, FirdinandMagellan, Firdinand（麦哲伦，葡萄牙）：（麦哲伦，葡萄牙）：sailing sailing around the globe (1522) around the globe (1522)
Science in 17th C.Science in 17th C.Ptolemy Ptolemy 托勒密（托勒密（2nd C. AD.2nd C. AD.）：地心说）：地心说Copernicus: heliocentric hypothesis Copernicus: heliocentric hypothesis 日心说日心说Kepler: 3 KeplerKepler: 3 Kepler’’s lawss laws--lend support to lend support to Copernicus HypothesisCopernicus HypothesisGalileo: invented astronomical telescope, Galileo: invented astronomical telescope, Galileo: invented astronomical telescope, Galileo: invented astronomical telescope, proved heliocentric theory by observation, proved heliocentric theory by observation, the law of inertia, the principle of lever, the law of inertia, the principle of lever, the law of falling bodies.the law of falling bodies.Sir Isaac Newton: the law of universal Sir Isaac Newton: the law of universal gravitation (Nature is governed by laws)gravitation (Nature is governed by laws)
Alexander Pope (Alexander Pope (蒲伯蒲伯) wrote:) wrote:““Nature and NatureNature an
d Nature’’s laws hid in night,s laws hid in night,God said, God said, ‘‘Let Newton be,Let Newton be,’’and all was and all was light.light.””light.light.””宇宙法则，冥冥之中，宇宙法则，冥冥之中，主曰：主曰：““顿来顿来””，万物皆明。，万物皆明。
社会契约论（民约论）社会契约论（民约论）HobbesHobbes：：1.1.Natural state of war: Natural state of war: 狼多肉少狼多肉少https://www.doczj.com/doc/d65721324.html,ws of Nature: the rule of reasonLaws of Nature: the rule of reasonpassion passion war and anarchywar and anarchyreason reason cooperation and peacecooperation and peace3. Social contract: 3. Social contract: 3. Social contract: 3. Social contract: Every person gives up his or her rights to one man Every person gives up his or her rights to one man (sovereign) by (sovereign) by ““an agreementan agreement””;;Powers of sovereign is absolute;Powers of sovereign is absolute;Rebellion is wrong;Rebellion is wrong;Peace is achieved.Peace is achieved.实质：实质：support of monarchysupport of monarchy意义：意义：against against ““divine right of kings.divine right of kings.””君权神授君权神授
J. LockeJ. LockeAgainst divine right of kingsAgainst divine right of kingsAll men are naturally free and equal in the state All men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature (natural rights: survival, selfof nature (natural rights: survival, self--defense, defense, private properties).private properties).Natural law means universally obligatory moral Natural law means universally obligatory moral law, governed by https://www.doczj.com/doc/d65721324.html,w, governed by reason.Social contract:Social contract:Social contract:Social contract:Will of the mojority;Will of the mojority;The ruler of government is one partner of the The ruler of government is one partner of the agreement;agreement;Rebellion is justified;Rebellion is justified;Support of democracy;Support of democracy;意义：意义：theory for Am. Revolutiontheory for Am. Revolution
English RevolutionEnglish Revolutioncauses: causes: growth of capitalism; growth of capitalism; Breakdown of serfdom;Breakdown of serfdom;Puritan movementPuritan movementTime: 1642Time: 1642--1649 (Charles I beheaded; 1649 (Charles I beheaded; Time: 1642Time: 1642--1649 (Charles I beheaded; 1649 (Charles I beheaded; Stuart ended)Stuart ended)Leader: Oliver Cromwell Leader: Oliver Cromwell 克伦威尔克伦威尔Charles II. Restoration: 1658Charles II. Restoration: 16581688: Glorious Revolution (William & Mary)1688: Glorious Revolution (William & Mary)
Glorious Revolution of 1688Glorious Revolution of 168816891689：：Bill of Rights: established Bill of Rights: established supremacy of Parliament (constitutional supremacy of Parliament (constitutional monarchy)monarchy)1.1.legislature: parliamentlegislature: parliament2.2.Taxation: parliamentTaxation: parliament2.
2.Taxation: parliamentTaxation: https://www.doczj.com/doc/d65721324.html,itary: no standing army for kingMilitary: no standing army for king4.4.Religion: no Roman Catholic can be a Religion: no Roman Catholic can be a king. king.
EnlightenmentEnlightenmentAn intellectual movement originating in France in the An intellectual movement originating in France in the 2nd half of the 18th C.2nd half of the 18th C.特点：特点：using critical reason to free mind from prejudice, using critical reason to free mind from prejudice, unexamined authority, and oppression of church or state unexamined authority, and oppression of church or state ––Age of ReasonAge of Reason先驱：先驱：1. J. Locke: materialist theory 1. J. Locke: materialist theory （知识来源于经验，人脑（知识来源于经验，人脑1. J. Locke: materialist theory 1. J. Locke: materialist theory （知识来源于经验，人脑（知识来源于经验，人脑可以认识世界）可以认识世界）2. I. Newton: law of universal gravitation (2. I. Newton: law of universal gravitation (自然是由法则自然是由法则支配的，法则可以被人认识支配的，法则可以被人认识))Belief in: natural law, universal order, human reasonBelief in: natural law, universal order, human reasonProminent figures: Prominent figures: 伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭French Encyclopedia: popularized new kn. and ideas French Encyclopedia: popularized new kn. and ideas
Influences in Various AspectsInfluences in Various AspectsPoliticsPolitics: rationalization of gov. and law : rationalization of gov. and law (separation of powers)(separation of powers)Social contact vs. divine right of kingsSocial contact vs. divine right of kingsIdeologyIdeology: freedom, equality and fraternity : freedom, equality and fraternity vs. feudal privileges; kn. & sci. vs vs. feudal privileges; kn. & sci. vs prejudice & ignorance prejudice & ignorance vs. feudal privileges; kn. & sci. vs vs. feudal privileges; kn. & sci. vs prejudice & ignorance prejudice & ignorance PhilosophyPhilosophy: materialism vs. scholasticism : materialism vs. scholasticism ReligionReligion: Deism vs. Christianity: Deism vs. ChristianityArt & LArt & L.: decorum (.: decorum (规范规范))EconomyEconomy: laissezfaire vs. state : laissezfaire vs. state interference (feudal bondage)interference (feudal bondage)
Historical ContextHistorical Context17001700--1750: peaceful1750: peacefulAfter 1750: full of ideological, political, After 1750: full of ideological, political, social and economic revolutionssocial and economic revolutions1776: American Rev. 1776: American Rev. ––Declaration of Declaration of 1776: American Rev. 1776: American Rev. ––Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence1789: French Rev. 1789: French Rev. ––Declaration of Rights Declaration of Rights of Manof Man1760
1760--1840: English Industrial Rev. 1840: English Industrial Rev. Result: growth of modern capitalismResult: growth of modern capitalism
Romanticism (Romanticism (1818--19th C19th C))Individual freedom and aspirations;Individual freedom and aspirations;Shift from conformist to creative and Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous;adventurous;Giving impetus to national movement;Giving impetus to national movement;Direct contact with Nature for inspiration;Direct contact with Nature for inspiration;Pure sentiment, ideal beautyPure sentiment, ideal beautyPure sentiment, ideal beautyPure sentiment, ideal beautyIn search for subjective, spontaneous, In search for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural;supernatural;Eulogizing idyllic life;Eulogizing idyllic life;Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization;Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization;Return to nature and childlike innocence;Return to nature and childlike innocence;Youth and love.Youth and love.
Beginning: Beginning: Rousseau; Rousseau; Storm and Stress (Storm and Stress (德国狂飚突进运动德国狂飚突进运动))Corruption of capitalist societyCorruption of capitalist societyPollution of nature after Industrial Pollution of nature after Industrial Pollution of nature after Industrial Pollution of nature after Industrial RevolutionRevolutionCriticism of classicism: failing to express Criticism of classicism: failing to express manman’’s emotional nature and overlooking s emotional nature and overlooking manman’’s profound inner force.s profound inner force.
Active and Passive RomanticismActive and Passive Romanticism1. Passive Romanticists:1. Passive Romanticists:Representative: The LakersRepresentative: The LakersWordsworth Wordsworth 沃兹华斯沃兹华斯Coleridge Coleridge 科勒律治科勒律治SoutheySouthey：骚塞：骚塞SoutheySouthey：骚塞：骚塞Characteristics:Characteristics:Return to natureReturn to natureUnrelated to national liberation Unrelated to national liberation movements.movements.
2. Active Romanticists:2. Active Romanticists:Representatives:Representatives:ByronByronShelleyShelleyKeatsKeatsCharacteristics:Characteristics:Showing sympathy to national liberation Showing sympathy to national liberation movements, active participation movements, active participation
Transcendentalism Transcendentalism 超验主义超验主义American Romanticism: American Romanticism: Representatives: The Walton Representatives: The Walton Amerson Amerson 爱莫生爱莫生Thoureau Thoureau 梭罗梭罗Thoureau Thoureau 梭罗梭罗
““For standing on the PersiansFor standing on the Persians’’grave;grave;I could not deem myself a slave.I could not deem myself a slave.””--Byron: Byron: ““Isles of GreeceIsles of Greece””脚踩波斯人的坟地；脚踩波斯人的坟地；就不能想象自己是奴隶。就不能想象自己是奴隶。就
不能想象自己是奴隶。就不能想象自己是奴隶。因为屹立在波斯人坟上；因为屹立在波斯人坟上；不能想象自己有奴隶相。不能想象自己有奴隶相。
Realism (Realism (19th C19th C))Focus on fidelity to actual experience Focus on fidelity to actual experience (reality);(reality);Truthful representation of Truthful representation of Truthful representation of Truthful representation of contemporary life;contemporary life;To expose and criticize social evils;To expose and criticize social evils;Characterization as center of novel. Characterization as center of novel.
Musical EnlightenmentMusical EnlightenmentBy early 18th C., music was completely By early 18th C., music was completely rationalized;rationalized;Representatives: Bach, HandelRepresentatives: Bach, HandelGeneral basis of their work is counterpoint, General basis of their work is counterpoint, which is based on physical laws;which is based on physical laws;which is based on physical laws;which is based on physical laws;Scientific principles of music composition;Scientific principles of music composition;Standardized styles: opera, sonata, Standardized styles: opera, sonata, concerto, cantata, etc.concerto, cantata, etc.
Music in classical periodMusic in classical periodRepresentatives: Haydn, Mozart;Representatives: Haydn, Mozart;特点：特点：The new science of aesthetics reached The new science of aesthetics reached independent status;independent status;Emergence of instrumental music as the primary Emergence of instrumental music as the primary mode of expression;mode of expression;mode of expression;mode of expression;The modern piano and orchestra appeared;The modern piano and orchestra appeared;Sonata for solo instrument or orchestra occupied Sonata for solo instrument or orchestra occupied the position of opera;the position of opera;Continuous evolution of the structure of Continuous evolution of the structure of instrumental form and style.instrumental form and style.