当前位置:文档之家› 专业英语翻译好的材料

专业英语翻译好的材料

专业英语翻译好的材料
专业英语翻译好的材料

1、Introduction

Lights, which are popular in a very interesting game on the Internet in recent years, are defined as follows: In an n × n grid board, every square have two states: white (open) and black (closed). When you click on any one of these squares with the mouse, the box and all its adjacent boxes change states. Namely, the black boxes become the white boxes. At the edge of the board, the box can`t have the four adjacent boxes. Therefore, we only consider those existed boxes.

using the method of algebra and mathematical modeling to give the mathematical modeling, based on the linear equations of finite field, Zhou Hao gave all the solutions for the case of n=5.Furthermore, he used the "Classification" method of algebra to give the intuitive description of four equivalence classes of the game so that the players can immediately determine which type the “mess ” is.

Of course, before Zhou Hao, scholars added the control vector for a problem of PRG game on a similar light and analyzed and proved the problem by a mathematical model. After that, researchers made general promotion for a control problem in the RPG game and give a more comprehensive solution.

Furthermore, some foreign scholars used the dynamic programming methods to prove a variety of matrix reconstruction problems and also proved some complex results on reconstructing neighborhood binary matrix.

The mathematical knowledge that Zhou Hao use to build the model on the control state issues of lights is relatively complicated. After that, scholars made general promotion for the Zhou Hao’s mathematical model in order to be accepted. However, if the control variable is larger, solving the effective matrix “Q” and the

combination “0s +1s =r r Q x Q x Q x ++?+? 2211” is more complicated. It’s wise to

use the program or mathematical Software such as Mathematic. 2、The light issue when n=9

For the above defined rules of the game, we study the following two issues:

When n=9, the board's initial state is a mess: part of the boxes is white and part of

the boxes is black. If you continue to click on it, whether there is a way to make the mess eventually become completely white or completely black.

Such light issues are control issues. Because light only have opened or closed states, we can make the definition such as binary vector to study the issue, and ultimately translate it into the existence of linear equations on a limited domain.

Under the conditions of the Known n n ? grid checkerboard’s initial state vector 0s , the terminated state vector 1s and the initial control matrix A., whether we can attribute the feasible method of Judgment which transforms 0s into 1s to the existence of solutions of equations over finite fields 2F by clicking on the grid: whether there is i x which beyond

2F (l i ,....,3,2,1=) to make the equation 11

02

)(s a x s n i i i =?+∑=become true. If there is i x

which beyond 2F , we can transforms 0s into 1s by clicking on the grid. However, If there isn’t i x which beyond 2F , we can ’t transforms 0s into 1s by clicking on the grid .

In order to solve the variable i x of the equation 11

02

)(s a x

s n i i i

=?+

∑=, We transform it

into a matrix equation form. Namely, we solve the variable x of the equation 01s s x A += in

which A is equal to ????

??

? ??221n a a a .

In Figure 1, the initial state vector of the window is represented by 0s . Therefore,

s is equal

to

,

)1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1(T

The terminated state vector of the window is represented by 1s . Therefore, 1s is

equal to

,

)1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1(T

We can list the equation 0181812211s s a x a x a x a x i i +=?+???+?+???+?+?

in

which

1

s +

s is equal

to

,

)0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,

0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,01,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0(T

The coefficient matrix A is ??????????????? ?

?H E

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H

??????????????? ??=1111111111111111111111111H ????

?

??

??

?

?????

??=111111111E

By the elementary row transformation, we can obtain the equation

?????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????

?987654321I I I I I I I I I H E

O

O

O

O

O

O

O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H

?????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????

?12345678923456789I N N N N N N N N H E

O

O O O O O O P O

E O O O O O

O P O O E O O O O O P O O O E O O O O P O O O O E O O O P O O O O O E O O P O O O O O O E O P O O O O O O O E P O O O O O O O O ,T I )0,1,1,1,1,1,1,10(1,

=T I )1,0,0,0,0,0,0,01(,2,=,T I )1,0,1,0,0,1,0,01(3,=, T I )1,1,1,1,1,1,1,01(4,=,T I )1,0,1,0,0,0,0,01(5,=T I )1,0,0,0,1,1,1,01(,6,=, T I )1,0,0,0,0,1,0,01(7,=,T I )1,0,0,0,0,0,0,01(8,=,T I )0,1,1,1,1,1,1,10(9,= .

So the original equation 0181812211s s a x a x a x a x i i +=?+???+?+???+?+? can

be

written

in

the

form

below

)91(,919293949596979899876543299876543219≤≤????????????

??

?

??=???

??

?

?

???

?

??

?? ??=??????????????? ?????????????????

?

?--------i x x x x x x x x x X I I I I I I I I N X X X X X X X X X H E

O

O

O

O

O

O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E O O O O O O O E H E P O O O O O O O

O i i i i i i i i i i ,其中 Through a

direct

derivation,

we

can

obtain

the

equation

.

2,

21n k P P H P k k k ≤≤+=--.1,

110

n k I P N i k i i k ≤≤=--=∑

Therefore, 98322119I P I P I P I N ++++= =T

)1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1(

Through the mentioned above, we can obtain the equation 999N X P = And also can solve the equation: 9X =T x x x x x x x x ),,,,(8078767481797775+++

9

X `Particular

solution is

T T x x x x x x x x x X )0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1(),,,,,,,,(8180797877767574739==

Similarly, we can obtain the equation

T X )0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1(8=T X )0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1(7=T X )1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1(6= T X )0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0(5=T X )0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0(4=T X )1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0(3=

T X )1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0(2=T X )0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1(1=

So

we

can

find

a

particular

solution:

of

the

equations:

T x )0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,10,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1(= Now we can find all eight linearly independent solutions of the equation

8181=?x A .the

original

equations

can

be

turned

into

the

form:

?????????????

???????????????=???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?12345678998765432123456789I N N N N N N N N X X X X X X X X X H E

O O O O O O O P O

E

O

O

O

O

O

O P O O E O O O O O P O O O E O O O O P O O O O E O O O P O O O O O E O O P O O O O O O E O P O O O O O O O E P O O O O O O O O Through solving the equation, we can obtain the fundamental System of

Solutions:

基础解系

1X .)0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1(;)0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0(;)1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0(;)0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1(;)0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0(;)1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0(;)0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0(T

T T T T T T T

2X .

)1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1(;)0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1(;)1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0(;)1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1(;)0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1(;)1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1(;)1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1(;)1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0(T

T T T T T T T

3X

.

)1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1(;)0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0(;)0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0(;)0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0(;)1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1(;)0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0(T

T

T

T

T T T T

4X .

)0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0(;)1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0(;)1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0(;)0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1(;)1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1(;)1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1(;)0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1(T

T

T

T

T T T T

5X

.

)0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0(;)0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0(;)0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0(;)1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1(;)0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0(;)0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0(;)0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0(T

T

T

T

T T T T

6X .

)0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0(;)1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0(;)1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0(;)1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0(;)0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0(;)0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1(;)0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1(;)0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1(T

T

T

T

T T T T

7X .)1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1(;)0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0(;)1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1(;)0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0(;)0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1(;)0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0(;)0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0(;)0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0(T

T

T

T

T T T T

8X

.

)1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1(;)1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1(;)0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1(;)0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0(;)0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0(;)0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1(;)0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1(T

T

T

T

T T T T

9X

.

)1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1(;)0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1(;)0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0(;)0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1(;)0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0(;)0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1(;)0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0(T

T

T

T

T T T T

3、the classification of the board of the ninth order

Similar to the board of the fifth order, the relation of j f (1≤j ≤81)and i V (1≤i ≤56) is the

chart below:

k f 所属集合

k 所属集合

k f 所属集合

k 所属集合

k f 所属集合

k 所属集合

1V

1U ={41} 20V 20U ={63} 39V 39U ={12,28} 2V 2U ={74} 21V

21U ={72} 40V 40U ={40,42} 3V 3U ={75} 22V 22U ={44,66} 41V

41U ={33,65} 4V 4U ={56,76} 23V 23U ={8} 42V 42U ={15} 5V 5U ={5,37,45,77} 24V 24U ={4,20} 43V 43U ={25,73} 6V 6U ={62,78} 25V 25U ={6,26} 44V 44U ={16,36} 7V 7U ={79} 26V 26U ={29} 45V 45U ={52} 8V 8U ={80} 27V 27U ={67} 46V 46U ={53} 9V 9U ={21,81} 28V 28U ={39,43} 47V 47U ={47} 10V 10U ={22} 29V 29U ={27} 48V 48U ={34} 11V 11U ={58} 30V 30U ={9,57} 49V 49U ={32,50} 12V 12U ={3} 31V

31U ={14,68} 50V 50U ={64} 13V 13U ={23,59} 32V 32U ={2} 51V

51U ={11,51} 14V 14U ={19} 33V

33U ={69} 52V 52U ={10} 15V 15U ={38,44} 34V 34U ={55} 53V

53U ={17,49} 16V 16U ={60} 35V 35U ={54,70} 54V 54U ={18} 17V 17U ={7} 36V 36U ={48} 55V 55U ={30} 18V

18U ={1,61}

37V

37U ={31,71}

56V

56U ={35}

19V

19U ={24}

38V

38U ={13}

This gives a partition of set V: V =

i i V ?

∈}

4,3,2,1{ and =≠?j i V V j i ,?. So we can derive the

general rules of every specific element i V )561(≤≤k . The chart3 give a case

表3

Here the value of 1m have no impact on t. we can give the general rules of every

specific element i S )561(≤≤k .

金属材料专业英语(带音标)

金属材料专业英语 材料科学 材料科学定义 [m???'] 加工性能 .[?θ] 强度 & .[k?'r????n] &['?] .[ '?r?'b?l?t?] 抗腐蚀及耐用金属特性 , & 抗敏感及环境保护[?'l??] 化学元素'?] 元素的原子序数 原子及固体物质 原子的组织图['k?] 周期表[?'?]. 周期的;定期的 原子键结合 金属与合金['?l?i, ?'l?i] & 铁及非铁金属['?s]. [化]亚铁的;铁的,含铁的金属的特性 晶体结构['?l]n. 水晶;结晶,晶体;水晶饰品 . 水晶的;透明的,清澈的 , & 晶体结构,定向格子及单位晶格['l?]n. 格子;格架;晶格 . 使成格子状

X – X线结晶分析法[,?n?'?l] 金属结晶格子 点阵常数 's 米勒指数 金相及相律 固熔体 置换固熔体[?:??n?l] 间隙固熔体[?'??l]n. 填隙原子;节间 . 间质的;空隙的;填隙的 金属间化合物[?'t?]['k?, k?m']. 混合;合成;和解妥协;搀合 . 妥协;和解 n. 化合物;复合词;混合物 . 复合的;混合的 转变 转变点 磁性转变[m?ɡ'] 同素转变[m?ɡ']. [化]同素异形的 热平衡['θ??l]. 热的,热量的 n. 上升暖气流. 热的,热量的['?m] 自由度 临界温度

共晶[:']n. 共熔合金 . 共熔的;容易溶解的 [’] 包晶温度 包晶反应 包晶合金 亚共晶体[?']n. 低级低共熔体. 亚共晶的 过共晶体 金属塑性[?:'??n]n. 变形 滑动面 畸变['t?:??n] 硬化 退火 回复柔软 再结晶[?'??n] & 金属材料的性能及试验化学性能['?p?] 物理性能 磁性['m?ɡ?m] & 比电阻 & 比重 比热

翻译基本理论知识

翻译概述(1) 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动,是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠:"漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司,1985,p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"(谭载喜:《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司,1984,p.10)。翻译虽为个体所承作,却是一种社会活动,一门综合性很强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言,翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力,已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系,并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步,这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言,翻译是人类社会活动的产物,具有很强的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的;翻译理论产生于翻译实践,反过来又指导实践,实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说,没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生;没有翻译理论作为指导,翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此,学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习,又要加强翻译实践;理论联系实际,这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要,因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通,而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner和张培基所说的那样:Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思想,促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段,

翻译资料英语

FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1

专业英语课文翻译

United 1 材料科学与工程 材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。如交通、房子、衣物,通讯、娱乐和食物的生产,实际上,我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。实际上,早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名,如石器时代,铜器时代。早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料,如石头、木材、粘土等。渐渐地,他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料,这些新材料包括陶器和金属。进一步地,人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。在这点上,材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。也就是说,在一系列非常有限的材料中,根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。因此,成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。比如,没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。在现代,复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件. 材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。严格地说,材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说,材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料,而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系,和/或发展材料加工新技术。多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。简单地说,材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平上,结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。在更大的结构领域上,其包括大的原子团,这些原子团通常聚集在一起,称为“微观”结构,意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。最后,结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。 “Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。在使用中,所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。比如,材料受到力作用会引起形变,或者抛光金属表面会反射光。材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。通常,材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。对于每一种性质,其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能 力。如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关,包括弹性和强度。对于电性能,如电导性和介电系数,特定的刺激物是电场。固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。磁学性质

专业知识与翻译

PPT: 第二页: When you have already acquired a good ability in translation, it’s important for you to storage professional knowledge in mind as more as possible. 1.In financial field: when it comes to 供给and 需求,we say supply and demand in stead of provision and need。 第三页 2.After this week’s disappointing economic figures, China’s central bank said Saturday that it would reduce the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves. If you have some specific professional knowledge, you know what does“the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves”mean the moment you see the expression. It means“存款准备金”which is given to the central bank by commercial bank. 3.. The financial futures and options markets which now encircle the globe have risk as their keynote. How to translate “financial futures”and “options markets”? It means “期货”and “期权”。So it can be translated into“金融期货与期权是目前全球范围内最具冒险性的金融衍生产品”。 第四页:with the development of science and technology , more and more materials concerning science and technology are required to be translated, which puts a high demand on us translators. 1. For example, in scientific and technological area: bedplate has a lot of meanings,such as“底座”、“机座”、“座板”、“底板” 在Cylinder block and bedplate are made of cast-iron.(气缸体和底座均由铸铁制成)句中,we translate “bedplate”to“底座”,it is because in diesel engine,“bedplate”means“底座”或“机座”,not“底板”。However,this sentence: The frame may or may not be provided with a bedplate.(机座可连同底板供应,也可不带底板),“bedplate”should be translated into “底板”,because底板is a part of electrical machine. 2. In scientific English, different words may have the same meaning. In radio technology, vacuum tube,electron tube名称不同,实际上是同一件东西,如果不知道这一点,而是分别译为“真空管”和“电子管”,译文势必引起混乱。又如比较常见的“AC generator”和“ahemator”都指交流发电机。

材料英语翻译

①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于(取决于)它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起,材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端,材料工程在应用知识端,两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构,即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时,电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关,特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子,产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。

材料科学与工程专业英语1(18单元课后翻译答案)-

材料科学与工程专业英语1(18单元课后翻译答案)- 目睹了我们的生活通过发生在医药、电信和交通运输行业的革命得到了重塑。8 .世界上80%的人口缺乏安全饮用水,近40%的人口没有卫生设施。9 .材料和社会是相互联系的,我们应该看到微型企业研究议程和影响人类状况的社会问题之间的密切关系,这是合理的。从化学角度来看,金属是一种容易失去电子形成正离子的元素,正离子与其他金原子形成金属键。2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。3.只有当原子间的键断裂时,带有共价键的晶体才会变形,导致晶体断裂。4.合金,尤其是那些满足更高应用要求的合金,如喷气发动机,可能含有十多种元素。5.离域电子电子结构碱土金属化学电池核电荷电导率。金属有时被描述为被离域电子云包围的正离子晶格。7 .金属通常具有优异的导电性和导热性、高密度和在应力下变形而不裂开的能力。8 .合金是两种或多种元素在固溶体中的混合物,其中主要成分是金属。9 .将不同比例的金属结合在一起作为 超级合金的发展严重依赖于化学和加工创新,主要由航空和能源行业推动。2.抗蠕变性主要取决于晶体结构中位错速度的减缓。3.高温合金加工技术的发展大大提高了高温合金的工作温度。4.单晶高温合金是采用改进的定向凝固技术形成的,因此材料中没有晶界。5.面心立方晶体结构涡轮入口温度金属材料相稳定性核反应堆纳米粒子的合成。超级合金通常具有悬浮面心立方晶体结构。7 .在需要高温强度和腐蚀/氧化的地方使用超级合金 电阻。8 .超级合金广泛用于航空潜艇、核反应堆和军用电动机。9 .

在高温下,气态明矾腐蚀过程本质上是一个电化学过程,具有与电池相同的基本特性。2.从矿物中提取金属所需的能量问题与随后的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。3.当电子与中和的正离子(如电解质中的氢离子)反应时,阴极的电子必须平衡。4.保护膜电路自由电子转移金属阳离子阳极反应5。一些金属如金和银可以 在地球上以天然金属状态存在,它们几乎不容易腐蚀。6 .氧化是从原子中剥离电子的过程,当电子被加到原子中时,就会发生还原。7 .如果表面变湿,腐蚀可能通过阳极和阴极之间的表面水层中的离子交换发生。8 .腐蚀通常根据腐蚀的外观进行分类 我们必须观察(研究)这些特性,看它们如何与我们期望的陶瓷成分相匹配。2.在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下,玻璃不再具有脆性行为,而是显示出粘性液体。3.它们表现出优异的机械性能、抗腐蚀/抗氧化性能或电、光或磁性能。人们普遍认为,先进陶瓷的发展只是在最近100年,而传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年。5.玻璃转变温度离子共价键热膨胀应力分布系数玻璃光纤材料科学与工程固体氧化物燃料电池电子显微镜。被归类为陶瓷的金刚石的热导率是所有已知材料中最高的。7 .陶瓷的压缩强度比拉伸强度大,而金属的拉伸强度和压缩强度相当。8 .陶瓷的韧性通常较低,尽管将其结合在复合材料中可以显著提高其韧性 提高这一性能。9 .陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学成分和微观结构,这决定了它们的合适性。材料科学和工程领域通常是根据四个主要方面——合成和加工、结构和组成、性能和性能——之间的相互关

材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案

材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】

UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象,交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐(recreation)和食品生产,事实上(virtually),我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上,社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切(intimately)相关,事实上,早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的(石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代)。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用(access)了非常有限数量的材料,比如自然的石头、木头、粘土(clay)、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展,通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷(pottery)以及各种各样的金属,而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时,材料的应用(utilization)完全就是一个选择的过程,也就是说,在一系列有限的材料中,根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料,直到最近的时间内,科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得,使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此,为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会,成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来,包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展,使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆,例如:如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材,或者没有其他可以替代(substitute)的东西,汽车就不可能被生产,在现代、复杂的(sophisticated)电子设备依赖于半导体(semiconducting)材料四、有时,将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科(subdiscipline)是非常有用的,严格的来说,材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系,与此相反,材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系,来设计和生产具有预定性

翻译基础知识

翻译基础知识 一、翻译的分类 1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质,可分为语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation)、语符翻译(inersemiotic translation)。 2.按翻译主体的性质,可分为人工翻译、机器翻译(Machine Translation)两类。 3.按翻译的工具和成品形式,可分为口译和笔译。 4.按翻译的客体,亦即所译资料的性质,可分为文学翻译(literal translation)和实用翻译(pragmatic translation)。 二、译家译论 1.支谦:在三国时期,支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨,不加文饰”的译经原则。 2.道安:晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出,“案本而传,不令有损言游字;时改倒句, 余尽实录。”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多,最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。其意思是,翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目,有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的,因此必须慎之又慎。 3.彦琮:北朝末年及隋初,彦琮著《辨证论》,它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论,他主张译经 “宁贵朴而近理,不用巧而背源”。可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。 4.玄奘:唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是:“既须求真,又须喻俗”。“求真”即追求准确,要力求“忠 实原作”,这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。同时必须“喻俗”,亦即使群众理解,这就是说要“通顺”。玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。 5.马建忠:清末,马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说:“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之 文字,深嗜笃好,字栉句比,以考彼此文字孳生之源,同异之故。所有当相之实义,委曲推究,务审其声音之高下,析其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理精深奥折之所由然。” 6.林纾:林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情,译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵 相交流。 7.鲁迅:鲁迅在《且介亭杂文二集》里说:“凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一 则保存着原作得丰姿”。也就是说既要通顺,又要忠实。所谓忠实,是指内容上的“信”;所谓通顺,是指表达上的“顺”。 8.茅盾:文学翻译的目标是“艺术创造性翻译”——用一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使 读者读译文时能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。 9.钱钟书:“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’,把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语文 习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译,比为原作的‘投胎转世’,躯壳换了一个,而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说,译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本,因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。” 10.傅雷:“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似。”“两国文字词类的不 同,句法构造的不同,文法与习惯的不同,修辞格律的不同,俗语的不同,即反映民族思想方式的不同,感觉深浅的不同,观点角度的不同,风俗传统信仰的不同,社会背景的不同,表现方法的不同。以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点,必须像伯乐相马,要“得其精而忘其粗,在其内而忘其外”。而即使最优秀的译文,其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离,过则求其勿太过,不及则求其勿过于不及。”

英文翻译材料

债权人(商业银行)视角的企业经营业绩评价体系设计框架 ———基于工业工程理论 严化川 (东南大学,江苏南京210000,中信银行南京分行,江苏南京210000) 摘要:每个企业都是一个复杂的、有生命力和连续变化的“社会—技术”系统。系统本身与周围环境有着物质和能量的交换。在公司进行财务活动的过程当中,最为典型的“物质和能量”交换便是现金的交换。现金的流动带动了公司相关的供应链和价值链的正常运转。公司的筹资、投资和股利分配三大理财活动构成企业现金交换的完整过程。作为企业融资的主要提供者的商业银行,面对为数众多的数额巨大的资金需求者,深刻感到单纯以企业个体信誉或对企业状况的主观判断和经验估测作为贷款的依据,必然身陷泥潭,血本无归。因此债权人(商业银行)必须对企业经营业绩进行自主的评价。本文基于工业工程理论,对债权人(商业银行)视角的企业经营业绩评价体系设计框架进行浅析,以期基于此框架所设计的企业经营业绩评价体系能够帮助债权人实现维护自身利益的目标。 关键词: 中图分类号:F832 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-4428(2009)08-71-03 企业业绩的测试、评价与改进,是组织系统管理的重要组成部分。作为企业融资的主要提供者的商业银行,面对为数众多的数额巨大的资金需求者,深刻感到单纯以企业个体信誉或对企业状况的主观判断和经验估测作为贷款的依据,必然身陷泥潭,血本无归。因此债权人(商业银行)必须对企业经营业绩进行自主的评价,并且作为企业业绩的评价主体,必须基于自己的视角构建企业经营业绩评价体系,以满足自身对企业经营业绩评价的需求。 基于债权人视角的企业经营业绩评价体系的框架结构应当由评价理念、评价程序、评价方法和评价指标共同构成,它是商业银行以防范信用风险和操作风险为目标的内控制度的重要环节。 一、确立正确的评价理念 管理首先是一种理念,管理的实践是一项系统工程,管理是在一定的理念指导下为了实现现实目标的系统工程。 评价理念是指导企业经营业绩评价的基本原则,是整个评价体系运行的前提。根据工业工程的基本原理,我们应当确立系统变异的观点,从全局\ 整体系统思考的观点,以及价值定向的观点。 (一)系统或过程/流程变异的观点 分析和掌握系统或过程/流程变异的观点是工业工程建立有效的测量系统的重要出发点。 设计企业经营业绩评价体系,需要考虑组织背景对企业经营业绩评价的影响。这里所说的组织背景是指企业的生产经营活动所面临的外部环境和内部环境,包括外部环境、技术、组织战略、组织结构、规模、文化等变量。 工业工程理论提出:企业是一个复杂的,有生命,连续变化,“今天和昨天不一样”的大系统,具有时变的动态特征。近些年来,经济全球化使企业变得更加复杂化和动态化,企业面对市场变化、竞争规则、经济、市场和资源条件都同已有的经验极不同,企业面临着日益增大的商务风险,并且这种风险还处在不断变化当中。 因而在设计企业业绩评价体系时,我们必须按照工业工程所指出的那样,利用数据统计方法和量化分析掌握系统或过程/流程的变异,了解变异的本质,并对之实施管理控制。鉴于了解工作性能/业绩方面统计思考起着更加关键的作用,我们应当按照以下要点进行统计思考: 1、所有的工作都是相互关联的过程或流程的一部分。 2、变化(变异或变差)总是存在于每个过程/流程中。 3、85%以上的问题是过程流程变化造成的。 4、过程决策必须建立在合适的过程数据基础上。 (二)从全局/整体进行系统思考的观点

材料科学与工程专业英语 短句词汇翻译 前10课

Unit1: 交叉学科interdiscipline 介电常数dielectric constant 固体性质solid materials 热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electro-magnetic radiation 材料加工processing of materials 弹性模量(模数)elastic coefficient 1.直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties . 2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Material engineering mainly to solve the problem and create material application. 3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构,同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process is not only to de structure and decided that the material characteristic and performance. 4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Material mechanical properties with the extemal force or in de deformation of the load. Unit2: 先进材料advanced material 陶瓷材料ceramic material 粘土矿物clay minerals 高性能材料high performance material 合金metal alloys 移植implant to 玻璃纤维glass fiber 碳纳米管carbon nanotub 1、金属元素有许多有利电子,金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons,many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. 2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物,并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures. 3、半导体材料的典型特征介于导体材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors ( viz. metals and metal alloys ) and insulators ( viz. ceramics and polymers ). 4、生物材料不能产生毒性,并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues. Unit3: 微观结构microstructure 宏观结构macrostructure 化学反应chemical reaction 原子量atomic 电荷平衡balanced electrical charge 带正电子的原子核positively charge nucleu 1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属,成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings.

英语翻译基础知识教育测试题目50

To strengthen the grass-roots Party branch secretary of the ability to perform their duties to promote agricultural modernization Author: Jiang Qin Abstract: the realization of the modernization of Chinese agriculture, is the Chinese Communist Party has always advocated, but also the historical responsibility of the Party branch secretary. Security of China's agricultural modernization to promote better and faster, improve the grass-roots Party branch secretary duties ability is particularly important. This paper will analyze the connotation and basic characteristics of agricultural modernization, and the concrete measures to promote agricultural modernization. Key words: grass roots; Party branch secretary; agricultural modernization Text: The key agricultural modernization is an important content of the modernization of, is the foundation of the modernization, but also solve the problems of Chinese farmers. With the continuous development of our country's economic level, the speed of the modernization process, China's agriculture is facing a new situation and new tasks. Strengthen basic level Party branch secretary of the ability to perform their duties, to solve the problem of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, the agriculture as the most important work of the whole Party and speed up the process of building a new socialist countryside, promoting agricultural modernization. The connotation and characteristics of agricultural modernization. (a) the connotation of agricultural modernization. Refers to the modernization of agriculture from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture transformation process, is the unity of modern intensive agriculture and high commodity agriculture development process. People's understanding of agricultural modernization is different, and it forms a broad and narrow understanding of agricultural modernization. Agricultural modernization in the narrow sense refers only to the changes in the agricultural production technology, and the generalized agricultural modernization includes the coordination of the relationship between the workers and peasants and the modernization of the agricultural economic system and management organization. Correctly understand the connotation of modern agriculture, strengthen basic level Party branch

材料科学基础专有名词英文翻译

Fundamentals of Materials Science 材料科学基础名词与术语 第一章绪论 metal: 金属 ceramic: 陶瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: 生物材料 Processing: 加工过程 Structure: 组织结构 Properties: 性质 Performance: 使用性能 Mechanical properties: 力学性能 Electrical properties: 电性能 Thermal behavior: 热性能 Magnetic properties: 磁性能 Optical properties: 光性能 Deteriorative characteristics: 老 化特性 第二章原子结构与原子键 Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单位 Atomic number: 原子数 Atomic weight: 原子量 Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能 Coulombic force: 库仑力 Covalent bond: 共价键 Dipole (electric): 偶极子electronic configuration: 电子构型electron state: 电位 Electronegative: 负电的 Electropositive: 正电的 Ground state: 基态 Hydrogen bond: 氢键 Ionic bond: 离子键 Isotope: 同位素 Metallic bond: 金属键 Mole: 摩尔 Molecule: 分子 Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相 容原理 Periodic table: 元素周期表 Polar molecule: 极性分子 Primary bonding: 强键 Quantum mechanics: 量子力学 Quantum number: 量子数 Secondary bonding: 弱键 valence electron: 价电子 van der waals bond: 范德华键 Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象 性模型 第三章金属与陶瓷的结构 Allotropy: 同素异形现象 Amorphous: 无定形 Anion: 阴离子 Anisotropy: 各向异性 atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构Bragg’s law: 布拉格定律 Cation: 阳离子 coordination number: 配位数 crystal structure: 晶体结构 crystal system: 晶系 crystalline: 晶体的 diffraction: 衍射 face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构第五章晶体缺陷 Alloy: 合金 A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements. 由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。 Weight percent (wt%):质量百分数 Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass). Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物 For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula. 在离子化合物中,正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。 Imperfection: 缺陷,不完整性 A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity. 对完美性的偏离,在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子/分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。 Point defect: 点缺陷 A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites. 一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。 Vacancy: 空位 A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing. 一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。 Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档