第一类广告/媒体/艺术/文化/旅游
社会话题的主题句角度
经济
人文与自然
个人
常用思路（Common Points）
正面
应用实例：It is commonly believed that traditional arts which have been evolved into a profitable industry can help generate enormous
cultures. Therefore, those endangered traditional arts can be saved and widely spread. It is beneficial to a sustainable society on the
应用实例：Finally, the traditional arts can definitely add colors to the public lives for the main reason that they are unique and diverse. For example, people can go to enjoy those artistic performances not only for relaxation, but also for appreciation.
负面：
政府类题目是综合题。比如：政府和科技；政府和旅游；政府和文化；政府和教育等总体思路：1) 政府承担主要责任，其他方承担次要责任。
2) 政府在某方面承担责任的做法利大于弊。
3）政府在投资方面，首先关注民生，其次才是其他方面比如艺术。
常用思路（Common Points）
正面
反面
第三类科技类（必看）科技类也属于综合题。如: 科技和文化/科技和媒体/科技和环境/科技和教育/科技和工作Technophiles(技术支持者) :科技利大于弊
Technophobes (技术反对者) ：科技弊大于利
个人的写作经验是：technophobes 的观点是最常用的。
常用思路
正面：
经济角度和科技角度的内容不是所有的题目都能用！
2.为什么没有环保或动保，即使已经意识到这个问题？如何解决这个问题？
3.和科技结合，问通过哪些方式可以保护环境或保护动物？
4.哪些方式破坏了环境和扼杀了动物？
常用思路
正面：适用于“为什么要保护环境或动物”的题目
第五类国际事务
1．经济现象：进口食品/廉价的消费品/经济的发展是否是衡量一个国家成功的标志/二十一世纪取得了哪些成就，还有哪些方面亟待解决。
2．国际合作：针对国际贸易/环境保护/文化交流/慈善/国际组织/国际援助通用思路
正面
常用思路：正面
第七类犯罪
第一种：犯罪分子的改造方式：关押还是别的惩罚方式？这类文章的主题思路是：关押为主，别的惩罚方式为辅！
第二种：报告类：
1. 犯罪率高的原因和方案
A．经济原因：With the increasing cost of living, more people fail to support themselves or even their families with their poor salaries. Based on this point, some of them are forced to conduct misdeeds or even offend laws with the aim of meeting their own physical needs.
解决方案：
The authorities have to improve the public welfare and alleviate their economic pressure in various aspects. For example, tax rebate is widely accepted because it can bring about more benefits for common people, especially low-income groups.
B. 社会原因：There is an uneven distribution of social wealth in the community so this awful phenomenon has triggered a series of anti-social behaviors including riots and unrest.
方案
The government should take effective measures to reduce the gap between the rich and poor for the main reason that common people all hope to live in a welfare state without inequality and poverty. For example, proportionate taxes have to be levied on high-income groups whereas those revenues can be allocated to the poor. Thus, a balanced distribution of social wealth can be stricken.
C. 个人原因：Currently, egoism has been prevalent across the world so a lot of indecisive individuals are badly affected by it. Specifically, modern people tend to get selfish and greedy, which causes them to spoil others interests to achieve their own purposes. Corr uption is an illustration of this point.
方案：
Moral education has to be massively promoted in school, which will be helpful to those youngsters to access what is right and wrong from
a young age. Only if so will their personality be shaped and their behaviors be disciplined.
2.二次犯罪率高的原因和方案
A. 经济
B．社会
C．个人
3. 青少年犯罪的原因和方案
A．家庭教育
B．学校教育
C．社会影响
4．社会是否应该基于法制？（该题可以借鉴第六类的主题词。）
常用思路
女性/ 老年人/儿童/动物
对于女性的题目，总体观点是：应该确保女性的权利。Feminism// feminists
Men and women are equal.
Sexual harassment
Domestic violence
Sex Discrimination Act
写这类题目的时候，主题句思路重点是从女性个人的性格和特长去写！
关于女性方面的词汇
正面
1.Women are more humane than their male counterparts so they will lead their people to peace and stability if they are elected to
be national leaders. In other words, they are friendly.
2.Females are inborn communicative and sociable. In this case, they prefer to negotiate with others rather than to stir up conflicts
when they are in difficulty.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d35401447.html,pared with men, women are more patient with their work. Those women excel in clerical work.
4.It is proven that women are eminent in arts so that is the reason why in school more girl students are enroll ed in art subjects.
5.Women should enjoy the same right of…as their male counterparts.
6.As a part of the society, females have to undertake the same responsibility for all.
负面
1.They are considered emotional and indecisive when in trouble.
2.They tend to get irrational or impulsive.
3.They are inborn physically weak so they may fail to be competent for tough work.
老年人的题目：总体思路是一定要尊敬老年人。主题句角度可以从经济/社会/个人。
关于老年人的生存状况
The elderly are isolated away from real situations because they get retired from their work.
They are too physically weak to take a job.
They are in need of both financial and psychological support from authorities and children.
They have made considerable contribution to their community since they were young so it is of necessity for the go vernment to provide them with more pensions.
When they get retired, their young generation can get more job opportunities or even promotions than before.
The old always feel alienated and lonely so it is inevitable for children to focus more on them.
Youngsters are less sophisticated than their elderly counterparts so they are motivated to learn a lot from them.
It is a sort of virtue for a country to show respect and recognition to senior citizens.
Frequent communication between the old and young can bridge their gap.
第九类儿童教育/家庭教育
总体思路：儿童应该得到家长或老师的及时指引和监督。其中家长的作用是第一位的；老师起着辅助的作用。对于儿童教育的方法来说，传统的方式起第一位的作用，新方式起辅助的作用。最后，要想让儿童成为全面发展的人才，那么就必须让他们接受：社会，学习，心理和健康教育。
主题句角度：
社会能力和工作能力
学校表现和学习能力
心理健康
身体健康
常用思路
正面
负面：
公文写作规范 为了加强对外公文写作得管理,进一步规范中心公文写作,特制定本规定。 一、公文写作排版 (一）标题:正文标题用小标宋体字2号,遇标题过长需换行可按“长、短、长”或“正(倒)宝塔形”排版;一级标题“一、”用黑体字3号;二级标题“（一)”用楷体字３号加粗;三级标题“１．”、四级标题“(1）”均需加粗。 (二)正文:仿宋体字3号,一般每页排22行，每行排2８个字（行距为多倍行距１、4倍)。 二、公文写作格式 (一)眉首:一般由公文份数序号、秘密等级与保密期限、紧急程度、发文机关标识、发文字号、签发人、会签人等要素组成。 1.主体:一般由标题、主送机关、正文、附件说明、成文时间、印章、附注等要素组成。 (１)公文标题：应当准确简要地概括公文得主要内容并标明公文种类,一般应当标明发文机关。公文标题中除法规、规章名称加书名号或特定词用引号外，一般不用标点符号,停顿用空格符或换行。 （２)主送机关:就是指公文得主要受理机关,应当使用全称或者规范化简称、统称；应按其性质、级别与有关规定或
惯例依次排列,同性质或级别得机关之间用顿号，不同性质或级别得机关之间用逗号,最后一个主送机关名称后标全角冒号。主送机关一般在标题下空１行、左侧顶格用3号仿宋体字,回行时仍顶格。 (3)正文：就是公文得主体部分。正文内容要求准确地传达、贯彻党与国家得有关方针政策精神，完整地表达公文制发单位得意图、意见与要求。正文一般置主送机关下一行,每自然段空2字,回行顶格;数字、年份不能回行。 (４)附件:就是正文得附属部分,就是补充公文正文内容得材料(包括图表）。公文如有附件应作附件说明,即在正文下空１行左空2字用3号仿宋体字标识“附件”,后标全角冒号与名称；附件如有序号使用阿拉伯数码(如“附件：1、××××”）;附件名称后不加标点符号。附件应在公文成文日期之后另起一页与正文一起装订,并在附件左上角第1行顶格标识“附件”,有序号时标识序号(如“附件1”）。附件得序号与名称应与正文之下得附件说明一致。 （5)成文时间：以负责人签发得日期为准,联合行文以最后签发机关负责人得签发日期为准。行政机关公文成文日期用汉字年、月、日标全,“零”写为“〇”;单一机关制发得公文在落款处不置发文机关名称,只标识成文时间；成文时间置正文右下方,右空4字。 (6)印章:指正文末尾加盖得发文机关印章或领导同志签
雅思基础口语精讲班第 17讲讲义 经历类话题 经历类话题 经历类话题是最近出现频率较高的卡片话题。相对于爱好兴趣类话题, 描述一件或开心或激动的经历, 难度要大一些。这类话题涉及到具体的事件,考生最后在备考时应精心准备一些素材,有吸引人之处,也要容易叙述。这类话题通常不在第一阶段出现,只在第二阶段卡片部分有所涉及,第三阶段会围绕这个事件做深度探讨。 第二阶段相关的卡片包括: Describe an interesting/unusual thing you did in your free time; Describe a piece of good advice you accepted; Describe a three-day holiday; Describe a piece of interesting news that impressed you; Describe a positive change in your life; Describe a special dinner you had; Describe a wedding you joined; Describe a special letter/ card you received; 旅游话题 一、旅游、度假 Describe an interesting travel. You should say:
When you took the travel; Where it was; What you did during the trip; And explain why it was interesting. 在准备这类话题时,考生首先应考虑它们和其他卡片的关联性。在前面,我们已讲解了交通、建筑、城市等话题,它们都可以作为假期的内容,只需稍加修改即可。假期的主要活动可以是观光自然风景、参观城市建筑,也可以是在家休闲娱乐如读书、看电影。注意时态的使用,在描述过去发生的事件时,要用一般过去时;在描述这件事对现在的影响时,使用现在完成时。第二部分可参考下列提纲: ●When was the holiday? ●How did you plan the holiday? ●Where did you travel? ●How did you travel? ●What did you do during the three d ays/traveling? ●What impressed you most during the holiday? How do you feel the holiday? 1.旅游方式(The Categories of Traveling backpack travel 背包旅行 /自助旅行 package tour 随团旅行 guided tour 有导游带领的旅游 driving tour 自驾游 walking tour 步行旅游 bush walking 丛林徒步旅游cycling tour 骑自行车旅游 motorbike travel 摩托车旅游 coach /greyhound travel 巴士
真题示范： 1．Tourism is becoming good source of revenue for many countries. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of exploiting this resource. 2．What is your opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?(2002,10;2003,1;2004,4) 3．In 1995,an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced ? How can we protect our property? 4．With the development of a market economy. Advertisements have become a dominant feature in television industry, despite the rich information brought by television. There still exists strong criticism against television advertisement. Write an article analyzing the positive and negative effects of television advertisement. 5．作业：version:000121(2005年G类新题) Some people think that visitors to other countries imitate local custom and behaviors. Some people disagree. They think the host country should welcome culture different. Discuss the two views and give your own opinion. 主体和方向 例文讲解：真题重现： 1．Some people think that people at the age of 55 and over should be encouraged to retire in order to give opportunities to a new generation. Do you agree or disagree? 2．A report indicates that nowadays children are becoming more and more lazy, fat and unsociable. Give the reasons for this and a proposal for a solution.(2003) 主体相似方向不同： 3．Computers are widely used for education and some people think that teachers will not play important role in the classroom. Disagree or agree? 4．People use computers when they work, go banking and so on, but some argue that it will make people isolated and decrease their social skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 5．Some people think that traditional techniques and modern technology are incompatible. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 6．Oriental session 7．Some people think that strong tradition can civilize a country and the government should subsidize musicians, artists, actors and drama companies. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? what should government do? 8．Is it possible for a woman to be a good mother and a successful career woman at the same time? some people agree that government should pay some money to women so that they can stay at home to look after their children. Do you agree or disagree? 9．Modern technology, such as fertilizer and machinery has changed our world so much. What are the advantages and disadvantages? Discuss 10．There have been many technological developments in the 20th century. For example, computer and electric power. Choose either of them, describe the change it has brought about and discuss whether all the changes are positive. 11．作业：What are the purposes of places, such as museums and how should they be funded? 审题和构思后如何展开段落 题目重现：首段展开 1．电视对儿童的影响？正面还是负面？你的观点 A．Television is the most popular form of entertainment in the modern household.(引入话题)people of all ages use this medium to entertain themselves for an average of four hours a day.(发展话题)thus, television has had a tremendous influence on its viewers, especially children.(缩小话题范围指电视 对孩子的影响)scientists now say that children can be negatively effected by constantly watching
原创材料仅供学习 本期主题词：发展 1.为创造发展奇迹提供了“金钥匙”，为实现发展转型提供了“助推器”，为引领发展升级提供了“导航仪”。 2.一切发展思路以此来谋划，一切发展布局以此来展开，一切发展举措以此来制定，一切发展成效以此来检验。 3.在创新驱动发展上追求新高度，在区域协调发展上塑造新格局，在深化开放发展上拓展新空间。 4.发展的方向才会更加明确，发展的路径才会更加清晰，发展的步调才会更加统一，发展的斗志才会更加昂扬。 5.发展道路上要心有定力，方能行稳致远；发展道路上要怀揣毅力，方能驰而不息；发展道路上要练好脚力，方能圆梦前行。 6.思想束缚是制约发展最大的束缚，思想解放是谋划发展最大的解放，思想力量是推动发展最大的力量。 7.以“滚石上山、负重前行”的决心抓发展，以“时不我待、只争朝夕”的作风抓发展，以“善始善终、善作善成”的精神抓发展。 8.抓发展要见事于早，抓发展要谋划于先，抓发展要行动于快，抓发展要督促于紧，抓发展要落实于细。
9.不为既有发展经验所束缚，不为传统发展模式所制约，不为常规发展眼光所局限，不为已有发展成绩所陶醉。 10.只有在实干中才能破解发展难题，只有在实干中才能把握发展机遇，只有在实干中才能实现。 11.知难而进、逆流而上的发展勇气，打逆风球、走上坡路的发展能力，遇强更强、愈挫愈勇的发展坚韧。 12..催生争先创优、勇立潮头的发展新动能，增强破解难题、克敌制胜的发展新本领，开辟弯道超车、跨越领跑的发展新境界。 13.把心思集中在谋发展上，把责任体现在敢发展上，把才气展现在会发展上，把目标落实到快发展上。 14.奋斗是推动发展的“主旋律”，奋斗是加快发展的“传家宝”，奋斗是创新发展的“助推器”。 15.以大干快干的冲劲抓发展，以苦干实干的韧劲抓发展，以巧干会干的闯劲抓发展。 16.推动发展的“短板”问题，制约发展的“瓶颈”问题，服务发展的“软肋”问题。 17.发展方向更加明确，发展取向更加鲜明，发展路径更加清晰，发展视野更加开阔。 18.慢慢腾腾，抓不住发展机遇；轻轻松松，实现不了发展目标；躲躲闪闪，破解不了发展难题。
公文排版字体要求以及印制要求 标题：小标宋体，二号字 正文：仿宋，三号字 行间距：一般设置“固定值”28磅 字间距：一般不作要求 政府公文格式及公文字体字号标准 公文纸一般采用国内通用的16开型，推荐采用国际标准A4型，供张贴的公文用纸幅度面尺寸，可根据实际需要确定。一般惯例，政府文件用A4纸，党委文件用16K。 保密等级字体：一般用3号或4号黑体 紧急程度字体：字体和字号与保密等级相同（3号或4号黑体） 文头的字体：大号黑体字、黑变体字或标准体、宋体字套色（一般为红）
发文字号的字体：一般采用3号或4号仿宋体 签发人的字体：字体字号与发文字号相同（3号或4号仿宋体） 标题的字体：字体一般宋体、黑体，字号要大于正文的字号。 主送机关的字体：一般采用3号或4号仿宋体 正文的字体：常用3号或4号仿宋体 附件的字体：常用3号或4号仿宋体 作者的字体：字体字号与正文相同（3号或4号仿宋体） 日期的字体：字体字号与正文相同（3号或4号仿宋体） 注释的字体：小于正文的的4号或小4号仿宋体 主题词的字体：常用3号或4号黑体[公文写作]公文格式排版中的字体要求[公文写作] 抄送机关的字体：与正文的字体字号相同（常用3号或4号仿宋体）或小一号的文字 印发说明的字体：与抄送机关的字体字号相同（常用3号或4号仿宋体）或小一号的文 主标题（又称一级标题）为二号宋体（加粗）
二级标题为三号黑体 三级标题为三号仿宋加粗。 正文均为三号仿宋。 以上为政府公文规定。且主标题以外的部份的标题和正文可采用小三号字体，但以三号为最正规。 1、密级用三号黑体字 2、紧急程度，“特急”、“加急”用三号黑体字 3、文号用四号仿宋体字加黑 4、签发人用三号楷体字 5、标题用二号宋体字加黑 6、大小标题号“一、二、三……”用三号黑体；“（一）（二）（三）……”用三号仿宋体字 7、正文用三号仿宋体字（每页19行，每行25个字） 8、批转（转发、印发）……通知，通知正文用三号楷体字，被批转（转发、印发）文件用三号仿宋体字 9、附件标题用二号宋体字，正文用三号仿宋体字 10、印发传达范围用三号仿宋体字
雅思写作中对词汇的要求 很多考生把词汇当成是雅思写作的一道难以逾越的鸿沟，那么雅思写作对词汇到底是什么要求？我们要掌握多少词汇量才能够达到雅思写作的标准呢？雅思考试要求考生的词汇量在8000以上，而这其中有三分之一指的是阅读中的一些高难词汇或专业词汇，对于我们写作而言，能够灵活高效地运用5000词汇就已足够。英文核心词（约2000左右） 首先，我们要来看一下雅思写作对于词汇的要求。 Lexical Resource 1. Accurateness 2. Authentic vocabulary 3. Variety 我们来一一分析者三点，第一点是准确性；第二点式地道词汇的使用；第三点是词汇多样性。 很多学生都是可以追求了第三点而忽视了第一和第二点。这直接导致的结果就是虽然作文中出现了一些水平比较高的词汇但是由于自己并不能用的得心应手结果出现适得其反的效果，把好的词汇用在了不恰当的地方.由于一心想要在词汇上标新立异，但是能标新立异的单词又不能准确运用，因此在写作过程中会浪费很多时间去思考. 有时候记不清楚但是不写出来似乎又不甘心，于是花更多时间去思考，或者写了一个认为是正确的实际上却写错的单词。而这些都是对分数有直接影响的。 大家要知道，大作文除了词汇要求，还有语法要求，和小作文相比，大作文更重要的是你有没有切题的观点和清晰的文章结构。在保证这两点的基础上再去思考词汇的出色应用才是正确的选择。就好比是你画一幅建筑设计图，没有框架，没有设计核心，你用的材料再好，也不会达到预期的目标。 所以我认为并不是词汇量少就一定写不出高分文章. 大家再复习考试时不要刻意的去追求词汇多样化. 熟练准确的运用单词比生拼硬凑好单词更重要。 雅思写作训练方法 1 精读仔细阅读范文，欣赏并标出精彩的用词和句型，体会上下文中 表达的精妙，提高对精彩语言的敏感度，要多写，多记。 2 背诵背精彩词汇，背精彩句型，背精彩句子，背精彩框架，背精彩 段落，通过背诵完成从欣赏到掌握的过程，别人的变成自己的。 3 默写将背过的句子，段落默写下来，检查核对，看看是否精确掌握 了每一个词汇。Reading makes a full man writing makes an exact man 4 互译英文----中文; 中文------英文，---与原文核查核对，发现自己 不足，纠正提高。使自己逐步写出规范的语言达到和原文作者相似的水平。 5 效仿在范文中学到的单词，词组，句型，框架放在新的语境下模仿 创作，造句写作。在新的作文中保留一定闪光点。 雅思写作必背200句！
各部门、各单位： 为规范集团（总台）公文写作，方便日常工作，现将《国务院公文主题词表》提供给大家，以供参考。 集团（总台）办公室 二〇〇九年十一月五日
01、综合经济（76个） 01A 计划 规划统计指标分配统配调拨01B 经济管理 经济管理调整调控控制 结构制度所有制股份制责任制流通产业行业改革改造 竞争兼并开放开发协作 资源土地资产资料产权 物价价格投资招标经营 生产转产项目产品质量 承包租赁合同包干国有 国营私营集体个体企业 公司集团合作社普查工商 商标注册广告监督增产 效益节约浪费破产亏损 特区开发区保税区展销展览资本民营示范区 02、工交、能源、邮电（62个） 02A 工业
冶金钢铁地矿机械汽车 电子电器仪器仪表化工 航天航空核工船舶兵器 军工轻工有色金属盐业食品印刷包装手工业纺织服装 丝绸设备原料材料加工 02B 交通 铁路公路桥梁民航机场 航线航道空中管制飞机港口码头口岸车站车辆运输 旅客 02C 能源 石油煤炭电力燃料天然气 煤气沼气 02D 邮电 通信电信邮政网络数据03、旅游、城乡建设、环保（40个）03A 旅游 03B 服务业 饮食业宾馆 03C 城乡建设 城市乡镇基建建设建筑
建材勘察测绘设计市政 公用事业监理环卫征地工程 房地产房屋住宅装修设施 出让转让风景名胜园林岛屿 城镇 03D 环保 保护区植物动物污染生态 生物治理山区 04、农业、林业、水利、气象（57个） 04A 农业 农村农民农民负担农场农垦 粮食棉花油料生猪蔬菜 糖料烟草水产渔业水果 经济作物农副产品副业畜牧业乡镇企业农膜种子化肥农药饲料 灾害以工代赈扶贫三夏农田 多种经营蚕茧 04B 林业 绿化木材森林草原防沙治沙 04C 水利 河流湖泊滩涂水库水域 流域水土保持节水防汛抗旱
雅思强化写作精讲班第4讲讲义 有效避免7种语法错误 有效避免7种语法错误 1 Employee can benefit more from telecommuting than employer. 2.1 Work at home using modern technology can greatly enhance our efficiency. 2.2 Children who are raise in impoverished families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years. 2.3The problems that are created by environmental contamination is very hard to resolve. 2.4 Many students are very like studying home economics. 2.5 In present-day society, cultures were becoming very similar. 3 Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers. 4.1 Countries should pay attention on the disadvantages globalisation may create. 4.2 The Internet has instead of teachers in many classrooms. 5 Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself. 6 Some people think the Internet only has positive impact, other people think it also has negative influence on our lives. 7 There are a great many children think the main purpose of education should be to afford them pleasure and enjoyment. 高分范文讲解 范文讲解 In Britain, when some people get old they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. The government has to pay for his care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Give reasons for your answer. Example 2 Band 8 One of the most challenging problems of today’s society is the question about who should be responsible for our old people. It is not only a problem with money but also a question of the system we want our society to have. In my essay, I would like to present four possible models. Firstly, the company could be responsible for its retired employees. To do this, a special fund could be established. The advantage of this model is that if one believes in the capitalist system, it should be the cheapest solution. One possible problem is that the companies may have competition disadvantage due to higher staff costs. A second solution is that the government has to take the responsibility for the old people’s care. It can finance this with its tax in comes. Actually, this is the most democratic model since everybody gets as much money as he or she needs. Unfortunately, as the present situation in our country shows, this solution seems not to work very well.
公文写作必须清楚： 1、要在搞清楚自己的写作身份和对象的基础上，明确发文意图：什么人（角色）写给什么人（对象）看，要达成什么目标（想让对象做什么） 2、客观实际情况：基于材料抄。内容要点摘抄、概括、整合材料。 3、公文写作中里标序号用一、二、三、，不要使用阿拉伯数字1、2、3、。 4、语言生动、号召力：加些啊、吧、朋友们等。 5、格式完整性： 标题：建议都写上，完整。如明确以《XXXXX》为题，则摘抄原标题，注意去掉书名号；如没有明确标题则可以按“关于+主题词+的+文种”来确定标题，例：关于节约用水的宣传稿；如你有才华，可自由发挥。 称呼：要根据对象来。 内容： 落款：汇报人：XXX XXXX年XX月XX日 Ps：有些公文可以不需要完全照搬上面的格式，大家注意区分，参考例题了解具体问题具体答题格式。 一、总结类公文 总结类（把情况告知对象）：汇报提纲、调查报告、情况汇报、编者按、备询要点、会议纪要等。注意格式，答题思路相当于综合概括题 总结类公文思路格式与内容要点：（总体格式是这样，具体要注意区分，具体参考后面例题） 关于+主题词+的+文种 1、主送或称呼： 2、背景，问题或成绩 3、原因，危害或意义 4、对策 5、结尾 发文者（身份） xxxx年xx月xx日（备注：总结类公文需要全面概括材料中问题原因、影响（意义或危害）、对策等；分段写） 例如：假定“给定资料1～6”是你在调查研究中获取的信息，请你依据这些资料归纳出一份情况汇报提纲，以供领导参阅。(20分)要求：分条归纳，内容全面，表述准确，逻辑清晰；不超过400字。 关于当前学术问题的情况汇报 XX领导： 当前科研学术界存在的严重问题：一、学术造假、学术腐败严重：抄袭、剽窃、请人代写、骗取国家科研基金等现象普遍存在。二、学术浮躁：论文泡沫多，书籍造假拼凑，缺乏创新性，重复率高，甚至出现造假“行业”。 导致问题原因：一、利益驱使。论文关系到职称、地位、名气、课题经费等多重利益。 二、评价机制不健全。评价内容单一，论文、课题为绝对评定标准，只重数量，忽视质量；
雅思写作冲刺 时间：一个小时，无法超时 上午九点考试，写作往往是11点开始考。一般学生考到这里的时候就蒙了。雅思写作考试是国内考试时间最长的一个，比托福等都长。 图表作文只占了1/3的分数，那议论文就占了2/3。 G类也要按A类要求去做。 Academic writing 的特殊要求 1.Some teachers don't know how to use computers to help the students effectively. 不能用缩写，凡是用了缩写的都是业余选手，专业选手必须要用，do not.. Shouldn't 也是错的，特别提醒大家，cannot 中间没有空格。如果你不相信我说的话，我建议你可以翻下剑5剑6，一个缩写你都找不到。 2.Historic buildings attracts lots of visitors and can improve local economy. 大家觉得哪个是口语词汇。其中lots of 是特别口语化词汇，可以用numerous或者a host of 这两个单词修饰可数名词。A great deal of 不可数。 3.The impact of tourism on these neighbourhoods should be analyzed. 下次你看到任何-ze 结尾的都是美式英语，-se 结尾的都是英式英语，而这里的neighbourhood 是英式英语，而neighborhood是美式英语，有些同学会问是不是雅思考试当中只能用英式英语呢？不是这样的，在剑桥6中明确说了可以用英语或美式，但两者不能混合使用。我建议大家-our -se 是英式的，-or -ze 是美式的，这两者的区别是最常见的，其他的我们就没有必要掌握了。 4.Children in wealthy families are more and more depend on their parents.这里哪里不像学术写作呢。More and more ,给大家推荐一个词，increasingly. 5.Serious crimes harm people's lives. 雅思针对的母语是非英语的人，大家看考官的作文也不是很难。但这里serious 高中词汇，crime harm 初中词汇，people 和life 就是小学词汇了，给大家推荐一个severe, criminal act, damage destroy, impair people's health, human being 这个词太大，不建议使用，individual 6.The advantages of stopping animal experiments are more than continuing them.其中more than 换成outweigh 7.Today, advertisements are everywhere. There are many ways to advertisements. 简单句不适用，中间加个连词即可。 8.The environment is becoming worse. We must work together to deal with it. 因果关系，加because 就很一般了哈，加个therefore. 9.So, we must take steps to deal with the environment problem! So 换成therefore,大家在写作中，千万不要用这么有激情的句子哈，好的雅思作文必定是冷静推理的来的，所以，感叹号去掉，还有，must 换成should. 10.We must be friendly to others because the Bible said, "treat your neighbours as you would like to be treated." 不能出现宗教语言。 大作文，40分钟，最低要求240字，要求考高分的同学，建议270-280，7分以上的同学，我建议300字以上。 大家刚看了雅思真题库，不知道大家判断出了自己认为难的部分。但是如果没有素材的话，你再好的基础都无法体现出来。 Tourism Education Government Women and families Language and culture Technology and the media Development and globalization Crime Animals Environmental problems 雅思不会出时事类的话题，只出争议比较大的话题。 常见的词汇，常见的句式都可以通用。 推荐大家掌握思考方法 A.分类法
Government should pay for the health care and education. Do you agree or disagree? Health care and education can always attract enough public attention, for they are closely connected with people’s welfare. Some people suppose that it is government’s duty to shoulder the responsibility for those two important aspects. As far as I am concerned, I am in total favor of this opinion. Initially, the government’s fundamental principle of serving the people justifies this obligation. There is no denying that the significance of government lies in the fact that this organization can better people’s life, and meanwhile the health care and education can best illustrate living standards. Therefore, inevitably, government should pay for those significant fields to fulfill its promise for people. Moreover, the taxes collected from citizens determine that government should stick to this duty. It is clear that government has levied a large amount of money from its citizens in the hope of striking a balance in society and if poor people fail to enjoy a qualified medical service and receive excellent education, what is the significance of heavy taxation? Consequently, as for health care and education, government ought to take the responsibility, ensuring all the people, especially the needy to be equally treated. On the other hand, it is highly probable that government has been too overburdened financially. For example, among other responsibilities, traffic jam, poverty and crime are up to national or local authorities to solve, which are usually confronted with budget problem. However, if suitable policies can be pursued and efforts form various fields can
公文处理讲座 一、公文概述 （一）概念：公文，即公务文件。是国家机构与其它社会组织在公务活动中为行使职权、实施管理而制作的具有法定效力和规范体式的文件。 （二）特点：1、政策性。2、权威性。3、时效性。国家机关行政公文一般是5年，标暂行、试行的一般是2年。4、规范性。公文具有固定的体式，不能随心所欲，用以维护公文的权威性、准确性与有效性，是公文区别于其它文献形式的明显标志。 （三）意义： 1、领导和指导功能。 2、纵向联系功能。 3、行为规范功能。 4、横向联系功能。 5、宣传教育功能。 6、依据和凭证功能。 二、公文种类 重点讲的是《国家行政机关公文处理办法》所列的13种法定公文。 1、命令适用于依照有关法律公布行政法规和规章；宣布施行重大强制性行政措施；嘉奖有关单位及人员。 2、决定适用于对重要事项或者重大行动做出安排，奖惩有关单位及人员，变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项。 3、公告适用于向国内外宣布重要事项或者法定事项。 4、通告适用于公布社会各有关方面应当遵守或者周知的事项。“通告”公布的范围为“一定范围”、“有关方面”。一般行政机关和有一定行政指挥权的临时机构均可使用，可书面张贴。 5、通知适用于批转下级机关的公文，转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文，传达要求下级机关办理和需要有关单位周知或者执行的事项，任免人员。 6、通报适用于表彰先进，批评错误，传达重要精神或者情况。 7、议案适用于各级人民政府按照法律程序向同级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务 委员会提请审议事项（议案的制发机关只能是各级人民政府，政府的各职能部门无权制发）。 8、报告适用于向上级机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关的询问。 9、请示适用于向上级机关请求指示、批准。 10、批复适用于答复下级机关的请示事项。 11、意见适用于对重要问题提出见解和处理方法。 12、函适用于不相隶属机关之间商洽工作，询问和答复问题，请求批准和答复审批事项。 13、会议纪要适用于记载、传达会议情况和议定事项。 三、公文要素及格式
SAT写作范文 Abraham Lincoln said, "Most people are about as happy as they make up their minds to be." In other words, our personal level of satisfaction is entirely within our control. Otherwise, why would the same experience disappoint one person but delight another? Happiness is not an accident but a choice. Assignment: Is happiness something over which people have no control, or can people choose to be happy? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations. My Essay: Happiness is an elixir to all diseases, so everyone wants happiness and most of them think that it comes from success. But even if we fail something, we can still choose to be happy. Last year, our school held a basketball competition. Our class had entered into the semi-final and all the students in our class were very excited. Moreover, we had just beaten the team which was considered the best in our grade and my classmates were hopeful that we might enter the final game. On the day of the semi-final, the players of our team went to the field in our cheers. But as soon as we saw the members of the other team, we knew it would be a hard match. One of the players in their team is as tall as 1.93 m, much taller than any of our players and we also learned that their team was the only one which hadn’t lost a single game. The match started. To our disappointment, our team wasn’t playing well, and the best player in our team was followed by the tallest in theirs at every pace. Anxious and worried, we girls jumped onto the platform beside and shouted at the top of our voices. After sometime, it seemed that our cheers had gave my classmates some energy and they began to catch up, slowly but gradually, we were only two points behind. But just at that time, the first ten minutes were over and we came to a stop. The players were tired but hopeful, and we kept cheering them. However, when the match started again, our opponents seemed to become stronger. They got more points and we were soon eleven points behind. Meanwhile, our throats were burning, but we kept shouting for our classmates. Though we caught up some points, at last we lost by only one point. When we got back to the classroom, all of my classmates were disappointed and sad. One of the players even cried. But our teacher came in at that moment and said, “Cheer up everyone, we just lost by one point and we are already the top four. We still have a match and let’s get the third place!” Then one of my classmates suddenly went to the dais and wrote something encouraging on the blackboard and one by one, over ten of our classmates all