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【托福阅读】详解修饰目的题的解答方法托福阅读中的修饰目的题旨在观察考生是否理解作者所使用的修辞方法或潜在目的，在托福阅读题中占有一定的比重下面就从他的考查形式和解题技巧出发，来详细为大家解说。
1、修辞目的题的两种考察形式在考试中，托福阅读题型里有这类题目两种不同的考察形式：一种是给出修辞手段问目的，另一种是给出修辞目的问手段。
其常见的题目形式如下：The author uses X as an example of…Why does the author mention X?Why does the author compare … to …?Why does the author use the word … in discussing…?The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…The author uses X as an example of…2、解题技巧找出这些修辞方法所用的关键词，例如定义中所用的同位语;描述事物大小、形状的形容词和名词;举例用的词，如，for instance，for example， in other words;用来解释的词语，如because， this is why， due to等。
举例：One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings，for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances.Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocksTo contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at LascauxTo support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spacesTo give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations首先分析问题题目，找出其关键词：Bushmen in South Africa。
举例解析如何应对新托福网考阅读修辞题举例解析如何应对新托福网考阅读修辞题修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose)：考查读者透过外表特定的修辞方法/方式开掘潜在的目的能力。
要求读者发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的。
例题：fine-art objects are not constructed by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvaswill be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor. these are problems that must be overe by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. for example, in the early italian renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. this was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. in other words, the demand of the laws of physics, not the sculptor’s aesthetic inte ntions, placed the ball there. that this device was a necessary structural promise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structureof a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early italian renaissance?a. to provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that an artist tries to overe.b. to argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physicsc. to contrast the relative sophistication of modernartists in solving problems related to the laws of physics d. to note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology[解析]正确答案是a。
修辞⽬的题（Rhetorical Purpose）：考查读者透过表⾯特定的修辞⽅法/⽅式发掘潜在的⽬的能⼒。
要求读者发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞⽬的。
例题： Fine-art objects are not constructed by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional， they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must， for example， be stable， which requires an understanding of the properties of mass， weight distribution， and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut， and the paint must not crack， deteriorate， or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example， in the early Italian Renaissance， bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words， the demand of the laws of physics， not the sculptor‘s aesthetic intentions， placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces （iron being much stronger than bronze）。
修辞目的题的解答步骤修饰目的题在一定程度上也叫例证题，它主要考查考生透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。
发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的`是这类题目的主要考察点。
一般来说，问题会要求考生理解为什么作者在文章中用某些词，词组和句子。
在IBT考试中会有3-4个这类型题目。
1、修辞目的题的两种考察形式：在阅读考试中，这类题目有两种不同的考察形式：一种是给出修辞手段问目的，另一种是给出修辞目的问手段。
其常见的题目形式如下：The author uses X as an example of…Why does the author mention X?Why does the author compare … to …?Why does the author use the word … in discussing…?The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…The author uses X as an example of…2、解题技巧找出这些修辞方法所用的关键词，例如定义中所用的同位语；描述事物大小、形状的形容词和名词；举例用的词，如，for instance，for example， in other words；用来解释的词语，如because， this is why， due to等。
我们来看一个例子：One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings，for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances.Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world paintedanimals on rocksT o contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at LascauxT o support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spacesTo give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations首先分析问题题目，找出其中的关键词：Bushmen in South Africa.之后回到原文看其前后的句子，找到原文的关键词for example，通过分析知道，这一例子的目的是为了说明它前面的那句话，即这些绘画的位置令人费解。
Toefl阅读修辞题目要抓住各种例子摘要：托福阅读对于不少人来说都很难抓住重点，其实托福阅读文章中有很多东西都有存在的意义，拿托福阅读试题中的修辞题目来说就要抓住各种例子。
在托福阅读考试中，找准托福阅读文章中句间关系是解决修辞目的题的关键。
而在修辞目的题中，绝大一部分修辞的目的都是举例证明、支持前文提到的某个观点。
那么修辞目的题中的举例证明都是如何呈现的呢?有一小部分题目，定位之后会发现定位句中直接出现了表明举例证明的逻辑词，比如for example，such as，like等。
而大部分题是不会直接点明这种举例论证的关系的，需要我们结合前文(通常就是上一句话)通过句意进行分析。
下面举两个具体的例子进行讲解。
(以下的例子是提取了TPO中段落里的定位句和之前一句话。
)例1： In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard–like the shell of a nut–for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry.Why does the author mention “a nut”, “a peach”, and “a cherry”?To indicate that some seeds are less likely to survive than othersTo point out that many angiosperms can be eatenTo provide examples of blooming plantsTo illustrate the variety of coverings among angiosperm seeds托福阅读试题解析：(1) 简单观察一下定位句，发现句中直接出现了like这一表示举例的逻辑词，所以提到nut，peach，cherry一定是为了说明前文提到的某种观点。
一、托福阅读重点难点题型1、修辞目的题修辞目的题是常见于托福阅读部分的一种题型，这里的“修辞”其实并不是考查修辞方法，而是涉及相应段落在文章中的作用，如：总结，回答问题，反驳，解释说明等。
而“目的”则是考查对文章展开形式的把握，是否了解到文章的结构为：观点+细节。
这类题目的难度在于文章没有直接给出题目的对应答案，考生需要结合自身对于整个段落或者局部内容的理解来判断提问部分的修辞作用，这要求大家对题目涉及到的内容不仅能够明白其意思，还要了解其出现或者说作者写出它们的用意，考生只有充分理解了文章的论述结构，才能有比较大的把握做好这类题型。
2、推断题说到托福阅读难题，相信许多考生第一反应可能都是推断题。
的确，推断题是有一定的难度所在的，而且还是ETS如今主推的一类题型。
推断题的难点和修辞目的题类似，也在于无法直接从原文里找到恰好对应的答案。
因为这类题目是基于文章本身给出的信息，要求考生对文章里没有的内容进行一个合理的逻辑推测，通俗来说也就是让大家推理出特定内容的言下之意。
缺乏主动灵活的逻辑思维和分析能力的同学面对这类题目往往很难应对或是做出正确的猜测。
二、托福阅读高效解题基本思路1.从题干里找线索每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进，即使有个别题打乱文章布局，在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。
2.注意定位关键词做题时，根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域，透彻理解，同时排除相应的选项。
3.分析句子结构解题遇到难句时，最直接有效的方法就是对其进行句子结构分析，迅速把握整个句子的意思，不要盯着单个词不放，不然就会因小失大。
4.摸清选项设置套路每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释义，或者是歪曲原文，或者与原文毫不相关。
换句话说，托福考试命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生昏头转向，雾里看花。
考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。
托福作者目的题解析作者目的题，也叫做修辞目的题，但其实在 TPO 中它的范围更广，除了举例说明概述题外，还有类似段落关系方面的题。
既然是作者目的题，此题型首先考察的就是考生是否可以准确的进行换位思考，了解作者的意图。
我们将作者目的进行了归类，这就包括：提供信息（inform），定义（define），解释（explain），例证（illustrate），比较（pare），对比（contrast），批评（criticize）等。
下文中我将对此题型的常见出题方法进行解析：作者目的题常见的出题形式如下：• Why does the author mention/include/use…？• The author…in order to…• The author uses the example to…？• …for…purpose？这类题一般会问作者举个例子，说一句话的目的是什么，一般题中的例子在考试中会用黑色标注，方便考生查找(也有不标注的情况)。
总的来说，托福阅读文章的框架是比较清晰的，作者必须举例说明自己的观点。
所以对于考生来说，需要先找到例句所在的句子，再向前阅读，找到例句支持的观点句。
比如:The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. Theearly explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier，Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14，1805， in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter， they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20deer.The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points？number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.e was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.vidual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading panies.解析：根据较容易定位的人名到段落第三句“Famous explorers of the North American frontier， Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.”意思是：北美边境有名的探险者，Lewis 和 Clark 在落基山西边很难找到捕猎动物并且直到十二月二号才捕到第一只鹿。
托福阅读非常规修辞目的题怎么破？在托福阅读里，有一类题叫“修辞目的题”，出题频率为1-2 道/每篇。
实际考试中的问法类似于“Why does the author mention XXX?”这里所谓的“修辞”，即作者为了提高表达效果所用到的写作手法。
文学类的作品里用“比喻”“排比”之类的修辞手法，为的是使表达更生动形象。
而用在托福考试阅读这样学术类的文章里，自然是为了更好地证明诠释作者的观点或理论。
因此“修辞目的题”的答案多与被作者提到，即题目中提到的内容，所支持的观点有关。
这就是为什么，该类题型的常规解法就是根据题目中提到的文章内容，找到其支持的观点句。
因为大部分情况下，观点句在先，例证句在后。
所以，同学们在找到题干中的“XXX”之后，再往前找到其支持的句子即可，且两个句子一前一后不会相隔较远。
下面请看例1▼Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world,but now can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns outthat the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Bearing the teeth in a hostile way,as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution,Darwin believedthat the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language. (OG Test 1 The Expression of Emotions)The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to(A) Differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it(B) Support Darwin's theory of evolution(C) Provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood(D) Contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions这个题可以用到常规的解法——找例子支持的观点句。
解析托福阅读修辞目的题题型为了帮助大家高效备考托福，熟悉托福修辞目的题，店铺为大家带来托福阅读修辞目的题题型一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
更多精彩尽请关注店铺!解析托福阅读修辞目的题题型这次我们来看一下托福阅读中对于段落结构考察的这么一种题型，修辞目的。
修辞目的题是问为什么作者给出某个具体的信息或例子，也就说实际考察的是学生在阅读中“角色转换”的能力，即把自己想象成作者，推测作者举某个例子，写某一句话或者一段话的目的。
要解决这类题目，我们首先要弄明白托福阅读中使用的修辞手法是怎样的，这里所说的修辞不同于我们语文课上讲的比喻、拟人、排比等修辞手法，而是一种“有效写作或演讲的艺术”，托福中的修辞手法范围更广一些，包括举例子、下定义、阐述、解释、对比、反驳、强调等手法。
我们在清楚了修辞手法后，下一步就是要揣测文章出现某个例子或者某句话甚至某段话的意图所在，有些同学可能觉得如果读不懂文章做这题就难了，而且时间有限，无法细细揣摩作者的写作意图，但不用担心，作者的写作是有一定的逻辑顺序在里面的，具体例子的出现也是有特定顺序的，而且不要忘记托福阅读中的文章大都是从美国大学课本上直接摘取出来的，是学术类文章，学术类文章有很明确的文章结构，即整篇文章有中心论点(thesis statement)，每段都有中心句(topic sentence),反过来说段落内部信息是为段落中心思想服务的，段落是为文章中心服务的。
修辞目的题按提问对象可以分为两种，一种是针对具体信息的，另外一种是针对段落组织结构的。
前者出现的频率最高，而且以举例为多，所以我们重点讲解第一类的做法。
我们知道举例子是为了论证某种观点的，无非两种情况，先观点后举例，或者是先例子后观点总结，这时候我们要寻找的层次有三个，例子前一句话，文段中心句，文章中心。
下面我们就具体的例子来阐述一下具体的做法。
5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?○The number of deer withi n the Puget Sound region has varied over time.○Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recentDouglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."我们根据大写字母L和C定位，在文章的第四行，我们看例子前一句，the early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s,也是一个例子，不是观点，所以下一步，我们寻找文段中心句，即文段的第一句the numbers of deer have fluctuates markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.所以举L和C的例子是为了阐述段落中心句，the numbers of deer has changed a lot.与选项A同义，所以我们正确答案是A，再来看其他选项，选项B说大家interested in hunting，原文中没有涉及;选项C东西部hunting的比较在原文中也没有说明;文中也没有出现个体捕猎与团体捕猎哪个更好，所以锁定正确答案为A。
新托福修辞目的题技巧上海环球教育环球教育为大家带来了新托福修辞目的题技巧，供大家参考使用。
希望对大家有所帮助！环球教育会为您带来更多精彩内容。
今天讲解一下修辞题，这类题型在托福考试中出现频率也很高，但是特点也比较明显也就是根据题干中的信息还原作者的态度。
那么此类题型中逻辑关系显得异常重要，往往考查的核心就是对逻辑关系词的把握，常见考点是举例，转折，比较，而其中举例是最最多的Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example,in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg.Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created byartists in the early Italian Renaissance?A To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics thata fine artist must overcomeB To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physicsC To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solvingproblems related to the laws of physicsD To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid oftechnology这道题典型的举例逻辑考查，题干中的涉及到的信息正好位于example里面，所以作者举例的目的当然是服务观点，所以只要找出观点即可，而ETS的观点跟细节的顺序往往是观点在前细节在后，所以答案很容易选到AOne of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to beeasily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph○To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks○To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux○To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces○To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations这道题略有不同，虽然题干中仍然有表示举例的逻辑词，但是发现选项中没有一个能跟原文第一句话对应，所以这时候往后寻找逻辑，很容易抓到However这个转折逻辑词，那通过简单的句意理解就能看出作者其实是将South Africa的paintings和France and Spain的paintings进行对比，来说明Location的问题，所以选择的是B。
新托福阅读的修辞目的题答题技巧修辞目的题（Rhetorical Purpose Questions），为新托福必考题型，每篇文章考0-2题。
它主要考查考生们理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置或者以某种特殊的方式陈述一个特别的信息。
1）有时要求学生确定一个段落与另一个段落之间的联系2）有时考查作者提到某一条特别信息的原因（句子之间的联系）注意：此类题目不考查整篇文章的结构，只考查句子或段落之间的逻辑关系。
问题形式☻The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to…☻Why does the author mention X?☻The author uses X as an example of…答题技巧修辞目的题一般可分为以下几类：一、例子题例子题一般占修辞目的题出题机会的70%, 题干中出现的X本身是段落中出现的一个例子，这类题是送分题，因为要么是先举例子后总结/概述（理论），要么是先概述（理论）后举例子，所以答案多半是绕过例子看概述，而概述的改写就是本题答案的所在，也就是说哪个选项的内容和概述的内容一致就是答案。
因此考生也可以用排除法选答案。
如：OG Title: ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATIONParagraph 44. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to○ support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery○ argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints 分析：此题中我们根据mill worker定位，能定位到原文对应内容为One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines”, 绕过例子读理论，理论“The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules.”在例子前面，根据此理论，我们即可以选出正确答案为第一个选项。
如：OG Title: AGGRESSIONParagraph 57. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people○ deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger○ usually release aggression in explosive ways○ must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up○ typically lose their aggression if they do not express it.分析：此题中，我们根据Freud和steam engines定位，原文对应内容为The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.”绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions.”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第三个选项。
如：OG Title: EARLY CINEMAParagraph 22. The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order to○explain Edison’s financial success○ describe the model used to design Kinetoscope parlors○ contrast their popularity to that of Kinetoscope parlors○ illustrate how much more technologically advanced Kinetoscope parlors were分析：此题中，我们根据phonograph parlors定位，原文对应内容为These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. 绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第二个选项。
二、逻辑关系词或者态度类词汇的题在段落中，将某一个逻辑关系词X划出，题干中why does the author mention X?这种题目的解法主要是关注逻辑关系词或态度类词所表达的含义，如：转折关系：however, but, although, instead, rather than等因果关系：because, result in, result from, consequently, as a result等递进关系：furthermore, also, moreover等态度类词汇：happy, worried, panic, luckily, fortunately, unfortunately, impatient, curious, anxious, ridiculous, hopeless等如：Why does the author begin paragraph 4 with unfortunately?○ It indicates that NASA has been unh appy with all of Hubble’s photograph.○It shows that NASA’s plan to use stars to orient the Hubble telescope was misguided. ○ It emphasizes the need to have telescopes on the earth.○ It indicates that high expectation were not initially met.分析：此题即考查态度类词Unfortunately所表达的含义。
结合原文内容中的“initially delayed in”,说明作者用Unfortunately一词是为了表达对Hubble telescope最初使用时并未成功的遗憾，因此我们可以确定答案即为第四个选项。
如：OG Title: THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANSParagraph 59. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natansfossils included hind legs?○ Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.○ The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.○ The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.○ Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.分析：此题即考查态度类词luckily所表达的含义。
结合原文内容中的“a good proportion of the hind legs”以及“The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly both functional both on land and at sea”, 说明作者用luckily一词是为了表达对fossil包含了较好比例的后腿的欣喜，而此后腿又提供了很多信息，因此我们可以确定答案即为第二个选项。
