Abstract of text 2
Any computer which connected to the Internet has raised a dauting ra nge of electronic threats. Many software bugs may simply cause a computer to crash. This paper focuses on different kinds of electronic threats, explain how they works and make menace. Viruses and worms are programs which provide a way for hackers to control computers, they can earn large amounts of money through Trojans and zombies. Spams are bulk emails, they used for phishing, try to trick a recipient into handing over money or sensitive personal information. Spyware represents the third of unhappy trinity of Internet pests. The programs are used to unwanted adverts, change settings and gather information. As money increasingly becomes a digital commodity, the world has seen the emergence of serious computer criminals. Hackers use many tools make criminals and menace, the biggest new target for them is the mobile device. While the Internet has transformed global communication beyond recognition,we should be ready to the tasks of pr eventing these threats.
学术英语 学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：张庆飞 学号：7301013016 专业班级：新能源材料与器件131 2015年 6月16 日
The current development of genetically modified crops of China and its safety issues Zhang Qingfei (College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts: GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed. Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; China Introduction: As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton. The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed. The current development of genetically modified crops in china GM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality. China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops. As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinese
Reading: Text 1 1.Match the words with their definitions. 1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i 2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify 6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt 11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical 15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve 19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile 3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold. Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above. ranging from（从……到） arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解） leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决） opens a path for（打开了通道） requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想） 4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese. 1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。 2) 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。 3) 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。 4) 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。 5) 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在几个真正需要的端口，如电子邮件和网站流量。 Reading: Text 2 1.Match the words with their definitions. 1d 2f 3h 4i 5a 6e 7b 8j 9g 10c https://www.doczj.com/doc/da4585761.html,plete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 compromised 2notoriety 3 interchangeably 4malfunctioned 5squeeze 6 ingenious 7 emergence 8 humble 9 Cunning 10 vulnerability 11criminal 12patches 13 sinister 14daunting 15replicate 16malicious 17 spirals 18secure 19blur 20 stem 21 disrepute 22 sophisticated 23harness 24 recipient 25convert
学术英语理工类平时分细则 序 号 比率细目内容备注 1 10% 考勤+平时表现学生考勤，课堂表现，作业情 况等教学过程中注重terminology 的学习，课本中的术语主要集中在每个text的“term and notes”部分和每个单元 enhance your academic language”部分中的“target words”,.术语的学习情况将在期末考试中体现。 2 15% 阶段考核摘要（abstract)写作， 文献综述（literature review )英 语写作Abstract: 1.200~250字； 2.基于前三单元其中任一篇TEXT； 3.按照教师讲授的标准格式；（Arial, 小四） 4.配予中文翻译； 5.打印上交批改并归档 6.抄袭舞弊不计成绩Literature Review: 1.400字左右；（课本上第四单元主题） 2.主题（参加说明.-主题1） 3.基于前四单元的学习内容 4.打印上交批改并归档 5.抄袭舞弊不计成绩 另： 1.期末考试将任选其中一种 2.期末Abstract的写作原文出自本教材中的19篇text 的其中一篇 3.期末Review的写作要求和内容和平时一样，但闭卷考试。 3 15% 演示科研成果Oral presentation 1.时间安排参照进度表 2.1～2人一组 3.基于本教材所授技能 4.主题（参见说明-主题1） 5.每位学生陈述时间至少3 分钟 6.不接受单纯读稿 7.每位学生单独得分
合计40% 说明： 1.主题： 1.1五大主题：cloud computing, climate change, genetically modified foods, nuclear radiation, nanotechnology .相关的subtopics 1.2 自选主题，但必须由课任老师审核通过 1.3 Review 的specific topic 尽早确定后，根据所学技能，进行相关信息搜索，整理成文。 2.期末考试完整题型后期会通知 3.期末考试已确定题型参加上表的“另” 4.Review的写作内容和oral presentation的内容可以保持连贯性 5.Oral presentation 要求每位学生陈述时间不少于3分钟，班级人少，时间充裕的班级，教师可视具体情况调整学生陈述时间长度。
Reａdinｇ: １ 1 . 1ｇ 2a 3e ４b 5ｃ６d 7j 8f 9h 10i 2. ． . 1 2 ３ 4 5 6 7 8 ９10 11 12 13 １4 1５16 17 18 １9 20 ２１２２ 23 ３. ． . . . (从……到） (来自于对……误解) a （留下很多问题没有得到解决） a （打开了通道) a (需要有新的思想) 4 1 ． 1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人(或即使造成危害,但并非故意而为）,而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。 2) 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容,获得一个系统的处理
能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。 3) 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。 4) 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击,然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。 5) 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在几个真正需要的端口,如电子邮件和网站流量。Reading：2 １ . 1d 2ｆ3h ４i 5ａ 6e 7b 8j 9ｇ 10c 2 ． . １２ 3 ４ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 １２ 13 14 １5 16 17 1８ 1９ 20 21 22 23 ２4 ２5 ３． . . . . （有证据表明)
（黑客的数量也有很大增长) (往往被称之为) (损坏你的计算机) (获取你的信息) (进入你的计算机) 4 ２. １看似无害的编程错误可能被利用,导致电脑被侵入,为电脑病毒和蠕虫的繁衍提供温床。 ２当一个软件漏洞被发现,黑客可以将它变成一个侵入点，从而造成极大的破坏。在这之前,往往需要争分夺秒地利用正确的软件补丁来防止破坏的发生。 3 最简单的钓鱼骗局试图利用迅速致富的伎俩诱使诈骗目标寄钱。但网络骗子们也变得越来越狡猾,最近的陷阱是通过发送客户服务的电子邮件让用户进入假银行或商业网站,并在那里请他们“重新输入”他们的账户信息。 ４间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生厌的互联网害虫。尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着其他免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。 5 尽管因特网已经彻底改变了全球通讯，但是对于那些利用网络力量实现罪恶目的的人和那些负责阻止这些网络犯罪的人来说，他们之间的较量才刚刚开始。
2015-2016学年第二学期学术英语理工类期中考试 班级:材料成型及控制工程145班学号：5901214047姓名：朱亿成绩: Computer Security The two following articles are on the security of computer.The first one was in the view of hackers,which was talking about the ways to utilize computer vulnerabilities. The first paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target.(Julie,2004) The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked. Then,the second work was like a supplement to the first article.which involved getting imformaton only from the reliable websites,which was refered in the second article.Always,people are not to know how to use computer safely, update patches, make complex passwords, get information from the reliable websites or services, updae anti-virus software and back up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.So,this article would play a pivotal role in the aspect of computer security.It was a websites guide leading to the security imformation and service for acounts.This guide is intended to present a selected list of sites that cover the basic issues of computer security and which provide useful information for the non-expert (librarian, undergraduate student, office manager, etc.) who wants to learn more about this increasingly important subject. The categories are intended to offer points of departure for some of the many aspects
Is the cloud computing perfect now? Cloud computing, or the cloud, is a colloquial expression used to describe a variety of different types of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers connected through a real-time communication network such as the Internet. And with various terminals developing fast, the durative, massive and intricate computing related to these terminals really become urgent problems. And for the present, cloud computing is a solution. But if we allow the cloud computing to contact with our private information, is it secure enough? And in which field can we improve the security? In the Security Benefits of Cloud Computing, Felician Aleca introduced the cloud computing and analyze its extensive application in the Internet field. It clarified many advantages of the cloud computing. In addition, it also introduced some major security benefits for individuals or companies which are provided by the cloud computing. But nearly every Internet technique will produce some latent vulnerability. In an essay about computer hacker, How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside”a Computer?, by Julie J. C. H. Ryan, it introduced the various ways that hackers use to invade into computer. And there are three major patterns of these ways, which are gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities of system, or capturing information being communicated between systems (J.C.H.Ryan,2004). And in the end, it reminds the importance of protecting our computer. As we all known, the personal terminals always store many private information, and the cloud store the users’ data on the Internet servers , in this way, it will cause large-scale information leakage once the hackers invade to these servers online. In fact, we are becoming more vulnerable while we enjoy the benefit of centralized processing by cloud computing. So how to improve the security of the users’ data stored in the cloud is real ly worth studying. Reference Julie J. C. H. Ryan. How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer?. Scientific American, August 16, 2004.
学术英语理工 教师手册
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic I Teaching Objectives In this unit , you will learn how to: 1.choose a particular topic for your research 2.formulate a research question 3.write a working title for your research essay 4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures 1.Deciding on a topic Task 1 Answers may vary. Task 2 1 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay. 2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer. 3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like: Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men? A New Way to Find Breast Tumors Some Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily Life Breast Cancer and Its Direct Biological Impact Breast Cancer—the Symptoms & Diagnosis Breastfeeding and Breast Cancer Task 3 1 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text 2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face. 2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.
How Radiation Threatens Health如何辐射威胁健康 As worries grow over radiation leaks at Fukushima, is it possible to gauge the immediate and lasting health effects of radiation exposure? Here's the science behind radiation sickness and other threats facing Japan。由于担心福岛核电站辐射泄漏,有可能测量辐射的 直接和持久的健康影响?这是背后的科学面临辐射病和其他威胁日本。 The japan earthquake and tsunami on match 11,a powerful,magnitude 9.0 quake hit northeastern japan,triggering a tsunami with 10-meter-high waves that reached the U.S. West coast.Here’s the science behind the disaster.在比赛11日日本地震和海啸,强大,日本 东北部发生9.0级地震,地震引发的海啸与西方10-meter-high波,达到美国coast.Here灾难背后的科学。 The developing crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in the wake of the March 11 earthquake and tsunami has raised concerns over the health effects of radiation exposure: What is a "dangerous" level of radiation? How does radiation damage health? What are the consequences of acute and long-term low-dose radiation? 发展危机福岛第一核电站在3月11日地震和海啸后引发了担忧辐射对健康的影响:“危险”水平的辐射是什么?如何辐射损伤健康?急性和长期低剂量辐射的后果是什么? Though radioactive steam has been released to reduce pressure within the wrecked complex's reactors and there has been additional radiation leakage from the three explosions there, the resulting spikes in radiation levels have not been sustained. The highest radiation level reported thus far was a pulse of 400 millisieverts per hour at reactor No. 3, measured at 10:22 A.M. local time March 15. (A sievert is a unit of ionizing radiation equal to 100 rems; a rem is a dosage unit of x-ray and gamma-ray radiation exposure.) The level of radiation decreases dramatically as distance from the site increases. Radiation levels in Tokyo, about 220 kilometers to the southwest, have been reported to be only slightly above normal.尽管放射性蒸汽被释放减少受损的反应堆内压力和有额外的辐射泄漏的三次爆炸,产生的辐射水平激增并不持久。迄今为止,报道的最高辐射水平是每小时400毫西弗的脉冲在三号反应堆,以当地时间3月15日上午十。(译者按电离辐射的单位等于100雷姆;快速眼动是x射线和伽马射线辐射剂量单位。)的辐射水平显著降低站点的距离增加,辐射水平在东京,西南约220公里处,已报告仅略高于正常。 "We are nowhere near levels where people should be worried," says Susan M. Langhorst, a health physicist and the radiation safety officer at Washington University in Saint Louis. “我们离辐射人们应该担心,”Susan m . Langhorst说健康物理学家与辐射安全官在圣路易斯华盛顿大学。 According to Abel Gonzalez, vice chairman of the International Commission on Radiological Protection who studied the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, current information coming from Japan about levels of radiation leakage are incomplete at best and
Unit 2 Searching for Information 9 Enhancing your academic language Reading: Text 5 1 Match the words with their definitions. 1 e 2 h 3 a 4 g 5 c 6 b 7 j 8 f 9 d 10 i 2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 automation 2 occupational 3 immigrant 4 uplift 5 displacement 6 hand-crafted 7 ranched 8 nutritious 9 involved 10 assembly 11 yield 12 incredible 13 optimism 14 mob 15 professional 16 labeled 17 analyst 18 surplus 19 harbor 20 columnist 21 virtual 22 revolutionary 23 lace 24 undercut 25 barter 26 litigable 27 specter 28 sift 29 pot 3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold. Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above. increasingly important role （越来越重要的作用） tasks humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do（那些人类不愿做或不能做的事） and the like（以及诸如此类的事） settle man’s anxieties（解决人类的担忧） Some questions are raised（问题提了出来） 4 Translate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese. 1 最近在《纽约时报》上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件瞬间就能筛选数以千计的法律文件并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，为律师们节省了花费在阅读文件上的数百小时。 2 他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，多种的部分用以物品交易或卖出。 3 从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年达到顶峰（约有1100-1200万）,在此之后人数便急剧下降。 4 这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。 5 人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20 世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？ Reading: Text 6 1 Match the words with their definitions. 1 d 2 f 3 i 4 b 5 h 6 c 7 a 8 e 9 j 10 g
Text 15 转基因食物-养育了世界？ 1.如果你想在晚宴上引发一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食物这个话题。对许多人来说，转基因，高科技农作物生产的概念产生了各种各样的环境，健康，安全和伦理问题。尤其在有着长期农业生产传统的国家和绿色团体中。这种观点（转基因和高科技农业生产的概念)似乎是反自然的。 2.事实上，转基因食物已经深入且成为我们生活的一部分了。根据农业部显示，去年，美国种植的三分之一的玉米和超过一半的大豆，棉花都是生物技术的产品。今年，在美国将有超过6500万英亩的转基因玉米被种植。基因在瓶子外了。 3.然而，有一些非常明确的现实问题需要去解决。像一些食品进入食物链一样，转基因食物必须经过严格的测试。在富裕国家，关于生物问题的讨论淡化了，因为我们有丰富的食物可供选择，而且供应远远超过我们的需求。在迫切希望养活快速增长和营养不良的人口的发展中国家，这个问题更为简单且更为紧急:生物技术的优点超过风险吗？ 4.有关人口增长和饥饿的统计数据令人不安。去年世界人口达到60亿。联合国估计，到2050年，可能会接近90亿。几乎所有的增长都发生在发展中国家。同时，根据ISAAA数据显示，世界人均可耕种土地正在下降。从1960年开始，适于耕种的土地就在稳定地下降而且50年之后，会减少一半以上。 5.联合国估计世界上有接近8亿的人处于营养不良的阶段。这个影响是毁灭性的。大约有4亿处于生育年龄的女性缺铁，意味着他们的孩子很可能具有各种各样的先天性缺陷。多达1亿的孩子缺乏维他命A，这是失明的主要原因。数千万的人由于缺乏食物遭受着其他的一些疾病和营养不良。 6.生物技术能够如何帮助呢？生物学家已经开发出了富含身体能够将其转化成维他命A的β胡萝卜素的转基因大米和额外的铁元素。他们现在正在研究其他种类的营养提供作物。在一些地方，由于病虫，干旱，土壤缺乏和作物病毒，细菌
学术英语理工类Abstract及课文翻译Text1、3、5、6、8、9、11、15、18 Text 1 Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker”and “getting inside”the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user”(UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked. Text 3 The article attempts to point out the advantages of cloud computing, a pay-per use model for enabl ing on-demand access to reliable and configurable resources. Comparisons between clouds compu ting services and traditional models have been conducted and the conclusion has been arrived as f ollows: Software, platform and infrastructure prove that cloud computing have the qualitytobe con trolled accessibly,costs less and re-provision quickly; the advantages of cloud computingincludest hefollowing:the business cloud be controlled accessibly from anywhere and be expanded easily;Cl ouds tend to be more secure and environmentally friendly than the traditional business models.