美国文学重点术语总结
1.American Puritanism:
(1)Puritans came from the Established Church of England in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were so called because they wished to purify the forms and rituals of the Church.
(2)Though it was pilgrims that first came to New England, yet Puritanism soon became the dominant faith with its rather gloomy outlook on life. The Puritans held that man lived to suffer and he must toil mightily for the glory of God. Their doctrine was widely known for its extremely rigid and strict morality.
(3)Puritanism was the practices and beliefs of Puritans. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.
2.American Romanticism:
(1)Romanticism rose in the 18th and 19th centuries. In contrast to classicism it was associated with imagination and creation of individuality.
(2)It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.
(3)Romantic writers attached importance to the portrayal of figures of distinctive characters. They reproduced life in their writings according to their ideal and prefer imaginative, even fantastic vision to restriction of objective depiction, passion to elegance, and irregular beauty to perfect proportion.
(4)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.
(5)American Romanticists include such literary figures as James Cooper, Washington Irving, Ralph Emerson, Henry Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Walt Whitman and some others.
3.Transcendentalism:
(1)Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over-soul and Nature.
(2)To free people from the still existing straitjacket of Puritan theology the Transcendentalists preached a complete break with tradition and custom, encouraged individualism and self-reliance, and proposed Nature as the new Bible. They held that man can intuitively transcend the limits of his senses and directly reach truth.
(3)Ralph Emerson’s work, Nature, is called the manifestation of American Transcendentalism.
4.Symbolism:
Symbolism, as a literary movement, developed in the last part of the 19th century and presented a direct challenge to realism. Its chief characteristic is its use of symbols, which, as concrete manifestations of subtle emotions and thoughts, are ideal tools for writers in exploring the
psychological dimensions and implications of character and action.
5.American Naturalism:
(1)Since 1860s Darwin’s evolutionary theory, naturalism appeared, especially in France. As a literary movement, it developed in the late 19th century.
(2)American naturalism was evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing became less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.
(3)Naturalists held that man was subjected to the law of nature. Man’s nature was controlled by his instincts or his passions, and by his social and economic environment. He had no free will and there was no such idea as moral responsibility.
(4)Naturalists concerned themselves with selecting subject matter, in an almost documentary fashion, which showed man’s struggles in the face of severe natural and social forces. They applied scientific objectivity and precision in their observation and treatment of life and natural man.
(5)Stephen Crane, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser are leading writers.
6.The Lost Generation
(1)It is a term first used by Gertrude Stein, one of the leaders of this group. It refers to a group of disillusioned American writers of the post of WW I era who rebelled against former ideals and ethics values by taking despair and cynical hedonism and wrote about the nihilistic spirit of modern time with courage and purpose.
(2)The young American writers were caught up in the war and cut off from the old values, yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization has gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly. At the same time, they were aware that the world was crazy, meaningless and futile.
(3)The three best-known representatives of the Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Passos.
7.Imagism:
Imagism was a poetic movement started by Ezra Pound and the other members of a literary group he formed in London in 1912. Breaking with the Romantic-Victorian tradition, it advocated complete freedom of subject matter for the poet, the use of free verse, great exactness of diction, and perfect verbal rendition of an image. Its exploration of new poetic techniques signaled the beginning of English and American modernism. Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.
8.Expressionism:
(1)Expressionism arose in German theater after the First World War. Delighting in bizarre stage design and exaggerated makeup and costuming, expressionists sought to reflect intense states of emotion. Its mode is “the externalization of the inner”.
(2)Expressionism is a reaction against realism and naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war
world violently distorted.
(3)Expressionism is an artistic style, in which the artists seek to depict not objective reality but rather subjective emotions and responses.
(4)Works noted for expressionism include: Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones, James Joyce’s Ulysses and T. S. Eliot’s The Wasteland.
9.Harlem Renaissance:
The Harlem Renaissance was the first important movement in black American literature. Immediately after the First World War, as a result of a massive black migration to Northern cities, a group of young, talented black artists congregated in Harlem, a predominantly black section of New York City, and made it the cultural and intellectual capital of black America. They carried forward the cultural traditions of their people and demonstrated their achievements to the white society that habitually ignored them. The leading figures are Langston Hughes, James Johnson, Wallace Thurman, etc.
10.American Realism:
(1)The American Civil War brought the Romantic period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Its initiator in American literature is William Dean Howells.
(2)American Realism expresses the concern for the commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.
(3)Realism aims at an interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.
(4)Realism emphasizes the function of the environment of shaping characters and having tendency to explore the psychology of the character.
(5)Realistic writers were more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. They looked for truth in everyday truths.
(6)The greatest of America’s realist writers are Mark Twain and Henry James.
11.Surrealism:
Surrealism which developed in France under the leadership of Andre Breton emphasizes the expression of the imagination as realized in dreams and presented without conscious control. The objective world in surrealist writings appears to be disorderly, illogical, and deformed.
美国文学次重点术语总结
1.Calvinism:
(1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers.
(2)Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace.
(3)Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.
2.Free Verse:
(1)Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.
(2)Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.
(3)Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech.
(4)Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is the most notable example.
3.Darwinism:
(1)Darwinism is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory.
(2)Darwinists think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Human are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically.
(3)Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.
4.Local Colorism:
(1)Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early 1870s in American. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to write or to present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others.
(2)Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. They dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions.
(3)They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by curious conditions of the local.
(4)Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain, Kate Chopin, etc.
5.American Dream:
(1)The idea of American Dream is that all Americans have the opportunity to improve themselves economically and socially. It is the dream of material success, in which one, regardless of social
status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck.
(2)In America, it is said that a person’s circumstances at birth place no limit on his or her potential; people can make of themselves whatever they choose and rise as high as they are willing to climb. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is a typical example of American Dream.
6.Hemingway Hero:
(1)Hemingway Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.
(2)Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Hero.
7.Impressionism：
(1)Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action. (2)Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic moods.
8. The Roaring Twenties：
The “Roaring Twenties” is the term to refer to the period during which the post-war generation rebelled against former ideals and values and indulged themselves in pleasure.
9. The Jazz Age
(1)The Jazz Age describes a period in American history following the end of WWI, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the onset of the Great Depression.
(2)It marked a period of changing values alongside a soaring stock market. From the vantage point of historical and cultural studies it contrasts with the parallel Roaring Twenties with its greater emphasis on modernism in its many forms.
(3)The age takes its name from jazz, which saw a tremendous surge in popularity among many segments of society.
(4)One of the most representative literary works of the Jazz Age is F. Scott Fitsgerald’s The Great Gatsby.
9.The Beat Generation：
(1)The members of the Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.
(2)The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.
(3)The major beat writings are Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. How l became the manifesto of the Beat Generation.
10.Bildungsroman
Bildungsroman defines a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood, and in which characters’change is thus extremely important. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity. Charles Dicken’s David Copperfield is a classic Bildungsroman.
英国文学重点术语总结
1.Renaissance：
(1)The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result was the Renaissance.
(2)It was an intellectual movement spanning the 14th and the mid-17th centuries. The time of the English Renaissance was the late of 15th to 16th century. It started in Italy and gradually spread all over Europe. It was the rebirth of art and literature of ancient Greek learning in Europe after the dark Middle Ages. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class.
(3)The spirit of the Renaissance literature are man over God, reason over religion, praise of man with his infinite capabilities, earthly life over afterlife and revival of science and art after the Middle Ages.
(4)The representatives are Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in drama, Edmund Spenser and John Milton in poetry, and Francis Bacon in essay.
2.Metaphysical Poetry：
(1)Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.
(2)With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.
(3)The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echos the words and cadences of common speech.
(4)The imagery is drawn from actual life.
3.The Enlightenment Movement：
(1)The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century.
(2)The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance. It stressed the power of human reason, the importance of methods and discoveries instead of God.
(3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.
(4)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were these great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Richard Sheridan, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson, etc.
4.Neoclassicism：
(1)The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of the attitudes and styles of expression of classical literature in literary criticism, and a revival of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature in the 17th and 18th centuries.
(2)In its purest form, Neoclassicism marked a return to order, proportion, restraint, logic, accuracy and decorum.
(3)The English society of the neoclassical period wan an age full of conflicts and divergence of values, and the 18th century also saw the fast development of England as a nation.
(4)The representatives of Neoclassicism are John Dryden and Alexander Pope.
5.Heroic Couplet:
Heroic Couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used in epic and narrative poetry. It refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pair of lines in iambic pentameter. The rhyme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales, and was perfected by John Dryden in the Restoration Age.
6.Sentimentalism:
(1)The time of Sentimentalism was the mid- and late years of the 18th century. It Indulges in emotion and sentiment for its own sake and advocates the cult of sentiments against neo-classicist’s reason. .
(2)Sentimentalism is used in two senses: ①An overindulge in emotion rather than reason, especially the conscious effort to induce emotion in order to enjoy it; ②An optimistic overemphasis of the goodness of humanity.
(3)Examples of sentimental novel include Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield and Lawrence Stern’s A Sentimental Journey.
7.Romanticism:
(1)Romanticism is a general, collective term to describe much of the art and literature produced during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
(2)During this period there was a broad shift of emphasis in the arts, away from the structured, intellectual, reasoned approach of the 18th century (the ‘Age of Reason’, or the ‘Enlightenment’) towards ways of looking at the world which recognized the importance of the emotions and the imagination.
(3)It is a literary movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century.
(4) It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which
emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.
(5)The English romantic period is an age of poetry. Major romantic poets include William Blake, Robert Burns, William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, George Byron, Percy Shelley and John Keats.
8. Byronic Hero:
(1) Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
(2) With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energy.
(3) Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”.
9. Gothic Novel:
(1) Gothic Novel is a type of romance very popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
(2) It emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. And it is usually against the dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles. (3) Gothic Novel, as a literary genre, combines elements of both horror and romance. These novels, in rebelling against the increasing commercialism and rationalism, show the dark, irrational side of human nature.
(4)Ann Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein are typical Gothic novels.
10. Critical Realism:
(1) Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
(2) It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. (3) Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.
(4) Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.
11. Dramatic Monologue:
(1) A poem that reveals “a soul in action”through the speech of one character directed to an identifiable but silent listener. An insight into the character of the speaker often results.
(2) The drama of such a poem is created out of the tension between the readers’ sympathy for the speaker and their perceptions of the truth of the speaker.
(3) Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a typical example.
12. Modernism:
(1) Modernism is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s.
(2) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.
(3) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjective than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner of an individual.
(4) James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner are prominent modernist writers. 13. Stream of Consciousness:
(1) “Stream of consciousness” is a style used in the presentation of the character's inner workings of mind.
(2) The assumption is that an individual's psychological processes are a continuous flow like a shifting, uninterrupted stream, highly changeable and confusing, often appearing illogical and contrary to reason.
(3) In tracing the stream of consciousness of an individual the writer may present interior monologue by his character, hint with symbols, reverse the order of time, an alternate recollections with the present or sometimes illusions with given facts.
(4)Master of stream-of-consciousness novels include James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, William Faulkner, etc.
14. The Theater of Absurd:
(1) The Theater of Absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and presents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of non-realistic form.
(2) The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. His play, Waiting for Godot, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the the Theater of Absurd .
15. The Angry Young Men：
(1) In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background, who were known as “the Angry Young Men”.
(2) They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched
a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society.
(3) Kingsley Amis is a leading figure of this group.
16. Existentialism：
(1) Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one’s acts.
(2) Its famous motto is “existence precedes essence”.（存在先于本质）
17. Black Humor：
(1) Black humor is a combination of humor with resentment, gloom, anger, and despair.
(2) Seeing all that is unreasonable, hypocritical, ugly, and even frenzied, writers of black humor nurse a grievance against their society which, according to them, is full of institutionalized absurdity. Yet they are cynical. They laugh a morbid laugh when facing the hideous.
(3) In hopeless indignation they take up freezing irony and burning satire as their weapons. Their novels are often in the form of anti-novel, devoid of completeness of plot and characterized by fragmentation and dislocation.
(4)Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22 is considered a superb example of the use of black humor.
18.Anti-hero
(1)Anti-hero is a character who lacks the qualities needed for heroism.
(2)An anti-hero does not possess nobility of life or mind and does not have an attitude marked by high purpose and lofty aim.
(3)Anti-heroes typically distrust conventional values and are unable to commit themselves to any ideals. They generally feel helpless in a world, over which they have no control. Anti-heroes usually accept, succumb to, and often celebrate, their positions as social outcasts.
(4)Leopold Bloom in James Joyce’s Ulysses, Jim Dixon in Kingsley Amis’s Lucky Jim, Jimmy Porter in John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger and Yossarian in Joseph Heller’s Catch-22are outstanding examples of anti-hero.
19. Aestheticism/Aesthetic Movement
(1)It began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century.
(2)The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious moral or social purpose.
(3)It placed art above life, and held that life should imitate art, not art imitates life.
(4)Aesthetic writers tried to separate art and literature from life or social reality.
(5)The most important representative in English literature is Oscar Wilde.
20. Lake Poets
In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.
21.The Auden Generation
(1)The Auden Group or the Auden Generation is the name given to a group of British and Irish writers active in the 1930s that included W. H. Auden, Stephen Spenser, Louis MacNeice and Cecil Day-Lewis with Auden as the leader. They were sometimes called simply the Thirties poets.
(2)They represented a new generation of poets who grew up after WWI, and whose work reflected the social and political conditions on the eve of WWII. They saw the spread of depression in England and the rise of fascism in Europe, and shared the left-wing point of view, employing their poetry to protest against the ills of capitalism.
(3)To them all, the Soviet Union was a society of hope and Marxism a stronger and more consistent doctrine. But these poet’s belief and philosophical thinking were neither profound nor consistent. When the WWII broke out, the group ended.
22.The Bloomsbury Group
(1)The Bloomsbury Group or Bloomsbury Set was an influential group of associated English writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists, the best known members of which included Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster and Lytton Strachey. This loose collective of friends and relatives lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, London, during the first half of the 20th century.
(2)Although its members denied being a group in any formal sense, they were united by an abiding belief in the importance of the arts. Their works and outlook deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism and sexuality. 23.The Fabian Society
(1)The Fabian Society is a British socialist organization whose purpose is to advance the principles of socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.
(2)As founders of the Labour Party in 1900, the Fabian Society has influenced British policy to the present day, from the postwar creation of the modern welfare state to the election of Tony Blair. Later members of the Fabian Society used Fabian principles to create socialist democracies in India, Pakistan, Nigeria and elsewhere as Britain decolonised after WWII.
(3)It aims to promote greater equality of power, wealth and opportunity; the value of collective action and public service; an accountable, tolerant and active democracy; citizenship, liberty and human rights; sustainable development; and multilateral international cooperation.
英国文学次重点术语总结
1.Ballad
(1)A ballad is a poem or song, which usually tells a story, written to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action.
(2)Ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. Two characteristics of ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza.
(3)Ballads are divided into literary ballads and old English ballads.
2.Humanism
(1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
(2)It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
3.Sonnet
(1)A sonnet was a form of a poem that originated in Europe, mainly Italy, consisting of 14 lines. It usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.
(2)It was Thomas Wyatt who introduced the sonnet into English in the early 16th century.
(3)Sonnet includes Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, English or Shakespearan sonnet, and Spencerian sonnet.
(4)Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.
4. Blank Verse
(1)Blank verse is a verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
(2)It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.
5. University Wits
(1)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “university wits.”
(2)Thomas Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.
6.Ode
(1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commerating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. (2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.
7.Post-colonialism
Post-colonialism is a specifically postmodern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to, and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. Post-colonialism is defined in anthropology as the relations between nations and areas they colonized an once ruled. The representative of it is Joseph Conrad ’s Heart of Darkness.
英语专业-英美文学试卷及答案-期末
英美文学试卷A 共9页第 I. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). (10 x 1’=10’) 1. ( ) Chaucer is the first English short-story teller and the founder of English poetry as well as the founder of English realism. His masterpiece The Canterbury tales contains 26 stories. 2. ( ) English Renaissance is an age of essay and drama. 3. ( ) The rise of the modern novel is closely related to the rise of the middle class and an urban life. 4. ( ) The French Revolution and the American War of Independence were two big influences that brought about the English Romantic Movement. 5. ( ) Charlotte’s novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love. Her novels are more or less based on her own experience and feelings and the life as she sees around. 6. ( ) The leading figures of the naturalism at the turn of 19th century are Thomas Hardy, John Galsworthy and Bernard Shaw. 7. ( ) Emily Dickinson is remembered as the “All American Writer”. 8. ( )The Civil War divides the American literature into romantic literature and realist literature. 9. ( ) Mark Twain is the first American writer to discover an American language and American consciousness.
英国文学 Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母） Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型 Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated Black humor:黑色幽默 Metaphor: 暗喻 Ballad: 民谣about the folk loge Epic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./Chivalry Euphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons. Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。The Faerie Queene Conceit:奇特的比喻is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. 不像的事物 Sonnet: 十四行诗a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. Blank verse: 无韵体诗written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Elegy 挽歌 The Heroic Couplet:英雄对偶句 Lyric:抒情诗is a short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts and emotion or illustrates some life principle. often concerns love. A red, red Rose. Byronic Hero: refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Stream of Consciousness:意识流the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique. Renaissance:文艺复兴14-15th, originated in Italy, encouraged the reformation of the Church and humanism. Humanism: 人文主义it is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Metaphysical poetry:玄学派诗歌it is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With the rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. John Donne, George Herbert. The Enlightenment Movement:启蒙运动18th century flourished in France. Enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. reason, rationality, equality and science and universal education. John Dryden, Alexander Pope. Neoclassicism:新古典主义17-18th centuries of classical standards of standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson. Sentimentalism:感伤主义18世纪60-80年代，came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners i n social reality. use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. The Graveyard School: 墓畔派whose poems are mostly devote to sentimental lamentations or meditation on
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
British Writers and Works The Anglo-Saxon Period ●The Venerable Bede 比得673~735 ?Ecclesiastical History of the English People 英吉利人教会史 ●Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷得大帝849~899 ?The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁—萨克逊编年史 The Late Medieval Ages ●William Langland 威廉·兰格伦1332~1400 ?Piers the Plowman 农夫比埃斯的梦 ●Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400 ?The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人 ?Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ?The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 ?The House of Fame声誉之宫 ●Sir Thomas Malory托马斯·马洛里爵士1405~1471 ?Le Morte D’Arthur亚瑟王之死 The Renaissance ●Sir Philip Sydney菲利普·锡德尼爵士1554~1586 ?The School of Abuse诲淫的学校 ?Defense of Poesy诗辩 ●Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599 ?The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历 ?Amoretti爱情小唱 ?Epithalamion婚后曲 ?Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林·克劳特回来了 ?Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌 ?The Faerie Queene仙后 ●Thomas More托马斯·莫尔1478~1535 ?Utopia乌托邦 ●Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626 ?Advancement of Learning学术的推进 ?Novum Organum新工具 ?Essays随笔 ●Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595 ?Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝 ?The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人 ?The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧
Comment on Walden In 1845, Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency by building his own house on the shores of Walden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm. He sought to reduce his physical needs to a minimum, in order to free himself for study, thought, and observation of nature, himself. Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one level. But it is, first and foremost, a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be. Considered one of the all-time great books, Walden is a record of Thoreau's two year experiment of living at Walden Pond. The writer's chief emphasis is on the simplifications and enjoyment of life now. It is regarded as 1. a nature book.2. a do-it-yourself guide to simple life. 3. a satirical criticism of modern life and living. 4. a belletristic achievement 5. a spiritual book. The Scarlet Letter Symbolic meaning of the letter “A” :1.The scarlet letter “A” is the central symbol of the novel. At the beginning it symbolized the sin of Hester—“adultery”, 2.then gradually when Hester became accepted by the community, it stands for Hester’s intelligence and diligence—“able”. 3.At the end of the novel the symbol has evolved to represent the high virtues of Hester Prynne—“angel”. Comments on The Scarlet Letter:1.The theme of the story should be the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin on people. 2.Scarlet Letter is a cultural allegory, in which the author indirectly tells the future of Puritanism.3.Scarlet Letter is a sample in which American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritanism.(Because of the strong influence of Puritanism in American society, Hawthorne only expressed his ideas on the sin indirectly by employing symbolism.) Symbolism in the novel Moby Dick A. the voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” B. the Pequod is the ship of the American soul and consciousness. C. Moby Dick is a symbol of evil to some, of goodness to others, and of both to still others. D. The whiteness of Moby Dick is a paradoxical color, signifying death and corruption as well as purity, innocence and youth; it represents the final mystery of the universe. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Setting: unpopulated wildness an a dense forest along Mississippi River Characters:1.Ignorant uneducated black slave Jim2.Uneducated outcast white boy Huck Finn。Theme: Huck’s inner waving struggle between what he was taught and what he thought out of good-heart and humanity.Its Features：1.Profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn 2.Magic power with language, the use of vernacular. 3. Humor In a Station of the Metro1 by Ezra Pound The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough. Note: 1。a Paris subway station Analysis of this poem The poem’s form is similar to Japanese haiku, with considering its title as a verse-line. The word “apparition” has double meaning:1. “appearance”, something which can be clearly observed;2. something which seems real but perhaps is not real; something ghostly which cannot be clearly observed. Petals may refer to the faces in the crowd, while bough may refer to the railway in the Metro.
1.Alliteration：Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. In old English alliteration is the principle organizing device of the verse line. 2.Romance：Romance is a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventure of a noble hero. Romance was characteristic of the early feudal age, as it reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance was usually about love, chivalry, and religion. 3.Soliloquy is a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. It is also known as interior monologue. 4.sonnet: A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. 5.Conceit--- a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startling different things. A conceit may strike the readers weird at first glance, but proves appropriate in the end. 6.The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson etc.. 7.Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It makes a transition from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. The term Renaissance means rebirth or revival. The Renaissance period was marked by a reawakening of interest in learning, in the individual and in the world of nature. The revival of learning led scholars back to the culture of Greece and Rome. The rebirth of interest in the individual gave rise to a new appreciation of beauty, to a desire for self-expression in varied activities and to the creation of art. The renewal of curiosity about the nature word ultimately drew men to discover new lands and new scientific truths.
《英美文学选读》期末考试练习 一、搭配题 二、判断题 1.( F ) Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Antony and Cleopatra are Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies. 2.(T ) The Elizabethan Drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. 3.( T) Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. 4.( F) Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, and A Journal of the Plague Year are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. 5.( T) Jonathan Swift defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” 6.( T ) Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel.” 7.( F) William Blake, William Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are regarded as the “Lake Poets.” 8.( T ) The British Romantic period is an age of prose. 9.( T ) The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is love and marriage. 10.( T ) The Victoria period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. 11.( F ) Far from the Madding Crowd is Thomas Hardy’s first novel. 12.( T ) Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. 13.( T ) The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. 14.( T) The early poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats’s matured poetry marked rise of “modern poetry.” 15.( T ) Shaw’s plays have one passion, and one only, that is, indignation. 16.( F) Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies. 17.( T ) The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation. 18.( T ) Paradise Lost is John Milton’s masterpiece. 19.( F ) Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, and A Journal of the Plague Year are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. 20.( T ) In Jonathan Swift’s opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. 21.( T) Henry Fielding was the first to write specifically a “comic in prose.”
一.What is the theme of Beowulf? 这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。 Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. 二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。 1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。 2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。 3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行 1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. 2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. 3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes 三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。 1.主要特点是既不是仅仅是个人的也不是类型；他们是代表某些类型的个人。每个字符都有他或她自己的个性；与此同时，他们可能与别人分享功能。 2.通过运用心理分析的方法，莎士比亚成功探索刻画心灵。 3.莎士比亚很少发明自己的情节；相反，他借用他们的一些旧的戏剧或故事书，或从古希腊和古罗马的来源。 4.在他的著作中，伪装也是重要的设备，打造
文档来源为 :从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑 .欢迎下载支持. 台州学院外国语学院学年第学期 级英语本科专业《英国文学史及选读II 》期末试卷（11）( 闭卷 ) 题号分值得分姓名班级学号 考试时间 :120 分钟I II III IV V VI VII总分10101015201025100 I. Multiple choice . Choose the best out of the four. (10%=1*10) 1.The subject matters of Romanticism include the following But ____. A. strong-willed heroes B. mysticism C. moderation D. exotic pictures 2. “O, wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being, ”is from____. A. Ozymandias B. Ode to the West Wind C. She Walks in Beauty D. The Isles of Greece 3.____is one of the Satanic“school ” poets. A. John Keats B. Percy Bysshe Shelley C. Leigh Hunt D. S. T. Coleridge 4.Dickens ’ first true novel is ____. A. David Copperfield B. Bleak House C. Oliver Twist D. Hard Times 5.The following novels are all written by Jane Austen Except. A. Pride and Prejudice B. Emma C. Mansfield Park D. Far from the Madding Crowd https://www.doczj.com/doc/d74522976.html,wrence revealed Oedipus complex in his novel __________. A. Sons and Lovers B. For Whom the Bell Tolls C. The Sun Also Rises D. The Old Man and the Sea 7.____historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century. A. Jane Austen’ s B. Walter Scott’Cs. Henry Fielding’ s D. Charles Lamb’ s 8.The title of Thackeray ’novels ____was borrowed from The Pilgrim s ’Progress by John Bunyan . A. The Roundabout Paper B. The Newcomers C. Vanity Fair D. The Four Georges 9.,which was written by Charlotte Bronte, is a poetic, imaginative story of the love of a young governess for her married employer . A. Wuthering Heights B. Jane Eyre C. The Professor D. Agnes Grey 10.___is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism. A. Richard Sheridan B. Oliver Goldsmith C. Oscar Wilde D. Bernard Shaw II. True or False? Put a T before the statement if you think it is true and put an F if you think it is false.(10%=1*10) ____1. The glory of the Romantic Age lies in the prose of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats. ____2.The Lakers include Byron, Shelley and Wordsworth . ____3.Childe Harold Pilgrimage made Byron famous overnight.