Behaviour of activated carbons with di?erent pore size distributions and surface oxygen groups for benzene and toluene adsorption at low concentrations
M.A.Lillo-Ro
′denas *,D.Cazorla-Amoro ′s,A.Linares-Solano Departamento de Qu?
′mica Inorga ′nica,Universidad de Alicante,Apartado 99,E-03080Alicante,Spain Received 28October 2004;accepted 17February 2005
Available online 21March 2005
Abstract
This paper deals with the study of the e?ect that the porosity and the surface chemistry of the activated carbons have on the adsorption of two VOC (benzene and toluene)at low concentration (200ppmv).In this sense,activated carbons with very di?erent porosities and contents in oxygen surface groups have been tested.Our results regarding the e?ect of the porosity show that the volume of narrow micropores (size <0.7nm)seems to govern the adsorption of VOC at low concentration,specially for benzene adsorption.Regarding the surface chemistry,AC with low content in oxygen surface groups have the best adsorption capacities.Among the AC tested,those prepared by chemical activation with hydroxides exhibit the higher adsorption capacities for VOC.The adsorption capacities achieved are higher than those previously shown in the literature for these conditions,specially for tol-uene.Adsorption capacities as high as 34g benzene/100g AC or 64g toluene/100g AC have been achieved.ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Activated carbon;Adsorption;Porosity;Surface properties
1.Introduction
VOC are pollutants present in gas and/or liquid streams of many industrial applications.They are very harmful for both human health and environment,even at very low concentrations [1–6].It can be remarked that they are:(1)agents that destroy the ozone stratospheric layer,(2)precursors of photochemical oxidants,(3)agents of the acid rain,(4)elements of the climatic change,(5)agents that a?ect the nervous system and (6)carcinogenic and mutagenic agents.
For all these reasons,a considerable e?ort has been dedicated in the last years regarding their removal.
The most important methods used for treating VOC
gaseous streams are [3,7]:(i)absorption,(ii)adsorption,(iii)condensation,(iv)thermal oxidation and (v)cata-lytic oxidation.All these methods provide good results when using the appropriate conditions of concentration,?ow and temperature.
Many of the gaseous streams involved in industrial processes contain VOC at very low concentrations.Both legislation and human health determine that these streams must be treated to remove the organic com-pounds.Considering the low concentration of the VOC in the streams,adsorption is one of the techniques which provides better results [2,3,7,8].
The adsorption of organic pollutants can be carried out employing di?erent adsorbents.Among them,acti-vated carbons are one of the best options due to their hydrophobic properties and their high surface
area
Carbon 43(2005)
1758–1767
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d04069199.html,/locate/carbon
0008-6223/$-see front matter ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.02.023
*
Corresponding author.Tel.:+34965909350;fax:+34965903454.
E-mail address:mlillo@ua.es (M.A.Lillo-Ro
′denas).
and because they are useful for adsorbing molecules with molecular weights between45and130[2,3,6].
In this work,the adsorption of two of the most com-mon VOC,benzene and toluene,at very diluted concen-tration(i.e.200ppmv concentration)will be analysed. The relative pressure for200ppmv concentration is 1.6·10à3and 5.4·10à3for benzene and toluene, respectively,at298K(saturation pressures for benzene and toluene at298K are126.9and37.9mbar,respec-tively,calculated using the corresponding Antoine coef-?cients[9]).
Many studies regard the abatement of benzene and toluene at low concentration[2–8,10–23].These studies try to?nd adsorbents with high adsorption capacities and fast kinetics.Table1summarises the results of the papers related to the adsorption of benzene and toluene on AC.
As it can be seen in this table,a large variety of AC have been used(granular,pellets and activated carbon?-bres).Unfortunately,in most of these studies we cannot ?nd an appropriate characterization of the porosity of the activated carbons https://www.doczj.com/doc/d04069199.html,ually,they only include BET surface area data of the activated carbons;very few include data about the micropore volume calculated by nitrogen adsorption and none of them deals with the characterisation of the volume of narrow micropores.It must be underlined that the volume of narrow micropores (size<0.7nm,in which primary adsorption takes place) has shown to be very important in many gas adsorption applications,such as SO2adsorption and methane stor-age[24–26].This narrow microporosity can be easily measured by CO2adsorption at273K[27–30].
Selecting the concentration used in this paper (200ppmv)we can observe,from Table1,that the best activated carbon for adsorption of benzene adsorbs29g benzene/100g AC[11].Regarding toluene,there are less studies related and few data were obtained in conditions similar to our study.At151ppmv concentration and 298K Yun et al.[22]achieved adsorption capacities of 30g toluene/100g AC.No higher adsorption capacities have been obtained for toluene at200ppmv in the literature.
Thus,the purpose of this work is to make a system-atic study to determine what range of microporosity has higher in?uence in the VOC adsorption at low con-centration.For that purpose,the porosities of the AC in this paper will be characterized in detail.Also,the e?ect of the content in surface oxygen groups in the VOC adsorption will be studied to optimise the acti-vated carbon properties for the adsorption of VOC at low concentration.The?nal aim of this work is to know the activated carbon parameters that control the adsorption of VOC at low concentration.It will allow us to improve the preparation step to develop the AC with the best characteristics for low-concentra-tion-VOC adsorption.2.Experimental
Ten activated carbons have been selected for this study.They have been prepared by di?erent activation techniques and using di?erent precursors;two commer-cial activated carbons provided by Westvaco,an AC prepared by physical activation with steam and chemi-cally activated carbons,prepared by either NaOH or KOH activation.Further details of the chemical activa-tion method employed can be obtained from previous works[31,32].
Table2summarises the nomenclature of the samples employed including the carbon precursor used,the method of preparation and the chemical used in the activation.
The characterisation of the porous texture of the acti-vated carbons has been done using physical adsorption of N2and CO2at77and273K,respectively,in an Autosorb-6apparatus.Nitrogen adsorption has been used for determining the total volume of micropores (pore size smaller than2nm)whereas the adsorption of CO2at273K allows us to assess the narrowest micropores(pore size smaller than0.7nm)[27–30].
Table3summarises the porosity characterisation of the activated carbons.The mean pore size of the AC used,applying the Dubinin equation to the CO2adsorp-tion isotherms at273K[29],is in the range0.6–0.9nm. The percentage of microporosity has been calculated by means of the following expression:
%microporosity?
V-DR N2
eV N2T
P=P0?0:95
á100e1T
To study the e?ect of the surface oxygen groups on the VOC adsorption,some of these AC have been ther-mally treated in inert atmosphere.An additional T is added in the nomenclature of the samples thermally treated.The thermal treatment consists on heating the AC samples in a furnace with a helium?ow of100ml/ min using a heating rate of20K/min up to1173K, and then cooling in helium.This treatment removes most of the surface oxygen groups of the AC,whereas the porosity remains nearly unchanged.Thus,the per-formance of the pristine AC and of those whose content in surface oxygen groups has been reduced have been analysed.The characterisation of surface oxygen groups present in AC has been done by TPD experiments.Dur-ing the thermal decomposition of the surface complexes, CO2evolves from carboxylic groups and their deriva-tives,such as lactones and anhydrides,while CO is mainly a decomposition product of quinones,hydroqui-nones and phenols[33–36].
The experimental system for TPD experiments con-sists of a furnace coupled to a mass spectrometer(VG, Quadrupoles).A helium?ow of60ml/min is used and the heating has been done at20K/min,up to1173K.
M.A.Lillo-Ro′denas et al./Carbon43(2005)1758–17671759
The gases evolved as CO and CO2are analysed in the mass spectrometer.The quanti?cation of CO and CO2values of the untreated and treated samples are included in Table4.The quanti?cation of these CO and CO2
Table1
Adsorption data for benzene and toluene at low concentrations compiled from the literature
Reference Type of AC and
weight(g)Nomenclature
and BET S.A.
(m2/g)
V-DR N2(cm3/g)
or(m2/g)
Temperature
(K)
Concentration
(ppmv)
Benzene ads.
capacity
(g/100g AC)
Toluene ads.
capacity
(g/100g AC)
Foster et al.[2]ACF ACF-15(900)2985720
ACF-20(1610)2985719
ACF-25(2420)2985714
Cal et al.[4]ACF0.01–0.03g ACF-15(900)29820024
ACF-20(1610)29820026
ACF-25(2420)29820017
Cal et al.[10]ACC0.036g ACC-20(1330)(1870)310a50034
Cal et al.[11]ACC0.01–0.03g ACC-15(730)(1040)29820028
ACC-20(1330)(1870)29820029
ACC-25(1860)(2510)29820020
Dimotakis et al.[5]ACC ACC(1550)0.6129820027
ACC-N(1738)0.5929820028
ACC-Cl(1523)0.5429820024
ACC-O(1105)0.3529820020
Dolidovich et al.[6]ACC0.451–b2631 GAC0.3151718 Benkhedda et al.[8]Pellets3g130029861838.5 Chiang et al.[12]GAC20g AC(776)0.30430376820
AC-Ba(668)0.26830376816
AC-Mg(677)0.27630376817
Chiang et al.[13]c Very di?erent P1(1470m2/g)0.522986502326 types and origins P2(1120m2/g)0.402986502024
P3(1320m2/g)0.482986502229
P4(880m2/g)0.312986501614
B1(1120m2/g)0.402986501726
B2(840m2/g)0.302986501517
B3(1030m2/g)0.382986501620
C1(980m2/g)0.352986502022 Chiang et al.[14]GAC Carbon A(1472)0.51529840013
Carbon B(1027)0.38029840013
Carbon C(975)0.35329840019
Chiang et al.[15]GAC AC(783)0.32030361721
AC(O3)(851)0.34430361719
Huang et al.[16]ACF ACF6(640)0.17229820013
ACF14(1460)0.32029820021
Noll et al.[18]BAC120029821020
29835035 Ryu et al.[20]GAC9930.4142981006
29830012 Shin et al.[21]GAC291100–12002974003040
2976003450 Yun et al.[22]ACF KF-150029820017
29815130
29834437 Yun et al.[23]GAC1100–120030320011.6730
a The experiments seem to be done at this temperature.
b It does not give details about concentration.
c The micropore volumes have been calculate
d by Ar adsorption(77K)using th
e Horvath–Kawazoe method.
1760M.A.Lillo-Ro′denas et al./Carbon43(2005)1758–1767
groups was done using two calibration cylinders with a concentration of either10%of CO or CO2in helium. Thus,the data obtained were corrected for fragmenta-tion and mass spectrometer sensitivity.The validity of the results obtained using the10%-concentration CO and CO2calibration cylinders was confronted by several calcium oxalate monohydrate calibrations done in the system TG coupled to the mass spectrometer,taking into account the CO disproportionation.
The system used to asses the adsorption of benzene or toluene consists of a BTRS reactor(?xed bed reactor with an internal diameter of6mm)coupled to a mass spectrometer(Balzers Thermocube).Most of the AC used are in form of powder,except of samples A and C,which are granular(mean particle diameter of1.3 and1.5mm,respectively)and B,which is in form of pel-lets(mean particle diameter of2.2mm,respectively). The bed heights are in the range6–10mm.
The samples have been outgassed before the adsorp-tion experiments using a helium?ow of60ml/min and a temperature of523K,which has been maintained for 4h.
The adsorption experiments in this system have been carried out at298±1K.The activated carbon bed con-tains between0.07and0.11g of AC.The amount of AC has been selected for each sample as the adequate for achieving sharp breakthrough curves.The?ow used during the experiments has been90cm3/min.Thus,the super?cial velocity calculated as the ratio?ow/section, is318cm/min.The gases for the adsorption tests contain 200ppmv of VOC in helium,from cylinders containing these mixtures supplied by Carburos Meta′licos S.A. These gases were used to calibrate the mass spectrometer.
By using this technique,the breakthrough curves, which represent the concentration of VOC in the outlet gas versus time,are obtained.From numerical integra-tion of these curves,the adsorption capacity at200-ppmv concentration and298K has been obtained. These values are presented in Table5.This table also in-cludes the ratio between the volume of hydrocarbon ad-sorbed in the pores and the volume of narrow micropores calculated by CO2adsorption(273K).
3.Results and discussion
3.1.Samples characterisation
Fig.1presents the nitrogen adsorption isotherms of the samples used in this study.From Fig.1and Table 3it can be observed that the commercial activated car-bons,samples A and B,have a wide pore size distribu-tion.They present a wide knee and the slope at relative pressures higher than0.2indicates the presence
Table2
Some data about the preparation of the AC samples
Sample Precursor Activation method Activating agent
A Wood Commercial H3PO4
B Wood Commercial H3PO4
C Bituminous Physical activation Steam
D Anthracite Chemical activation NaOH
E Anthracite Chemical activation NaOH
F Anthracite Chemical activation NaOH
G Anthracite Chemical activation NaOH
H Anthracite Chemical activation KOH
I Subbituminous Chemical activation KOH
J Subbituminous Chemical activation NaOH
Table3
Porosity characterisation of the samples studied
Sample BET
(m2/g)V-DR N2
(cm3/g)
V-DR CO2
(cm3/g)
%Microporosity
A17570.670.3662
B12970.540.3065
C8830.350.2677
D6560.260.2584
E9320.390.4092
F15940.670.6799
G18720.800.7397
H27460.970.7783
I21230.930.9299
J24780.880.6281
Table4
Characterisation of the content in surface oxygen groups
Sample CO(l mol/g AC)CO2(l mol/g AC)Sample CO(l mol/g AC)CO2(l mol/g AC)
A1765471AT7120
B2012509
C724759
D1193844DT8641
E1018698
F946312FT15719
G1126290GT6320
H1525297HT3719
I2853718
J1187551
M.A.Lillo-Ro′denas et al./Carbon43(2005)1758–17671761
of mesoporosity.Sample C,prepared by activation with steam,has a lower percentage of micro and mesoporos-ity.The samples prepared by chemical activation from an anthracite (i.e.samples D to H)are essentially micro-porous.These samples present a type I isotherm,corre-sponding to essentially microporous activated carbons.However,the isotherms of the activated carbons D to H show that the higher the porosity development,the broader the knee of the isotherm,due to the widening of the micropore distribution.Samples I and J have been prepared by chemical activation from a subbituminous coal by impregnation with KOH for sample I [37]and physical mixing of NaOH in sample J [38].Sample I,presents a very narrow microporosity distribution,opposite to that of sample J.
The comparison between micropore volumes calcu-lated by nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption (see Table 3)con?rms the information provided by the shapes of the nitrogen adsorption isotherms.Thus,the micropore volumes from CO 2and N 2adsorption are quite di?erent in samples A to C,whereas they are very close in samples D,E and I,corresponding to a narrow microporosity distribution (mean pore size close to 0.7nm [27]).Samples G and H present higher micropore volumes calculated by both adsorbates,but the micro-pore distribution is wider than in samples D,E and I.Sample J,also prepared by chemical activation,shows a wide micropore size distribution.
Table 4includes the quanti?cation of the surface oxy-gen groups of the samples used.This table shows that the method used to reduce the oxygen content of these samples (thermal treatment)is e?ective because the con-tent in oxygen groups of those thermally treated samples (those with T in the nomenclature)is much lower than for the pristine materials.
Tables 3and 4show that we have selected a suitable wide range of AC having di?erent porosity distributions and surface oxygen groups content for VOC removal at low concentration.The chemically activated carbons generally present,in comparison with the others,higher percentage of microporosity.
3.2.E?ect of the activated carbon porosity on the VOC adsorption
Fig.2is an example of the breakthrough curves obtained for benzene and toluene adsorption.It includes the adsorption data (using around 0.11g)of the AC A.
Table 5
Quanti?cation of the benzene or toluene adsorption at 200-ppmv concentration on pristine AC (Panel A)and thermally treated AC (Panel B)and ratio of the narrow micropore volume occupied by the hydrocarbon Sample
Benzene adsorption (g/100g AC)
Benzene adsorption (cm 3liq/g AC)
Benzene adsorption (cm 3liq/g)/V-DR CO 2
(cm 3/g)Toluene adsorption (g/100g AC)
Toluene adsorption (cm 3liq/g AC)
Toluene adsorption (cm 3liq/g)/V-DR CO 2(cm 3/g)Panel A A 150.17
0.48310.36 1.00B 120.140.46250.290.96C 120.140.53190.220.84D 110.130.50170.200.79E 150.170.43250.290.72F 220.250.38–––G 230.260.36380.440.60H 270.310.40500.580.75I 340.390.42560.650.70J 290.330.54
560.65
1.04
Panel B AT 200.230.64–––DT 150.170.69270.31 1.25FT 290.330.50–––GT 290.330.45560.650.89HT 32
0.370.48640.740.96
1762M.A.Lillo-Ro
′denas et al./Carbon 43(2005)1758–1767
Fig.2shows that the adsorption capacity at 298K is higher for toluene than for benzene.This is an agree-ment with the higher relative pressure for toluene in rela-tion to benzene (5.4·10à3and 1.6·10à3,respectively).In both cases a constant 200-ppmv concentration was used.
Table 5(Panel A)collects the adsorption capacities of the AC,at 200ppmv concentration and 298K,for ben-zene and toluene for the pristine AC.This table shows that the adsorption capacity values for the two studied VOC are very di?erent depending on the AC used.Thus,the benzene adsorption capacities vary largely from 11to 34g benzene/100g AC,while in the case of toluene,the adsorption capacities go from 17to 56g toluene/100g AC.
If we compare these data with those previously pub-lished in the literature (see Table 1)it can be stated that the benzene adsorption capacities achieved in this study are in the same range showing a bit higher value than the best values we have obtained in the literature [11].However,the toluene adsorption capacities achieved are much higher than those previously published [18,20–23].
To understand how the porosity a?ects the VOC adsorption at low concentrations,a detailed analysis of these data has been carried out.Fig.3A and B pre-sents the relationship between the adsorption capacity for benzene and the micropore volume calculated by N 2and CO 2adsorption (77and 273K,respectively).This ?gure clearly shows that a better correlation is obtained when the CO 2adsorption data (that corre-sponds to the narrowest microporosity,i.e.pore size below 0.7nm)are used.Only sample J deviates from this tend.This might be due to its wide porosity distribution in addition to its di?erent origin (i.e.subbituminous coal).If we observe the ratio of the narrow micropore volume occupied by the adsorbed benzene (see Table 5(Panel A)),it can be stated that this ratio is in most of the samples in the range of 0.5,which implies that
around 50%of the narrow micropore volume is still free when adsorbing benzene at these conditions.This result is in agreement with the narrow micropore volume being the factor controlling the benzene adsorption at 200ppmv.
Regarding the toluene adsorption (see Fig.4A and B),it can be concluded that its adsorption capacity cor-relates both with the volume of narrow micropores (those calculated by CO 2adsorption at 273K)and with the total volume of micropores,calculated with N 2adsorption at 77K.The di?erences in the behaviour of toluene with respect to benzene (for which the better correlation was with the narrow micropore volume)may be due to the di?erences in the relative pressures of both adsorbates.Let us remember that the concentra-tions of benzene and toluene used in these experiments are 200ppmv for each one,which implies relative pres-sures of 1.6·10à3and 5.4·10à3,respectively.The higher relative pressure used for toluene,more than three times larger,might explain that the adsorption of toluene takes place not only in the narrower micropores.If we observe the ratio of the narrow micropore volume occupied by the adsorbed toluene (see Table 5(Panel A)),it can be stated that this ratio is higher than when adsorbing benzene and,in some cases,is even higher than 1,which implies that toluene is not only
adsorbed
M.A.Lillo-Ro
′denas et al./Carbon 43(2005)1758–17671763
in the narrow micropores,but in the total micro-porosity.
Thus,it can be concluded that,specially for benzene, to optimise the adsorption capacities of AC for VOC adsorption at low concentrations,we need to maximize the volume of narrow micropores(sizes<0.7nm).
3.3.E?ect of the surface oxygen groups on VOC adsorption
As detailed in Section2,some selected samples have been submitted to a thermal treatment to remove most of their surface oxygen groups.Their adsorption beha-viour has been compared with the non-thermally treated samples to see the importance of the content in surface oxygen groups.
Fig.5includes the breakthrough curves for the adsorption of benzene over the samples A and AT.This ?gure clearly shows that there is a large di?erence be-tween the adsorption behaviour of these two samples, with high and low content in surface oxygen groups: sample AT takes much longer time to breakthrough than A.This result is in agreement with those previously published for organic compounds adsorption in solution [39,40]and for the adsorption of phenanthrene in gas-eous phase[41].
The numerical integration of the data from the break-through curves,which gives the adsorption capacity,ap-pears in Table5where data from the pristine(original) and thermally treated AC are presented.This table shows that,as in the non-treated samples,the AC con-taining less surface oxygen groups present higher adsorption capacities for toluene than for benzene. The benzene adsorption capacities of the samples tested vary from15to32g benzene/100g AC,while for tolu-ene the values reach64g toluene/100g AC.It is remark-able that the adsorption values achieved are much better than those previously reported(see Table1),specially in the case of toluene adsorption.
Fig.6presents the benzene adsorption capacities of samples with high and low content in surface oxygen groups,previously presented in Table5.The?gure shows that,in all the cases,the VOC adsorption capac-ities are higher when the surface oxygen groups from the activated carbons are removed by thermal treatment in inert atmosphere.The presence of these surface groups
1764M.A.Lillo-Ro′denas et al./Carbon43(2005)1758–1767
seems to be of great importance since the adsorption capacity increases36%for sample DT,33%for sample AT,21%for sample GT and19%for sample HT,when comparing these samples with the pristine ones with higher content in surface oxygen groups.
To explain why the reduction in surface oxygen groups enhances the adsorption capacity of the AC for retaining VOC,it should be considered that AC are suitable materials for the adsorption of aromatic compounds,such as the VOC molecules used in this study.The interaction between adsorbate and adsor-bent is favoured by the similar chemical behaviour of the surface and the adsorbate[41].This can be due to the fact that the removal of the surface oxygen groups favours the speci?c interactions between p-elec-tron rich regions of the graphene layers of the AC and the aromatic rings of benzene and toluene,enhancing the adsorption.
The correlation between the adsorption capacities of VOC and the volume of micropores has also been stud-ied in samples with lower content in surface oxygen groups.Fig.7shows that no good relationship is found when correlating the benzene adsorption capacity with the total volume of micropores(Fig.7A).However, the volume of narrower micropores(see Fig.7B)pre-sents a linear relationship with the adsorption capacity of benzene for the thermally treated samples.This?g-ure,which eliminates the e?ect of oxygen surface groups,allows us to analyse clearly the e?ect of the porosity in the benzene adsorption at200ppmv.
Thus,a combination of high micropore volumes (size<0.7nm)and an AC surface with low content in surface oxygen groups,is desired for AC with high VOC adsorption capacity at low concentrations.This result is in agreement with previously published re-sults for organic compounds adsorption in solution [39,40].
4.Conclusions
Two important factors a?ecting the benzene and tol-uene adsorption capacity have been studied:the porosity and the content in surface oxygen groups on the acti-vated carbons.Both parameters have a great in?uence on the adsorption of these two VOC at low concentra-tion on activated carbons,being the porosity the most important one.
The micropore volume calculated by the adsorption of CO2at273K,that is the volume of smaller microp-ores(size<0.7nm),seems to be one of the most impor-tant parameters a?ecting the performance of AC respect to the adsorption of diluted VOC.There is a much bet-ter linear relationship between the VOC adsorption capacity and the CO2micropore volume,specially for benzene,than with the micropore volume calculated from N2adsorption at77K.
These results could probably be extended to the adsorption of other aromatic hydrocarbons with similar sizes to benzene at similar relative pressure conditions.
The e?ect of the surface oxygen groups on the adsorption has also been studied.It allows us to con-clude that when reducing the content in these groups, the activated carbons have higher adsorption capacity for both benzene and toluene.
From a practical point of view,to improve the per-formance of the activated carbons for the VOC adsorp-tion,the narrow micropore volume(calculated by the adsorption of CO2)should be as high as possible,espe-cially for benzene adsorption.To prepare this type of AC,chemical activation by hydroxides is desired.Thus, the chemical activation method,used for the prepara-tion of some of the AC tested,is a very good method for this application.It permits the preparation of acti-vated carbons with high CO2micropore volumes and therefore with very high adsorption capacities.With an adequate selection of the activated carbon properties, this work has allowed to obtain very high adsorption capacities:34g benzene/100g AC or64g toluene/100g AC.These values are very high,even considering that the pollutants are very diluted.
M.A.Lillo-Ro′denas et al./Carbon43(2005)1758–17671765
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank MCYT(PPQ-2003-03884)for?nancial support.
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With的用法全解 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。 下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）
2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the with结构是许多英 语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 二、with结构的用法 with是介词，其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释。在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 1.带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如： Run with the kite like this.
1. with+宾语+形容词。比如：. The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest. 那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫，颈部敞开，露出光光的胸膛。Don’t talk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。 2. with+宾语+副词。比如：She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头，跟在导游之后。 What a lonely world it will be with you away. 你不在，多没劲儿呀！ 3. with+宾语+过去分词。比如：He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed. 他眼睛半闭着听音乐。She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐着。 4. with+宾语+现在分词。比如：With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天到了，该买些保暖的衣服了。 He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了，（可）灯还亮着。 5. with+宾语+介词短语。比如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。 The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son in her arms. 那位年轻的女士进来了，怀里抱着两岁的孩子。 6. with+宾语+动词不定式。比如： With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film. 下午无事可做，我就去看了场电影。Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 很抱歉，有这么多盘子要洗，我不能出去。 7. with+宾语+名词。比如： He died with his daughter yet a school-girl.他去逝时，女儿还是个小学生。 He lived a luxurious life, with his old father a beggar . 他过着奢侈的生活，而他的老父亲却沿街乞讨。(8)With so much work to do ,I can't go swimming with you. (9)She stood at the door,with her back towards us. (10)He entered the room,with his nose red with cold. with复合结构与分词做状语有啥区别 [ 标签：with, 复合结构, 分词状语] Ciro Ferrara 2009-10-18 16:17 主要是分词形式与主语的关系 满意答案好评率：100%
with复合结构专项练习（二） 一请选择最佳答案 1）With nothing_______to burn，the fire became weak and finally died out. A.leaving B.left C.leave D.to leave 2）The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes_______on the wall. A.fixing B.fixed C.to be fixing D.to be fixed 3）I live in the house with its door_________to the south.（这里with结构作定语） A.facing B.faces C.faced D.being faced 4）They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights____. A.burn B.burnt C.burning D.to burn 二：用with复合结构完成下列句子 1）_____________（有很多工作要做），I couldn't go to see the doctor. 2）She sat__________（低着头）。 3）The day was bright_____.（微风吹拂） 4）_________________________，（心存梦想）he went to Hollywood. 三把下列句子中的划线部分改写成with复合结构。 1）Because our lessons were over，we went to play football. _____________________________. 2）The children came running towards us and held some flowers in their hands. _____________________________. 3）My mother is ill，so I won't be able to go on holiday. _____________________________. 4）An exam will be held tomorrow，so I couldn't go to the cinema tonight. _____________________________.
with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例：
1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.(with+名词+副词，作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。
基本用法 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词充当 一、with或without+名词/代词+形容词 例句:1.I like to sleep with the windows open. 我喜欢把窗户开着睡觉。(伴随情况) 2.With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it'll rain presently. 大气这样闷，十之八九要下雨(原因状语) 二、with或without+名词/代词+副词 例句:1.She left the room with all the lights on. 她离开了房间，灯还亮着。(伴随情况) 2.The boy stood there with his head down. 这个男孩低头站在那儿。(伴随情况) 三、with或without+名词/代词+介词短语 例句:1.He walked into the dark street with a stick in his hand. 他走进黑暗的街道时手里拿着根棍子。(伴随情况) 2. With the children at school, we can't take our vacation when we want to. 由于孩子们在上学，所以当我们想度假时而不能去度假。(原因状语) 四、with或without+名词/代词+非谓语动词 1、with或without+名词/代词+动词不定式，此时，不定式表示将发生的动作。 例句: 1.With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 由于没人可以说话的人，约翰感到很悲哀。(原因状语)
with用法归纳 （1）“用……”表示使用工具，手段等。例如： ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 （2）“和……在一起”，表示伴随。例如： ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗？ ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 （3）“与……”。例如： I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 （4）“关于，对于”，表示一种关系或适应范围。例如： What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了？ （5）“带有，具有”。例如： ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 （6）“在……方面”。例如： Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 （7）“随着，与……同时”。例如： With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形： 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况） 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
With的复合结构 介词with without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 1. with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open. = He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study. 2. with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. = Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. 3. with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. He stood at the door, computer in hand. = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. 4. with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished. = I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finish ed. 5. with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. 6. with+名词代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. with the window closed with the light on with a book in her hand with a cat lying in her arms with the problem solved with the new term to begin
with用法小结 一、with表拥有某物 Mary married a man with a lot of money . 马莉嫁给了一个有着很多钱的男人。 I often dream of a big house with a nice garden . 我经常梦想有一个带花园的大房子。 The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely island . 这个老人和一条小狗住在荒岛上。 二、with表用某种工具或手段 I cut the apple with a sharp knife . 我用一把锋利的刀削平果。 Tom drew the picture with a pencil . 汤母用铅笔画画。 三、with表人与人之间的协同关系 make friends with sb talk with sb quarrel with sb struggle with sb fight with sb play with sb work with sb cooperate with sb I have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other, and I have never quarreled with him . 自从我们一起工作以来，我和汤姆已经是十年的朋友了，我们从没有吵过架。 四、with 表原因或理由 John was in bed with high fever . 约翰因发烧卧床。 He jumped up with joy . 他因高兴跳起来。 Father is often excited with wine . 父亲常因白酒变的兴奋。 五、with 表“带来”，或“带有,具有”，在…身上，在…身边之意
with+复合宾语的用法 一、with的复合结构的构成 二、所谓"with的复合结构”即是"with+复合宾语”也即"with +宾语+宾语补足语” 的结构。其中的宾语一般由名词充当（有时也可由代词充当）；而宾语补足语则是根据 具体的需要由形容词，副词、介词短语，分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）及不定式短语充当。下面结合例句就这一结构加以具体的说明。 三、1、with +宾语+形容词作宾补 四、①He slept well with all the windows open.（82 年高考题） 上面句子中形容词open作with的宾词all the windows的补足语， ②It' s impolite to talk with your mouth full of food. 形容词短语full of food 作宾补。Don't sleep with the window ope n in win ter 2、with+宾语+副词作宾补 with Joh n away, we have got more room. He was lying in bed with all his clothes on. ③Her baby is used to sleeping with the light on.句中的on 是副词，作宾语the light 的补足语。 ④The boy can t play with his father in.句中的副词in 作宾补。 3、with+宾语+介词短语。 we sat on the grass with our backs to the wall. his wife came dow n the stairs,with her baby in her arms. They stood with their arms round each other. With tears of joy in her eyes ,she saw her daughter married. ⑤She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides. 句中介词短语on both sides 作宾语red flowersandgreen grass 的宾补， ⑥There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.，介词短语in front of them 作宾补。 4、with+宾词+分词（短语 这一结构中作宾补用的分词有两种，一是现在分词，二是过去分词，一般来说，当分词所表 示的动作跟其前面的宾语之间存在主动关系则用现在分词，若是被动关系，则用过去分词。 ⑦In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.（高一第十课），句中用现在分词pointing at…作宾语your feet的补足语，是因它们之间存在主动关系，或者说point 这一动作是your feet发出的。 All the after noon he worked with the door locked. She sat with her head bent. She did not an swer, with her eyes still fixed on the wall. The day was bright,with a fresh breeze（微风）blowing. I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. With win ter coming on ,it is time to buy warm clothes. He soon fell asleep with the light still bur ning. ⑧From space the earth looks like ahuge water covered globe,with a few patches of land stuk ing out above the water而在下面句子中因with的宾语跟其宾补之间存在被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补：
with复合结构 一. with复合结构的常见形式 1.“with+名词/代词+介词短语”。 The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm. 那人在街上走着，腋下夹着一本书。 2. “with+名词/代词+形容词”。 With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it’ll rain presently. 天气这么闷热，十之八九要下雨。 3. “with+名词/代词+副词”。 The square looks more beautiful than even with all the light on. 所有的灯亮起来，广场看起来更美。 4. “with+名词/代词+名词”。 He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul. 他走了，妻子十分伤心。 5. “with+名词/代词+done”。此结构过去分词和宾语是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。 With this problem solved, neomycin 1 is now in regular production. 随着这个问题的解决，新霉素一号现在已经正式产生。 6. “with+名词/代词+-ing分词”。此结构强调名词是-ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。 He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. 全班同学看着他，他感到更不自然了。 7. “with+宾语+to do”。此结构中，不定式和宾语是被动关系，表示尚未发生的动作。 So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops. 由于下午无事可做，我就去书店转了转。 二. with复合结构的句法功能 1. with 复合结构，在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops. 由于所有的工作都是由机器进行，他们将很快收完庄稼。（原因状语） The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm. 这个孩子总是头枕着胳膊睡觉。（伴随状语）The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵要他背对着他父亲站着。（方式状语）With spring coming on, trees turn green. 春天到了，树变绿了。（时间状语） 2. with 复合结构可以作定语 Anyone with its eyes in his head can see it’s exactly like a rope. 任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。 【高考链接】 1. ___two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.（04北京） A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of 【解析】A。“with+宾语+不定式”作状语，表示原因。 2. It was a pity that the great writer died, ______his works unfinished. (04福建) A. for B. with C. from D.of 【解析】B。“with+宾语+过去分词”在句中作状语，表示状态。 3._____production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET) A. As B.For C. With D.Through 【解析】C。“with+宾语+副词”在句中作状语，表示程度。
With复合结构的用法小结 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二 部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例： 1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、With the meal over ，we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。）The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词+不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语）Without anything left in the cupboard，shewent out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语） 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs. 2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. 3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house. 三、with结构的特点 1. with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。例如：With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）→（He was taken good care of.）She fell asleep with the light burning. →（The light was burning.）With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. →（Her hair was gone.） 2. 在with结构中，第一部分为人称代词时，则该用宾格代词。例如：He could not finish it without me to help him. 四、几点说明： 1. with结构在句子中的位置：with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在
1、简述构成复合材料的元素及其作用 复合材料由两种以上组分以及他们之间的界面组成。即构成复合材料的元素包括基体相、增强相、界面相。 基体相作用：具有支撑和保护增强相的作用。在复合材料受外加载荷时，基体相一剪切变形的方式起向增强相分配和传递载荷的作用，提高塑性变 形能力。 增强和作用：能够强化基体和的材料称为增强体，增强体在复合材料中是分散相, 在复合材料承受外加载荷时增强相主要起到承载载荷的作用。 界面相作用：界面相是使基体相和增强相彼此相连的过渡层。界面相具有一定厚度，在化学成分和力学性质上与基体相和增强相有明显区别。在复 合材料受外加载荷时能够起到传递载荷的作用。 2、简述复合材料的基本特点 (1)复合材料的性能具有可设计性 材料性能的可设计性是指通过改变材料的组分、结构、工艺方法和工艺参数来调节材料的性能。显然，复合材料中包含了诸多影响最终性能、可调节的因素，赋予了复合材料的性能可设计性以极大的自由度。 ⑵ 材料与构件制造的一致性 制造复合材料与制造构件往往是同步的，即复合材料与复合材料构架同时成型，在采用某种方法把增强体掺入基体成型复合材料的同时?，通常也就形成了复合材料的构件。 (3)叠加效应 叠加效应指的是依靠增强体与基体性能的登加，使复合材料获得一?种新的、独特而又优于个单元组分的性能，以实现预期的性能指标。 (4)复合材料的不足 复合材料的增强体和基体可供选择地范围有限；制备工艺复杂，性能存在波动、离散性；复合材料制品成本较高。
3、说明增强体在结构复合材料中的作用能够强化基体的材料称为增强体。增强体在复合材料中是分散相。复合材料中的增强体，按几何形状可分为颗 粒状、纤维状、薄片状和由纤维编制的三维立体结构。喑属性可分为有机增强体 和无机增强体。复合材料中最主要的增强体是纤维状的。对于结构复合材料，纤 维的主要作用是承载，纤维承受载荷的比例远大于基体；对于多功能复合材料， 纤维的主要作用是吸波、隐身、防热、耐磨、耐腐蚀和抗震等其中一种或多种， 同时为材料提供基本的结构性能；对于结构陶瓷复合材料，纤维的主要作用是增 加韧性。 4、说明纤维增强复合材料为何有最小纤维含量和最大纤维含量 在复合材料中，纤维体积含量是一个很重要的参数。纤维强度高，基体韧性好，若加入少量纤维，不仅起不到强化作用反而弱化，因为纤维在基体内相当于裂纹。所以存在最小纤维含量，即临界纤维含量。若纤维含量小于临界纤维量，则在受外载荷作用时，纤维首先断裂，同时基体会承受载荷，产生较大变形，是否断裂取决于基体强度。纤维量增加，强度下降。当纤维量大于临界纤维量时，纤维主要承受载荷。纤维量增加强度增加。总之，含量过低，不能充分发挥复合材料中增强材料的作用；含量过高，由于纤维和基体间不能形成一定厚度的界面过渡层, 无法承担基体对纤维的力传递，也不利于复合材料抗拉强度的提高。 5、如何设才计复合材料 材料设计是指根据对?材料性能的要求而进行的材料获得方法与工程途径的规划。复合材料设计是通过改变原材料体系、比例、配置和复合工艺类型及参数，来改变复合材料的性能，特别是是器有各向异性，从而适应在不同位置、不同方位和不同环境条件下的使用要求。复合材料的可设计性赋予了结构设计者更大的自由度，从而有可能设计出能够充分发掘与应用材料潜力的优化结构。复合材料制品的设计与研制步骤可以归纳如下： 1）通过论证明确对于材料的使用性能要求，确定设计目标 2）选择材料体系（增强体、基体） 3）确定组分比例、几何形态及增强体的配置 4）确定制备工艺方法及工艺参数
介词with的用法大全 With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如： (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语＋介词短语”，如： (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语＋副词虚词”，如： (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.
With 复合结构用法小结 “With + 复合结构”又称为“with结构”，在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随，方式，原因，条件等状语。具体结构如下： 1. With + 名词 + 介词短语? (1) He was asleep with his head on his arm. ? (2) The man came in with a whip in his hand. ? 在书面语中。上句也可以说成：The man came in, whip in hand. 2．with + 名词 + 形容词（强调名词的特性或状态）? (1)With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it'll rain presently.天气这么闷热，十之八九要下雨。? (2)He used to sleep with the windows open. 3. With + 名词 + 副词? (1)With John away, we've got more room. 约翰走了，我们的地方大了一些。? (2)The square looks more beautiful than ever with all the light on. 4. With + 名词 + -ed 分词（强调名词是 -ed分词动作的承受者或动作已经发生） ?(1)With this problem solved, neopenicillin 1 is now in regular production. 随着这个问题的解决，新霉素一号现在已正式生产。 ?(2)All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 5. with + 名词 + -ing分词（强调名词是 -ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作，状态正在进行）? (1)I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. ? (2)He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. ? (3)With the field leveled and irrigation channels controlling the volume of water(水量), no such problem arose again. 6. with + 名词 + to do （不定式动作尚未发生）? (1)So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops. 由于下午无事可做，我就去书店转了转。 ?(2)I can't go out with all these dishes to wash. 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without 的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。 下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语） He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the with结构是许多英语复合结构中最