国际经济学的总复习
The content covers the main parts of International Economics (especially thanks to the students who contributed to this review)
Chapter one introduction
1.what is the object of International Economics Research (the allocation and utilization of scarce resources in the world, and the country as the basic economic unit)?
Answer: international economics is a subject of economics which takes economic activities and economic relations among countries as the research object?
What are the characteristics of the 2. In ternational Economics (two major features, six aspects)?
Answer: two characteristics:
First of all, international transactions are different from domestic transactions? In international trade, there is a natural and man-made barrier to trade and factor mobility?
Secondly, the international economic relations take place among the independent economic entities.
Six aspects:
(1)combining macro a nd micro; (2) combining static a nd dynamic;
(3) combining qualitative and quantitative;
(4) combining theory with policy; (5) combining partial equilibrium with general equilibrium; (6) combining absorption with evaluation ?
3.classical trade theory (mercantilism, absolute advantage, comparative advantage and H-0 theory) and the new trade theory (scale economy and product differentiation theory, trade dumping and reciprocal dumping theory, product lifecycle theory, trade overlapping demand theory, national competitive advantage theory) what are the main content?
Answer: (1) classical trade theory includes: mercantilism, absolute advantage theory (Adam Smith), relative advantage theory (David Ricardo), H-0 theory, factor price equalization, Rybczynski theorem;
(2)the new trade theory includes: economies of scale and product difference trade theory, dumping and dumping theory, product cycle trade theory, overlapping demand trade theory, the theory of national competitive advantage?
What content does the content system of 4. International Economics contain?
Answer: part of the international trade:
Pure theory of international trade (2~6 chapters)
International Trade Policy (7~8 chapters)
Customs union and international economic integration (ninth
chapters)
Fourth, the international movement of factors of production in transnational corporations -- the extension of international trade (11-12 chapters)
International Finance section:
Foreign exchange market and exchange rate (14-15 chapters)
International balance of payments and adjustment of balance of payments (13 and 16)
Internal and external equilibrium under open economy (17 and 18 chapters)
International Monetary System (eleventh chapters)
Monetary integration and European Monetary Union (twelfth chapters)
The second chapter is the micro foundation of International Economics
1.what is the international equilibrium price?
A: international trade is established on the basis of relative price difference, and in turn it will eliminate relative price difference, which leads to the international commodity price equalization, at this time the price is the international equilibrium price Pw. Under the new equilibrium, the two countries face the same price level, which is called the international equilibrium price?
2.what is the terms of trade? (the ratio of export price to import price)
Answer: trade terms, that is, the ratio of export prices to import prices, so the improvement of terms of trade means that the country can gain more benefits from international trade?
3.what are the causes of international trade?
Answer: the cause of international trade:
(1)technical differences in production;
(2)factor endowment difference;
(3)the difference in demand:
(4)incomplete competition and increasing returns to scale.
4.in the model of comparative interest, the international parity of two kinds of trade goods
Answer: before the trade between the two countries, the domestic parity between the two commodities
5.what is trade triangle?
Answer: (book forty-eighth pages) the triangle composed of import quantity, international parity line and export volume is called trade triangle〃?
The third chapter: Classical Trade Theory
1.absolute technology difference theory, relative technology difference theory and the proposition of factor endowment theory
Answer: absolute technology difference theory: Adam Smith
Relative technological differences: David Ricardo
Factor endowment theory: proposed by Heckscher and Ohlin, perfected by Samuelson
2.what does the theory of comparative advantage think of the driving force of international trade (the difference in relative prices)?
Answer: the difference of relative price caused by the difference of labor productivity.
3.what is the relationship between absolute technical difference and relative technical difference?
Answer: absolute technical difference is a special form of relative ?
4.in the absolute technology difference theory and the relative technology differenee theory, the opportunity cost is invariable?
5.how do we judge the products with greater relative advantages from the level of labor productivity in a country?
Answer: ax, ay, respectively, A countries X, Y labor input
BX and by are labor inputs of B, X and Y respectively
If there is: ax/ay>bx/by is A country X labor productivity is relatively higher, then A countries in the production of X has a comparative advantage?
By/bx>ay/ax, that is, the labor productivity of B country Y is relatively high, and has a relative advantage in the upper production of B Y?
The 6. core ideas of relative technical difference theory: "both of the heavy, two disadvantages of the lesser〃?
Answer: even if there is a complete cost disadvantage in a country, as long as there is a cost difference between the two countries, there is the possibility of trade? A country can specialize in the production and export of its absolute disadvantage is a relatively small number of goods (this is the comparative advantage of the goods), while imports of its absolute disadvantage is relatively large commodity (which is the relatively inferior goods), in accordance with the "'benefiting to the weight of the right to choose, two cons weigh the light phase the principle of international division and internationdl trade.
7.factors abundance degree and factor endowment concept
Answer: factor abundance is Factor intensity, which refers to the proportion of two inputs that produce a product? This is also a relative concept, independent of the absolute inputs of production
factors?
Kx二Kx/Lx ky二Ky/Ly
Kx>ky
X is a capital intensive product; Y is a labor-intensive product
Factor endowment: the relative proportion of two factors of production owned by a country. If the factor endowment (K/L) of a country is greater than that of other countries, it is called a country with relatively abundant capital or labor (relative) scarcity; conversely, other countries are labor rich or capital scarce countries?
In Figure 3-1, EA, EB respectively, total P A> B P elements A, B combination of the two countries, so the A in capital rich countries, B in rich countries for labor?
8.try to explain the H - 0 theorem and explain it graphically.
Answer: H-0 theorem: according to the principle of comparative advantage, a country exports intensive use of its rich elements of products, import intensive use of its scarce elements of products. The graph is on page P62 3-6
The price equality of the 9. factors is based on the equality of commodity prices?
Answer: when the relative price of goods is constant, the increase of a certain factor will lead to the increase of the production of
the intensive use of the factor sector, while the production of the other sector decreases?
Inference: the growth of factors that tend to the kitchen will generally enlarge the scale of international trade?
10. - stopper Samuel Xun theorem
Answer: stopper Samuelson theorem (The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem) : a rise in the relative price of goods, the goods will lead to the intensive use of factors of production of the actual price or remuneration increase, while another factor of production the
actual price or remuneration is decreased? In addition, international trade will increase the real income of the rich
factor owners in the country and reduce the real income of the scarce resources factor owners? An important implication of this result is that although the improvement of international trade of a country's overall welfare level, but not for everyone is good, because the factors affecting the income distribution of a
country's international trade will generate substantia1. (P67 pages) 11., Bojin Minkowski theorem: (definition)
A: Rybczynski's theorem: when the relative price of goods is constant, the increase of an element will lead to the increase of the production of the intensive use of the factor sector, while the production of the other sector decreases? Graphic proof:
After the in crease of capital in the graph, the factor endowment point changes from E to E '? Under the condition that the relative price of commodities remains unchanged, the proportion of factor use of the two departments of X and Y remains unchanged? As seen
from the diagram, the output of the X sector increased, while the output of the Y sector decreased?
Corollary: the growth of export oriented factors of production will generally enlarge the scale of international trade?
12. conditions for miserable economic growth
Answer: economic growth tends to increase the export sector of the country;
The growth country is a big country in the world market, that is, the change of its export supply is enough to affect the world price;
The marginal propensity of the growth countries to import is higher, that is to say, the growth country's demand for imports
will increase significantly due to economic growth;
The price elasticity of growth countries， exports is very low in the world market?
Explain the theory of 13. leentief, major
Answer: the mystery of Leontief (The Leontief Paradox): the export of labor-intensive goods, imports of capital intensive goods, and compared with the results of H-0 theory on the cont rar y.
Leontief explanation: effective labor (effective labor)
Because the labor quality in different countries, in the same
capital with the United States, the labor productivity is about other countries (such as Italy) 3 times, so if he's as a measure of the number of effective labor in the United States should be 3 times the existing amount of labor? In terms of the number of effective labor, the United States should be a relatively productive country, while capital becomes a relatively scarce element in the United states?
Human capital:
General labor can be divided into two categories: unskilled labor (unskilled labor) and skilled labor (skilled labor);
Skilled labor refers to the labor with a certain skill, this skill is not innate, but through the acquired education, training and other means to accumulate? Since this kind of acquired effort is similar to the investment behavior of physical capital, we call the latter kind of labor human capita1.
Pete B. Kenen (American Economics) later discovered that the export of the United States was dominated by material capital and human capital intensive goods in the United States of America (Kaine)?
natural resources
Natural resources and capital are often complementary in production, therefore, some natural resource intensive products, such as energy, are often capital intensive?
From the point of view of natural resources, some natural resources in the United States are relatively scarce (natural or human
factors), such as cdl. So, the United States imports Taizong many natural resources intensive products?
From the point of view of natural resources, in fact, the United States imports its scarce natural resources, not capita1.
Factor intensity reversal; because the Leontief element is based on the technical conditions of the United States to calculate the imported goods in his country during the production intensity, but the factor intensity reversal exists, it may cause a misunderstanding?
Although the United States needs reversal: the capital is
relatively abundant, but if the structure of American consumers, capital intensive goods (mainly to manufactured goods) occupy the majority of proportion, then the United States is likely to export labor-intensive goods, imports of capital intensive goods.
The fourth chapter: modern trade theory
1., economies of scale theory, overlapping demand trade theory, product production cycle theory put forward
Answer: the theory of economy of scale; Paul Krugman overlapping demand: Swedish Linde product cycle theory; Vernon
2., the theory of scale economy reflects the increasing returns to scale and diminishing opportunity costs
3.the best solution to the contradiction between economies of scale and the pursuit of differentiated products
(International Trade)
Answer: product differentiation makes the product of the same manufacturer not completely substitutability, each manufacturer faces a downward sloping demand curve;
Under the condition of economies of scale, manufacturers balance the scale of expansion and product diversification;
The market is free to enter, the average profit of the market is zero, the number of manufacturers is balanced, and the types of different products are also determined
The condition that manufacturer decides its output MR二MC?
If the excess profits of manufacturers are greater than zero in the short term, there will be new manufacturers entering the
market.
4., the basic proposition of international trade theory based on economies of scale is that the market is not completely competitive
5.what are the sources of the external economies of scale?
Answer: the external scale economy is a kind of economic externality, and there are many sources of it,
Specifically, it includes: (1) the external economies of scale brought about by the centralization of the geographical position of the industry (which is beneficial to the sharing of the labor
market), which is beneficial to knowledge spillover and technology expansion?
(2) each enterprise in the industry to get more knowledge from the scale expansion in the whole industry accumulation, namely arrow (Arrow) doing "effect" (Learning by doing)?
6.intra industry trade index T (close to 1 or 0)
Answer: intra industry trade index is used to measure the degree of intra industry trade of an industry. The calculation formula of
this index is:
T二1-|X-M|/ (X+M)
In the formula: X and M represent the export and import amount of a particular industry or a class of commodities respectively, dnd take absolute value for X~M? The range of T ranges from 0 to 1.
Three stages of 7. product cycle theory and their characteristics
Answer: initial stage: the initial stage of the product refers to the stage of product development and development?
Characteristics: there are a few developed countries developed; R & D costs account for a large proportion of the cost: trade is mainly carried out among advanced countries? Factors determining comparative advantage: research and development
Growth period: products into a large number of production and sales stage? Features: capital as the primary cost; products to
developing countries? Factors determining comparative advantage: Capital
Maturity: the product has been standardized, and widely spread to the vast market, manufacturers of production has reached the best size point? Factors that determine comparative advantage:
unskilled or semi skilled labor; products from developing countries to developed countries?
8. the theory of overlapping demand trade explains the intra industry trade from the perspective of demand? Its applicable conditions.
A: the degree of trade between the two countries depends on the level of demand structure of the two countries?
Condition: suppose that in a country, the income preference of different income groups is different, and the higher income consumers prefer luxury goods, the lower income consumers prefer the necessities? Suitable for intra industry trade between developed countries.
Conclusion: the closer the income per capita of the two countries is, the greater the overlap of the demand structure of the two countries, so the trade relationship between the two countries is closely related.
9. dumping and mutual dumping, implementation and formation of dumping conditions
Answer: dumping (dumping) is a kind of price discrimination between
different countries? It refers to the act of an exporter selling goods abroad at a domestic price or cost less than the domestic price?
Mutual dumping refers to the two-way trade of the same product caused by dumping? That is, A and B sell the same product to each other，s countries below the domestic price?
Condition: whether the product is dumped on the foreign market below the domestic market price or cost? Three conditions for the formation of persistent dumping:
(1)the market is not completely competitive;
(2)the demand elasticity of enterprises is different in domestic and foreign markets;
(3) the two markets at home and abroad are completely isolated?
The fifth chapter tariff and non-tariff barriers
1.kinds of tariff and tariff collection methods?
Answer: according to different types of imposition of tariffs, tariffs can be divided into: import tax, import tax, export tax and tax collection methods based on transit; tariff, tariff can be divided into: from the amount of tax, tax and mixed tax ad valorem tax?
2.import tariffs on the domestic economic impact of a country. (requiring drawing to explain big and small countries)
Answer: (1) the diagram of the tariff effect (partial equilibrium analysis):
In the case of a small country, when free trade, the world price (domestic price) is Pw, and after tax, the domestic price rises to Pt.
Production effect: producer surplus increases by a;
Consumption effect: consumer surplus decreased by a+b+c+d
Trade effect: imports decreased by Q1Q3+Q4Q2;
Tax effect: tariff income area c;
Net welfare effect:
A- (a+b+c+d) +c二-(b+d) <0, welfare decline. B is the distortion of production, D is the distortion of consumption.
(2) the diagram of tariff effect (partial equilibrium analysis):
In the case of big countries (Figure 7-2), tariffs will lower world market prices,
World price dropped from Pw to P ' W.
Trade conditions effect: the trade conditions of the tax union improved, and the income was e;
Net welfare effect:
A- (a+b+c+d) + (c+e)二e- (b+d). Net effect uncertainty?
What is the definition and formula of the effective tariff rate of 3. tariff? What is the policy significance?
Answer: definition: change rate of added value of domestic production caused by tariff or other trade policy measures.
Calculation formula of effective protection rate:
The effective protection of the tariff rate and the nominal tax rate is not consistent, it means to protect a specific industry, do not have to rely on the industry to improve the nominal tariff rate to achieve import tariffs to reduce their use of in termediate products or raw materials, but also can get better protection. If a country's policy goal is to protect the end product sector, the tariff structure arrangement should be exempted or exempted from import duties on the intermediate product sector and raw materials ?
The net welfare effect formula of 4. tariff (producer welfare increase - consumer welfare loss + government revenue)
Answer: small country's net welfare effect:
A- (a+b+c+d) +c二-(b+d) <0, welfare decline. B is the distortion of production, D is the distortion of consumption.
Net welfare effects in big countries:
A- (a+b+c+d) + (c+e)二e- (b+d). Net effect uncertainty.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d312510479.html,pare the restrictions of quotas and tariffs on imports?
Answer: compared with tariffs, import quotas help to limit the amount of imports of a country. The main reason is that the tariff is through price changes affect domestic demand for imported goods, and the quota is the amount of commodity import restrictions or the amount of imports, so the quota restrictions on imports of more direct and easy to contro1.
6.there are several ways to assign licenses.
Answer: there are three main ways to distribute licenses:
(1)the government may distribute the permit by auction.
(2)fixed benefits?
(3)application procedure of resource utilization.
Public auction may be the best way to allocate import quotas?
7.measures to encourage exports are mainly:
Answer: expand export credit, increase export subsidies, reduce nominal tariff rate, and actively develop export oriented strategy.
8.non-tariff barrier measures are mainly:
Answer: quotas, export subsidies, voluntary export restrictions, discriminatory public procurement, foreign trade monopoly,
technical health quarantine standards, licenses?
The ninth chapter is the regional economic integration and the theory of Customs Union
1.what are the main forms of economic integration?
Answer: free trade area, customs union, common market, economic alliance, complete economic integration
2.what is trade creation and trade diversion?
A: Trade Creation: the expansion of trade scale brought about by
the cancellation of tariff and non-tariff barriers between member states?
Trade diversion: after the establishment of the customs union, the trade between the member states replaced the trade between the Member States and non member states, thus resulting in the shift of trade direction?
What are the factors affecting the static effect of the 3. customs union?
A: (1) the greater the demand elasticity of import countries, the more obvious the welfare effect created by trade? That is to say, the smoother the supply curve and the demand curve are, the more obvious the welfare effect created by trade;
(2)before the tariff union was formed, the higher the tariff level of the importing country, the greater the welfare effect created by the trade union after the formation of the customs union, and the smaller the welfare effect of the trade diversion;
(3)the closer the cost of exports to the two countries, the smaller the welfare effect of trade diversion.
What is the dynamic effect of the 4. customs union?
Answer: first, the establishment of the customs union will form a big market effect (or economies of scale);
Second, the establishment of customs union promotes the competition among enterprises among member states;
Third, the establishment of the Customs Union helps to attract external investment?
The negative influence of the establishment of customs union:
Promote the formation of new monopoly, seriously hinder technological progress;
It is possible to widen the gap of economic development between different regions of member countries?
The thirteenth chapter is the balance of payments
One
What is the balance of payments?
A: the balance of payments table is a statistical table of all international economic transactions recorded by a country resident for a certain period of time (usually one year) by double entry