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公共事业管理专业英语部分翻译

公共事业管理专业英语部分翻译
公共事业管理专业英语部分翻译

The New Public Law

新公共法

The public law of the United Kingdom is defined by the prevailing(adj. 流行的;一般的,最普通的)constitutional order(宪法秩序),the government and the various institutions (n. 制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构)of the state,he rights of the citizen and membership of the European Union.Local government exists with(与…共存)statutory (adj. 法定的;法令的;可依法惩处的)powers and responsibilities.There are since 1998 devolved powers to the Scottish Parliament,the Welsh Assembly(n. 装配;集会,集合),the Northern Ireland Assembly and since 1999 an elected mayor(n. 市长)for London.The public law of the United Kingdom has lately come of age(臻至成熟).There are several reasons for this development.Fundamental constitutional reforms have embraced(vt. 拥抱;信奉,皈依;包含)changes to the electoral system(选举制度),a more independent Bank of England with the responsibility of adjusting interests rates(利息,利率)removed from the government of the day,reforms of the House of Lords(英国的上议院),and strategies(n. 策略,战略)to modernize(v 现代化)almost every aspect of government institutions and procedures.There is also a new freedom of Information Act 2000(2000年《信息自由法》).There are changes to the criminal justice system(刑事司法体系),tribunals(n. 法庭;裁决;法官席)and inquiries (n. 探究;调查;质询),and to the management of the courts system.The most celebrated and acclaimed (vt. 称赞;为…喝采,向…欢呼)innovation(n. 创新,革新;新方法)is the Human Rights Act 1998,which came fully into force in October 2000.The 1998 Act is likely to increase the use of judicial review (司法审查)and thus has the potential to shift(vt. 转移;改变)decision- making in public law matters from elected ministers (n. 部长;大臣)to the courts under the direction of increased judicial controls.

英国的公法是由盛行的宪法秩序来界定的,源于政府和州的不同公共机构,公民的权利和加入欧盟成为其成员国。本地政府与法定的权利和义务共存。这体现于自从1998年联合王国下放权力到苏格兰议会,威尔士国民议会,北爱尔兰议会和自1999年伦敦市市长的民主选举。英国的公法近来已臻至成熟。对于此发展则有以下一些理由:基本宪法的改革包含了选举制度的改变:一个更为独立的负有远离政府控制来调整利率责任的英格兰银行,英国上议院的改革,和几乎政府的机构与程序的每一方面的战略都趋向现代化。2000年英国也

推出了《自由信息法案》。在刑事司法体系,裁判所及审查法,法院系统的管理方面也有一些改变。最让人值得庆祝和欢呼的是1998年《人权法案》,并于2000年开始正式地实施。1998年的《人权法案》很可能增加了司法审查的使用而因此有可能改变公法问题上的决策,从而在增加司法控制的指导下选举法院大臣。

In conceptual terms,public law has developed its own technical rules(技术规则)and procedures and techniques of analysis.In academic terms,public law has broadly defined terms of reference including the academic discourse(学术话语)from lawyers,economists,historians and political scientists.There is also a judicial contribution.The development of administrative law is largely a product of judicial creativity(司法创造力)and self regulation(自我调节).Since the 1960s there is a remarkable judicial self-confidence in defining and articulating(v 表达,表述)the role of the courts in public law matters.As Lord Donaldson remarked in 1984:从概念术语的角度来看,公法在它自身的技术规则与程序和分析技巧上有一定的发展。从学术角度来看,公法有着广泛的参照定义包括源于法学家,经济学家,历史学家和政治科学家的学术话语。公法的发展同样是一种司法的贡献。行政法的发展在很大程度上是司法创造和政府自我控制的产品。自二十世纪六十年代起在界定和表述公法问题的法院的宪法角色上就有一种卓越的司法自信力。正如Lord Donaldson在1984年评议道:

“ Parliamentary democracy(议会制民主)as we know it is based in the rule of law.That requires all citizens to obey the law,unless and until it can be changed by due process(程序正义).There are no privileged classes (特权阶层)to whom it does not apply(v适用).”

如我们所知的议会制民主是基于法治而实施的。它要求所有公民除非和直到程序正义的被修改,否则须遵从于法律。而议会制民主也没有所谓的不适用于的特权阶层。

Changes in judicial attitudes,towards developing the common law in the direction of rights defined more broadly,came through(经历)a series of landmark (n里程碑,划时代的事)cases in the 1960s.Since then,English administrative law has developed incrementally(adv. 递增地;增值地).Ridge v Balldwin,Padfield v Minister of Agriculture,Fishoies and Food,and the development of Wednesbury unreasonableness enabled the courts to adopt a proactive (adj. 前摄的(前一活动中的因素对后一活动造成影响的);有前瞻性的,先行一步的)approach.Instead of (代替;不是…而是…)relying on instances of ((类的)实例;(某类别的)实体)past failure in order to develop a systematic approach to administrative law,the courts filled in(填满,替代),through their own initiative(n. 主动权;首创精神),gaps(n.

差异,缺口;缝隙)left by legislative neglect.The result was clear:a self-confident judiciary that was prepared to fashion new tools for the development of judicial review.In 1977,Order 53 was introduced ,streamlining (vt. 使合理化;使成流线型)mechanisms(n. 机制)and procedures for the application for judicial review.Two landmark decisions showed the extent of judicial self-confidence.In O,Reilly v Mackman,the House of Lords established that the Divisional(adj. 分区的;分割的)Bench (法官的职位(或身份),[总称]法官(们),法院)of the High Court had exclusive(subject to certain exceptions )jurisdiction over(prep. 越过;在…之上;遍于…之上)administrative law matters.In the Council(n. 委员会;会议;理事会)of Civil Service Unions decision,the House of Lords engaged in a form of judicial codification of common law principles.The grounds for judicial review included unreasonableness(n. 无理性),irrationality(n. 不合理,无理性),proportionality(n. 相称;均衡;比例性),and procedural impropriety(程序不当).It is noteworthy that the doctrine of unreasonableness may have to be strengthened to bring it into line with(按照,与……一致)the higher standards required under the Human Rights Act 1987.

司法态度的改变,是朝着普通法以权力为导向的定义更为广泛的发展,更是在在二十世纪六十年代历经了一系列具有里程碑意义的典型案例。自那时以来,英国的行政法有着快速的发展。Ridge 诉Balldwin案,Padfield 诉农业部案,Fishoies and Food,和Wednesbury 的无理性发展使法院能够采用积极主动的途径。法院通过它们自身的自主权来填补由于立法忽视而造成的缺口,不是为了依赖于过去失败的实例而是为了对行政法制定出一套系统的研究方法。其结果是清晰的:一个拥有自信力的司法制度是使用新的工具来为司法审查的发展而准备。在1977年,第53号令颁布,为了司法审查的适用而简化机制和程序。两个划时代的决定证明了司法自信力的程度。在O,Reilly v诉Mackman一案中,英国上议院确立了高等法院的各区法官在行政法事务上拥有排他管辖权(使某人服从于某些例外)。在公务员委员会的决定上,英国上议院是以普通法原则所编纂的法典形式来参与。司法审查的基础包括无理性,不合理行,均衡性和程序不当。值得注意的是无理性主义可能不得不在1987年《人权法案》背景下强化与高标准要求一致。

As a result of both creative judicial activism(司法能动)and legislation,judges have developed a wide discretion as to(至于,关于;就……而论)when to uphold(vt. 支撑;鼓励;赞成;举起)a judicial review.This flexibility,allowing the courts the power to exclude (vt. 排除;排斥;拒绝接纳;逐出)unmeritorious cases at an early stage,saves time and creates

a specialized jurisdiction for the administrative courts.Cases (n诉讼案件)must be taken promptly(adv. 迅速地;立即地;敏捷地) within a three -month period.The standing (原告资格,起诉权;起诉资格)of the applicant is determined by the substantial(adj. 大量的;实质的;内容充实的) merits of the applicant,s case.The courts have a discretion whether or not to grant any remedy(n法律救济).

作为都创造司法能动和立法的结果,法官就司法审查而言发展了一种宽广的自由裁量权。这种权力的灵活性在早期时允许法官有权排除诉求无望的诉讼案件,从而节省了时间和为行政法庭发展了专门的管辖权。但诉讼案件必须在三个月期间内迅速着手解决。而申请人的起诉权是由申请案例的实质化价值来决定的。法院有它自己的自由裁量权:是否给予申请人任何的法律救济。

The role of the courts must also be placed in the context of the development of an extensive jurisdiction by statutory(adj. 法定的;法令的;可依法惩处的)tribunals(n. 法庭;裁决;法官席).Employment tribunals(劳工裁判所)under the Employment Tribunals Act 1998 cover an extensive jurisdiction over employment issues,including race relations under the Race Relations Act 1976(1976年种族关系法),the Race Relations(Amendment)Act 200,sex discrimination under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975(1975年性别歧视法),equal pay under the Equal Pay Act 1970(1970年平等报酬法),and disability under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995(1995年残疾歧视法案).The Social Security Appeal Tribunal(上诉法庭)covers protection under various provisions(n. 规定)of the law relating to(关于,与…相关连)the payment of social security,and acts as an appeal tribunal against the decision of the adjudication officer(仲裁官).Mental health tribunals,lands tribunals(土地裁判庭),and rent assessment committees (租金评估委员会)are also important examples of the work of tribunals in specialist areas.Tribunals offer the advantages of speed,low cost,informality ,flexibility ,expertise(n. 专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见),accessibility(n. 易接近;可亲;可以得到),and privacy(n. 隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处)in the adjudication(n. 裁定;判决)of disputes.

法院的宪法角色必须放置于法定法庭中广泛的司法管辖权发展的背景之下。在1998年的《就业法庭法》下的劳工裁判处涵盖了一种处于就业问题之上宽泛的司法权,包括在1970年的《种族关系法》下的种族关系,2000年《种族关系修正案》,1975年的《性别歧视法》下的性别歧视,1970年的《平等报酬法》下的平等付薪,和1995年的《残障歧视法》下的

残疾歧视。社会福利法庭包含了关于在不同的法律规制下社保支付和上诉法庭的法令违背仲裁官决定的保护。精神健康法庭,土地法庭和租金与住房法庭对于在专业领域里的法庭工作同样也是重要的实例。法庭提供了仲裁争议中速度,低成本,非正式性,灵活性,专业性,可及性和隐私权的优势。

The extension of the role of the courts is also part of a larger question of how law is increasingly being used to regulate market power and ,through regulatory reform(管制改革) ,increase accountability(n.问责制)over the newly privatized utility industries(公用事业产业).The scale(n. 规模;比例)of this challenge provides public law with perhaps its most formidable(adj. 强大的;可怕的;令人敬畏的;艰难的)challenge ranging (vt. 使并列;归类于)as it does across different economic instruments (经济手段)and policy considerations (政策考量).

法院宪法角色的拓展对于如何增加在调节市场力量和通过管制改革增加在新兴私有化的公共事业上的问责制的法律的适用同样也是一大问题。这种挑战的规模提供公法与其最为强大的挑战可能归类于不同的经济手段和政策考量。

Added to(加入,加到;增加)this is a rights-based(权利本位)analysis of how rights may allow legal challenge(n.回避)and create changes in the law.In substantive and legal terms there is an administrative court with an exclusive jurisdiction to hear applications for judicial review.Judicial review or administrative law requires its own distinct rules and procedures.The Human Rights Act 1998 provides citizens with enforceable(adj. 可实施的;可强行的;可强迫的)rights and enables the judiciary broadly defined powers to interpret and review(vt. 回顾;检查;复审)potentially all public power in whatever way it may be defined.Lord Hoffman in the House of Lords in Alconbury explained the role of the courts under the Human Rights Act 1998 as follows:

把以权力为基础的分析增加到怎样使权力可能允许存在法律回避和法律中制造回避。从实质和合法的角度来看存在着一个运用司法审查去审讯申请人而享有独立司法权的行政法庭。司法审查与行政法要求自身有其显特的规则与程序。1998年的《人权法》提供了公民拥有可实施的权力和使司法权概括地明确在所有公共权力中潜在的可能以任何方式来界定的具有说明与复审的权力。最高法院的Lord Hoffman在1998《人权法》的背景下解释了法院的角色,其解释如下:

“ There is no conflict between human rights and the democratic principle.Respect for (尊重…;对…

的尊敬)human rights requires that certain basic rights of individuals should not be capable in any circumstances of being overridden(v. 蹂躏;压倒;拒绝)by the majority,even if they think that the public interest so requires.Other rights should be capable of being overridden only in very restricted circumstances.These are rights which belong to individuals simply by virtue(n.德行)of their humanity(n人性),independently of any utilitarian (adj. 功利的;功利主义的;实利的n. 功利主义者)calculation.The protection of these basic rights from majority decision requires that independent and impartial(adj. 公平的,公正的)tribunals should have the power to decide whether legislation infringes(vt. 侵犯;违反)them and either (as in the United States )to declare such legislation invalid (adj. 无效的)or(as in the United Kingdom )to declare that it is incompatible (adj. 不相容的;矛盾的;不能同时成立的)with the governing (v.规制,治理)human rights instrument.But outside (prep. 在…范围之外)these basic rights there are many decisions which have to be made every day in which the only fail method of decision is by some person or body accountable to the electorate(n. 选民;选区).”

人权与民主原则中并没有存在着冲突。对人权的尊重要求个体的某些基本权利不应该在任何情况下能够被多数人所无视,尽管多数人认为公共利益是如此的需求。其它权力应该是只有在非常受限制的情况下才能被无视。这些属于个体的权力是人性德行的简单体现,是独立于任何功利计算的。从多数人决策来保护这些基本权力要求独立和公正的法庭应该有权去决策当立法侵犯他们的权益和宣称(如在美国)如立法无效或(如在英国)声明与规制人权契据不相容。在这些基本权利范围外有许多决策由于选区的个人或个体的责任在只有缺乏决策方法上而不得不每天被制定。

There remains a marked reluctance (n. 磁阻;勉强;不情愿)t o introduce a wholly(adv. 完全地;全部;统统) written constitution .Amid (prep. 在其中,在其间)t he calls for(要求;需要)change,respect is given to the continuity of many existing practices and institutions.This is the unique quality of the United Kingdom,s constitutional arrangements:its enduring(v. 忍耐)ability to change ,survive and re-invent(再创造,与重塑)itself.This flexibility is a remarkable feature of constitutional arrangements that may be traced back(追溯)to early,medieval (adj. 中世纪的;原始的)history but are capable of adapting and supporting a modern system of government.There is an equal reluctance to embrace the codification(n. 法典编纂;法律汇编)that is the hallmark(n. 特点;品质证明)of a civil law system .For these reasons the problem focus and approach of the common law will retain its enduring qualities and most likely adapt to change incrementally without a “ revolution”.

这种解释依然不愿介绍完整的成文宪法。在要求改变的呼声中,尊重被给予到了许多现

有的实践和制度的连续性里。这是英国宪政安排特有性质:自身持久的改变、幸存和重塑的能力。对于宪政安排来说这种灵活性是一种卓越的特征而又可以追溯到很早之前,直到中世纪史但却是一个能够采用和支持的现代政府体制。这同样存在着勉强包含民法制度的法律汇编。为此普通法的焦点问题和方法残存在它自身的持久性质和极大可能采用逐渐地变化而不是“革命”。

自动化专业英语课文重点句子翻译(精)

In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用,并牵动骨胳肌,引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一,有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙,里面充填着骨髓,这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动,是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里,大辐度的运动(如肩关节、髋关节)即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来,也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成,然后不断生长、

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

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英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案

1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.

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土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分: 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

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Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山,转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源,所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山,结果轮船沉没在大西洋中,成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天,游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次,对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概,可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣,再也不说话了,而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候,他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染,还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认,因特网可以增进交流,但他却无法消除战争,因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时,因特网才能帮助节约能源,减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起,而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它,所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.

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Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? (什么是测绘学) (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying(大地测量与平面测量) (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement(距离测量) (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement(角度和方向测量) (14) Unit 5 Traversing (导线测量) (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination(高程测量方法) (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station (智能型全站仪) (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement(测量工作中的误差) (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision (准确度和精度) (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout (施工放样) (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS(认识GPS) (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit(太空轨道上的竞争) (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics(GIS 的基础) (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling(数字地面模型) (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (遥感的基础) (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology(机载激光测图技术) (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

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