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西方文化入门教学大纲

《西方文化入门》课程教学大纲

一、课程基本信息

课程代码：

课程名称：西方文化入门

课程类别：选修课

学时：36

学分：2

适用对象: 英语专业学生

考核方式：考试

二、课程简介

通过全面、扼要地介绍和评介西方文化的主要内容，让学生接触和了解西方社会在文明的进程中在文化、思想、社会与政治制度、艺术、文学、科学、技术等各个方面所取得主要成就，这些文化成就所取得的成因和其内涵，以及这些成就何以对人类社会的进步产生深远的影响。同时希望通过这门课程的学习，能够进一步激发学生对西

方文化的兴趣，能够自觉更广泛、更深入去学习和探索西方文化，了解和借鉴其长处，为中华文明的崛起和发扬光大尽一己之力。

三、课程性质与教学目的

1．课程性质

西方文化入门是一门集英语国家背景知识和英语语言知识为一

体的英语专业限选课。

2．课程目的

本课程旨在向学生介绍所学语言国家的社会和文化等背景知识，拓宽其知识面，帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识，使其从文化和社会的角度更加深刻地理解和掌握所学语言知识和技能，为从事将来的工作打下较为坚实的基础。

四、教学内容及要求

第一部分：英国

第一章英国简介

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握英国的名称，地理位置及组成部分

2．熟悉各组成部分的概况

3．了解北爱和平问题

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：英国名称，地理，组成部分（历史，人民等），爱尔兰和平问题

2．基本概念和知识点：the UK, European Union, Commonwealth, England, Scotland, Wales, Northern

Ireland, Celts, Roman invasion, Anglo-Saxons,

Vikings, Norman Conquer, civil war, Restoration,

Glorious Revolution, political problems in

Northern Ireland, economy, population and physical

features of Northern Ireland, the Home Rule Bill,

the Easter Rising of 1916, the Sinn Fein Party,

religious conflicts between the Irish and the

British, partition of Ireland in 1921, IRA’s

violence in the 1970s, Bloody Sunday, the Good

Friday Agreement, etc.

3．问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知及解释以上概念和知识点。

第二章英国政府与政治

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握英国政府和议会的构成

2．熟悉英国君主政体

3. 掌握英国主要政党和大选

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：英国政府，英国议会，英国君主制，英国

政党，大选，英国阶级，英国民族

2．基本概念和知识点：divine right of kings, the civil war, Magna Carta, the Great Council, the Bill

of Rights, the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, the

Constitution, the statue law, the common laws,

conventions, the power and functions of Parliament,

the roles of the monarch, the House of Lords, Lords

Spiritual, Lords Temporal, life peers, the House

of Commons, importance of general elections,

procedure of general elections, formation of the

government, vote of no confidence, procedure of

general elections, the Conservative Party, the

Labor Party, Liberal Democrats, recent political

trends in the UK, Margaret Thatcher, Tony

Blair, etc.

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知解释以上概念和

知识点。

第三章英国经济

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握主要英国经济产业

2．了解英国经济的近代发展史

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：英国经济现状，英国经济近代史

2．基本概念和知识点：absolute decline and relative decline of British economy, the privatization in

the 1980s, the main sectors of the UK economy,

primary industries, secondary industries,

tertiary industries, agriculture, energy

production, the offshore oil industry, the

manufacturing industry, the City of London, the

aerospace industry.

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第四章英国教育体系

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握英国教育体系构成

2．熟悉教育体系各阶段的具体内容

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：英国教育体系

2．基本概念和知识点：the purpose of the British education system, the relationship between

education and social class, the influence of the

Church on schooling, the pursuit of equality in

education, the 1944 Education Act, comprehensive

schools, grammar schools, vocational schools, the

National Curriculum, GCSE, GCE-A, GNVQ, prep

schools, public schools, higher education, old

universities, Oxford and Cambridge, the Open

University

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第五章英国外交关系

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握英国当今外交关系

2．熟悉英国外交简史

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：英国当今外交状况，英国外交简史

2．基本概念和知识点：active in setting up the United Nations, foreign policy influenced by its history

and geopolitical traits, long-term physical

separation from the European continent, the

involvement of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office,

the Treasury, the permanent member of the UN

Security Council, member of the EU, member of the

Commonwealth, special relationship with the

United States, the presence of superpower bases in

Britain, participation in NATO

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第六章英国住房、阶级和民族

（一）目的与要求

1. 熟悉英国住房状况

2. 熟悉英国阶级状况

3．了解英国的民族构成和概况

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：英国当今住房状况、阶级状况和民族构成 2．基本概念和知识点：owner-occupation, flats,

terraced houses, semi-deetached areas, detached

houses, class system in the British society, upper

middle-class and lower middle-class, the

hereditary aristocracy, Oxbridge, ethnic

relations in Britain.

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第七章英国媒体、体育及节假日

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握英国主要媒体、体育及节假日名称

2．了解英国主要媒体、体育及节假日由来、内容等（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：英国主要媒体、体育及节假日

2．基本概念和知识点：popularity and functions of the media, the quality press, the Observer, the Times,

the Guardian, the Telegraph, the Financial Times,

tabloids, television and radio, The British

Broadcasting Corporation, The Independent

Television Commission; football, “football

hooligans”, FA, tennis, Wimbledon, cricket, golf,

horse racing, the Grand National, the Royal Ascot,

hunting; Christmas, three traditions of Christmas,

Boxing Day, Easter, Bonfire Night, the Battle of

the Boyne, Orange Marches, St Patrick’s Day,

Hogmanay, Burns Night, Halloween, the Eisteddfod 3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第二部分：美国

第一章美国的建立

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握美国独立战争

2．熟悉影响美国人民的各种宗教思想

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：美国独立战争，独立前各殖民地的建立及

其思想

2．基本概念和知识点：discovery of America, Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, Puritanism, the

Pilgrim Fathers, the influence of Puritanism on

American culture, the establishment of

settlements in America, Catholicism, the Quakers,

causes and major leaders of the American

Revolution, the Stamp Act, the “Boston Tea Party,”

the First Continental Congress, George Washington,

Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,

The Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of

Paris

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第二章美国政治体系

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握美国政治体系的构成及其关系

2．熟悉美国宪法内容及主要政党

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：美国政治体系的构成，美国宪法，美国政

党

2．基本概念和知识点：Articles of Confederation, the Constitutional Convention, the making of the US

Constitution, the legislative branch, Congress,

the House of Representatives, the Senate, lobbies,

the executive branch, the President, the cabinet,

the judicial branch, the Supreme Court, federal

courts of appeal, federal district courts, the

power of judicial review, checks and balances,

Bill of Rights, the Democratic Party, the

Republican Party

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第三章美国经济与技术

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握美国主要经济产业和经济模式

2．熟悉美国经济增长的原因

3. 了解

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：美国经济模式和主要经济产业，经济增长原因，各时期美国技术发展的概况

2．基本概念和知识点：Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Industrial Revolution in America, free enterprise,

corporation, service industries, stock, Wall

Street, the root of America’s affluence, the

mobility in the American population, fluid class

structure, the entrepreneurial spirit, the

“Puritan ethic” or “Protestant ethic”,

agribusiness, migrant workers, the success and

problems of American agriculture，John H hall,

Cyrus H McCormick, the Stevens, Pony Express

System, Thomas Alva Edison, Frederick Winslow

Taylor, Henry Ford, the American System of

Manufacture, PC, Robert Hutchings Goddard, etc.

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第四章美国教育体系

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握美国教育体系的构成

2．熟悉美国各级教育的具体情况

1．主要内容：美国教育体系的构成，各级教育的具体情况

2．基本概念和知识点：different education laws for different states, several levels of schooling,

curricula for students, compulsory education for

all children, equal education opportunities for

minority groups, strong demand for higher

education, the complex system of higher education,

varieties of colleges and universities, trends in

degree programs, the Servicemen’s Readjustment

Act, Affirmative Action Programs, non-traditional

students

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第五章二十世纪六十年代的社会运动

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握美国六十年代发生的各种社会运动

2．熟悉美国二十世纪六十年代的社会背景

1．主要内容：美国二十世纪六十年代的社会运动

2．基本概念和知识点：Greensboro “Sit-in”, the Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King,

Jr., the Student Non-violent Coordinating

Committee, the Congress of Racial Equality, the

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the

Anti-War Movement, Free Speech Movement, Counter

Culture, the Hippies, Women’s Liberation Movement,

Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique, the Civil

Rights Act, the National Organization for Women 3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第六章美国二战后的外交政策

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握美国二战后的外交政策

2．了解二战后世界局势的变化

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：美国二战后的外交政策

2．基本概念和知识点：the beginning of the Cold War, Arms Race between the United States and the Soviet

Union, the Truman Doctrine, the containment policy,

the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the Dorean War

and relations between the US and PRC, engagement

and expansion, unilateralism, the Sept. 11

terrorist attack, war on Iraq

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第七章美国的体育运动、景点和音乐

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握美国主要体育运动、景点和音乐的名称

2．了解主要体育运动、景点和音乐的详情

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：美国的体育运动、景点和音乐

2．基本概念和知识点：the American Football,

baseball, Jackie Robinson，the World Series,

basketball, James Naismith, NBA; the Grand Canyon,

Yellowstone National Park, Disneyland, the

National Monument, the Everglades, Niagara Falls;

jazz music, New Orleans jazz, Louis Armstrong,

ragtime music, Count Basie, Boogie Woogie

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第三部分：澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大

第一章澳大利亚概况、文化和社会生活

（一）目的与要求

1．掌握澳大利亚的地理、历史以及民族概况

2．了解澳大利亚的文化以及社会生活方式

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：澳大利亚的概况、文化和社会生活

2．基本概念和知识点：the Aboriginal people,

Austrilia’s post war immigration program, the

flag of Austrilia, Austrilian national anthem, the

Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, the Great Dividing

Range, Captain James Cook, Captain Arthur Philip,

the Commonwealth of Austrilia, Torres Strait

Islanders, TAFE, the Austrilia Council, Henry

Lawson, The ABC, SBS, the Royal Flying Doctor

Service, NCADA, social security programs,

medicare

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第二章新西兰概况

（一）目的与要求

1．了解新西兰的地理、民族、历史概况。

2．了解新西兰的政治体系、教育以及经济情况。

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：新西兰的地理、民族、历史概况，新西兰的政治体系、教育以及经济情况。

2．基本概念和知识点：the Kiwi, the Resource

Management Act, Maoritanga, Maui, Marae, Abel

Tasman, the North Island, the New Zealand

Parliament, MMP, the Ombudsman, the Open

Polytechnic, the Opposition in Parliament

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第三章加拿大概况、政治与国际关系

（一）目的与要求

1．了解加拿大的概况与民族。

2．掌握加拿大的政府与政治简况。

3. 了解加拿大的国际关系。

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：加拿大的概况与民族基本情况，加拿大的政府与政治简况，加拿大的国际关系。

2．基本概念和知识点：the Canadian identity, the

north region of Canada, the Prairies, central

Canada, the Maritimes, the Bloc Quebecois,

Pierre Trudeau, John Chretien, The Canadian

Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Structure of

government, Lester Pearson, involuntary

military guarantee, Conscription Crisis of 1917,

pierre Trudeau, Canadian-US relations.

3. 问题与应用（能力要求）：能够熟知以上概念和知识

点。

第四章加拿大人、经济与文学

（一）目的与要求

1．了解加拿大居民的历史。

2．了解加拿大的经济情况。

3. 掌握加拿大的文学简况。

（二）教学内容

1．主要内容：加拿大的居民的历史、经济情况、文学简

况。

2．基本概念和知识点：the Canadian Mosaic, the First Nations, the Inuit, the Metis, immigration

policy of Canada, Immigration Act 1976, Quebec,

the factors influencing Canadian economy, the

Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, natural

resources in Canada, agriculture in Canada,

《西方文化概论》教学大纲

《西方文化概论》教学大纲一、基本信息二、教学目标及任务本课程为全校文法类各专业通识课。本课程将通过对古希腊文化、古罗马文化、中世纪基督教文化和西方近现代文化的讲解，使全校文法类各专业的本科生了解西方文化孳乳繁衍、发生进化的来龙去脉，掌握西方文化史中的一些重大事件和重要人物，认识不同时代的精神和文化状貌，为从不同专业的涉外部分的学习、进行中西比较、或直接学习研究具体领域的西方文化打下知识基础。三、学时分配四、教学内容及教学要求第一章古希腊罗马文化：爱琴文明与希腊神话传说习题要点：米诺斯文明, 迈锡尼文明, 希腊神话传说的源流,希腊神谱, 神谱的文化学意义，荷马史诗与“系统叙事诗”等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．爱琴文明与希腊城邦文明之间的文化联系。2．希腊神话的源流与谱系。本单元教学要求：了解古希腊罗马文化：爱琴文明与希腊神话传说，要求基本理解希腊罗马文化的发展脉络，掌握希腊罗马文化的特征。第二章古希腊罗马文化：希腊城邦文化

习题要点：希腊城邦的发展演变, 希腊城邦的崛起与殖民，早期希腊城邦的政治变革，斯巴达的政治与文化，雅典的政治与文化，从分离主义到帝国主义等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．希腊宗教的文化特点。2．希腊悲剧与喜剧的文化学意义。本单元教学要求：了解希腊宗教的文化特点。理解希腊悲剧与喜剧的文化学意义。掌握希腊哲学发展的基本梗概。第三章古希腊罗马文化：城邦文化的衰落与希腊化时代习题要点：希腊城邦文化的衰落，雅典民主制的蜕变，亚历山大帝国与希腊化时代，希腊文化精神的凋敝等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．希腊分离主义向帝国主义转化的历史契机。2．希腊化时代的文化特点。本单元教学要求：了解希腊城邦文化的衰落的过程，理解与掌握希腊文化精神的凋敝与希腊化时代的文化特点。第四章古希腊罗马文化：罗马帝国的兴衰习题要点：罗马政治制度演化与罗马帝国的扩张过程等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．罗马政治制度演化的基本情况。2．罗马帝国的扩张过程。本单元教学要求：了解罗马帝国的兴衰、罗马的起源、罗马帝国的扩张、罗马政治体制的演变、恺撒与奥古斯都，理解罗马帝国的衰亡过程与原因。第五章古希腊罗马文化：罗马文化的特征习题要点：希腊人与罗马人，罗马英雄主义，罗马的宗教，罗马法，罗马的哲学、文学艺术和科学，罗马世风的腐化等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．罗马文化与希腊文化的联系与差异。2．罗马帝国衰落的原因。本单元教学要求：了解罗马文化与希腊文化的联系与差异，理解与掌握罗马帝国衰落的原因。第六章中世纪基督教文化：基督教的早期发展习题要点：基督教的“两希”传统，基督教与希腊哲学，基督教与罗马帝国，苦难的历程，基督教的合法化与国教化，基督教与异教文化，修道运动，基督教与日耳曼族，罗马帝国时期的日耳曼人，蛮族大入侵，蛮族的皈依等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．基督教的“两希”文化渊源。2．基督教对日耳曼蛮族的教化。本单元教学要求：了解基督教的“两希”传统，理解与掌握基督教对日耳曼蛮族的教化（基督教与日耳曼族）等要点。第七章中世纪基督教文化：基督教与西欧封建社会习题要点：封建制与庄园经济，修道院经济，西欧封建社会的生活状况，西欧封建社会的政治格局，“神圣” 与“世俗”，十字军东征，“阿维农之囚”与罗马教会的衰落等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．中世纪西欧封建社会的基本特点。2．中世纪教俗之争的发展历程。本单元教学要求：了解与理解中世纪西欧封建社会的基本特点与中世纪教俗之争的发展历程。第八章中世纪基督教文化：中世纪西欧社会的文化概况习题要点：中世纪西欧社会的精神生活,教会与大学，中世纪的哲学，骑士精神与骑士文学，基督教唯灵主义与哥特式建筑等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．基督教信仰对于中世纪西欧精神生活的重要影响。2．中世纪基督教文化的精神特征。本单元教学要求：了解中世纪西欧社会的精神生活，基督教信仰对于中世纪西欧精神生活的重要影响。掌握中世纪基督教文化的精神特征。第九章中世纪基督教文化：中世纪基督教文化的衰落习题要点：信仰的衰落与道德的沦丧，教会的堕落，宗教裁判所，基督教文化的内在矛盾等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．中世纪赎罪方式的形式化和虚假化。2．基督教的本质精神与罗马天主教会的实践活动之间的尖锐矛盾。本单元教学要求：了解中世纪信仰的衰落与道德的沦丧，中世纪赎罪方式的形式化和虚假化，基督教文化的内在矛盾，基督教的本质精神与罗马天主教会的实践活动之间的尖锐矛盾。第十章西方近现代文化：文艺复兴与宗教改革习题要点：文艺复兴,人文主义,宗教改革等的具体内容。本单元重点、难点：1．文艺复兴运动与宗教改革运动的不同背景和目标。2．宗教改革运动对于西方现代化历程的客观影响。本单元教学要求：了解、理解与掌握文艺复兴运动与宗教改革运动的不同背景和目标，宗教改革运动对于西方现代化历程的客观影响，新教三大主流教派的基本情况。

西方文化概论教学大纲

《西方文化概论》教学大纲课程简介：本课程为专业必修课，学分数3分，周学时3个小时，主要教授内容：西方文化概论是一门以西方文化为研究对象的人文学科。“西方文化概论”是一门向高等学校文科学生系统介绍西方文化的课程。教学目的与基本要求：一是全面了解西方文化传统极其演进历程，了解西方文化的历史、现状和特征，增强我们对西方历史文化的认识；二是在了解西方文化发展的内在逻辑与精神轨迹，并在此基础上，进一步了解中国文化的特性和世界文化的发展情况，增强学生对中国文化的热爱之情，提高学生的文化素质和综合素质。主要教学方法：以讲授方法为主，其他教学手段为辅。（建议用多媒体教学以增强教学效果）第一章导论(6学时) 本章主要介绍西方文化精神，西方文化发展的历史脉络和特征。本章需要掌握西方文化的内在精神和西方文化发展的历史脉络和特征，这是本章的重点的难点。第一节二希传统古希腊文化和希伯来文化是欧洲文化的两大源流，文化史上称为“二希”传统，它们在漫长的历史流变中呈矛盾冲突和互补融合之势。欧洲近代文化的人文观念和艺术精神的基本内核，都来自于这两大传统。古希腊文化是欧洲文化的源头之一，其中所蕴含的“人”的思想观念，经由古罗马文化对后来欧洲文化产生了深远的影响。古希腊人同自然分离后，就产生了强烈的个体意识时，作为主体的人就处于高于自然与社会的位置上，主张人对自然与社会的征服和改造，主体与客体呈分立态势。

希伯莱文化是欧洲文化的又一源头，其中所蕴含的“人”的观念，经由中世纪基督教文化对后来的欧洲文化产生了深远影响。重视人的精神和理性本质，强调理性对原欲的限制，是早期希伯来文化和中世纪基督教文化价值观念的主要特征。这种尊重理性、群体本位、崇尚自我牺牲和忍让博爱的宗教人本意识，是以后欧洲文化内核的又一层面。基督教实际上是希腊文化和希伯莱文化两大文化传统的融合。近代以来，为传统教义的反叛者的宗教思想家和教外思想家所重新解释的基督教日渐超出狭隘的宗教意义，渗透了西方文化的各个方面，因此，虽然近几个世纪以来宗教的外壳逐渐松动甚至解体，但宗教的内核仍深藏于西方人的价值观念、伦理原则和文化方式之中。宗教文化得以保存和发展的一个重要原因，就是理性对其的渗透和改造，时代愈晚，从希腊文化中产生的理性文化对西方文化的影响就愈大。第二节、西方文化精神西方文化主要是图像化的，呈现出空间性特征。超越变动不定的现象，求得永恒不变的真实，在对永恒完美的原型的追摹中寻求自身的完美。然而，自身的欠缺却使他们深感自我与理式、现实与理想的巨大差距和深刻对立，竭力弥合而不能，人们在对完美理式的信念中不停地战胜冲突，完善自身。西方文化的两个支柱和轮子为理性和宗教。

《文学概论》教学大纲

文学概论教学大纲 An Introduction to Literary Theory 课程编号:011501-2 课程性质：学科基础课适用专业：汉语言文学专业先修课程：中国古代文学、中国现当代文学后续课程：美学概论、20世纪西方文学理论流派、文艺心理学、文艺学研究方法论、中国文学批评史总学分：4 总学时：72学时(其中64课时为理论讲授，8学时为实践环节) 总体目标：本课程旨在通过教学，使学生系统掌握文学的基础知识和基本原理，使学生了解和掌握文学的本质、特征、功能、发展、创作、风格、作品、语言、鉴赏、批评等基础理论。具体包括： 1、树立马克思主义文艺观，使学生能够正确分析、研究与评价文学作品、文学思潮和文学现象； 2、培养学生健康、高尚的审美情趣，提高学生的文学鉴赏水平，增强学生的文学批评能力； 3、培养与训练学生的理论思维能力，为学习其它专业课程与成为中文专业的卓越人才奠定基础。教学内容与学时安排教学方法：（1）教师应按本教学大纲认真施教，精心设计教学方式和准备教学内容，着重讲清楚基本概念、基本观点和基本原理，同时注意追踪文学理论的前沿动态，满足学生的求知需要。（2）结合教学内容，进行研究性教学改革与实践，充分调动学生学习的主动性、积极性，引导学生积极参与；采取以讲授为主，辅之于课堂讨论、情境模拟、互动交流、自学辅导、课题研究等方法；着重培养学生运用文学理论知识分析问题、解决问题的能力。（3）学生应将文学概论课程与其它专业课程的学习结合进行，努力扩大知识视野，“行千里路，读万卷书”，做到“博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之”，不断提高自己的理论思维能力与实践能力。

欧洲文化入门复习资料

1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. 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