2011 11笔译实务英译汉
第一篇
Study Finds Hope in Saving Saltwater Fish
研究发现希望拯救盐水鱼
Can we have our fish and eat it too? An unusual collaboration of marine ecologists and fisheries management scientists says the answer may be yes.
我们可以吃鱼好吗?一个不寻常的合作海洋生态学家和渔业管理科学家称,答案可能是是的。
In a research paper in Friday’s issue of the journal Science, the two groups, long at odds with each other, offer a global assessment of the world’s saltwater fish and their environments.
在一篇研究论文在星期五出版的科学杂志上的两个组,长别扭,互相提供一个全球评估世界的盐水鱼类和它们的环境。
Their conclusions are at once gloomy — overfishing continues to threaten many species — and upbeat: a combination of steps can turn things around. But because antagonism between ecologists and fisheries management experts has been intense, many familiar with the study say the most important factor is that it was done at all.
他们的结论是在阴暗的- - - - - -一旦过度捕捞继续威胁许多物种——乐观:结合步骤可以把身边的事物。但由于对立和渔业生态学家管理专家一直强烈,许多熟悉这项研究说最重要的因素是,它被做。
They say they hope the study will inspire similar collaborations between scientists whose focus is safely exploiting specific natural resources and those interested mainly in conserving them.
他们说他们希望这份研究能够激发类似的合作的焦点是科学家之间具体的安全开采自然资源和保护他们感兴趣的主要是在。
“We need to merge those two communities,” said Steve Murawski, chief fisheries scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “This paper starts to bridge that gap.”
“我们需要合并这两个社区”Murawski史蒂夫说,首席渔业科学家,因为美国国家海洋和大气管理局。本文开始桥的差距。”
The collaboration began in 2006 when Boris Worm, a marine ecologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and other scientists made an alarming prediction: if current trends continue, by 2048 overfishing will have destroyed most commercially important populations of saltwater fish. Ecologists applauded the work. But among fisheries management scientists, reactions ranged from skepticism to fury over what many called an alarmist report.
的合作始于2006年,当鲍里斯虫,海洋生态学家舍戴尔豪士大学驶往哈里法克斯,新斯科舍,和其他科学家们有了一个惊人的预测:如果目前趋
势继续下去,到2048年几乎摧毁了过度捕捞将盐水的重要商业价值的鱼类数量。生态学家鼓掌的工作。但在渔业管理科学家的反应各不相同,有的论者在许多叫做忿怒发布危言耸听的报告。
Among the most prominent critics was Ray Hilborn, a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle. Yet the disagreement did not play out in typical scientific fashion with, as Dr. Hilborn put it, “researchers firing critical papers back and forth. ” Instead, he and Dr. Worm found themselves debating the issue on National Public Radio.
其中最著名评论家们Hilborn是雷教授、水产渔业科学在西雅图华盛顿大学的。但分歧没有发挥出的典型的科学时尚,Hilborn博士说:“研究人员关键论文射击来回摆动。相反地,他发现自己和博士虫辩论这事在美国国家公共电台。
“We started talking and found more common ground than we had expected,” Dr. Worm said. Dr. Hilborn recalled thinking that Dr. Worm “actually seemed like a reasonable person.”
“我们开始说话了,发现更多的共同点比我们预计的还要早,“虫博士说。博士Hilborn召回认为博士蠕虫”似乎真的很像一个讲道理的人。”
The two decided to work together on the issue. They sought and received financing and began organizing workshops at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, an organization sponsored by the National Science Foundation and based at the University of California, Santa Barbara. 这两个决定一起工作有关问题。他们寻求和接受资金和开始在国家中心工作坊生态分析和合成,该组织由美国国家科学基金会和建立在加州大学圣芭芭拉。
At first, Dr. Hilborn said in an interview, “the fi sheries management people would go to lunch and the marine ecologists would go to lunch” — separately. But soon they were collecting and sharing data and recruiting more colleagues to analyze it.
首先,Hilborn博士在接受一次采访时表示,“渔业管理人们会去吃午饭,海洋生态学家就去吃午饭呢,”——另行规定。但很快,他们收集和共享数据和招募更多的同事来分析它。
Dr. Hilborn said he and Dr. Worm now understood why the ecologists and the management scientists disagreed so sharply in the first place. For one thing, he said, as long as a fish species was sustaining itself, management scientists were relatively untroubled if its abundance fell to only 40 or 50 percent of what it might otherwise be. Yet to ecologists, he said, such a stock would be characterized as “depleted” —“a very pejorative word.”
博士说,他和Hilborn博士虫现在终于明白了为什么生态学者和科学家们没有达成一致,超出了管理放在第一位。首先,他说,只要一种鱼仍保持着自己,科学家便管理其丰度相对下降到只有40 - 50%的它可能。然而,生态学家,他说,这样的股票会被称作是“贫”——“一个非常贬义字。”
In the end, the scientists concluded that 63 percent of saltwater fish stocks had been depleted “below what we think of as a target range,” Dr. Worm said.
最后,研究人员得出结论,63%盐水的鱼类已经枯竭”下我们认为靶区,“虫博士说。
But they also agreed that fish in well-managed areas, including the United States, were recovering or doing well. They wrote that management techniques like closing some areas to fishing, restricting the use of certain fishing gear or allocating shares of the catch to individual fishermen, communities or others could allow depleted fish stocks to rebound.
但是他们也认为鱼在管理领域,包括美国,还未恢复或做得很好。他们写到,管理技术,如关闭某些地区钓鱼,限制使用某些渔具或分配的股票渔
民捕捉个体、社区或其他人可以让鱼类资源的枯竭抢到篮板。
The researchers suggest that a calculation of how many fish in a given species can be caught in a given region without threatening the stock, called maximum sustainable yield, is less useful than a standard that takes into account the health of the wider marine environment. They also agreed that solutions did not lie only in management techniques but also in the political will to apply them, even if they initially caused economic disruption.
研究者建议计算多少鱼在一个给定物种可以被抓住在某一区域发生不威胁到股票,称为最大持续产量,是比人们想象的那么有用。一个标准,考虑到健康更广泛的海洋环境。他们也同意解决没有说谎,只有在管理技术,而且在政治意愿运用他们,即使他们起初所造成的经济崩溃。
Because the new paper represents the views of both camps, its conclusions are likely to be influential, Dr. Murawski said. “Getting a strong statement from those communities that there is more to agree on than to disagree on builds confidence,”
因为新篇论文所代表的两个阵营的观点,其结论可能会影响,Murawski
博士说。“要找一份强硬的声明书,从这些社区更多的同意不同意建立比信心。”
第二篇
As I mentioned last week, I’ve recently returned from Australia. W hile I was there, I visited a eucalyptus forest that, in February, was the scene of an appalling wildfire. Perhaps naively, I had expected to find that many trees had been killed. They hadn’t. They had blackened bark, but were otherwise looking
rather well, many of them wreathed in new young leaves. This prompted me to consider fire and the role it plays as a force of nature.
像我提到的,上个星期,我最近从澳大利亚回来。当我在那里,我参观了一个桉树森林,在每年的二月,发生了令人震惊的大火。或许是天真地以为,我一直希望能发现许多树被杀害。他们没有。他们有烧焦的树皮,但在其他方面看起来很好,他们中的许多人绽放着新的年轻的叶子。这促使我思考及角色扮演的火作为自然之力。
Fossil charcoals tell us that wildfires have been part of life on Earth for as long as there have been plants on land. That’s more than 400 million years of fire. Fire was here long before arriviste plants like grasses; it pre-dated the first flowers. And without wanting to get mystical about it, fire is, in many respects, a kind of animal, albeit an ethereal one. Like any animal, it consumes oxygen. Like a sheep or a slug, it eats plants. But unlike a normal animal, it’s a shape-shifter. Sometimes, it merely nibbles a few leaves; sometimes it kills grown trees. Sometimes it is more deadly and destructive than a swarm of locusts.
一股炭烤化石告诉我们,大火已经成为生活的一部分在地球上只要有植物在陆地上。这已经超过4亿年的火灾。火在这里多久arriviste的植物,如草,它pre-dated第一花。没有想要变得神秘,火,在很多方面,动物的一种,虽然一种永恒。就像任何动物,它消耗的氧气。像羊或一只蛞蝓,它吃的植物。但与正常的动物,这是一个shape-shifter。有时,它只是啃了几片叶子,有时它会杀死种植树木。有时它更致命的和具有一大群蝗虫。The shape-shifting nature of fire makes it hard to study, for it is not a single entity. Some fires are infernally hot; others, relatively cool. Some stay at ground level; others climb trees. Moreover, fire is much more likely to appear in some parts of the world than in others. Satellite images of the Earth show that wildfires are rare in, say, northern Europe, and common in parts of central Africa and Australia. (These days many wildfires are started by humans, either on purpose or by accident. But long before our ancestors began to throw torches or cigarette butts, fires were started by lightning strikes, or by sparks given off when rocks rub together in an avalanche.)
火的变形性质使得它得费很大劲来学习,因为它不是一个单一的实体。有些火焰是康华热,其他人则较为凉爽。一些呆在地面水平;其他人爬上树。此外,火是更有可能出现在世界的某些地方比其他人。地球的卫星图像显示,森林大火是罕见的,比如说,在欧洲北部,和普通中部的非洲和澳大利亚。(这些日子以来,很多森林大火是由人启动,要么故意还是偶然。但是很久以前我们的祖先开始扔火把以及烟头,大火雷击,或火花放出岩石交往时在雪崩中。)
Once a fire gets started, many factors contribute to how it will behave. The weather obviously has a huge effect: winds can fan flames, rains can quench them. The lie of the land matters, too: fire runs uphill more readily than it goes down. But another crucial factor is what type of plants the fire has to eat.
一旦真的发生火灾中开始,许多因素的影响,它会如何表现。天气很明显有一个巨大的效果:风能风扇火焰,雨也无法让他们。谎言的土地问题,太:火分比上坡更容易下去。但另一个重要的因素是什么类型的植物中,火也吃。
It’s common knowledge that plants regularly exposed to fire tend to have features that help them cope with it — such as thick bark, or seeds that only grow after being exposed to intense heat or smoke. But what is less often remarked on is that the plants themselves affect the nature and severity of fire.
大家都知道,植物经常暴露于火灾往往具有功能,帮助他们应付——例如厚树皮,或者种子后,才会成长被暴露在高温或抽烟。但是不经常说的是,植物本身的性质和影响程度的火。
The shape-shifting nature of fire makes it hard to study, for it is not a single entity. Some fires are infernally hot; others, relatively cool. Some stay at ground level; others climb trees. Moreover, fire is much more likely to appear in some parts of the world than in others. Satellite images of the Earth show that wildfires are rare in, say, northern Europe, and common in parts of central Africa and Australia. (These days many wildfires are started by humans, either on purpose or by accident. But long before our
ancestors began to throw torches or cigarette butts, fires were started by lightning strikes, or by sparks given off when rocks rub together in an avalanche.)
火的变形性质使得它得费很大劲来学习,因为它不是一个单一的实体。有些火焰是康华热,其他人则较为凉爽。一些呆在地面水平;其他人爬上树。此外,火是更有可能出现在世界的某些地方比其他人。地球的卫星图像显示,森林大火是罕见的,比如说,在欧洲北部,和普通中部的非洲和澳大利亚。(这些日子以来,很多森林大火是由人启动,要么故意还是偶然。但是很久以前我们的祖先开始扔火把以及烟头,大火雷击,或火花放出岩石交往时在雪崩中。)
Once a fire gets started, many factors contribute to how it will behave. The weather obviously has a huge effect: winds can fan flames, rains can quench them. The lie of the land matters, too: fire runs uphill more readily than it goes down. But another crucial factor is what type of plants the fire has to eat.
一旦真的发生火灾中开始,许多因素的影响,它会如何表现。天气很明显有一个巨大的效果:风能风扇火焰,雨也无法让他们。谎言的土地问题,太:火分比上坡更容易下去。但另一个重要的因素是什么类型的植物中,火也吃。
It’s common knowledge that plants regularly exposed to fire tend to have features that help them cope with it — such as thick bark, or seeds that only grow after being exposed to intense heat or smoke.
大家都知道,植物经常暴露于火灾往往具有功能,帮助他们应付——例如厚树皮,或者种子后,才会成长被暴露在高温或抽烟。
句子翻译题30分（每题3分） 1. He talked to the foreigner in hesitant English. 他结结巴巴地用英语同那个外国人交谈。 2. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。 3. Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass. 美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。 4. They asked long lists of questions, numerically arranged, about the climate, products, laws, business chances, and statistics of the country in which the consul had the honor of the representing his government. 他们一、二、三、四地列了一个很长的问题表，向那位领事问了一连串的问题，诸如领事派驻国的气候、物产、法律、贸易机会以及种种的统计资料。 5. As the temperature increases, the volume of water become greater. 温度增高，水的体积就增大。 6. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是在文体上。 7. He is a complicated man----- moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
一、英译汉翻译的基本程序 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。 2. 组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。 3. 表达。考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。 4. 审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文，是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。 二、英汉翻译的基本方法 直译与意译 直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。如： Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work. 直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。 意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。 或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。很显然，本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。当然，一句话并不限于一种译法，要根据具体需要而定。一般来说，在英汉翻译考试中，如果直译能达意就用直译，如果直译效果不好，就应该考虑意译。只要译文内容忠实，意思明白就行了。
顺译法（又名句型对应法） 顾名思义，顺译法（句型对应法）就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译，这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译，如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。 As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’decision that I was to be a doctor ,though the prospect interested in me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我不得不接收父母的决定，去当大夫，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。 3.倒译法 倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序来进行翻译。 例1：The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 因为月球的引力比地球小的多，所以月球上根本没有水。 例2：The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination. 作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。 4.分译法 分译法，又称拆译法，也是一种基本的句法变通手段。从被分译成份的结构而言，分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种。 单词的分译即拆词，将难译的词从句子主干中拆离出来，另作处理，这种方法常常引起句式上的调整，英译汉中要拆译的词常常是形容词和副词。如： He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing his book, which the student
一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 一、确定主干 The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 二、分析意群（表达一串独立意义的词） The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission)is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 三、切分意群 The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission) is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 切分出去作为独立的句子 四、转译原则 The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission) is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat failure →派生名词→变为动词 Washington failed on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission 五、明确词义 The most important fact is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat Smart →My eyes smarted. 刺痛 flag：v. 下降 engineered 导致 六、转序原则 Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission. 英语中时间状语和地点状语在地点的中间 中文需要调整 Washington→首都指代国家 最终翻译：本周四美国自1947年以来首次未能再次入选联合国人权委员会，其中引人注目的一点在于是美国的盟友而不是敌人导致了它的失利
1. 主语的确定 ?主语的三种处理方法： ?①以原句主语作译文主语 ?直接法 ?②重新确定主语 ?间接法 ?③增补主语 ?添加法 ?①直接法 ?例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。 ?Our house was built over a hundred years ago. ?例句2：我是地球人。 ?I come from the earth. ?例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 ?Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. ?例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 ?If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing. ?例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。 ?China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. ?例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。 ?As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes. ?非常简单
?文化差异 ?应用有限 ?②间接法 ?中英文表达的习惯不同 ?语言地道，句式多样 ?例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ?译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ?译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. ?例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 ?译法1：In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly. ?译法2：China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. ?例句9：胎又瘪了。 ?译法1：We’ve got another flat tire. ?译法2：Our tire is flat again. ?例句10：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 ?译法1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. ?译法2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints. ?回忆：海纳百川，有容乃大。 ?③增补法 ?推敲语境 ?考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。 .Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news gets around quickly. 11.好事不出门，坏事传千里。 .It’s time I got down to some serious work. 12.我该认真干点正事了。 .I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get through. 13.昨天我试着给你打过几次电话，但是没有打通。 .A man in confusion (confuse) cannot focus on the required work. 14.思绪混乱的人不可能集中精力做他被要求做的工作。 ③The confused look on his face suggested that he was confused about the confusing questions asked by his parents.(confuse) 15.他脸上迷惑的表情表明他对父母问的那些令人迷惑的问题感到困惑。 They confused me by asking so many confusing questions. I was totally confused, standing there in confusion, not knowing what to do.
2.We write to introduce ourselves as one of the leading exporters of a wide range of air conditioners. 我们写自我介绍,作为一个领先的出口国广泛的空调 3.In order to export our products to western Europe,we are writing to you to seek cooperation possibilities. 为了我们的产品出口到西方的欧洲,我们给您写信寻求合作的可能性。 4.We have a lot of colors and sizes to meet different needs. 我们有很多颜色和大小来满足不同的需求 5.With years of efforts we have enlarged our business scope and we deal in nearly 100 kinds of goods. 多年的努力,我们已扩大我们的业务范围,我们的交易在近100种商品。 6.Our main business covers the import and export of various light industrial products. 我们的主要业务范围涵盖进出口各种轻工产品。 敬启者： 我们从你驻美国大使馆商务参赞处得知你们的地址，特写信给你们，希望建立业务关系。 我们在此间同微软产品的主要经营商有良好的关系，并确信只要你方价格具有竞争性，我们将能销售大量的中国货物，请告知你方
1. 她生气了吗？ 2. 你在和谁说话？ 3. 今天早上他离开了这里。 4. 今年暑假你打算做什么？ 5. 为什么我们不听听音乐呢？ 6. 树上的鸟儿在歌唱。 7. 当我回来时，我会给你打电话。 8. 我要为他举行一次大聚会。 9. 你的寒假怎么样？ 10. 你在北京多久了？
11. 去年暑假我去了那儿。 12. 对我来说说好英语很难。 13. 昨天下午你为什么不在家？ 14. 这里经常下雨，因此我很少出门。 15. 昨天下午我看到他和他的朋友在树林里玩。 16. 商店里有很多新玩具。 17. 他去哪儿了？ 18. 树上的苹果又大又红。 19. 昨天的英语课怎么样？ 20. 你读完这本书了吗？
21. 这些天你在做什么？ 22. 今天早饭你吃了什么？ 23. 如果我步行去那儿，我会迟到。 24. 第一次到达这个小岛时，我什么都没有。 25. 我有太多的作业，因此我没有时间做我喜欢的事情。 26. 商丘是一个拥有悠久历史的城市。 27. 我不知道该怎么办。 28. 自从我生病，他就对我精心照顾。 29. 你的生日是什么时候？ 30. 广场上有很多人在跳舞。
31. 这个人我认识。 32. 这个周日有一场关于如何学好英语的报告。 33. 这恰恰是我所需要的。 34. 许多孩子擅长打电脑游戏而对学习不感兴趣。 35. 这是一个例子。 36. 老师让我们尽可能认真地写作业。 37. 做听力练习是学好英语的秘诀之一。 38. 如果你不能清楚地看到黑板上的每一个单词，你可以坐到前面。 39. 你喜欢在业余时间里做什么？ 40. 对他来说做出一个决定很难。
第三章英译汉常用方法和技巧 （教学安排：6课时） 无论翻译的标准如何，翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格，以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向，在具体的翻译运作过程中，还会遇到种种问题，所以在翻译实践中，还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧，从原文和译文的整体出发，全面分析，透过现象，抓住本质。经过不断的翻译实践，翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟，翻译水平也会越来越高。合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉，有效地提高翻译质量。 常用的翻译方法和技巧： 直译和意译 词义的选择 省略法和增补法 词类转译法 重复法 正反、反正表达法 分译法和合译法 直译和意译 英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻译时有时使用直译，有时用意译，有时直译并举。无论使用哪种方法，其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范 直译(metaphrase/literal translation) 在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容信息，又保持原文的形式结构，尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特质。 to kill two birds with one stone to shed crocodile tears 如果不破坏原文结构，译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意，这是最理想的直译，但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。 直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇，而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。例如： lady-killer talk show mad cow disease bird flu chain reaction cat walk humor second-hand car tittup hippy yuppie shock 例1 原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 译文： 例2 原文：Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing.
一、汉译英（1~8题局部翻译每句1分，整句翻译每句2分） 1、使我们惊讶的是，他什么也没说就走了。 ，he left without saying anything. 2、作为学生，我们很有必要更专心于学习。 As students, for us our study. 3、以前你做作业总是用很长时间吗？ a long time ？ 4、她似乎对电脑更感兴趣。 She in computers. 5、我打算休五天假。 I’m going to. 6、台湾(Tibet)属于中国。 Tibet ________________________________ China. 7、他们对时间非常放松。 They are pretty time. 8、她的爷爷习惯于早起。 His grandfather early. 9、他所说的话使我很悲伤。 _______________________________________________________.
in an out-of-school activity. Why were they asking him now? Nobody seemed to like him. （2）In fact, he had been so lonely that he drowned his feeling with food. As a result, he had put on a lot of weight, and this gave the kids something more to make fun of him. 二、汉译英（1~8题局部翻译每句1分，整句翻译每句2分） 1、我想和他交朋友。 I want to 2、人类和动物应该和睦相处。 Humans should animals. 3、由于大雨，他们停止了打篮球。 the heavy rain,they basketball. 4、青少年应该远离火。 Teenagers should 5、你在考虑明年去香港吗？ Hong Kong next year? 6、Paris是最有活力的城市之一。 Paris is _______________________________________________________. 7、过度的看电视对眼睛有害处。 Watching TV too much_________________________ your eyes. 8、请不要把书借给他人。 Please don’t the book others.
句子翻译音译汉： 1. their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 她砰的关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。 2. the guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点儿意外。 3. johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone . 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 4. while she felt like joining the argument,nancy was too shy to open mouth. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。 5. what do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？ 6. it is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 他很可能会因为实力不好而被拒收入伍。 location of the new airport. 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址这一问题上持有不同意见。 8. heys works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brothers better. 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 9. it is obviously that his young assistant who is running the bookstore. 很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。 10. being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital. 由于缺乏资金，他们正在设法吸引外资。 11. the little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell down. 那个小女孩跑得太快，身体一下失去平衡，跌倒了。 12. be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood 千万别说可能会被人误解的话。 1. “a woman?s reaction in any crisis,” the major says, “is to scream. and while a man may feel like it ,he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. and that last ounce is what really counts. ” 4 他说：“一遇到危急情况，女人得反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也 可能尖叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。” 2. the american does not join in the argument but watches the contracting slightly. she motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. the boy?s eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room. 5 那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。 在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部
浅谈英译汉翻译需要掌握的基本技巧 摘要: 英译汉翻译是高职高专英语教学中的一个重要组成部分。本文针对高职学生在英译汉翻译中存在的问题从三个方面谈谈英译汉翻译需掌握的一些基本技巧和方法，帮助英语学习者快速地提高英译汉翻译的水平。 关键词：英译汉，翻译，技巧 在从事高职高专的英语教学中，笔者发现高职高专的大部分学生对把英语翻译成汉语的知识掌握的不好。很多同学都是在看到一个英语句子的时候就习惯性地逐字逐句地翻译出来，结果是翻译出来的句子让人听起来总是觉得特别别扭，总感觉不像我们中国人说出来的语言。渐渐地我发现其实对于我们每一个学习英语的中国人来说，看到一个英文句子或者是段落的时候，我们是能够明白它的意思的，但是如果让我们用书面的语言表达出来的话，就不那么容易了，甚至有的时候会弄出笑话。原因何在呢？因为汉语和英语这两种语言毕竟是来自两种不同文化背景的国家，这两种语言在结构上存在很大的差别，所以，在翻译时就非常有必要掌握一些英译汉的翻译技巧和方法，这样翻译出来的东西才能忠实于原文。因此，掌握一些最基本的翻译技巧和方法对译文的质量起着至关重要的作用。下面我就从三个方面来谈谈翻译的技巧和方法。 一、词义的选择和引申。 1.英语单词的词义比较灵活，一个词可以具有几种不同的含义。因此，词类不同词义有别。比如round这个词: The wheels turn round. 轮子循环转。 Round the corner slowly. 慢慢拐弯儿。 The night watch man makes his rounds every hour. 守夜人每小时巡视。 2.有时，同一个词即使是同一类也会有不同词义。例如下列句子中as所表示的意义： Small as atoms are….. 尽管原子很小 As heat makes things move, it is a form of energy. 因为热量可以使物体运转，所以热量也是一种形式的能量。 As the atomic number increases, the atomic weight increases. 随着原子数量的
句子翻译音译汉： 1.Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 她砰的关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。 2.The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点儿意外。 3.Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone . 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 4.While she felt like joining the argument,Nancy was too shy to open mouth. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。 5.What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？ 6.It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 他很可能会因为实力不好而被拒收入伍。 7.The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport. 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址这一问题上持有不同意见。 8.Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's better. 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 9.It is obviously that his young assistant who is running the bookstore. 很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。 10.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital. 由于缺乏资金，他们正在设法吸引外资。 11.The little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell down. 那个小女孩跑得太快，身体一下失去平衡，跌倒了。 12.Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood 千万别说可能会被人误解的话。 1.“A woman?s reaction in any crisis,” the major says, “is to scream.
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项 ~从细节处把握翻译~ 要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词） 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。 1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。 The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。
英译汉的基本技巧 一）英译汉的基本程序 英译汉的过程包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。理解是表达的前提，若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、往返反复的过程，在进行汉语表达的时候，又可以进一步加深对原文的理解。因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要我们从英语到汉语，在从汉语到英语反复地推敲。 （一）通读全文 通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握段落内容或整篇文章的内容，理解划线部分与文章其他部分之间的语法和逻辑关系，在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系，特别要弄清代词it, they, them, this, that, these, those, other 等所指代的对象。这些词和词组有时在划线的部分中能找到，有时则要到前面的相关句子中去查找。 （二）分析所要翻译句子的结构 从翻译试题来看，所给出的段落中划线的部分一般来说句子结构都比较复杂。复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构，很难达到正确、完整地理解原文的要求。在分析句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，以便明了句子的主干结构。在分析句子的主干结构时还应该注意分析句子成份是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等。 （三）选择适当的翻译方法 句子结构分析清楚后，根据主干结构确定采用顺译、逆译还是分译法处理长句；大的框架确定后，根据上下文的意思选择适当的词语翻译方法，可以适当地赠词、补词、引申词义等等。 （四）认真校核译文 句子表达清楚后，还应该回过头来校核一下看译文是否达到了“信、达、雅”的标准，确保自己理解的内容能够很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段，应注意以下问题; 1.人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等译得是否正确； 2.对原文中的词、句有无错漏； 3.修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇； 4.译文中有无错别字； 5.标点符号的使用是否正确。 二）英译汉基本技巧 （一）单词的翻译 1．词义的选择与引申 词义的选择是翻译过程中的关键性一步。翻译时应根据上下文及搭配词来确定词性及词义。例如heavy一词在下面不同的上下文中有着截然不同的译法。 A.This car is very heavy on oil. B.The snow is falling more heavily tonight than last night. C.He is a media heavy. D.There was a heavy fragrance of flowers and lemon trees. E.This is heavy news to everyone that there will be a war next century. F.This dessert is not bad, but a little heavy.