abrasive wear 磨损、磨耗
adamite roll半钢轧辊
addition agents添加剂类型accompanying element 伴生元素acicular 针状
acicular iron 针状铸铁
acid extraction 酸性萃取
acid lining 酸性内衬
acid solution 酸性溶液
actual load 有效负载
adhesion f orce 附着力
adhesive wear 粘着磨损
af terblow 后吹
age hardening 实效硬化
agitation 搅拌
agglomerant cake 烧结块
AIC roll针状无限冷硬
air atomization 气压雾化
air f urnace 空气炉、反射炉
air permeability 透气性
alkalinity/basicity 碱度
alloying element合金元素alternating thermal stress 交变热应力aluminum f oil mill铝箔轧机amianthus 石棉
anode effect 阳极效应
anti-f riction bearing 减摩轴承
anti-pockmark 抗麻点性
anti-roll mark roll 抗辊印轧辊
anti-spalling property抗剥落性能appearance of f racture 冲击断口形貌appliance sheet 家电板
aqueous emulsion 乳剂
arc f urnace 电弧炉
argon blowing 吹氩处理
as cast铸态
as quenched (state) 淬火状态austenite奥氏体
atomization 喷雾
automobile sheet 汽车板
axial direction 轴向
back pouring 补浇注
back-up roll支撑辊
bainite贝氏体
banded carbide带状碳化物
bank mark 滞料纹
bar 棒材
barium 钡
bar/merchant mill 小型轧机
bar/merchant steel 条钢
bar & wire mill 棒线材轧机
barrel 辊身
base permeability 原砂透气度
base plate 底板
bead welding roll堆焊轧辊
beam blank 异型坯
beam blank continuous caster 异型坯连铸机beam mill 型钢轧机
bearing ring 轴承环
belt drive 带传动
bending loads 弯曲负荷
bending strength 抗弯强度
billet 方坯、小方坯
billet mill钢坯轧机
bite angle 咬入角
blacking scab 涂料疤
blade/tips 刀片
blister 起泡
blank 毛坯、坯料、半成品
block gauge 块规
block off(孔)封堵
bloom 大方坯、钢坯、钢锭
blooming mill(方坯)初轧机
blooming/slabbing mill roll初轧辊
blow-hole气孔
blushing 泛白
body-centered cubic structure 体心立方结构body shrinkage 体收缩率
body wrinkle 侧壁皱纹
bogie-hearth resistance f urnace 台式电阻炉bond 结合层
bonding at interf ace 结合层溶合
bond integrity 结合层完整
borax 硼砂
bore check 精密小测定器
bore 内孔
borer 镗床
boring heads 搪孔头
boron carbide 碳化硼
bottom neck 下辊颈
bottom poured ladle 底漏钢包
bottom roll 下辊
boundary lubrication 边界润滑
box pass 矩形孔型、箱形孔型
breakdown mill开坯轧机
brittle脆性
broaching 拉孔
broaching machine 拉床
buckling (板坯)失稳变曲;翘曲
bulk hardness 材料硬度
burn mark 糊斑
burn-on 焊上
burr 毛边
butt welded pipe 对接焊管、平焊接管
cadmium 镉
calibrator 校准器
campaign length/life 服役周期
can stock 罐头薄板
cantilever ring悬臂式辊环
carbide alloy tool 硬质合金刀
carbide morphology 碳化物形态
carbide network网状碳化物
carbon碳
carbon equival ent 碳当量
carbon steel碳素钢
castable refractory 可铸造耐火材料
casting billet 铸坯
casting on f lat 水平铸造
casting pit浇铸地坑
cast on 熔补
cast steel 铸钢
CC duplexed AIC roll离心复合无限冷硬(AIC)轧辊CC duplexed HiCr roll离心复合高铬辊
CC duplexed SGA roll 离心复合针状球墨轧辊
CC duplexed SG P roll离心复合球墨珠光体(SG P)轧辊cementite 渗碳体
center hole 中心孔
centerline 轴心线
centri f ugal casting离心复合铸造
ceramic 陶瓷
ceramic tool 金属陶瓷刀具
chain drive 链传动
cham f er machine 倒角机
chamotte sand 烧磨砂
charge/make-up 配料
charter mark 震颤纹、辊印
chemical composition 化学成分chevron pattern 锯齿形(断裂)花纹chilled cast iron 冷硬铸铁
chilling layer 白口层
chipping 修整表面缺陷
chip removal 切屑处理、清除碎屑chrome 铬
chrome plating 镀铬
chromium铬
chuck 卡盘
chuck jaw 卡盘爪
circum ferential/annul ar crack 环形裂纹clamping/holding system 夹具、支持系统cleaning of casting 铸件清理
clearance angle 后角
clearance f it 间隙配合
clearance gauge 间隙规
clearance ratio 间隙比
clear chill layer; chilling layer白口层clear chill roll纯白口冷硬轧辊
clink 裂纹、铸件裂纹
clinometer 测斜仪、测角器
coarse microstructure组织粗大
coated sand 覆膜砂
coaxiality 同轴性
cobble 堆钢
coil 卷材
coiled bar 成盘条钢、盘条
coiled sheet (薄)卷板
coiled steel 成卷带钢
coiled strip 成卷带材、带卷
coiler 卷取机
cold blast pig iron 冷风生铁
cold mill冷轧机
cold reduction 冷轧
cold repair of slag inclusion 夹渣冷补cold shortness 冷脆性
cold strip mill 冷轧带钢轧机
cold working steel 冷作钢
collapse 塌陷
color mottle 色斑
compact mill 紧凑式轧机
complete recrystallization 完全再结晶compound roll复合轧辊
compressive stress 压缩应力
concentration diff usion 浓差扩散
concentri city同心度
contact f atigue li f e接触疲劳寿命
contact stress 接触应力
continuous caster 连铸机
continuous hot mill 热连轧轧机
contraction of cross sectional area 断面收缩率
core f ill rate 填芯率
corrosion pit 腐蚀坑、点蚀坑
cosmetic inspect 外观检查
cosmetically repair 粘补
cover plate 盖板
CPC-continuous pouring process f or cl adding连续浇铸包覆
crack arrest 止裂、制止裂纹
crack generation/extension 裂纹生成、扩展
crack initiation 裂纹发源、萌生
crack nucleation 裂纹形核、裂纹形成
crack propagation 裂纹扩展
crashing roll 破碎辊
crazing 龟裂
creep 蠕变
crimping tool 卷边工具
critical cooling rate 临界冷却速度
critical point临界点
critical transf orm ation temperature 临界变形温度
critical value临界值
cross-country 越野式轧机排列
crosshead 十字结联轴节
cryogenic tank 低温箱
cryogenic treatment深冷处理
crystal granularity 结晶粒度
CSP (compact strip production) 紧凑式薄带生产
cupola (f urnace)冲天炉
cutter material 刀具材料
cutting perf ormance削切效果
cutting rate 切削率
CVC-continuous variable crown technique of roll轧辊连续可变凸度cyclical heating 循环加热、周期性加热
cyclical stress 循环应力、交变应力
cylinder square 圆筒直尺
cylindrical crowned 平辊
damping capacity 阻尼性能
dead pass 空轧孔型
deep camber roll 深弯辊
def icient purchase 来料不良
def ined process 既定工艺
def lection 挠度
def lection compensation 挠曲补偿
def ormation 变形
dendrite growth 树晶长大
dendritic crystal树枝状结晶
densener 冷铁
dents 压痕
deoxidize 脱氧
dephosphorization 脱磷
depth gauge 测深规
descale 除鳞、清除氧化铁皮
destructive inspection破坏性检查
deviation 偏差
dial indicator 针盘指示表
dial snap gauge 卡规
dial test indicator (D.T.I) 度盘式指示器
diameter reduction 缩径
differential hardening 差别/局部淬火硬化处理
diff used pitting 散布麻点
digital micrometer 数字测微计
directional solidif ication 定向凝固
dispersion 悬浮液
dissipation 耗散、损耗
distance ring 定距环
distortion 扭曲、变形
divorced eutectic 离散共晶体
do cham f ering 倒棱
down feed (磨轮)向下进刀
down time 停机时间
draf t 压下量
drawing machine 拔拉丝机
dressing 修磨
drilling 钻
drive end 传动端
drive roll 主动辊
drive shaf t 传动轴
drive side传动侧
dry rolling 无浮化剂轧制、干轧
dual f requency quenching equipment 双频淬火设备ductile iron 球墨铸铁、球铁
ductility 延展性
dye penetrat e inspection 染色探伤
echo attenuation 底波衰减
eddy current 涡流
edger 轧边机
edger roll轧边辊(立辊)
edge splintering/spall 掉边
eff ective limit 有效性极限
elastic f l attening 弹性压扁
elastoplasticity 弹塑性
electric arc f urnace 电弧炉
electric heating电加热
electro-discharge texturing (EDT) 电火花毛化electron microscope 电镜
electro slag re-m elted casting (ESRC) 电渣重溶electroslag welding电渣熔焊
elevated temperature 高温
elongation 延伸率
embedded lump 镶合
embossing 压花
emulsion oil 乳化油
end clearance 端隙
end face 端面
end mill 立铣刀
end pulsation measurement 端面跳动量equilibrium transf orm ation 均衡变形
ERW pipe电阻焊管
etching 表面蚀刻
etching machine 蚀刻机
eutectic 共晶
eutectic carbide共晶碳化物
eutectic line 共晶线
eutectoid 共析
eutectoid line 共析线
exit sliding guide出口滑动导位
exogenous inclusion 外来夹杂
exponential curve 指数曲线
expanding drill 扩孔钻
expansive f orce roll 涨力辊
external grinding 外圆磨削
extracting roll 脱管辊环
extractor 提取器
extra-f ine f errite超细铁素体
extruded pipe 挤出管材
face-centered cubic structure 面心立方结构fatigue behavior疲劳性能
fatigue spalling 疲劳散裂
fatigue test 疲劳试验
fatty oil 脂肪油
faulty casting 不良铸造
feeding 补缩
feeler gauge 测隙规
ferrite铁素体
ferrous metal 黑色金属
fettling 铸件清理
fettling process 清砂过程
f ile burr 挫毛刺
f illet 圆角
f illet gauge 圆角规
f inal f orgin
g temperature 终锻温度
f ine porcelain brittle f racture 细瓷状脆性断口
f ining/refinin
g period 精炼期
f inishin
g block 精轧机组
f inishin
g roll精轧辊
f inishin
g temperature终轧温度
f inish train 精轧机组
f ishtail (板坯)头尾部-鱼尾变形
f ixture 夹具
f l ake/spheroidal/ granular/f ine granular/rod-like片/球/粒/细粒/棒状f l ange thickness (型钢)翼缘厚度
f l ange wrinkle 凸缘起皱
f l ash heat 快速加热
f l ask 砂箱
f l at product 扁平材
f l aw 刮伤
f locculent 絮状
f low mark 流痕
f lux addition 溶剂量
f lyin
g shear飞剪
f olded strip 叠带
f orcer 冲头
f oreign inclusion 外来杂质
f orged blank 锻坯
f orged steel roll锻钢轧辊
f orgin
g blank; f orging stock锻坯
fracture f ace 断裂面
fracture surface断裂面
fracture toughness断裂韧度
fraising 绞孔
free graphite 游离石墨
frequency f urnace 工频炉
friction coeff i cient 摩擦系数friction eff ect 摩擦效应
frosting/texturing treatment 毛化处理f urnace accretion 炉结
f urnace charge 配料
f urnace linin
g 炉衬
f urnace roll 炉辊
f used silica dressin
g 熔融石英涂层galling 擦伤
gap spray cooling 辊缝喷淋冷却gas hole 气孔
gating system 浇注系统
gauge dimension 标距尺寸gearbox 变速箱
generatrix母线
geometric stress 几何应力
glazing 光滑
gloss 光泽
grain boundary 晶界、晶粒间界grain iron 晶铁
grain roll 麻口细晶粒合金铸铁轧辊grain size 晶格粒度
graphic steel roll 石墨钢轧辊graphite banding 石墨带
graphite degeneration 石墨畸变graphitic steel石墨钢
gravity segregation 重力偏析grease pits 污斑
grey cast iron 灰口铸铁
grinder 磨床
grinding defect 磨痕
grind off削磨掉
grit blasting 喷钢砂(处理)
grog 熟料、磨碎耐火材料grossiness 光泽度
groove 槽、孔型
grooved roll 带孔型轧辊
guide disc导盘
guide roll导辊
guide wheel 导轮
hard copy 硬副本、原始底图hardenability 淬透性
hardening and tempering 调质hardening depth淬硬层深度hardness drop (penetration) 硬度落差
hardness penet ration 淬硬深度
hardness prof ile 硬度分布
hardness uni f ormity/homogeneity硬度均匀度hard particle 硬质粒子hard spot 硬点
hard surf acing material 堆焊材料
harmonic 谐波
H-beam mill H型钢轧机
headstock 主轴箱
hearth roll with rings 带环炉底辊
heat cycle test 热循环试验
heating medium加热介质
heat shock 热冲击
heat sink 散热、吸热
high temperature diffusion高温扩散
high speed wire mill 高速线材轧机
height gauge 测高规
HIP-hot isostantical pressing热等静压
honing machine 搪磨机
horizontal plain 平行面
hot bending test 热弯曲试验
hot box 隔热箱
hot continuous mill热连轧机
hot crack热裂纹
hot cracking resistance抗热裂性
hot die steel 热作模具钢
hot dip galvanizing 热(浸)镀锌
hot ductility热延性
hot galvanizing热(浸)镀锌
hot hardness 热硬度、高温硬度
hot mill 热轧轧机
hot spot 热点、热节(区域)
hot spraying/painting 热喷涂
hot spray welding 热喷焊
hot streak 热痕
hot stretching specimen 热拉伸试样
hot strip mill (HSM)热带轧机
hot tear 热裂
housing rigidity 牌坊刚度
hydraulic press 水压机
hydrodynamic lubrication 流体(动力)润滑
hypereutectoid steel过共析钢
hypoeutectoid steel亚共析钢
idle roll 传动辊、从动辊、空转辊
impact energy冲击功
impact resistance 抗冲击性能
impermeability 不透性
incidents resistance 抗事故能力
inclination angle 倾斜角度
inclusion 夹渣
incrustation 水锈
indentation 印凹痕迹
indentation resistance 抗压入性能
indigenous inclusion 原生夹杂
induction f urnace感应电炉
induction/impedance hardening 感应淬火industrial f requency f urnace工频炉
inclined chute 斜溜槽
incoming thickness 来料厚度
inert gas 惰性气体
inf rared 红外线
inf usibility 不溶性
ingot钢锭
initial f orging temperature 始锻温度
initial stress 初应力、初始应力
inoculant 孕育剂
inoculation孕育
inoculation f ade 孕育衰退
inoculated graphite 孕育石墨
inside calipers 内卡钳
inside micrometer 内分厘卡
intercrystalline/intergranular f racture 沿晶断裂interf acial wave 界面波
interf erence f it 过盈配合
interf erence magnitude 过盈量
intermediate layer中间层
intermediate roll中间辊
intermediate stands中轧机架
internal f issure 内裂纹
internal grinding 外圆磨削
internal stress内应力
internal stress level 内应力水平
interstand cooling 机架间冷却intracrystalline f racture 晶内断裂intragranular penetration 晶内穿透
iron-base material; fe-based material铁基材料iron cement 铁质胶合剂
isothermal f orging 恒温锻造
isometric view 等距视图
isothermal spheroidizing annealing等温球化退火jet quenching 喷淬
key 键
key lock ring 键锁环
key seat 键槽
keyway键槽
kish lock 石墨聚集(铸件缺陷)
knurling pattern (轧辊)压花、滚花、刻纹labyrinth ring 迷宫环
ladle 浇包
ladle inoculation浇包孕育
ladle wire f eeding 钢包喂丝
lamellar iron 片状石墨铸铁
lamellar spacing 片层间距
laminar f low 片流、层流
laser texturing 激光毛化
lathe 车床
lathe-shaped 板条状
lattice 晶格
lead distance 导前距离
leveling roll (板材)压平辊
lif e span 使用寿命
lif ting table 升降台
limit gauge 限规
linear cutting 线切割
linear shrinkage 线收缩率
liquid honing 液体喷砂法
liquidus 液相线
localised f i re crack 局部热裂纹
lock nut 锁紧螺母
longitudinal 纵向
longitudinal wave velocity 纵波声速
long product 长型材
machinability 机加工性能、切削性能machining allowance 加工余量
machining wear 修磨量
magnesium镁
magnif i er 放大镜
malleable cast iron (MCI) 可锻灰口铁
mandrel (顶头)芯棒
manganese锰
manipulator 推床
martensite马氏体
mass 团状
massive carbide 块状碳化物
matrix基体
medium f requency induction f urnace中频感应电炉
melting period 溶化期
merchant/bar mill 小型轧机micrometer 千分尺
micrometer calipers 千分卡尺micrograph 显微相片
micro segregation晶内偏析/显微偏析microstructure金相组织microstructure transformation 组织转变mild steel 软钢
miller 铣床
milling 铣
mill housing 牌坊、机架
milling cutter 铣刀
mill spindle 轧机联接轴
mill stiff ness 轧机刚性
mill table 轧机辊道
mineral oil 矿物油
miner def ect 次要缺陷
molten pool 熔池
molybdenum钼
monobloc roll单一轧辊
monometer 压力计
motor 电机、驱动机组
mottle 斑点
mottled pig iron 麻口生铁
mould assembly 配模、合型
mould cavity 型腔
mould conf iguration 模具结构moulding 造型
moulding box 型箱
mould pit 铸模地坑
MPM roll 连轧辊
muff le f urnace 高温烘炉
narrow strip mill窄带钢轧机
neat oil 不渗水油、净油
neck collar 颈肩(轴承环)
neck ring 颈环
neck tapper辊颈锥度
needle and f lake 针片状
negative crowned 凹型
network/reticul ar 网状
nick 割痕
nickel镍
niobium铌
nodular (ductile) cast iron 球墨铸铁
nominal size公称尺寸
non-drive end (work end) 非传动端
non-drive side非传动端
non-destructive inspection非破坏性检查
non-f errous metal 有色金属
nonius 光标卡尺
non-weld at interf ace结合不良
non-welding 结合不良
normalizing正火
nose of tool 刀尖
notch 凹痕
notch stress 缺口应力
notch toughness 缺口韧性
nut 螺母
oil-water emulsion 油-水乳浊液
open f l ask temperature 开箱温度
open hearth/f urnace 平炉
open pore 开口孔隙
open riser 明冒口
open train 横列式(布局)
orange-peel surface 桔皮表面、橘皮现象oscillographic impact test 示波冲击试验
outside diameter runout 外圆跳动量
ovality椭圆度
oval pass 椭圆孔型
overf low 溢流
overf low compound casting溢流(全冲洗发)复合铸造over-saturation 过饱和
oxidation resistance抗氧化性
oxide f ilm氧化膜
oxygen top blown 氧气顶吹
paraff in mixture 石蜡混合物
parallelism 平行度
pass 孔型、轧制道次(可逆式机架)
pass template 孔型样板
patch 斑块;修补、修补炉衬
pearlite珠光体
peeling 剥离
peeling test 剥离试验
pellet/ball 球团
peripheral speed 圆周线速
phosphorus磷
pickling 酸洗、酸浸
pickling tank 酸洗槽
pilger roll皮尔格轧辊
pinch pass mill 平整轧机
pinch roll 夹送辊
pin hole 针孔
pitch of screw thread 螺距
pitting corrosion 点状腐蚀
plain barrel pass 平孔型
plain carbon steel 普碳钢
plane grinding 平面磨削
planer 刨床
planing 刨
plastic def ormation塑性变形
plasticity塑性
plate mill中厚板轧机
plating 热喷涂修补
plunge grinding 切入磨削
pock 麻点
porosity缩松
porous oxide layer 松散的氧化层
porter bar 换辊套筒
position scale 位置刻度
pouring ladle浇包
powder metallurgical roll粉末冶金轧辊precipitated phase析出相
precipitation strength 析出强度precision casting 精密铸造
preliminary heat treatment 初步热处理premature failure 早期失效
press f it 压力配合、压配合
press stress压应力
pressure ring 压力(密封)环pressure vessel 压力容器
primary graphite 初生石墨
primary metal 原生金属
prof ile chart 剖视图
prof iled roll 带孔型辊
progressive induction 连续感应protractor 分角器
punctuate /spotty 点状
quenching tank 淬火槽
radial direction 径向
radial f orce 径向力
radial play eccentricity 径向跳动量radial pulsation measurement 径向跳动量
ragging pattern (轧辊)压花、滚花、刻纹rail mill 轨梁轧机
raiser冒口端
rake angle 前角
rake f ace 前刀面
reactant 反应物
reamer 铰刀
rear earth alloy 稀土和金
rebar 螺纹钢
recess 环形槽
recrystallization再结晶
redress (重新)修磨
red shortness 红热脆性
reducing/sinking mill 减径机
reducing roll 减径辊
reduction 压下量
reduction in pass 道次压下量
reduction period 还原期
ref ractory cl ay 耐火粘土
ref ractory material 耐火材料
rejects 不良品
remove all burrs and sharp edges 棱角倒钝repair by welding 焊补
residue strain 残留应变
residue stress 残留应力
resin sand 覆膜砂
resin streak 树脂流纹
resistant material 耐腐蚀材料
restrained mandrel 限动芯棒
resultant 生成物
retained strength 残留强度(铸砂)retainer 止推器
reticular, network 网状
reverberating f urnace 反射炉
reversing mill 可逆式轧机
ribbon 带状、带状物
riding 凹陷
rigidity 刚度
ring gauge 环规
riser f eeding冒口补缩
reject diameter报废直径
rod& bar mill棒线轧机
rod mill 线材(盘条)轧机
roll abrasion 辊磨损
roll barrel辊身
roll bite轧辊咬入轧制、辊缝
roll camber/crown 轧辊凸度
roll campaign 轧辊寿命
roll change down-time 换辊停机时间roll changing period换辊周期
roll condition 轧机状态、情况
roll def lection 轧辊挠度
roller (离心机)托轮
roll f ace 轧辊(辊身)表面
rolling draf t 轧制压下量
rolled in scale 压入氧化铁皮
roll f lattening 轧辊弹性压扁
rolling ingot 轧钢钢锭
roll load 轧制负荷
rolling bearing 滚动轴承
rolling pass轧制道次
rolling reduction 压下量
rolling schedule 轧制规程
rolling torque轧制力矩
roll interface轧辊结合层
roll neck辊颈
roll opening 轧辊开度、辊缝
roll rigidity 轧辊刚度
roll ring辊环
roll shaf t 辊轴
roll shif ting 轧辊横移
rosulate 菊花状
rotating bending 旋转弯曲roundness 圆度
rounds 圆钢
roughing roll粗扎轧辊
rough machining 粗加工roughness retentivity 粗糙度保持性rough sand 粗砂
rough stands粗扎机架
round bar 圆钢
running f it 转动配合
run out 跳动量
run-out roller table 输出辊道
run true 无跳动运转
rupture resistance 抗(断)裂度sagging 松垂
sand blasting 喷砂
sand casting 型砂铸造
sand insert 粘砂
sand lined chill 砂衬冷模
sand lined metal mould 覆砂铸模
sand system型砂系统
saturation 饱和
saw 锯
scan electron micro-scope 扫描电镜
scare 疤痕
scrap diameter 报废直径
scraper 刮刀
scratch 刮伤
scratch hardness 抗刮硬度
screw 螺丝
screw-down 压下机构、装置
screwing die 板牙
screw joint 螺纹连接
screw pitch 螺纹距
screw tap 丝锥
scuffing 深冲表面刮伤
seam 裂痕
seamless mill 无缝钢管轧机
seamless steel tube mill无缝钢管轧机
season cracking 实效开裂
seasoning 时效处理
secondary carbide二次碳化物
secondary crack 二次断裂
secondary hardening二次硬化
secondary/ladle ref ining 炉外精炼
section 型材
section mill型钢轧机
segregation偏析
selective heating 局部加热
semi-f lushing compound casting半冲洗复合铸造semi-steel (adamite) roll半钢轧辊
Sendzimir mill roll森吉米尔轧辊
sequential solidif ication顺序凝固
SGA roll球墨贝氏体(SGA)轧辊
SGP roll球墨珠光体(SGP)轧辊
shaf t 轴
shape mill 异形(材)轧机
shear stress 剪切应力
sheet bar 薄板坯
sheet mill薄板轧机
sheet stock 薄钢板
shock overload 冲击过载
short-blast texturing/dull 抛丸毛化
shot blasting 喷丸(处理)
shrink f it 冷缩配合
shrinkage hole/cavity缩孔
shrink hole 缩孔
shut height 闭合高度
sieve mesh 筛孔
silica/quartz glass 石英玻璃
silicon硅
sinking mill 减径机
sink mark 凹痕
sink roll 沉没辊
sink roll f or hot galvanizing 热浸镀锌沉没辊sintered f e-based materi al烧结铁基材料sintering 烧结处理
sintering of sand 铸砂烧结
sizing mill 定径机
sizing roll 定径辊
skim 扒渣
skin hardness 表面硬度
skin pass 光整冷轧
skin pass mill 平整轧机
skin pass roll平整辊
skin passed sheet 光整冷轧薄板
slab板坯
slabbing mill 初轧板坯轧机
slab ingot 扁钢锭
slagging 结渣
slagging material 造渣材料
slag inclusion; slag entrapment夹渣
slag-off扒渣
slag skimming 扒渣
sleeve 辊套
slide bearing 滑动轴承
slide caliper 游标卡尺
slitting stand切分机架
slot 槽
snap gauge 卡规、卡模
soaking 均热处理
sof t spot 软点
sof t zone软带
solidif ication 凝固
solid roll整体轧辊
solid solution 固溶体
solid solution phase固溶相
solidus 固相线
sorbite索氏体
spacer 垫片
spade (f lat) 扁头
spalling 剥落
sparking machine 线切割
speci f ic rolling f orce 单位轧制力
speckle 斑点
spectrometer 光谱仪
spheroidization annealing process球化退火工艺spheroidization f ailure 球化不良
spheroidize 球化
spindle 主轴
spiral pipe 螺旋管
splashing 飞溅
spline drive 花键传动
splinter 裂开、裂片
spot welding 点焊
spray coating喷涂料
spray repair 喷补
spring f lat 弹簧扁钢
square bar 方钢
square gauge 直角尺
SRM (stretch-reducing mill) 减径机
stall 卡钢
stall condition 卡钢性能
stalled bearing 轴承失速
static casting静态铸造
stationary cracking置裂
steam atomization 蒸汽雾化
steckel mill炉卷轧机
steel base roll钢基轧辊
steam inoculation随流孕育
sticking f riction 粘着摩擦
stock 原料
stock removal 切削量
stock removals during grinding 修磨中工作层消耗stock removed 修磨量
stopper 塞子、制动器
straightening roll矫直辊
strain ageing 应变老化
streak条纹、条痕
stream/f low inoculation 随流孕育
stress annealing应力退火
《英美概况》教学大纲 一、课程说明. 1. 课程代码:107013841 2. 课程中文名称:英美概况 3. 课程英文名称:The Society and Culture of Major English Speaking Countries — an Introduction 4. 课程总学时数:32 5. 课程学分数:2 6. 授课对象: 英语专业二年级学生 7.本课程的性质、地位和作用 《英美概况》是英语专业本科的一门专业任选课。本课程以英语为媒介,比较系统地向学生阐述世界主要英语国家的社会与文化背景,如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。它是英语专业学生学习英语专业其它语言基础课和在高年级阶段学习英语文学和翻译等课程的基础。本课程的教学可以提高学生在跨文化语言运用过程中对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性,从而改善学生的跨文化语言运用能力。 二、教学基本要求 1.本课程的目的、任务 本课程的教学目的在于让英语专业学生了解和熟悉主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌,掌握其地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活与文化传统等方面的基本知识,扩大知识面,丰富文化修修养,加深对英语国家语言、文化和文学的理解,提高分析判断能力。 2.本课程的教学要求 本课程的基本要求是让学生掌握英美两个典型英语语言国家的历史与社会文化背景、民族特点、当前现状及发展前景。通过本课程的学习,学生除掌握有关英美两国的社会基本构成、文化传统、经济科技发展等基本知识外,同时也提高自身对英文社科类书籍的阅读能力,从而进一步提高自己的英语水平。 在课程的教学过程中,教师也可适当向学生推荐一些反映英美国家文化的优
英语中的委婉语 英文euphemism(委婉语)一词系源自希腊语。词头"eu-"的意思是"good"(好),词干"phemism"的意思是"speech"(言语),整个字面意义是"word of good omen"(吉言)或(好的说法)。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。 英语委婉语一般可分成两大类:传统委婉语(traditional euphemisms)和文体委婉语stylistic euphemisms。所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。象生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物,如果直接表达,那就是禁忌语,给人的感觉是粗鄙,生硬,刺耳,无礼。反之,如果间接表达,这就是委婉语,给人的印象是典雅,含蓄,中听,有礼。所谓文体委婉语,亦称实际上是恭维话、溢美之词,与禁忌语并无关系。英、美人(尤其是当代美国人)在交际过程中,为了表示礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,有时会采用夸饰的手法,对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。 英语委婉语的构成方法各种各样,丰富多彩。一般可分为下面几种类型:构词手段,拼写手段,词汇手段,语法手段和修辞手段等。 (1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna(goes+under+“床下放”,即夜壶)。 (2)反成法(backformation):反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词。由于这种构词法产词是不大,所以造出的词大多新颖别致,用来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果。如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar[夜盗]盗删去“词尾”而成,用以替代。 (3)首字母组合法(acronym):首字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第一个字母抽出来拼合在一起借以掩饰。如:BM(bowel movement,大便)the Big C (癌症) (4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将一些词语斩头去尾以掩饰。如:gents(Gentlement's Room)(男厕所)lav (lavatory,厕所) (5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发音略加变动,借以避讳。如:god, gosh(god 上帝) (6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利用一些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取而代之。如:sis, (piss 小便) (7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感的单词自后向前拼写,以便避讳。如:elly-bay (belly肚子) (8)首字母异拼法(respelling of initials):首字母异拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感单词的首字母按照发音拼写出来,效果委婉。如:dee(damn,该死) (9)标点符号法(punctuation):如:d--(damn该死的)son of a -- (son of a bitch,狗娘养的)(10)同义词替代法(synonyms)如:slim(苗条的,即skinny,皮包骨头) (11)借词法borrowing):一般认为,英语中的本族词-盎格鲁撒克逊词-多为平民百姓的口语词,不登大雅之堂。所以很多人,尤其是知识分子和学生都喜欢借用法语词或拉丁词来婉指那些令人尴尬的事物。如:lingerie(内衣 underwear) (12)模糊词语法(fuzzy words):如:affair(事物,即桃色事件) (13)儿语法(nurseryism):借用儿童用语来充当委婉语。小孩子讲话天真无邪,如果大人,尤其是中年人模仿儿语,有时效果是既委婉又幽默。如:pee-pee(小便)poo-poo(大便)(14)反面着笔法(negation):从相反的角度去表达那些令人不快的事物,效果有时会比正面直说婉转些。如:unwise(不聪明,即,愚蠢的) (15)比喻法(metaphorical transfer):根据禁忌事物的特点,将其描绘成具有相同特点的可以接受的事物。如:go to sleep forever(长眠,即die死去) (16)借代法(metonymical transfer):用整体来代替那些不便直言的局面。如:chest(胸部,即 breast 乳房) (17)低调说法(understatement):如一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄的说法,用来表达不愉快的事情时,效果委婉,听者易于接受。smelly (有味道,即stinking,发臭)
浅谈英语委婉语探究 内容摘要 由于语言交际是人类赖以维持社会和人际关系的重要手段。因而人们在语言交际中通常避免使用引起交际双方的不快从而损害双方的关系的语言,而是采取迂回曲折的方法来表达思想,交流信息。委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象,它应用于社会生活的诸多领域,它的产生和应用与社会现象息息相关。它不仅是一种社会语言现象,也是一种文化现象,它在交际中起着很重要的作用。委婉语处在不断变化的状态下,随着科学和人类文明的发展,委婉语在交际语言中的功能将愈加突出。所以本文从委婉语在西方国家的使用情形这一角度出发,探讨了委婉语的定义,特点及其避讳功能,礼貌功能和掩饰功能。并讨论了英语委婉语在现实生活中的应用,以帮助英语学习者更好地进行跨文化交际。 论文关键词:英语委婉语;交际功能;应用 一、英语委婉语的定义 十九世纪英国大戏剧家萧伯纳(George Bernard Shaw)的名剧《茶花女》(Pygmalion)因使用bloody(该死的)一词而遭到社会的广泛指责。名噪一时的美国电影《飘》(Gone with the Wind)也因damn(他妈的)一词的出现而招致公众的诽议。这些脏字,粗词引起了人们的反感,为了避免使用这些语言,于是委婉语出现了,而委婉语的出现把文明意识提到一个新的高度。委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象,是人们谈论那些令人不快或尴尬的事情时所使用的较为礼貌的说法。它不仅是一种社会语言现象,更是一种文化现象。 委婉语也是英语国家中一种很常见而普遍的语言现象,从横向来说:目前语言学家所接触的语言中,都存在一定数量的委婉语;从纵向来说:大概从人类开始知美丑、辨善恶,而用无花果树叶”遮盖时,委婉语就在交际中有了用武之地。英文euphemism(委婉语)一词源自希腊语,词头“eu”的意思是“good”(好),词干“phemism”的意思是“speech”(言语),意思是用漂亮的词语或玲珑的谈吐表达语言,用一种无害的或悦耳的词语取代一种较直接的、冒昧唐突的言词,或者说用善意的话语把事实掩盖起来。委婉语涉及民族、历史、文化、心理、语境、交际目的等方面。它是一种修辞格更是一种文化现象。委婉语如此深深地嵌入我们的语言,以至我们中间没有谁——即使那些自诩为直截了当的人——能够在不使用委婉语的情况下过完一天的。他的这段话道出了委婉语在人们交际中的重要作用。委婉语好似语言交流的润滑剂,能使人们的话语在交际中变得更委婉、含蓄。 二、英语委婉语的特点 1、时代性 同一个事物,同一个意思,在不同时代往往有不同的委婉表达法,下面的例子很能说明委婉语或委婉表达法具有很强的时代性。 据有关学者统计,“怀孕”一词在不同时代曾先后出现如下一些委婉表达法:She has canceled all her social engagements.(1856)她取消了所有的社交活动。 She is in a family way.(1920)她快要当家了。
Chapter 1 land and people are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian. the geographical position of Britian Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands. Britain have a favourable climate why Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole has a small range of temperature,too. are the factors which influence the climate in Britain Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest
《英语国家概况》课程习题集西南科技大学成人、网络教育学院版权所有 习题 【说明】:本课程《英语国家概况》(编号为12010)共有单选题,名词解释题,简答题,填空题2等多种试题类型,其中,本习题集中有[简答题]等试题类型未进入。 一、单选题 1. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from________ A. France B. Denmark C. Ireland D. Germany 2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC? A. Emperor Claudius B. Julius Caesar C. King Alfred D. King Ethelred 3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral? A. Christopher Marlowe B. T. S. Eliot C. Ben Johnson D. Thomas Becket 4.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, ______, the regime began immediately to collapse. A. Henry B. Hamilton C. Richard D. Charles 5. The 18th century saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and houses by _________. A. Jethro Tull B. Thomas Coke C. George III D. Robert Bakewell 6. Which of the following is not one of the members of the Lords Temporal? A. all hereditary peers and peeresses of the England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland) B. lire peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties C. senior bishops of the Church of England D. all other life peers 7. Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years’ War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, ________. A. the War of the Celts
英语中的委婉语Euphemism 英文euphemism(委婉语)一词系源自希腊语。词头“eu-”的意思是“good”(好),词干“phemism”的意思是“speech”(言语),整个字面意义是“word of good omen”(吉言)或(好的说法)。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。 英语委婉语一般可分成两大类:传统委婉语(traditional euphemisms)和文体委婉语stylistic euphemisms。所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。象生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物,如果直接表达,那就是禁忌语,给人的感觉是粗鄙,生硬,刺耳,无礼。反之,如果间接表达,这就是委婉语,给人的印象是典雅,含蓄,中听,有礼。所谓文体委婉语,亦称实际上是恭维话、溢美之词,与禁忌语并无关系。英、美人(尤其是当代美国人)在交际过程中,为了表示礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,有时会采用夸饰的手法,对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。 英语委婉语的构成方法各种各样,丰富多彩。一般可分为下面几种类型:构词手段,拼写手段,词汇手段,语法手段和修辞手段等。 (1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna (goes+under+“床下放”,即夜壶)。 (2)反成法(backformation):反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词。由于这种构词法产词是不大,所以造出的词大多新颖别致,用来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果。如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar(夜盗)盗删去“词尾”而成,用以替代。 (3)首字母组合法(acronym):首字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第一个字母抽出来拼合在一起借以掩饰。如:BM(bowel movement,大便)the Big C (癌症)。 (4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将一些词语斩头去尾以掩饰。如:gents(Gentlement’s Room)(男厕所)lav (lavatory,厕所)。 (5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发音略加变动,借以避讳。如:god,gosh(god 上帝)。 (6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利用一些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取而代之。如:sis,(piss 小便)。 (7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感的单词自后向前拼写,以便避讳。如:elly-bay(belly肚子)。 (8)首字母异拼法(respelling of initials):首字母异拼法是将一些禁忌
英语委婉语的分类-权威资料 本文档格式为WORD,若不是word文档,则说明不是原文档。 最新最全的学术论文期刊文献年终总结年终报告工作总结个人总结述职报告实习报告单位总结 委婉语是一种社会语言现象,也是一种文化现象。根据英语委婉语所使用的内容对其做出分类,以便英语学习者能够更好地实现跨文化交际。 英语委婉语分类跨文化交际 一、引言 语言禁忌是人们对语言的迷信和崇拜,认为语言与事物之间有着某种神秘的联系,不吉祥的话语能招致不吉祥的事情发生,这就使人们对不好事情的禁忌心理转化成了对语言的回避。既然有语言的禁忌,那么委婉语的产生就很自然了。例如,“死”的委婉语有“逝世、长眠、安息、归天、殉职、捐躯、牺牲”等。英语中“死”的委婉语也有很多,如be called to God、be called home、pass away、final sleep、in heaven、rest in peace 等。委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象,是人们谈论那些令人不快或尴尬的事情时所使用的较为礼貌的说法,使人更易接受。 二、委婉语的概念 英文euphemism(委婉语)一词源自希腊语。词头“eu-”的意思是"good"(好),词干"phemism"的意思是“speech”(言语),整个字面意义是“word of good omen”(吉言)或(好的说法)。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或中听的言词都是委婉语。委婉语涉及民族、历史、文化、心理、语境等方面,它是一种修辞格,更是一种文化现象。
三、委婉语的分类 1、与禁忌语密切相关的委婉语。有一些禁忌事物像生、老、病、死、葬、等,如果直接表达会给人粗鲁、生硬、刺耳的感觉。反之,如果用典雅、含蓄、的方式间接表达,那就不会使人不悦。例如,在西方年龄是比较敏感的话题,人一旦变老就意味着对社会无用了。于是,人人讳言“老”,故老人(old people)常称为the elderly、senior citizen、venerable people、get on years等;怀孕(pregnancy )会用awkward、eating for two、an expectant mother、 full of heir等来表示。 2、与礼貌相关的委婉语。委婉语还常常用于不能说或不想说的话语中。当人们不愿直接说出来,使用委婉语是为了表示礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。如身体缺陷,肥胖的(fat)常用big、plump、stout或over-weight;清瘦的(thin)用slender或slim;丑陋的(ugly)则是ordinary、homely或plain;聋的(deaf)说成hard of hearing;如厕是do one’s business、 ease oneself、powder one's nose、wash one’s hands等。 3、与政治相关的委婉语。近年来,委婉语更是作为一种修辞手段,被人们在社交活动,政治事务、商贸合作中广泛使用,而且不断产生一些新的委婉语。如穷国(poor nation)说成developing nation;穷人(poor people)用low income;失业者是forgotten man;流浪者为shopping bag lady;在美国称黑人为African American,印第安人为Native American,墨西哥人为Mexican American,一方面显示大家平等,另一方面皆冠以美名以便于各民族的团结。 4、与职业相关的委婉语。为了将传统意义的“低下职业”体面化,生活中必须使用一些行业相关的委婉称呼语,如服务员(waiter或waitress)称为dining-room attendants;售货员(salesman)说成customer’s
英语国家概况课程标准 课程代码: 适用专业:商务英语 一、课程概述 1.课程性质 语言是文化的载体,文化是语言的基础。英语语言学习和英国国家文化相互依存、密不可分。一个优秀的英语语言学习者,若不了解该语言背后所承载的民族文化,其交际能力也会受到限制。该课程能使学生了解和掌握英美两国政治,历史,经济,社会,文化和教育等基本知识,了解英美国家社会发展、现状和影响这两个国家社会发展的因素,拓展学生的知识面,培养学生文化意识,启发学生了解西方社会,了解交际规则,增强学生的英语语言学习能力,为后续专业课程的学习打下一定的基础,进而为培养高技能应用型复合人才打下基础。 2.课程设计思路 本课程在设计上围绕合作学习法—任务型教学法、比较教学法、线索梳理法、启发式等教学法。 合作学习法—任务型教学法 合作学习法又称协作学习,是以合作学习小组为基本形式,系统利用教学中动态因素之间的互动,促进学生的学习,以团体成绩作为评价标准,共同完成教学活动。任务型教学法是一种以任务或活动为核心单位计划组织语言教学的途径,一种强调“在做中学”的语言教学方法。合作学习法与任务型教学法结合是指教师设计学习任务,指导并帮助学生以小组为单位通过合作、协商完成学习任务的教学过程。主要采用组织演示、演讲、讨论等形式。 2)比较教学法 比较教学法是在教学过程中,利用教学内容的相互联系和区别,促进学生掌握和巩固教学内容、达到教学目标的一种逻辑思维方法。例如,在学习美国的政体时,我们可以和英国政体、甚至是我国的政体进行比较,异中求同,同中求异。从而对“Parliament”、“Congress”和我国的NPC (The National People’s Congress)形成更深刻的理解。运用这种教学法不仅有利于学生掌握基本知识与技能,而且有利于提高学生的创造性思维能力。3)线索梳理法 线索梳理法,尤其是历史年代轴线表示法是表达历史线索最清晰的一种方式,这种方式的特点是易于梳理,可操作性强,非常直接,便于记忆。比如说,英国历史很长,如果不进行梳理,很难记忆,如果整理成一条线索,效果却不能同日而语: Early settlers——Roman invasions——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invasions——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the Hundred Year’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorious Revolution——the Industrial Revolution——the two World Wars 同样,美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索: The war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietnam War 二、课程培养目标 1.知识目标 了解主要英语国家的地理,历史,经济和政治等方面的概况;了解主要英语国家的文化传统,风俗习惯和社会生活的其他有关情况。 2.技能目标 扩大知识面,有效弥补英语专业学生知识面窄的不足;提高英语阅读的能力和语言应用能力。 3.素质目标
(1)Death(死亡) to be asleep in the Arms of God (本义)安睡在上帝的怀中 to be at peace (本义)平静了 to be at rest (本义)在休息 to be called to God (本义)被召唤到上帝那 to be called home (本义)被召回家 to be home and free (本义)到家自由了 to be taken to paradise (本义)被送进天堂 The call of God (本义)上帝的召唤 to depart (本义)离去 The final departure (本义)最后离去 final sleep (本义)最后一觉 to go home (本义)回家 to go to heaven (本义)进天堂 to go to one's long home (本义)回到永久之家 to go to one's own place (本义)回老家 happy land (本义)乐土 to have fallen asleep (本义)入睡了 to have found rest (本义)得到安息 to have gone to a better place(land,world,life)到一个更好得地方in heaven (本义)在天堂 to join one's ancestors (本义)加入先人的行列 join the Great majority (本义)加入大多数
to leave this world (本义)离开今世 to pay one's fee (本义)付费 to rest (本义)休息 to rest in peace (本义)安息 to return to dust (本义)归之尘土 to sleep (本义)长眠 with God (本义)和上帝在一起 with their Father (本义)与圣父在一起 to fall (本义)倒下了 to do one's bit (本义)尽职了 to lay down one's life (本义)放下自己的生命 to be no longer with us (本义)不再与我们在一起了to be out of pain (本义)摆脱痛苦 to breathe one's last (本义)呼了最后一口气 to cancel one's account (本义)销帐 pay one's last debt (本义)付最后一笔债 kick the bucket 翘辫子 pop off (the hooks) 翘辫子 get off the hooks 脱身了 to fade away (本义)消失 to make one's exit (本义)退场 to kick off (本义)开球 to be free (本义)解脱了
英语国家概况 名词解释 1. The civil rights movement (1955–1968) refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring suffrage in Southern states. 2. A federal system A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts with some rights reserved to each. 3. King Arthur It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends. 4. The Anglo-Saxons They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England. 5. Riverdance Riverdance is a very popular form of dancing based on I reland’s intricate folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the action is from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides. 6. The House of Commons The House of Commons is the real centre of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of people who vote for them. 7. The Commonwealth It is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network. 8. Maoritanga Maoritanga means ―Maori culture‖. It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions. 9. The “Washminster” form polity The ―Washminster‖form of polity is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political
浅谈英语委婉语之社会功能 READER XXX 大学外语系 2000级英语本科<5>班 摘要:委婉语是人类社会中普遍存在的一种语言现象,是用语言来调剂人际关系的一个重要手段,它的使用具有重要的社会功能,最主要的有美化功能、避讳功能、掩饰功能、积极功能与礼貌功能。充分认识英语委婉语的社会功能,将有助于我们更准确地理解它,并恰如其分地使用它。 关键词:英语、委婉语、社会功能。 New Roman">On the Social Functions of English Euphemism READER Class 5, Graduate 2000, Department of foreign languages and literature, XXX UNIVERSITY Abstract: Euphemism is a common existing language phenomenon in human society, which is an important means used to mediate interpersonal relationship. The use of euphemism possesses important social functions: Beautify function, Evasive function, Concealed function, Positive function and Polite function. Fully realizing the significance of social functions of English Euphemism will be conductive to our correct understanding and our proper usage. Key Words: English, Euphemism, Social Functions. 一、引言 委婉语作为常用修辞格的一种,是语言中很重要的组成部分,它担负着“润滑”交际的重任。随着社会文明的发展,委婉语更有其不可或缺的地位,因此重
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack (英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗) 2. The basic information of each country: Count ry Capital Area Memo Englan d London 最大 1.最不会把自己的 “英格兰文化区 别于其他文化” 2.一个高度城市化
3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: British Isles: the island of Great Britain the island of Ireland
surrounding isles ●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland ●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales 5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain : At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire. Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English. PS:One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur(被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑),
英语作业答案 Unit 1 Ⅰ.Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False. 1. The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. (T)英伦三岛包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F)British 3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F) 4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United Kingdom. (F)英格兰是面积最大,人口最多的 5. The longest river of Britain originates in Wales. (T)The River Severn:赛文河 6. Because of political troubles,Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. (T) Ⅱ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. 1. The two main islands of the British Isles are. 不列颠群岛是由两个大岛组成的:不列颠和爱尔兰 A.Great Britain and Ireland B.Great Britain and Scotland C.Great Britain and Wales D.Great Britain and England 2. is the capital city of Scotland. A. Belfast B. Edinburgh C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff 3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom,is the smallest. A.England B. Scotland C.Wales D. Northern Ireland 4. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English. A. Danish and Finnish B. Dutch and German C. French and Italian D. Latin and Greek 5. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by theinfluence. A. Norman B. Dutch C. German D. Danish 6. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of. A. grammar B. handwriting C.spelling D. pronunciation 7. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in Engli sh. A. half B. aquarter C. One third D. one fifth III. Give brief answers to the following questions· 1. What is the full name of the U.K.? The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland? They like to enjoy the beautifulScottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsman wearing kilts and playing bagpipes. 3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into