Usain Bolt: How Far and Fast We Go? Unit1
Unit Two: History and Personality
Text A
Voice of Courage
By Jonathan Alter
勇气之声
〔美国〕乔纳森·奥尔特
A few days after Franklin Delano Roosevelt was sworn into office, he sat in the White House working on a radio speech about the country's banking crisis, scheduled for delivery on Sunday, March 12, 1933. It was the depths of the Depression, with a quarter of Americans out of work, homeless and destitute. Glancing out the window, FDR saw a workman taking down the inaugural scaffolding on the White House grounds.
在富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福宣誓就职的几天后，他坐在白宫里起草一份关于美国银行业危机的广播演说，它将于1933年3月12日这个星期天播出。此时此刻，美国正处于经济大萧条的水深火热之中，四分之一的美国人不是失业，就是无家可归，穷困潦倒。罗斯福向窗外望去，只见一个工人正在拆掉白宫临时搭建的总统就职演说的平台。
"I decided I'd try to make a speech that this workman could understand," he told Louis Howe, his chief aide.
“我一定要让这样的普通工人也能听得懂我的演讲。”他对首席助理路易斯·霍夫说。
The American economic system was in a state of shock. On Saturday, March 4, a few hours before FDR's swearing-in, the governors of New York, Illinois and Pennsylvania signed orders closing banks in those states. The New York Stock Exchange had suspended trading, and the Chicago Board of Trade bolted its doors for the first time since its founding in 1848. The terrifying "runs" that began the year before on more than 5,000 failing banks had stripped rural areas of capital and now threatened to overwhelm American cities.
美国的经济体系正处于危难之中。3月4日星期六，就在罗斯福宣誓就职前几个小时，纽约州、伊利诺斯州和宾夕法尼亚州的州长们刚刚签署了指令，关闭这些州的银行。纽约证券交易所已经暂停了交易。而自从1848年成立以来，芝加哥期货交易所也头一次关上了大门。始于前一年的“挤兑”现象令人惊慌， 5000多家银行倒闭，农村资金极度匮乏，而现在美国的城市也面临着全面的危机。
This was the bottom. If you had your money in a bank that went bust, you were wiped out. With no idea whether banks would reopen, millions of people hid their few remaining assets under their mattresses, where no one could steal them without a fight.
这就是底线了。如果你存钱的银行倒闭了，那么你也就完蛋了。数以百万计的美国人无法确定银行是否能够重新开门，于是把自己仅剩的那点财产都藏在褥垫下面。除非经过一场激战，藏在这里的钱谁也偷不走。
Roosevelt's inaugural address at the Capitol had begun to restore hope, with his standout line, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Yet the greatest applause came when he said that if his reform program was not adopted, "I shall ask Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis: broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency."
罗斯福在国会的就职演讲给人们重新带来了希望，他那句最著名的话给人们留下了深刻的印象：“唯一值得恐惧的就是恐惧本身。”当提到若改革措施不被接受时，他的决心得到了人们的大声喝彩：“我将向国会要求对付危机的最后手段——向紧急状况开战的广泛行政权力。”
Then FDR used a new medium in a new way to change millions.
罗斯福以新的方式利用了一种新媒体，改变了百万人的生活。
The first Presidential radio broadcast was introduced by Robert Trout of CBS, who read from a folksy script approved by FDR: "The President wants to come into your home and sit at your fireside for a little fireside chat." FDR brought natural talent to the role. His speaking voice was a beautiful, relaxed tenor, not the contrived basso profundo of pompous politicians.
第一次总统广播演讲是由CBS的罗伯特·特劳特向公众介绍的，这份亲切的介绍词受到了罗斯福的肯定：“总统希望来到你的家里，坐在壁炉旁，与大家做个炉边小谈。”对于完成这个任务，罗斯福有着天分。他的音质优美，语调放松，与那些华而不实的政客的虚情假意完全不同。
Roosevelt owed much to technological good fortune. In 1921, the number of radios in the United States was in the thousands. By 1928, there were 9 million, and by 1932, 18 million, with about half the households owning at least one radio. Herbert Hoover had appeared on one of the first "telecasts" produced by an infant technology called television, but neither he nor anyone else knew how to use the broadcasting medium effectively.
罗斯福的炉边谈话大大受益于技术的发展。1921年，全美收音机的数量只有几千台。而到了1928年，这个数字就达到了900万台。到1932年的时候，全美已经有1800万台收音机了，大约有一半的家庭每家至少有一台收音机。赫伯特·胡佛利用过一种叫做电视的新生技术，他曾经首次出现在“电视广播”上。但无论是胡佛还是其他人，都不知道如何有效地利用广播媒体。
Roosevelt, though, was different.
然而，罗斯福则与众不同。
All afternoon, workers busily removed the gold pieces and Presidential china patterns in the Diplomatic Reception Room on the White House ground floor. In came bulky electrical equipment and telephone cables, connected to a desk and built-in microphone. Meanwhile, Roosevelt pictured people "gathered in the parlor, listening with their neighbors," wrote Frances Perkins, who witnessed many broadcasts. "As he talked, his head would nod and his hands would move in natural, relaxed gestures. His face would light up as though he were actually sitting with people."
整个下午，工人们都在忙着搬走白宫外交接待大厅里的各种金饰品和总统瓷器，而搬进来的则是笨重的电气设备和电话电缆，这些设备都与一台桌子和内置的麦克风相连接。与此同时，罗斯福想象人们“聚在客厅里，与他们的邻居共同倾听”。曾经亲历了无数广播现场的弗朗西斯·珀金斯如是写道，“当罗斯福说话的时候，他点着头，并且做出各种自然而放松的手势。他的面孔熠熠生辉，就好像真的与人们坐在一起谈话一样。”
The ritual went this way: Upstairs, FDR would put the finishing touches on every word and phrase. He was obsessed with punctuation. Grace Tully, his secretary, sometimes inserted extra commas when she typed, leading her boss to gently upbraid her for "wasting the taxpayers' commas." His real concern was timing. He read aloud at about 100 words a minute, but he adjusted his pace for effect. At 6 p.m., Roosevelt had his throat sprayed for a sinus problem. Then he enjoyed cocktails and dinner.
整个过程是这样进行的：在楼上，罗斯福对每个单词和短语进行最后的润色。他对标点符号非常在意，而秘书格雷斯·塔利打字时有时会多打一些逗号，她的老板会因此语气和善地批评她“浪费纳税人的逗号”。罗斯福最关心的是时间把握问题。他大声朗读的速度大约是每分钟100个单词，但是他会调整自己的速度以求得到最好的效果。下午6点钟，因为鼻窦的问题罗斯福让人帮他冲洗了喉咙，然后就开始享用鸡尾酒和晚餐了。
Moments before the first Fireside Chat was to air, there was a crisis. No one could find his leather-bound reading copy. Panic ensued for everyone except FDR, who calmly picked up a smudged, mimeographed copy. After sipping from a glass of water, he read the words perfectly on the air.
就在第一次炉边谈话播出前一刻，还发生了一场危机：那份用皮革包边的朗读稿找不到了。大家都惊慌失措，而罗斯福则没有。他冷静地拿起一份脏兮兮的油印稿，啜饮了一点水之后，开始完美地朗读起来，并同时向全国播出。
The beauty of that first prime-time radio speech was its clarity. FDR walked people through the basics of banking without being patronizing. He outlined the process for deciding which banks to open. "He made everyone understand it, even the bankers," Will Rogers quipped later.
这次黄金时段的广播演讲其美妙之处在于它的清晰。罗斯福帮助人们了解了银行业的基本原理，而没有任何施恩于人的姿态。对于哪些银行要开业，他大体介绍了其决策过程。“他让每个人都清楚明白——甚至包括银行家在内。”威尔·罗杰斯后来打趣地说道。
In the middle of the speech, Roosevelt said simply, "I can assure you that it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than under the mattress." By raising an issue that made so many feel shameful, he lifted the shame—offering listeners a way to strike a patriotic blow by simply depositing money into a solvent bank. Those who planned instead to withdraw money were gently thrown in with an unsavory lot. Hoarding, the President said, "has become an exceedingly unfashionable pastime."
在演讲中，罗斯福简单地说道：“我敢向大家保证，把钱存在重新开业的银行里，比放在褥子底下要安全。”他提及了这件让很多人羞愧的事情，旨在帮助人们摆脱羞愧——他告诉人们只要把钱存入有偿付能力的银行，就是一种爱国之举。而打算把钱从银行取走则被温和地指为不明智的行为。总统说，囤积，“已经成为一种极度不流行的消遣行为了。”
Then he returned to themes so popular in his inaugural. "Confidence and courage are the essentials in carrying out our plan. Let us unite in banishing fear. We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system. Together we cannot fail."
然后他又回到在其就职演说中深受欢迎的主题。“在执行计划的过程中，信心和勇气必不可少。让我们联合起来，赶走恐惧。我们已经有了恢复金融体系的机制。只要团结起来，就不会失败的。”
Jim Farley, a top political advisor, wrote that if judged by its impact, this speech may have been the greatest single utterance by an American President. "No other talk ever called forth such a wave of spontaneous enthusiasm and cooperation." With 60 million people listening, the effect was immediate. The next day, Monday, March 13, newspapers reported long lines of Americans anxious to redeposit their money. The New York Stock Exchange, closed for over a week, opened 15 percent higher, the largest one-day surge in more than half a century. Within a week, most of the recently closed banks reopened.
高级政治顾问吉姆·法利认为，如果以影响力作为评价标准，那么这次演讲可被认为是美国总统所做的最伟大的一次演讲了。“没有哪一次谈话能够像它一样激起人们如此强烈的自发热情和合作。”6000万人同时倾听，产生的即时效果是可想而知的。第二天——3月13日——是个周一，报纸报道说美国人排起了长队，急切地要把钱重新存回银行。而关闭了一周多的纽约证券交易所也重新开市了，当天高开了 15%，创造了半个多世纪以来的单日最大涨幅。炉边谈话后的一个星期之内，大多数最近关闭的银行都重新开业了。
Gerald Ford, about 20 at the time, remembered FDR's Fireside Chats as "big events—we would all stop and listen." Ronald Reagan's biographer, Lou Cannon, has written that Reagan's "metaphors were the offspring of FDR's." And Bill Clinton recalled hearing his grandfather talk about how he sat in rapt attention, "then went to work the next day feeling a little different about the country."
当时杰拉德·福特只有20岁左右，他回忆说罗斯福总统的炉边谈话是“重要的事情——我们都会停下手头的事情倾听”。罗纳德·里根的传记作家卢·坎农写道，里根的“比喻说话方式得到了罗斯福总统的‘遗传’”。比尔·克林顿也回忆说，他的祖父谈到自己当时听罗斯福的演讲时，会全神贯注，“第二天上班的时候，感觉到这个国家已经发生了变化。
After the first Fireside Chat, FDR relaxed in his office. At 11:30 p.m. he said, "I think it's time for beer." Preparations for a bill to speed the end of Prohibition began that night.
第一次炉边谈话之后，罗斯福在办公室里稍稍放松了一下。晚上11点半的时候，他说：“该喝点啤酒了。”就在那一天晚上，他开始了加速取消禁酒令的准备工作。
Unit Three
Born to Sell
By Maria Bartiromo
销售天才
袜子致富
Kathy Ireland‘s metamorphosis from supermodel to supermogul started with a pair of socks. It was1993, and the beauty best known for showing off string bikinis in the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issues had just been asked to flaunt foot warmers. Pregnant with her first child, Ireland contemplated her future and concluded that if it was going to involve socks, she would rather sell them than show them off.
Kathy Ireland由一名超级名模到商业巨子的转变始于一双袜子.那时在1993年，这个以在《体育画报》泳装版（Sports Illustrated）展示比基尼出名的性感宝贝被要求展示浴足器。
怀着第一个孩子的Ireland仔细考虑了自己的未来，并决定如果要展示的还有袜子，那她会去卖袜子而不是穿袜子给别人看。
―Modeling was a wonderful experience, but I wanted to build something that wasn‘t fleeting,‖ says I reland, now 43. ―I knew my days there were numbered, and I wanted to move on to something else. Socks would be a great place to start.‖
Ireland现在43岁，她说：“做模特是一段精彩的经历，但是我想创造一些不会转瞬即逝的东西。我当时知道生命有限，我想做些别的事情。买袜子是个很棒的开始。”
They were. Kathy Ireland Worldwide, now a $1.4 billion lifestyle design company, recently sold its 100 millionth pair of socks.
那确实是个很棒的开始。Kathy Ireland Worldwide现在已成为一家资产14亿的生活方式设计公司，刚卖出了它的第一亿双袜子。
But achieving this level of success took determination and hard work, and Ireland has never been afraid to face a challenge. When she was 1, she applied for a paper route in her hometown of Santa Barbara, California. ―My dad showed me the newspaper ad, which said, ?Are you the boy for the job?‘ I wrote to the editor, ?I am not the boy for the job, but I am the girl for the job.‘‖
但是这样的成功意味着决心和苦干，而Ireland 从来就不是一个畏惧挑战的人。11岁时，在家乡加州Santa Barbara，她申请当邮递员："我爸爸给我看了报纸上的广告，广告上写到‘你是能做这工作的男孩么？‘我给报纸编辑写了封信说’我不是能做这工作的男孩，但我是能做这工作的女孩。”
She started delivering papers on New Year‘s Day, when they were bulging with post-holiday ad circulars and sales supplements. ―I was a scrawny kid. As I approached this one customer, he started yelling, ?This is a boy‘s job! What are you doing here?‘‖
新年第一天，她开始分发报纸，报纸上充斥着节后广告和销售信息。Ireland说：我不是一个很讨人喜欢的小孩。记得当我向一个顾客介绍报纸上的东西时，他对我喊道:这活是男孩干的，你一个女孩来干什么？
Although discouraged, Ireland soon bounced back. ―I needed to prove him wrong.‖ And she did: ―For three years in a row, I was nominated carrier of the year.‖ That drive stood her in good stead through her turn as supermodel and, later, as she was launching her business.
虽然很受打击，但Ireland很快就缓过来。我要证明他是错的。她做到了，她说：在一条街上干了三年后，我被提名为年终最佳邮递员。从她成为超级名模到建立公司，这段经历一直
鼓舞着她。
Ireland and the team that managed her modeling career had long held the idea of leveraging her looks into something more lasting. ―I felt that if women embraced our socks, we would be onto something, and it would be a good foundation for our brand,‖ Ireland says. ―At first, people said, ?You can‘t build a brand based on socks.‘ But just because it has never been done doesn‘t mean that it can’t be done.‖
做模特时，Ireland和她的团队长期致力于使她的形象能持久些。Ireland说：我觉得如果女士们穿上我们的袜子，我们就找到保持持久的办法了。起初，别人都说不可能通过袜子建立品牌，但没有做过并不意味着做不成功。
To turn the idea into reality took money – and that was something Ireland was short of. She had tried earlier business ventures, but they had failed, making her a credit risk. Furthermore, she had to convince bankers that she was more than just a pretty face.
真正的建立袜子品牌需要资金，而Ireland没钱。起初，她尝试使用风险投资，但是它们都失败了，这给她带来了不好的信誉。后来，她试图让银行家们相信她不光有一张漂亮的面孔，
―The modeling made people aware of me, but it made it more challenging for them t o take my ideas seriously.‖
她说：“做模特让我出名，这反到让人们不把我的想法当回事。”
Eventually, a member of her team provided a personal loan of $50,000. The experience taught Ireland a valuable lesson: ―I‘m always encouraging women, ?Build your relationship with bankers.‘‖
最终，她团队中的一个人自己掏钱借给她五万。这段经历让Ireland学到了一个宝贵的教训：“我一直鼓舞同伴‘要和银行家搞好关系’。
With the seed money, Ireland found a manufacturing partner, conducted family-based focus groups and researched and personally tested the product with her friends and family. Her husband, an emergency room physician, wore the socks to see how well they would stand up during his long hours on duty. He and Ireland donned them during backpacking trips to evaluate the products‘ blister propensity. The verdict: ―These are great socks.‖
Ireland loaded up her bag with samples and hit the road. To save money, she booked red-eye flights and slept on planes and in airport s. ―I banged on a lot of doors and had a lot of doors slammed in my face,‖ says Ireland. ―In a sense, modeling was a really good education for a business career because in the world of modeling, you are constantly facing rejection, and that continues in bu siness.‖
Ireland背着装满样品的包上了路。为了省钱，她坐夜班飞机，睡在飞机上和机场里。她说：”我拜访过很多人家，常常碰一鼻子灰。可以说，做模特的经历对我从商倒是一次很好的教育，在模特业里，你会一直被拒绝，在商业里也是。
The first year, the company made $80,000 in retail sales, primarily to sporting goods stores. ―We were ecstatic,‖ Ireland says, ―but we were still in the red. It‘s expensive to start your own business, and you never have overnight success. It builds and it grows.‖
第一年，Ireland的公司取得了8万的零售额，主要提供给体育用品店。Ireland说：“我们高兴极了，不过我们依然负债。成立一家公司需要很多钱，而且不可能一夜成功。它需要构筑和成长。
The big growth spurt started when Kmart came calling. After seeing the socks practically walk out of the store, Kmart offered Ireland her own clothing line. The brand soon expanded from apparel to accessories, then to home furnishings. It now also includes kitchen and garden products, lamps and lighting extras –and jewelry, in partnership with Elizabeth Taylor‘s House of Taylor Jewelry.
公司突破性的成长始于Kmart的电话。在真实的看到Ireland的袜子在商店里脱销后，Kmart 给了Ireland一条属于她自己的服装生产线。她的品牌从服饰扩展到到装饰品，再到家居用品，到现在的厨房和花园用品、灯具、照明配件，还有首饰，这是与Elizabeth Taylor's House of Taylor Jewelry的合作项目.
Today, Kathy Ireland products are sold in 19 countries and the company numbers 37 employees, many of them from the same dedicated team that Ireland started with in her modeling days. ―I never had a family business, but today we have a business family.‖
如今，Kathy Ireland的产品已销售至19个国家，公司有37名员工，他们中的大部分来自一个同样热诚的团队——Ireland做模特时的团队。Ireland说道：”我从来没有一个家族企业，但是我现在的公司就是我的家。“
Ireland is no figurehead, though; not only is she the chief executive but, as chief designer, she also ensure that every product and every piece of advice offered on the firm‘s website exemplifies the company‘s mission of finding solutions for families, especially busy moms.‖
Ireland不是领袖人物，她也不是CEO，她是首席设计师。同时，她还要保证每一个产品、公司网站上的每条建议都表达了公司的宗旨：为家庭寻找解决方法，特别是忙碌的妈妈们。
But the desire to start her own company, coupled with the kind of loyalty she had in her longstanding team members, wasn‘t eno ugh to jump-start the business. ―The aha moment, the moment when I knew we had something, was when our mission statement crystallized,‖ says Ireland. She had just become a mom, and once she saw her little guy, Eric, face to face, it all started to gel. Things she had taken for granted – taking a shower, going to a store – no longer fit
able to be a mom of service to other moms –that‘s my passion.‖
Unit4 can‘t we talk?
A married couple was in a car when the wife turned to her husband and asked, “Would you like to stop for a coffee?”“No, thanks.” he answered truthfully. So they didn’t stop. The result? The wife, who had indeed wanted to stop, became annoyed, because she felt her preference had not been considered. The husband, seeing that his wife was angry, became frustrated. Why didn’t she just say what she wanted?
一对夫妇坐在一辆车里，这时妻子转过头问她丈夫：“你想停下来喝杯咖啡吗？”“不，谢谢。”他诚实地回答道。于是他们没有停下来。结果呢？那位确实想停下来喝杯咖啡的妻子变得恼火起来，因为她觉得丈夫不考虑她的偏好。而丈夫看见妻子生气了，他也变得沮丧起来。为什么她不干脆说她想停下来喝杯咖啡呢？
Unfortunately, he failed to see that his wife was asking the question, not in order to get an instant decision, but rather to begin a negotiation. And the woman didn’t realize that when her husband said no, he was just expressing his preference, not making a ruling. When a man and a woman interpret the same interchange in such conflicting ways, it’s no wonder they can find themselves 1)leveling angry charges of selfishness and obstinacy at each other.
不幸的是，他没有领会到，他妻子刚才问那个问题，不是为了让他立即决定，而是想和他商量商量。而那个女人没有意识到当她丈夫拒绝时，他不过是在表达他的偏好，并不是在下命令。当男人和女人对同一段对话的理解如此背道而驰，难怪他们会针锋相对地互相指责对方自私、顽固了。
We cannot 2)lump all men or all women into fixed categories. But the seemingly senseless misunderstandings that haunt our relationships can in part be explained by the different conversational rules by which men and women play. Here are some of the most common areas of conflict:
我们无法把所有男人和所有女人统一归类到固定的范畴里。但困扰两性关系的那些表面看来毫无意义的误解之所以存在，一部分原因可能在于男人和女人运用的交谈准则不同。以下是一些最常见的会发生冲突的领域：
Independence vs. Intimacy “独立”对“亲密”
Since women often think in terms of closeness and support, they struggle to preserve intimacy. Men, concerned with status, tend to focus more on independence.
When Josh’s old high-school friend called him at work to say he’d be in town, Josh invited him to stay for the weekend. That evening he told Linda they were having a 3)houseguest. Linda was upset. How could Josh make these plans, without discussing them with her beforehand? She would never do that to him. “Why don’t you tell your friend you have to check with your wife?” she asked. Josh replied, “I can’t tell my friend, ‘I have to ask my wife for permission’!”
To Josh, checking with his wife would have meant that he was not free to act on his own. It would make him feel like a child or an 4)underling. But Linda actually enjoys telling someone, “I have to check with Josh.” It makes her feel good to show that her life is intertwined with her husband’s.
因为女人们往往会从亲疏远近和是否相互支持两方面思考问题，所以她们奋力维护亲密关系。而关心社会地位的男人们则倾向于更多地关注个人的独立性。
乔希的高中老同学在他上班时打电话来说，他将到乔希所在的城市去，乔希邀请他留下来一起过周末。那天晚上他告诉琳达，他们将有一个客人要来家里暂住。琳达很不高兴。乔希怎么能不事先和她商量一下，就做出这些安排？她是决不会对他做出这种事的。“你为什么不告诉你朋友，你得和你妻子商量商量呢？”她问道。乔希回答道：“我总不能告诉我朋友，‘我得先征得我妻子的同意’吧！”
对乔希来说，要和他妻子商量会显得他没有独立行动的自主权。那会让他觉得自己像个孩子，或是一个下属。但事实上琳达很喜欢告诉别人：“我得和乔希商量一下。”以示她和丈夫的生活交织在一起，这让她感觉很好。
Advice vs. Understanding “建议”对“理解”
Eve had a 5)benign lump removed from her breast. When she confided to her husband, Mark, that she was distressed because the stitches changed the 6)contour of her breast, he answered, “You can always have plastic surgery.” This comment bothered her. “I’m sorry you don’t like the way it looks,” she protested. “But I’m not having any more surgery!” Mark was hurt and puzzled. “I don’t care about a scar,” he replied. “It doesn’t bother me at all.”“Then why are you telling me to have plastic surgery?” she asked. “Because you were upset about the way it looks.”Eve felt like a 7)heel. Mark had been wonderfully supportive throughout her surgery. How could
she 8)snap at him now?
The problem stemmed from a difference in approach. To many men a complaint is a challenge to come up with a solution. Mark thought he was reassuring Eve by telling her there was something she could do about her scar. But often women are looking for emotional support, not solutions.
When my mother tells my father she doesn’t feel well, he invariably offers to take her to the doctor. Invariably, she is disappointed with his reaction. Like many men, he is focused on what he can do, whereas she wants sympathy.
伊芙通过手术把她乳房里的一块良性肿块切除了。当她向丈夫马克倾诉她因为缝线影响了她乳房的外形而很难过的时候，马克回答道：“你随时可以去做整形手术啊。”这个意见让她很烦恼。“你不喜欢它的外形，这让我感到很难受，”她抗议道，“但我不会再做任何手术了！”马克听了感到又伤心又迷惑。“我不在乎任何疤痕，”他回答道，“它根本不会对我造成任何困扰。”“那你为什么叫我去做整形手术？”她问道。“因为你对它的外形感到很难过啊。”伊芙感觉自己是在无理取闹。马克在她的整个手术过程中都非常支持她。她现在怎么能这么凶巴巴地对他说话？
这个问题归因于交谈方式的不同。对于很多男人来说，抱怨就是要求别人提出解决方法。马克认为，他告诉伊芙她可以怎样处理她的疤痕，是在帮助她恢复信心。但通常女人们是在寻求情感支持，而非解决方法。
每当我母亲告诉我父亲她感觉不舒服时，他总是无一例外地提出要带她去看医生。于是母亲总是对于他的反应很失望。像很多男人一样，他关注于他能做什么，然而她需要的是同情。
Conflict vs. Compromise “冲突”对“妥协”
In trying to prevent fights, some women refuse to oppose the will of others openly. But sometimes, it’s far more effective for a woman to assert herself, even at the risk of conflict.
Dora was frustrated by a series of used cars she drove. It was she who 9)commuted to work, but her husband, Hank, who chose the cars. Hank always went for cars that were “interesting”but in continual need of repair. After one incident, in which Dora was nearly killed when her brakes failed, they were in the market looking for yet another used car. Dora wanted to buy a 10)late-model sedan from a friend. Hank fixed his sights on a 15-year-old sports car. She tried to persuade Hank that it made more sense to buy the boring but dependable car; but he would not be swayed. Previously she would have acceded to his wishes. This time Dora bought the “boring-but-dependable” car, and steeled herself for Hank’s anger. To her amazement, he spoke not a word of 11)remonstrance. When she later told him what she had expected, he scoffed at her fears, and said she should have done what she wanted from the start if she felt that strongly about it. As Dora discovered, a little conflict won’t kill you. At the same time, men who habitually oppose others can adjust their style to opt for less confrontation.
When we don’t see style diffe-rences for what they are, we sometimes draw unfair conclusions: “You’re illogical,”“You’re self-centered,”“You don’t care about me.” But once we grasp the two characteristic approaches, we stand a better chance of preventing disagreements from 12)spiraling out of control.
为了避免争吵，一些女人不会公开反对他人的意愿。但有时，如果女人能不畏导致冲突的风险而大胆说出自己的想法，事情可以好办得多。
多拉驾驶过一系列令她心烦的二手车。是她自己开车进城上班，但却是她丈夫汉克选车。汉克总是青睐那些“有意思”却需要频频修理的车。有一次出了意外，多拉的刹车失灵，几乎使她丧命。事后他们又到市场去物色二手车。多拉想从一个朋友那买一辆最新款的小轿车。汉克却独独对一辆已有十五年车龄的跑车很欣赏。她试图说服汉克，买一辆款式普通但性能可靠的车更有意义。但他就是坚持己见。若在以前，她一定会顺从丈夫的意愿。但这一次，多拉买了那辆“款式普通但性能可靠”的车，并坚强地预备应对汉克的怒火。令她惊讶的是，他没有说任何反对的话。后来她告诉了他自己先前的预料，他笑她担心太多了，并且说，既然她这么有自己的想法，她从一开始就应该照自己的意愿去做。于是多拉发现，一场小争吵没什么大不了的。同时，为了减少冲突，习惯了质疑他人的男性也可以调整他们的交谈方式。
当我们没有看到男女思维的差异时，我们有时会得出不公正的论断，如“你不讲道理”，“你只顾自己”，“你不关心我”。然而一旦我们掌握了这两种各具特色的思维方式，我们就更有可能控制争辩，防止它一发而不可收拾。
Unit6
Class of 1977
1977 Exam Opened Escape Route Into C hina’s Elite
By DA VID LAGUE
Published: January 6, 2008
BEIJING — In the autumn of 1977, as relative calm returned to China after the decade-long chaos of the Cultural Revolution, An Ping was laboring in the countryside where she had been sent, like millions of other young people from the cities, to learn from the peasants.
北京报道——1977年秋，这是文革十年动乱后中国恢复相对平静的一年，安平像几百万其他来自城里的年轻人一样，被下放到农村劳动，向贫下中农学习。
For two years Ms. An, an army general‘s daughter, fed pigs and chickens and tended crops on a commune outside Beijing, while living in unheated dormitories and going hungry.
在那两年中，安平——这个将军的女儿，住在没有暖气的宿舍并时常挨饿，她的工作是喂猪喂鸡，照看北京郊区那片属于公社的玉米地。
Though Mao had died the year before, and the radical Gang of Four, who had directed the Cultural Revolution in his name, were in custody, there was little sign that Ms. An and other ―sent down‖ urban youths would be allowed to return home.
虽然毛泽东已于1976年去世，以毛泽东名义领导文化大革命的四人帮激进分子也被关押着，但是几乎没有迹象表明和安女士一样被下放到农村的知青们将被允许返还家园。
―For the first time I felt life was not worth it,‖ said Ms. An, who was 19 then. ―If you had asked me to go on living this kind of life, I wou ld rather die.‖
安女士19岁的时候曾说过―这是生平第一次我感受到活着根本没有价值‖。―如果你要我继续过那种生活，我宁可死。‖
Then, in late October 1977, village authorities relayed the news that China would hold its first nationwide university entrance examination since 1965, shortly before academic pursuits were subordinated to political struggle. In acknowledgment of more than a decade of missed opportunity, candidates ranging in age from 13 to 37 were allowed to take the exam.
1977年的十月下旬，各村政府向知青们传达了中国将举行自1965年被废除的第一次全国性高考，而不久前学术追求还从属于政治斗争。由于这十来年来大家丧失了接受教育的机会，所以13到37岁的报名者都被允许参与考试。
For Ms. An and a whole generation consigned to the countryside, it was the first chance to escape what seemed like a life sentence of tedium and hardship. A pent-up reservoir of talent and ambition was released as 5.7 million people took the two-day exam in November and December 1977, in what may have been the most competitive scholastic test in modern Chinese history.
对于安女士和整整这一代被下放到农村的知青来说，这是摆脱类似无期徒刑的枯燥和困苦的第一次机会。被压抑许久的人才和他们的雄心壮志终于得到了解放，570万人参加了1977年11月和12月举行的为期两天的考试，这可能是中国现代史上最富竞争力的学术应试。The 4.7 percent of test-takers who won admission to universities — 273,000 people — became known as the class of ‘77, widely regarded in China as the best and brightest of their time. By comparison, 58 percent of the nine million exam-takers in 2007 won admission to universities, as educational opportunities have greatly expanded.
参加这次高考的人中仅有百分之四点七，也就是273 000人获得上大学的机会，他们成为了大家熟知的77届，他们被普遍认为是中国那个时期最优秀最聪明的人。相比之下，2007年全国有9百万人参加了高考，由于大学扩招，其中的百分之五十八的人获得进入大学的机会。Now, three decades later, the powerful combination of intellect and determination has taken many in this elite group to the top in politics, education, art and business. Last October, one successful applicant who had gone on to study law and economics at Peking University, Li Keqiang, was brought into the Chinese Communist Party‘s decision-making Politburo Standing Committee, where he is being watched as a possible successor to President Hu Jintao or Prime Minister Wen Jiabao.
三十年后的今天，智慧和决心的强强联合使得77届这个精英集团中的许多人成为政界、教育界、艺术界以及商界的风云人物。去年十月，当年就读于北京大学法律和经济学专业的李克强开始任职于中国共产党的决策班子政治局常务委员会。他被认为是胡锦涛主席和温家宝总理的继任人选之一。
―They were a very bright bunch, and they knew it,‖ said Robin Munro, research director for the Hong Kong-based China Labor Bulletin, who was a British exchange student at Peking University
in 1978, when those freshmen arrived.
―他们是一个特别聪明的群体，他们自己也清楚这一点，‖以香港为基地的《中国劳工通讯》调查主任罗宾梦曾说过。1978年当那些新生刚到北京大学时，他正作为英国交换生在北大学习。
―They were the first students in 10 years let into university on merit, and they were going places.‖ ―他们是那10年中根据考试成绩录取的第一批学生，此后他们就任于各个地方。‖
But back in 1977, most had only a few desperate weeks to prepare for the examination that would change their lives. The timing was especially daunting for those who had been cut off from schooling for years. All over China, students found themselves scrambling to find textbooks, seeking out former tutors and straining to recall half-forgotten formulas.
但是回到1977年，大部分的人只有几周的时间来拼命准备那场将改变他们命运的考试。当时的时机对那些早已离开学校多年的学生来说是特别令人气馁的。整个中国的学生都在争抢着找寻教科书，寻找以前的导师，试图回忆起那些被遗忘了的公式的蛛丝马迹。
Ms. An, who now works in New York as the director of public relations for Committee of 100, a Chinese-American advocacy group, exaggerated the seriousness of a back injury and took a month‘s medical leave, which she devoted to studying.
现在在纽约就职的安女士，领导着一个百人的公共关系委员会，这是一个华裔宣传小组。当时她夸大了她背部的伤情，请了一个月的病假，并把这一个月的时间用于学习。
―I had to succeed,‖ she said.
―我必须成功，‖ 她说。
The examination tested not only academic subjects, but also political correctness.
这场考试考的不仅是学科知识，也检查着人们的政治―觉悟‖。
Han Ximing, now 50 and a Chinese literature professor at Nanjing Audit University, said she felt she was already well prepared to handle political questions from careful study of the party line in official newspapers in rural Jiangsu Province.
现年50岁的韩西冥是南京审计学院的中文系教授，她说当时在江苏省的农村中通过学习官方报纸中的党的路线，使她举得应对这种政治问题已是胸有成竹了。
For years, the p apers had been filled with criticism of Deng Xiaoping. ―That was a big topic,‖ she said. ―Actually, I had no idea why Deng was supposed to be so bad.‖
许多年来，这些报纸都充满了对邓小平的批评。―那是一个很大的话题，‖她说。―其实，当时我也不明白为何邓小平被形容得如此糟糕。‖
In reality, it was the return of Deng, the veteran Communist leader, to a position of power in Beijing after the fall of the Gang of Four that led to the reinstatement of the annual exam, and a return to the pragmatism that would soon ignite decades of explosive economic growth.
事实上，正是由于邓小平，这位经验丰富的共产党领导在四人帮倒台后重新回到政治舞台，才促成了高考的恢复，和实用主义的回归，这使得中国往后几十年的经济开始了腾飞。Among those who have assumed positions of power, aside from Mr. Li of the Politburo, are Zhou Qiang, the governor of Hunan Province; Wang Yi, party secretary of the Foreign Affairs Ministry and a former ambassador to Japan; and Jin Liqun, vice president of the Asian Development Bank. 除了政治局常委的李先生，那些位居要职的77届还有湖南省省长周强；外交部党委书记及前中国驻日大使李毅；以及亚洲发展银行的副总裁金立群。
Artistic talent to emerge from the class of ‘77 includes the filmmakers Zhang Yimou (―Raise the Red Lantern‖) and Chen Kaige (―Farewell My Concubine‖), and the writer Chen Cun.
77届涌现出的艺术人才还包括电影制作人张艺谋（《大红灯笼高高挂》），陈凯歌（《霸
王别姬》），还有作家陈村。
―To be immodest, it was a phenomenal generation,‖ said Fan Haoyi, now 50, who earned a chance to study French at the Beijing Institute of Foreign Languages (now the Beijing Foreign Studies University), a stepping stone to a business career in Africa and Europe. ―We had a rage to learn.‖ ―不谦虚地说，我们这代人是杰出的一代，‖ 现年50岁的范蒿仪说。当年他就读于北京外国语学院（现如今的北京外国语大学），这成为他在非洲和欧洲的事业跳板。―我们都能狠下心来学。‖
Many successful candidates said they felt they had been given a priceless opportunity, and they were determined to make the most of it. ―We were not just gifted, we also worked really hard,‖ said Ms. Han, the literature professor.
许多成功的考生说他们觉得他们被赋予了极其宝贵的机会，他们决心充分利用它。―我们不仅仅有天赋，我们也学得非常努力，‖文学教授韩女士说。
Still, not everyone jumped at the chance to take the exam.
不过，并非每个人都能抓住这次高考的机会。
After years when privilege and opportunity were reserved for the offspring of senior officials or people with approved class backgrounds, many prospective candidates doubted that the test would be fair. Others were reluctant to give up the security of even menial jobs.
多年后，当特权和机会为高官子弟或者特权阶级所保留时，许多考生开始怀疑这场考试的公平性。其他人则不愿放弃即使是能得到琐碎工作的安全感。
For Ms. An, the desire to escape her rural life was tempered by the conviction that taking the exam was risky. Relations between the farmers and students were complex; if she failed and was forced to return to the village, she worried that she would be given all the dirty jobs.
对于安女士来说，清楚参加这场考试的风险使得她渴望摆脱乡村生活的愿望更加坚定了。农民和学生的关系是很复杂的；如果她高考失败了，她就会被送回农村，她最担心的事是她将得到的是最脏最累的工作。
―They didn‘t like us being there because they had to share their land,‖ she said. ―But if we tried to leave, they would think we looked down on them.‖
―他们不喜欢我们待在那儿，因为他们必须和我们共享他们的土地，‖ 她说。―但是如果我们试图离开，他们会觉得我们看不起他们。‖
Li Xiyue was also part of a rural production team. The work was hard but he found it difficult to imagine any other future for himself. ―By the time I was sent to the rural areas, this policy had been in place for 10 years,‖ said Mr. Li, 50, who won a seat at Guangxi University and went on to become a writer and university lecturer. Hard farm labor ―was normal,‖ he said. ―Going to college was not normal.‖
李西岳也是这个农村生产队的一分子。农活儿虽然辛苦，但他很难想象他还能有别的未来。―当我被下放到农村去的时候，这一政策已经实行了十年之久，‖ 50岁的李先生说，他后来被广西大学录取而后成为了一名作家和大学教师。艰苦的农活是―正常的‖他说。―但去上大学在当时可是不寻常的。‖
Still, he found time to study in his spare time. ―The problem was, it was difficult to find interesting material,‖ he said. ―I would even read the literature that came with farming equipment.‖
不过，他一有空闲便会学习。―问题是，很难找到有意思的材料，‖他说。―我甚至会阅读与农具相关的文献。‖
When the time came to take the university entrance exam, some found it difficult to break with the commune.
当高考的时间来临时，很多人发现他们很能与公社决裂。
Ms. Han was allowed to return home to study for the exam, but she became alarmed when she heard that she had been criticized at a commune meeting for pursuing personal ambition at the expense of the revolution.
虽然韩女士当时被允许回家复习以参与考试，但令她感动惊慌的是当她听说在公社大会上，她已经成为众矢之的，她被说成是为了追求个人野心而宁愿牺牲革命的人。
―I ran back to the team, but my father was very angry and brought me home,‖ she said. ―He banned all further contact with them.‖
―我跑回了生产队，但是我父亲非常生气地把我带回了家，‖她说。―他禁止我与他们进一步的联系。‖
Ms. An said she had taken some French in middle school, but classes were overlaid with politics and broken up by military training and factory work. Less than confident, she went to see a former teacher who assured her that the examiners would not ask overly complicated questions.
安女士说，在中学时她已经开始学习一点儿法语，但是这些课均被附加以政治的别有用心，并且被军训和工厂的工作打断。由于缺乏自信，她拜访了一位以前的老师，这位老师向她保证考官不会出过于复杂的考题。
But the teacher predicted that she would be asked why she wanted to study French, advising her to say she was doing it to serve the revolution.
但是她的老师预计她将被问到学习法语的原因，并且建议她回答学习法语的目的是为了服务革命。
―They did ask me that,‖ said Ms. An, who qualified to study Fren ch at the Beijing Language Institute (now the Beijing Language and Culture University) and later at the Sorbonne in Paris.
―他们确实问了我这个问题，‖ 安女士说，安女士后来被北京语言学院（现在的北京语言文化大学）的法语系录取，此后就读于巴黎的索邦大学。
When the academic year began in 1978, after the lost decade of the Cultural Revolution, it was an unusually mature freshman class that entered universities across the country. Ms. Han said that some of her fellow students at Nanjing Normal University were twice her age. ―I had a classmate who was the father of four kids,‖ she said.
文革夺去教育的10年后，1978年当新的学年开始时，全国各地的大学迎来了一批不寻常的成熟学生。韩女士说她在南京师范大学时，有的同学的年龄是她的两倍。―我有一个同学已经是四个孩子的父亲。‖她说。
As they began their studies, many were fired by idealism and eagerness to achieve a fresh start for themselves and their country.
当他们开始学习时，很多人由于理想主义和急切盼望为自己和他们的国家带来一个新的开始而被开除了。
―It was a time full of dreams and hopes for the future,‖ Ms. Han said.
―那是个充满了梦想和对未来的希望的年代，‖韩女士说。
Thirty years later, many express mixed feelings about the direction events took. While acknowledging the benefits of China‘s economic development, some voiced disappointment with the pace of political change. Others complained that rapid material progress had fostered greed and cynicism.
三十年后，许多人对当时社会形势的转变表达了复杂的情绪。虽然承认对中国的经济发展给人们带来的利益，但是一些人表达出了他们对政治变革的失望。另外一些人则抱怨道物质文明的快速发展所滋生出的贪婪和玩世不恭。
―A lot of things we could not even imagine have become reality,‖ Mr. Li, the writer and lecturer, said. ―But it‘s painful to see so much corruption, especially among high-ranking officials.‖
―许多我们过去无法想象的事已经成为了现实，‖作家及大学教授李先生说。―但是看到这多么腐败现象，特别是在高层官员中的腐败，很令人痛心。‖
Unit 5 ( using google translation tool )
Usain Bolt: how far and fast we go ?
By john naish
As Usain Bolt again breaks his record, humans are fast approaching their physical limit
由于博尔特再次打破他的纪录，人类正在迅速接近其物理极限
The casual supremacy of Usain Bolt’s record-vapourising 100m sprint on Sunday night has everyone wondering how much more human beings can wring from their bodies. Have we witnessed the ultimate, unsurpassable sprint? Or, like Roger Bannister’s four-minute mile, did we just watch another barrier to human achievement getting kicked down?
上周日晚上博尔特的纪录vapourising百米冲刺的休闲霸主地位大家不知道多少人可以从他们的身体拧干。我们已经见证了极致，无法超越的冲刺？或者，像罗杰班尼斯特的四分钟一英里，我们刚才看的另一个障碍人类成就得到踢下来了吗？
Science, which increasingly underpins any sporting endeavour, claims to have the answer. We are at the far edges of the envelope, it says, but the show is about to get even more interesting: for now, humanity will continue to get faster, higher, stronger —so long as we can keep finding athletes who are ever bigger, freakier and more pathologically fixated. At just 22, Bolt certainly thinks there’s more under the bonnet. The triple Olympic champion shaved 0.11 seconds from his win at Beijing in 2008 to record a time of 9.58 seconds.
科学，它越来越多地支撑着任何体育事业，号称有答案。我们正处在信封的远边，它说，但显示的是即将获得更有趣的：现在，人类将继续变得更快，更高，更强- 只要我们能不断发现运动员谁是以往任何时候都更大，freakier更病理迷恋。在刚刚22，博尔特当然认为有发动机罩下的更多。三重奥运冠军剃光0.11秒从他在北京的胜利在2008年录得9.58秒的时间。
“I think it will stop at 9.4 but you never know,” the Jamaican says. Well, record-breaking has a habit of confounding even the best-qualified pundits. Maurice Greene, the former 100m world champion and world record holder, who retired last year, reckoned he might see a low 9.6 but never a 9.5. Fifty years ago, many thought the four-minute mile unachievable. Then Bannister did it in 1954 and the psychological gates burst open. More than 1,000 runners have since broken four minutes.
“我认为它会停在9.4，但你永远不知道，”牙买加说。好了，破纪录有混淆甚至是最合格的专家的习惯。莫里斯·格林，前百米世界冠军和世界纪录保持者，谁去年退休，估摸着他可能会看到一个低9.6，但从来没有一个9.5。五十年前，许多人认为四分钟一英里无法实现的。那么班尼斯特做到了在1954年和心理上门爆裂开来。1000多名选手已经打破以来四分钟。
Bu t before we get too cocky, here’s the baleful eye of statistical analysis. “We are going into a plateau where performance improvements will be more incremental and a single anomalous sprint doesn’t change that,” says Greg Whyte, the Professor of Applied Sp ort and Exercise Science at Liverpool John Moores University.
但在此之前，我们太骄傲自大，这里是统计分析的恶意眼球。“我们正在进入一个高原，在那里性能的提升将是渐进的和一个反常的冲刺不会改变，”格雷格说，怀特，应用运动和运动科学的利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学的教授说。
Whyte has created a mathematical model for future athletics records, based on their progress over the years. “Our research shows that performances have begun to plateau. With shorter events such as the 100m the margins are ever shorter. The world record in 1912 was 10.6 seconds, so we’ve not gone much quicker than that in a century.”
怀特产生了对未来竞技记录的数学模型的基础上，其多年来进展。“我们的研究表明，演出已经开始高原。用较短的活动，如100米的空间也越来越短。在1912年的世界纪录是10.6秒，所以我们没有去比一个世纪快得多。“
Whyte’s predictions are bolstered by a study last year by the French Institute of Sport, which concludes that athletics will finally hit the ceiling in 2060. After that, no more world records. The institute analysed all 3,260 world records set since the first modern Olympics in 1896, and says that athletes are nudging their physiological limits. It estimates that athletes were operating at 75 per cent of their potential in 1896, while in 2008, they were at 99 per cent. By 2027, the athletes in about half of the events will have reached 100 per cent, and by 2060 they all will.
怀特的预测是由体育的法国学院，结论是田径终于碰到天花板在2060之后，没有更多的世界纪录由研究带动的最后一年。该研究所分析，自第一届现代奥运会于1896年设定的所有3,260项世界纪录，并说运动员轻推自己的生理极限。据估计，运动员在自己的潜力为75％，1896年经营，而在2008年，他们在99％以上。2027年，在大约一半的事件的运动员将达到100％，而到2060年，他们所有的意志。
Meantime, excitement will still mount, each millisecond presenting a more tantalising milestone than ever. To achieve this, sport will increasingly rely on, well, freaks: physically highly unusual specimens endowed with remarkable psychological resilience.
Unit 1 Personality 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实有待改进。７．记住，每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。要把它们作为增长见识的经历，从中受益。挫折往往会成为转机，随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如，你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而，在你就读的大学里，你可能发现这里教育的某一特点比你料想的好得多。８．有些人会使你感到自己无能，不要和这种人交往。去设法改变他们对你的态度或者改变你对自己的态度，要不就脱离这种关系。伤害你的人并不关心你的最大利益。９．留出时间休息，享受自己的业余爱好，并且定期地重新审定自己的目标。为此所花费的时间有助于更好地了解你自己。１０．多在社交场合中锻炼。不要把自己同他人隔离开来。设法一次结识一位朋友；最终你将能够娴熟而自信地在众人中周旋。我们每个人都是独一无二、难能可贵的个体。我们自有吸引人的地方。我们对自己了解得越多，就越容易充分发挥自己的潜力。不要让羞怯成为阻碍我们拥有丰富和成功生活的绊脚石。 Unit3 Social Problems
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English"，而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret"，而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。
My View on E-mail Electronic mail, or E-mail for short, is a new way of communication by means of computers. Fast, cheap and convenient, E-mail is so popular that it has become an indispensable means of communication. Millions of computers all over the world have been connected to form a global network, namely the Internet. You can send and receive by E-mail documents, letters and papers to anyone in other countries in no time. By using E-mail you can also store, delete, compile information. In a word, E-mail helps you overcome spatial and time limitations in communication. With the rapidly growing popularity of computers and the expansion of information highway, E-mail is expected to play a more and more important role in our lives. 我对于电子邮件的看法 电子邮件简称电邮, 是通过电脑来交流的一种新的方式. 它快速、便宜、方便、电子邮件 如此的流行以致于它已经变成了一种必不可少的交流方式. 全世界成百上千万的电脑连在一起形成了一个全球网络称做互联网. 你可以在很短时间 内把文件、信、论文通过电子邮件发给其他国家的任何一个人. 通过使用电子邮件你还可以贮存、删除和归类信息. 总之电子邮件可以帮助你克服交流上的空间和时间的限制. 随着计算机的迅速普及以及信息高速公路的扩展, 电子邮件一定会在我们的生活当中扮 演越来越重要的角色. The Disadvantage of Living in a City Tired of the city life, some city-dwellers opt for city suburbs as their residence. They are flocking there to avoid people-in the city, wherever you look, it’s people, people, people. It’s not strange for them complain about the living conditions in the city. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has virtually come to a standstill. The subways which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed : an endless procession of human sardine tins. All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium. Tall buildings blot out the sun. The flow of traffic goes on continuously and the noise never stops. Decades of years ago, people were crazy about crowding into the city. Now more and more people believe that only a madman would choose to live in a large modern city. 居住在城市的弊端 因为对城市生活感到厌倦. 一些住在城里面的人都渴望搬到郊区居住. 他们涌向那儿目的 是为了避开人群. 因为在城里无论你往哪儿看到处都是人. 人们抱怨城里面的居住条件是不奇怪, 由于马路上的交通几乎停滞, 公共汽车似乎要过几 年才能到达你身边. 几分钟一班的地铁装满了人. 无休止的人排队买沙丁鱼罐头. 所有简单好 的东西象阳光、新鲜的空气都成了一种奢求. 高大的建筑挡住了阳光, 交通川流不息, 噪声从不 停止. 几十年前人们疯狂的涌入城市, 现在越来越多的人认为只有疯子才会居住在现代大都市里.
Unit 1 1. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. 我在里德学院读了6个月就退学了，但是作为旁听生又在那里待了18个月左右，然后才真正离开学校。 2.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. 我的生母是个年轻未婚的研究生，因此她决定把我送给别人收养。 3.It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. 这在当时看来非常可怕，但现在回头看看，那是我做过的最棒的决定之一。 4.And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. 我依照好奇心和直觉做事，大多事后证明是非常值得的。 5.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. 这一切在我的生活中是否有用，我不抱希望。 1.Every time I saw the straw hat(每当我看到那顶草帽), it reminded me of the tour I made years before 2.This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had(我度过的最美好的时光). 3.I’m honored to attend the closing ceremony of the conference(我很荣幸能参加大会闭幕式) and give you the speech. 4. Bill Clinton has helped to get the two American journalists released and he seems to have a hope of making peace(有希望调解) between North Korea and the US. 5. One friend of mine has decided to quit his/her well-paid but demanding position (辞去那份工资高但要求也高的工作) recently. Unit2 1. However, if that weren’t a popular notion, millions of dollars wouldn’t roll in every time there was a lottery somewhere. 然而，这种想法非常普遍，否则每次彩票抽奖也就不会有数以百万计的美元滚滚而来。 2 .It took him five years to diligently create a business and generate that large sum of money. 他花了5年时间，努力工作，并开办了一家公司，终于赚足了这么一大笔钱。 3.With great disbelief, he stared at his investment of valuable gems, now turned to stones, and wondered what it all meant. 约翰眼睁睁地看着自己投资买来的宝石变成了石头，他难以置信，百思不得其解。 4.The inscription read, “If one achieves this quest, they will have transformed their mind by the use of their faith and will from then on have the power to overcome in all things and nothing will be impossible to them.” 这些文字是：凡历此功成者，必脱胎换骨，身心俱新，无坚不摧，无所不能。 1. Once know as the Pairs of the Middle East(曾经拥有中东巴黎的美誉),this seaside city fell into chaos during Lebanon’s p rolonged civil war.
Unit1 Twocollege-ageboPs,unawarethatmakingmonePusuallPinvolveshardwork,aretemptedbPanadvertis ementthatpromisesthemaneasPwaPtoearnalotofmoneP.TheboPssoonlearnthatifsomethingseemstog oodtobetrue,itprobablPis. 一个大学男孩，不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动，被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。男孩们很快就明白，如果事情看起来好得不像真的，那多半确实不是真的。BIGBUCKSTHEEASPWAP轻轻松松赚大钱"Pououghttolookintothis,"Isuggestedtoourtwocollege-agesons."ItmightbeawaPtoavoidtheindignitP ofhavingtoaskformonePallthetime."Ihandedthemsomemagazinesinaplasticbagsomeonebadhungon ourdoorknob.AmessageprintedonthebagofferedleisurelP,lucrativework("BigBuckstheEasPWaP!")o fdeliveringmoresuchbags. “你们该看看这个，”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有失尊严的话，这兴许是一种办法。”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。塑料袋上印着一条信息说，需要招聘人投递这样的袋子，这活儿既轻松又赚钱。（“轻轻松松赚大钱!”） "Idon'tmindtheindignitP,"theolderoneanswered.“我不在乎失不失尊严，”大儿子回答说。"Icanlivewithit,"hisbrotheragreed.“我可以忍受，”他的弟弟附和道。"Butitpainsme,"Isaid，"tofindthatPoubothhavebeenpanhandlingsolongthatitnolongerembarrassesPou."“看到你们俩伸手讨钱讨惯了一点也不感到尴尬的样子，真使我痛心，”我说。TheboPssaidthePwouldlookintothemagazine-deliverPthing.Pleased,Ilefttownonabusinesstrip.BPmi dnightIwascomfortablPsettledinahotelroomfarfromhome.Thephonerang.ItwasmPwife.Shewantedt oknowhowmPdaPhadgone.孩子们说他们可以考虑考虑投递杂志的事。我听了很高兴，便离城出差去了。午夜时分，我已远离家门，在一家旅馆的房间里舒舒服服住了下来。电话铃响了，是妻子打来的。她想知道我这一天过得可好。 "Great!"Ienthused."HowwasPourdaP?"Iinquired.“好极了!”我兴高采烈地说。“你过得怎么样?”我问道。 "Super!"Shesnapped."Justsuper!Andit'sonlPgettingstarted.Anothertruckjustpulledupoutfront."“棒极了!”她大声挖苦道。“真棒!而且这还仅仅是个开始。又一辆卡车刚在门前停下。”"Anothertruck?"“又一辆卡车?” "Thethirdonethisevening.ThefirstdeliveredfourthousandMontgomerPWards.Thesecondbroughtfour thousandSears,Roebucks.Idon'tknowwhatthisonehas,butI'msureitwillbefourthousandofsomething.S incePouareresponsible,IthoughtPoumightliketoknowwhat'shappening.“今晚第三辆了。第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利-沃德百货公司的广告；第二辆运来四千份西尔斯-罗伯克百货公司的广告。我不知道这一辆装的啥，但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的，我想你或许想了解事情的进展。” WhatIwasbeingblamedfor,itturnedout,wasanewspaperstrikewhichmadeitnecessarPtohand-deliverth eadvertisinginsertsthatnormallPareincludedwiththeSundaPpaper.ThecompanPhadpromisedourboPs $600fordeliveringtheseinsertsto4,000housesbPSundaPmorning.我之所以受到指责，事情原来是这样：由于发生了一起报业工人罢工，通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告插页，必须派人直接投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金，任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之前投递到四千户人家去。 "Pieceofcake!"ouroldercollegesonhadshouted.“不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。"SiGhundredbucks!"Hisbrotherhadechoed,"Andwecandothejobintwohours!"“六百块!”他的弟弟应声道，“我们两个钟点就能干完!” "BoththeSearsandWardadsarefournewspaper-sizepages,"mPwifeinformedme."TherearethirtP-twot housandpagesofadvertisingonourporch.Evenaswespeak,twobigguPsarecarrPingarmloadsofpaperup thewalk.Whatdowedoaboutallthis?"“西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页，”妻子告诉我说，“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿，两个大个子正各抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告，我们可怎么办?”"JusttelltheboPstogetbusP,"Iinstructed."TheP'recollegemen.TheP'lldowhatthePhavetodo."“你让孩子们快干，”我指示说。“他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。”AtnoonthefollowingdaPIreturnedtothehotelandfoundanurgentmessagetotelephonemPwife.Hervoic
18世纪末，英国迅速成为世界的工厂。At the end of the 18th century, Britain became the world’s factory quickly. 到18世纪末，英国正迅速成为世界的工厂。 By the end of the 18th century England was fast becoming the workshop of the world. 在十八世纪末，英国迅速成为世界的工厂。Britain quickly became the world’s fac tory at the end of the 18th century. Bbb 1.不幸的是，他们也推广快餐，快餐很容易融入繁忙的生活方式中。 Unfortunately, they also promote fast food which fits easily into busy lifestyles. Ccc 1.除非他做错事，否则不会受到批评。Unless he does something wrong, or he will not be criticized. 2.从他的语音说明他是外国人。His accent tells that he’s a foreigner . 3.沉甸甸的果实压弯了树枝。The fruits were so heavy that they bent the branches. 4.村里的每个人都喜欢他，因为他对人很友好。Everyone in the village liked him because he was very friendly people. 5.成为多余而被解雇是工作着的人当今不得不面临的最大问题。 Redundancy is the biggest problem the working man has to face today. 6.超市设法去满足家庭主妇的每一个需求，那样，她们在超市购物后就不需去其它商店了。 The supermarket tries to meet the housewife’s every need so that when she leaves, she’ll shop nowhere else. 7.长期以来，人口众多的利弊一直是经济学家们讨论的话题。 The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. Ddd 1.到了明年7月，我在这里读书将已三年了。By July of next year I shall have studied here for three years. 2.当他工作时，没有什么事件能打扰他。Nothing can interrupt him when he is working. 3.当你在学校附近，尽管周围没有小孩，你也必须减慢你的速度。 When you are near the school, you must slow down, even though there is no child around. 4.到他来的时候，我们已经等了他两个小时了。We had been waiting for him for two hours by the time he came. 5.但是，在某种程度上，简短的回答并不意味着美国人不礼貌或不友好。 But brief replies do not mean Americans are impolite or unfriendly to some extent. 6.大气中的气体、水、岩石都是无机物中最普通的实例。 The most common samples of inorganic materials are the gases of the atmosphere, water, rocks, etc. 7.对于年轻人来说，培养独立思考的能力很重要。 To young people, it is very important to develop the ability to think on their own. Fff 1.飞船进入大气层会全速燃烧直至完全消失 A spaceship entering the earth's atmosphere at full speed would burn up completely and disappear. 2.凡是总是由难而易。All things are difficult before they are easy. Ggg 1.各种材料的磁性有很大的不同。Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics. Hhh 1.毫无疑问的是，所有的电视节目都应该是教育。 There is no doubt that all television programs should be educational. 2.毫无疑问要钻这么深的一个孔，他们必须解决许多复杂的问题； Undoubtedly, they should cope with lots of complicated problems in order to dig so deep a hole. 3.很多人对计算机的敌对情绪缘于担心计算机的印入会导致他们失业。 Much unfriendly feeling towards computers has been based on the fear of widespread unemployment resulting from their introduction. 4.和收入较低、文化程度不高的女性相比，家庭收入更高、教育程度更高的女性中吸烟者更多。 There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family incomes and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. Jjj 1.假如你昨天到达，你就能见到她。If you had arrived yesterday, you could have seen her. 或者You would have seen her if you arrived yesterday. 2.JANE为自己的城市自豪，当她当游客参观时从不感到厌烦。
新视野大学英语3第三版课文翻译 Unit 1 The Way to Success 课文A Never, ever give up! 永不言弃！ As a young boy, Britain's great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide. Toward the end of his period as prime minister, he was invited to address the patriotic young boys at his old school, Harrow. The headmaster said, "Young gentlemen, the greatest speaker of our time, will be here in a few days to address you, and you should obey whatever sound advice he may give you." The great day arrived. Sir Winston stood up, all five feet, five inches and 107 kilos of him, and gave this short, clear-cut speech: "Young men, never give up. Never give up! Never give up! Never, never, never, never!" 英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了，在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。后来，他凭着军旅生涯中的杰出表现当选为英国首相。他的才思、智慧、公民责任感以及在二战痛苦而黑暗的时期拒绝投降的无畏勇气，为他赢得了美名。他非凡的决心，不仅激励了整个民族，还鼓舞了全世界。 在他首相任期即将结束时，他应邀前往母校哈罗公学，为满怀报国之志的同学们作演讲。校长说：“年轻的先生们，当代最伟大的演说家过几天就会来为你们演讲，他提出的任何中肯的建议，你们都要听从。”那个激动人心的日子终于到了。温斯顿爵士站了起来——他只有5 英尺5 英寸高，体重却有107 公斤。他作了言简意赅的讲话：“年轻人，要永不放弃。永不放弃！永不放弃！永不，永不，永不，永不！” Personal history, educational opportunity, individual dilemmas - none of these can inhibit a strong spirit committed to success. No task is too hard. No amount of preparation is too long or too difficult. Take the example of two of the most scholarly scientists of our age, Albert Einstein and Thomas Edison. Both faced immense obstacles and extreme criticism. Both were called "slow to learn" and written off as idiots by their teachers. Thomas Edison ran away from school because his teacher whipped him repeatedly for asking too many questions. Einstein didn't speak fluently until he was almost nine years old and was such a poor student that some thought he was unable to learn. Yet both boys' parents believed in them. They worked intensely each day with their sons, and the boys learned to never bypass the long hours of hard work that they needed to succeed. In the end, both Einstein and Edison overcame their childhood persecution and went on to achieve magnificent discoveries that benefit the entire world today. Consider also the heroic example of Abraham Lincoln, who faced substantial hardships,
Unit 4 一、词汇短语 Text A assembly [] n. 集合；装配；汇编；会议；（美）洲议会的众议院 【例句】This is the assembly line. 这是装配线。 auto [] n. 汽车（等于automobile）；自动 vi. 乘汽车 【例句】That auto company is coming out with several new models. 那家汽车公司将把好几种新型号产品投入市场。 assault [] n. & v. 刺激；猛烈地攻击，袭击 【例句】The roar of city traffic is a steady assault on one’s nerves. 市区的喧嚣不断地刺激着人的神经。 【助记】as（一再）＋sault（联想salt）→一再往你的伤口上撒盐→攻击，谐音“阿嫂她”，阿嫂她攻击你。 enclosed [] adj. 被附上的；与世隔绝的 【例句】Enclosed please find a set of sample sheets. 附上样稿一份，请查收。
discordant [] adj. 不和谐的，刺耳的；不一致的 【例句】Leonato thought they would make a discordant pair. 里奥那托认为他们不适宜作夫妻。 【搭配】discordant views不一致的观点 【助记】dis＋cord（心）＋ant→不一条心→不一致的 weld [] vt. 焊接，煅接 n. 焊接，焊缝 【例句】The car has had a new wing welded on. 这辆汽车焊接了一个新的翼子板。【助记】wedding 结婚就是两人熔合在一起不分开。we-ld we-我们ld-路灯我们把路灯焊接在一起。 【派生】welding n. 焊接 crackle [] n. 劈啪响；裂纹 vi. （使）发劈啪声 【例句】The radio crackled again. 收音机又吱吱啦啦地响了起来。 laser [] n. 激光 【例句】This is a virtual keyboard with laser impressions on any table or other surface. 这是一个可以在任何桌面或其他表面投射的激光虚拟键盘。 【助记】发音记忆：“镭射”→激光
大学英语精读课文翻译 Unit 1 How to Improve Your Study Habits 你也许是个智力一般的普通学生。你在学校的学习成绩还不错，可你也许会觉得自己永远也成不了优等生。然而实际情况未必如此。你要是想取得更好的分数，也还是能做到的。是的，即使中等智力水平的学生，在不增加学习负担的情况下，也能成为优等生。其诀窍如下：1．仔细安排你的时间。把你每周要完成的任务一一列出来，然后制定一张时间表或时间分配图。先把用于吃饭、睡觉、开会、听课等这样一些非花不可的时间填上，然后再选定合适的固定时间用于学习。一定要留出足够的时间来完成正常的阅读和课外作业。当然，学习不应把作息表上的空余时间全都占去，还得给休息、业余爱好和娱乐活动留出一定的时间，这一点很重要。这张周作息表也许解决不了你所有的问题，但是它会使你比较清楚地了解你是怎样使用你的时间的。此外，它还能让你安排好各种活动，既有足够的时间工作，也有足够的时间娱乐。 2．寻找一个合适的地方学习。选定某个地方作为你的“学习区”。这可以是家里或者学校图书馆里的一张书桌或者一把椅子，但它应该是舒适的，而且不该有干扰。在你开始学习时，你应能够全神贯注于你的功课。 3．阅读之前先略读。这就是说，在你仔细阅读一篇文章之前，先把它从头至尾迅速浏览一遍。在预习材料时，你就对它的内容及其结构有了大致的了解。随后在你正式开始阅读时，你就能辨认出不太重要的材料，并且可以略去某些章节不读。略读不仅使你的阅读速度提高一倍，还有助于提高你的理解能力。< 4．充分利用课堂上的时间。上课时注意听讲意味着课后少花力气。要坐在能看得见、听得清的地方。要作笔记来帮助自己记住老师讲课的内容。 5．学习要有规律。课后要及早复习笔记。重温课堂上提到的要点，复习你仍然混淆不清的