Chapter 1. Language and Linguistics
I. For each question, there are four choices of answers. In some cases, only one choice is correct while in others more than one should be chosen. Choose ALL the correct ones.
1 ABD
2 B
3 D
4 B
5 D
6 B
7 D
8 AC D
9 A 10 B
11 D 12 B 13 C 14 A 15 B 16 C 17 D 18 C 19 B
20.C 21.D 22.C 23.B 24.A 25.C 26.B 27.A
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. knowledge
2. abstract
3. Duality
4. arbitrary
5. syntax
6.genetic
7. Parole
8. applied
9. productive 10. scientific
III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1 T
2 T
3 F
4 F
5 T
6 T
7 F
8 F
9 F 10 T
11.T 12.F 13.F 14.T 15.F 16.T 17.F 18.T 19.T 20.T
21.T 22.T 23F 24T 25.F 26.F 27.F
Ⅳ. Choose Four of the following questions and answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
1. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
1) Arbitrariness
As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages , and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.
The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.
2) Productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.
Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.
3) Duality
The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.
4) Displacement
Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to
immediate changes of situation.
2. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language?
Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language, And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts, Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.
If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited, It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g, words, which are distinct in meaning. 3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.
4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not
the written?
First, the spoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language; Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes; Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.
5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.
6. How do you understand competence and performance?
American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.
7 Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distincti on between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 8. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose
connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.
9. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things, Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.
10.如何理解“鹦鹉能言，不离于禽；猩猩能言，不离于兽”？
两句话都有问题。鹦鹉能学人说话，可只是作为现成的公式来说，不会加以变化（所以我们管人云亦云的说话叫“鹦鹉学舌”）。只有人们的说话是从具体情况（包括外界情况和本人意图）出发，情况一变，话也跟着一变。至于猩猩，根据西方学者拿黑猩猩做实验的结果，它们能学会极其有限的一点符号语言，可是学不会把它变成有声语言。人类语言之所以能够“随机应变”，在于一方面能够把语音分析成若干音素（当然是不自觉地），又把这些音素组合成音节，再把音节连缀起来，──音素数目有限，各种语言一般都只有几十个音素，可是组成音节就可以成百上千，再组成双音节、三育节，就能有几十万、几百万。另一方面，人们又能分析外界事物及其变化，形成无数的“意念”，──配以语音，然后综合运用，表达各种复杂的意思。一句话，人类语言的特点就在于能用变化无穷的语音，表达变化无穷的意义。这是任何其他动物办不到的。
吕叔湘《语文常谈》
第一章语言学导论 Chapter1 Invitations to Linguistics Linguistics is nowadays coming into wide use with combination of theories and practice as well as linguistics and other disciplines. Linguistics is of great use with very wide application. —人工智能，人机对话，机器翻译 The research of linguistics has already gone beyond language itself. Definition of Linguistics How do you define linguistics? What is linguistics? ——Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human language. What are we going to learn about linguistics? 1. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. These can be called microlinguistics. 语音学(phonetics);音系学(phonology);形态学(morphology);句法学(syntax) —Schools of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学流派; 语义学(semantics) ; 语用学(pragmatics) (chapter2-6) 2. Macrolinguistics——interdisciplinary learning Saussure, father of modern linguistics(现代语言学之父) were intended to establish the autonomy of linguistics, giving it a well-defined subject of study and freeing it from reliance on other disciplines. However, the interactive links between linguistics and other sciences are developing fast. 尽管索绪尔的目的是给予语言学自主性，给它定义明确的研究对象，将它从对其他学科的 依赖中解放出来。然而，随着时间的推移，语言学和其他学科的联系越来越密切。Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics, as implied by the name, is the study of psychological aspects of language. It usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. 心理语言学，顾名思义，是对语言的心理方面的研究，它通常研究的是与语言使用相关的 心理状态和心理活动。比如语言习得，语言的理解，语言的生成等等。(chapter 9/chapter11) Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics, as implied by the name, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics attempts to look at language structures by paying attention to language use in a social context and on the other hand tries to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community. 这就是社会与语言的关系，一方面通过社会语境中语言使用情况的调查了解语言结构的问 题，另一方面又通过语言现象的分析了解社会构成的问题。 Research Focus1 Cross-cultural Communication There exists a close relationship between language and culture. Language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use. 语言是文化的载体，具有不可替代的重要性；文化通过语言得以凸现，其表现力得到充分展示。 心理学家罗杰斯(Rogers,1961), 真正的交流建立在理解基础上的倾听。 - 1 -
《语言学概论》学习建议 第一章语言和语言学 本章的教学内容是语言学最基本的理论问题，是理解、把握本课程的重要理论基础。主要包括语言的性质和范围、语言的结构和功能、语言学的任务和发展等。本章需要重点掌握的内容包括： 1、语言的符号性。需要了解什么是符号，语言符号的性质有哪些，其中重点理解语言符号的任意性特点，可结合不同语言或方言现象来加深认识。 2、语言和言语。了解二者的区别和关系并能在语言实践中对二者加以区别。 3、语言的层级。认识语言的二层性结构，并了解语言层级系统的特点。 4、语言的基本关系。需要掌握组合关系和聚合关系的概念及其关系，认识到二者在语言符号系统中所起的重要作用，并能结合语言实例对这两种关系进行讲解。 5、语言的社会功能：重点掌握语言的社会功能是其本质功能，理解语言是人类最重要的交际工具及其在社会生活中的重要作用。 6、语言学的发展：了解语言学发展的大致脉络，对于现代语言学和当代语言学的主要流派，要求掌握其代表人物和主要观点。 对于这些重点内容，要求有比较深入的理解，而且要求熟记。本章内容理论性比较强，不仅要求掌握基本概念和分类，而且要求掌握各种理论的要点，能够结合实例说明各种理论问题。本章除了重点内容之外，对于语言的结构类型、语言与文化、语言与思维等问题也应有所了解。 第二章语音学 本章介绍了语音学的基本内容，包括语音的性质、语音单位的分类及发音原理、音位的划分原理、语音的组合等。本章需要重点掌握的内容有； 1、语音的声学性质：认识语音的发音原理；领会语音四要素的含义及其在
语音系统中的表现和作用。 2、语音的生理属性：通过人体发音器官进一步认识发音原理，了解发音器官各部分的构造和功能。 3、音素的分类及其描写：掌握元音、辅音的区别；掌握二者各自的发音特点，学会描写各种类型元音和辅音。 4、音位：掌握音位的划分原则；认识音位与音素的联系与区别；了解音位、音位变体及相互关系。 5、语音组合：认识音节的构成；了解常见语流音变的种类并能结合语言实例进行辨别。 本章的概念比较多，对于各种重要概念，要求熟记定义和分类，结合实例和自身发音实践深入领会。对于音素、音位、音节，还要求能作具体分析和描写，此外还应该熟练掌握常见的国际音标，能够用国际音标标记汉语和英语的语音。 第三章语义学 本章介绍了语义学的基础理论、基本知识和语义分析方法。本章需要重点掌握的主要内容有： 1、语义的性质和类型：要了解语义最基本的三对性质，结合具体语言事实深入体会；关于语义的类型要明确概念意义和附加意义的区别。 2、义素分析法：了解义素分析法的原则，掌握义素分析法的具体步骤。 3、语义场理论：了解语义场的性质；掌握语义场的类型并能对具体的语义场类型进行辨别。 4、语义的聚合关系：认识语义的纵聚合与横聚合关系；了解同义词、反义词的特点。 5、语义指向：了解什么是语义指向分析法；认识语义指向在语义分析中的作用。 对于这些重点内容，要求有仔细了解、认真领会。除了要求掌握各种重要概念及其分类，还要求掌握各种理论的要点，能够结合实例说明各种理论问题，而且要求熟练的掌握语义分析的方法，主要包括语义类型的分析、义素分析、语
语言学导论作业答案 第一次作业答案 Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? D：Meaningfulness If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______. C：descriptive The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. 错误 Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 正确 Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____. C：secondary A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 错误 Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 错误 Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings. B：sounds Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. B：True _____ is the study of meaning in language. D:Semantics The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication. B:pragmatics When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function. D:phatic By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. C:displacement Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer. C:emotive Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________. D:all the above three
Chapter one 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. System means it is rule-governed; arbitrary means there is no logical relationship between language elements and their meaning; vocal means speech is primary; symbols related to arbitrariness, it means language elements are only the symbols for the meaning they express. Human, it means language is uniquely human; communication is the primary function of language. 2.What are the design features of language, give their definitions and examples. Arbitrary: arbitrary is the core feature of language, which means that there is no logical relation between meanings and sounds. Arbitrary is a matter of degree, language is not entirely arbitrary, first, the onomatopoeia are words that sound like the sound they describe, to some extent, they have natural basis. Second, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either, “snow” and“storm” are arbitrary words, but the compound word “snowstorm”is less so. Thirdly, some surnames, such as Longfellow, Johnson. Examples: a rose by other name would smell as sweet Duality: is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization .we call sounds secondary units as opposed to primary units as words, since the secondary are meaningless and the primary unit have distinct and identifiable meaning. Creativity: language users can understand and produce new sentences to express new meanings. By creativity, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. By duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never produced or heard before. Language is creativity in another sense, that is, its
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
第一章语言和语言学 第一节语言 一、语言和人类社会一样古老，是人类社会的特征（特有财富）。 1、人类以外的动物不具备语言能力，所以不可能学会人类的语言。 2、其他动物的交际方式如叫喊、舞蹈等，即所谓的“动物语言”和人类语言有着本质的区别。 单位的明晰性结构的二层性 任意性开放性 传授性不受时地、环境的限制 二、语言是符号系统 1、什么是符号？它有哪些因素构成？ 符号是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。 符号包括了形式和内容（意义）两个方面的要素。形式和内容互相依存。 eg: 十字路口的红绿灯就是一种符号。 2、符号和征候的区分：符号和所标记的事物是具有约定性的（或者是由某些人规定，或者是社会习惯），而征候与它所标记的事物之间往往具有自然（本质或必然）的联系。 3、符号的分类: 象征（有一定的含义,有一定的理据） 狭义的符号（没有理据，任意约定的） 4、语言是一种符号系统？ 语言具有符号的一切特征：语言是由语音和意义两个方面统一构成。语音和意义在具体的语言中统一于一体，密不可分，二者互为存在条件。语音和语义的联系是社会成员约定俗成的，个人不能任意改变这种联系。 注：具体来说语言中的词可以分为三种情况： 一类是“哈哈” “啊”等叹词，它们可以说是人类感情的本能的反应，可以归入征候。 一类是“哗啦” “汪汪”等拟声词，用事物所发出的声音来记录事物本身，和事物间有着一定的联系，但同一种事物的声音在不同的语言中往往有着不同的记录，也体现了它的社会约定性，可以归入象征。 剩下的语言中绝大多数的词，它们的音和义之间关系完全是社会约定俗称的，没有任何理据可言，属于真正意义上的狭义的符号。 5、语言符号的任意性和线条性特点？ 任意性和线条性是语言符号的两个最基本的特点。 语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的音义关系是由社会约定的，用什么样的“音”去表达什么样的“义”人们说不出什么道理，完全由社会约定，这种音义关系又叫约定性。语言符号的任意性是就语言创制时来说的，语言符号一旦形成，在整个社会范围内的执行就具有强制性，因而也就表现为一定的稳固性（可变性）。——民族性；——时代性 语言符号的线条性是指符号的使用只能在时间的线条上绵延，一个符号跟着一个符号依次出现。语言符号的排列只能成一条线，线条性限制了语言在组合时的空间位置。 语言符号组合时的线条性和层次性结合起来理解。 6、语言符号的系统性？ 语言里的符号不是互不相干的一盘散沙，而是成系统的。语言符号的系统性集中体现在符号的组合和聚合关系之中。 组合关系是指符号和符号互相组合起来的关系。符号和符号的组合不是任意的，而是有规则的，有选择的。 聚合关系指在某一环节上具有相同作用的能够互相替换的符号之间的关系，处于相同聚合群的语言单位，具有相同的语法功能，互相可以替换。 三、语言的功能 1、语言的社会功能。 2、语言的思维功能。 四、语言和说话 说话由三部分组成： 1、张口说话的动作（言语动作）； 2、说话所用的那套代码（语言）； 3、说出来的话（言语作品） 语言并不等同于说话，语言是说话的一部分。 五、语言存在的方式 语言是一套单位和规则，这些单位和规则是社会的现实，是不依个人意志为转移的客观存在。
语言学作业 班级： 姓名：
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics I. Please illustrate the following terms. 1. Arbitrariness: The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The different levels of arbitrariness: (1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words (2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. (3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. 2. Duality The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 3. Phatic communion Phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. 4. Synchronic linguistics: A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. II. Please distinguish the following terms: 1. Langue vs. Parole Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech c ommunity, that is, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual, and it is the linguist’s proper object; Parole refers to the realization of langue, the immediately accessible data. While parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, and it is a mass of confused facts, so it is not suitable for systematic investigation. . (1) Langue is abstract, while parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs. (2) Langue is not actually spoken by anyone, while parole is always a naturally occurring event. (3) Langue is relatively stable, systematic and social, while parole is subject to personal, individual and situational constraints. (4) Langue is essential while parole is accessory and accidental. 2. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
《语言学概论》练习1参考答案 （导言、第一章、第二章） 一、填空 1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。 2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。 3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。 4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。 5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。 6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。 7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。 8、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。 9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。 10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。 11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。 12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。 13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。 14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。 二、问答题。 1、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？ 从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。比如，19世纪，历史比较语言学的语言观念和研究方法深受生物学的影响；20世纪初的语言结构思想与科学的整体论思想密切相关；生成语言学受数学、逻辑学影响；等等。与此同时，其他学科也开始从语言学理论中汲取有益的思想观念。20世纪的社会学、人类学、文学批评等都深受结构主义语言学的影响。 从19世纪后期开始，现代语言学的研究理念在很大程度上接受了物理学等自然科学的方法论原则，一些学者甚至提出语言学是一门自然科学。但另一方面，语言学又从未割断与传统人文学科的联系。语言学的这一特点在很大程度上源于语言现象的独特性。语言既具有社会属性，又是人类天赋的能力，既是贮存人类已有文明的宝库，又是人类新的精神创造的依托。语言是联系人类主观世界和外在客观世界的中介，是认识人类自身和外在世界的必要途径。所以说，语言学在科学体系中的地位是独特的，它是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁。语言学需要并正在成为一门领先的科学。 2、如何看待语言学研究的意义和价值？ （1）满足文化传承和文化交流的需求； （2）语言研究协同其他学科研究一起，在社会生活中发挥作用； （3）语言学研究为国家语文政策的制定提供支持。 3、语言功能的生理基础是什么，有哪些体现？ 大脑是人体最复杂的器官，是人的各种行为的指挥中枢，也是人类语言思维能力的生理基础。人的大脑有左右两个半球，左半球控制着语言功能及相关的计数、分类、推理等功能。
语言学教程胡壮麟主编
Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics
Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?
《语言学概论》形成性考核册作业1答案 (2007-07-18 15:16:00) 转载 第一次作业导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释（10分，每小题2分） 1语言学:语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。 2组合关系:组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。 3聚合关系:聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之 间的替换关系。 4专语语言学：以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学可以称为专语语言学。5历时语言学历时语言学研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵的方面研究语言的历史 的语言学。 6语言:语言是人类最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。 7符号:符号，就是指代某种事物的标记，记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。 8语言的二层性:语言符号是由音位层和符号层两个不同的层面构成的，语言符号的这一特性就是语言的二层性。 9社会现象:社会现象就是指那些与人类共同体的一切活动――产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。 二、填空（20分，每空0.5分） 1．（中国）、（印度）、（古罗马－希腊）具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．（文言）是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为（文言文）。 3．结构主义语言学内部又分（哥本哈根学派）、（布拉格学派）、（美国描写主义学派）三大学派，其中（美国描写主义学派）的代表人物 是布龙菲尔德，其著作（语言论）是这一学派的奠基性著作。 4．（历史比较语言学）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 5．（索绪尔）被称为现代语言学之父，他的代表性著作是《普通语言学教程》。6．语言是人类社会的（交际工具），而且也是思维的（工具），这是语言的两大功能。 7．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的（左）半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需
语言学概论语言和语言学 The following text is amended on 12 November 2020.
第一章语言和语言学 第一节语言的性质和功能 一语言与言语 （一）语言 语言是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类用于交际和思维的最重要的工具，是音义结合的符号系统。 人类语言与动物“语言”（交际）有着本质区别： 1.人类语言的功能开放性。 2．人类语言的构造灵巧性。 3.人类语言的习得性。 4.人类语言的易境性。 （二）语言和言语的关系 广义的语言包括语言系统、言语活动和言语作品。狭义的语言只指语言系统，而言语则包括言语活动和言语作品。 语言是存在于全社团成员大脑里的相对完整的抽象符号系统；言语是个人在特定语境中对语言的具体运用。 语言与言语既有一系列区别，又有密切联系。主要区别在于： 1．语言是抽象的，言语是具体（物质）的。 2．语言是社会（全民）的，言语是个人的。 3．语言是现成的，言语是临时的。 4．语言是有限的，言语是无限的。
5．语言是稳定的，言语是多变的。 6．语言是后时的，言语是先时的。 语言与言语又有密切联系，二者互相依存：一方面，语言来自言语，依存于言语。语言系统是从言语中抽象概括出来的。没有言语，就没有语言。另一方面，语言又制约着言语，指导人们的言语实践。语言系统一旦形成，又是人们进行言语交际的依据。 二语言的性质 （一）语言的符号性 用甲事物代表乙事物，而甲乙两事物之间没有必然的联系，甲事物就是代表乙事物的符号。其中甲事物就是符号的能指（形式），乙事物就是符号的所指（内容、意义）。 符号都具有任意性和约定性。 任意性是指能指与所指之间没有必然联系。是符号最根本的属性。 约定性是中指能指与所指之间的联系是人为约定的，一旦约定人们就要遵守这种社会共同的约定。 (二).语言的系统性 所谓系统，是指由若干互相联系的元素构成的整体。所谓系统性，就是指系统元素之间的联系性。 （三）.语言的社会性 语言是一种社会现象，社会性是语言的本质属性：