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初中中考英语名词专题语法讲解

初中中考英语名词专题语法讲解
初中中考英语名词专题语法讲解

初中中考英语名词专题语法讲解

1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China, Shanghai, Li lei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim 吉姆 China 中国 July 七 Friday 星期五 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语

2、普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。

1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如fighter, gun, country,cup, desk, student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。

2)集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体,如 family, team, police, class等。一般可数,有单复数形式

3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如 cotton,tea, air等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。

4)抽象名词:动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness,love, work, life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。

二、名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分;不可数名词没有复数形式。【重点】

1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:

1)一般情况加–s:books,mouths,houses,girls等。

2)以 s,sh,ch,x结尾的加–es:classes,boxes,matches等。

3)辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies:cities,countries,parties,factories等。

4)以o 结尾的词+es:heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes等。(与生命有关的单词,特殊单词竹子bamboos)

以 o 结尾 +s:radios,zoos,pianos,kilos,photos等。(与生命无关)

5)以f,fe 结尾的多数 +es:leaves,lives,wives,knives,halves,wolves等。

直接 + s 的名词:roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。

2、不规则的可数名词的变化规则:【难点】

1)改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man m e n, woman wom e n, tooth t ee th, foot f ee t, mouse mice, child child ren等。

2)单复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。

以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。注意:Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.

3)单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese.

[说明] A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes: There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.

B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.

man teacher— two men teachers. woman doctor—three women doctors.

boy student---five boy students apple tree---four apple trees

3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law---sons-in-law , looker-on—lookers-on, 主体名词变化

5、物质名词一般没有复数,但如下情况除外:

A. 用复数形式表示不同种类: wheats, fruits, vegetables.

B. 表示比原文更广的词义: wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands.

6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人:the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.

7、集体名词people, police 总是作复数: Several police were on duty.

8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有,但意义不同:

The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English.

The population in China is larger.---- 80% of the population in China are peasants(农民).

9、hair 表示总体时是不可数: His hair is grey.

如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs.

10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等;news也是如此。

11、glasses, trousers,等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of …// this pair of…//that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定:Where are my glasses ?My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes.

12、不可数名词没有复数形式,如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词:

a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal

a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap

【重点】 13、中考常考不可数名词:information, weather, news, advice, fun等。

[说明]:可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限;可数名词可以转变为不可数名词,同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词,要看清整个上下文的具体内容。

一、名词的各种分类

单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式,包括可数名词的复数的变化规则,少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。

【考例】There is good_________ for you. I've found your lost watch. [广东省]

A. news

B. ideas

C. messages

D. thoughts

Myr.I want to buy some ___to make a vegetable salad for him.[济宁]

A.meat B.tomatoes C.apple juice

The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert. [ 重庆]

A. farmers

B. doctors

C. drivers

D. singers

At night the koala bear gets up and eats___________.[广元]

A.1eaf B.1eaves C. leafs

n,children.Help yourselves to some_________ if you like.[南通]

A.fish and chicken B.fishes and chicken C.fish and chickens D.fishes and chickens

All the ____teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.[ 重庆]

A.man B.men C.woman D.women

二、不可数名词数量的表达法

用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。

Mr Smith always has _________to tell us.[青岛]

A.some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news

C.some good piece of newes D.some piece of good newes

——Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well.

一Well,I'd like to try those blue__________.[黄冈]

A.pairs B.one C.pant D.pair

―Would you like some drinks, boys?[ 河北] ―Yes, , please.

A. some oranges

B. two boxes of chocolates

C. some cakes

D. two bottles of orange

exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. [ 黄冈]

A. What an, a

B. What, a

C. How an, the

D. How, the

三、名词的所有格:

1、's 所有格:

1)构成:

A. 一般词尾+ ’s.:the teacher’s office, Xiao Li’s sister’s husband’s mother.

B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“’”: workers’ rest room.

C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s: children’s toys.

D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加’s: my sister-in-law’s brother.

E. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s: This is Tom, James and Dick’s room.

F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’s:

Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.

G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加’s: a quarter of an hour’s talk.

2、of所有格:

1)凡不能用’s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系:

the City of New York. a map of China.

2)下列情况通常要用of 属格:

A. 当名词有较长的定语时:

the name of the girl standing at the gate.

Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.

【难点】

4、几种特殊情况:

the key to the door.

answers to the question

the entrance to the station / cinema

tickets for the film / movie

a check for $1500.

【考点诠释】

三、名词所有格及其用法

以-s结尾的单数名词加“’”或“’s”构成所有格;以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“’”;不规则复数名词在词尾加“’s”;两者或两者以上共同所有,把“’s”加在最后的名词上;表示各自拥有某件东西时,每个名词都要用所有格形式。

_________fathers are both scientists.[ 咸宁]

A.Jim's and Bob B.Jim's and Bob's C.Jim and Bob's D.Jim and Bob

_____room is big and bright.They like it very much. [河北]

A.Tom and Sam B.Tom's find Sam C.Tom and Sam's D.Tom's and Sam's

―How’s Joy’s skirt? ―Her skirt is more beautiful than . [ 兰州]

A. her sister’s and Kate

B. her sister and Kate

C. her sister and Kate’s

D. her sister’s and Kate’s

四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“'s”来构成所有格。如:today's newspaper.ten minutes’walk,China's industry

A. 7 minutes walk

B. 7 minute walk

C. 7 minutes’ walk

D. 7 minute’s walk

——.

——With pleasure.That’s what I'm expecting.[哈尔滨]

A.two or three days' B.two or three day's time C.two or three days' time

I'm going on holiday on the 12th.I have to be back at work on the 26th.So I've got two_______ holiday.[临沂] A.weeks B.week's C.weeks' D.week

—Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?

—No, it’s about _______.(浙江宁波)

五、名词作主语时的主谓一致

主语为单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式,主语为复数,则谓语动词也用复数;主语形式上是单数,但表达复数意义,那么谓语动词要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义,则谓语动词也采用单数形式;谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。

六、语境中名词的选择

根据语境确定名词的词义,再根据句法进一步确定词形。

Studying in a foreign country is a different _____and you can learn a lot.[盐城]

A.event B.exercise C.experience D.exhibition

---Would you like some_________?

---No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all. [陕西省]

A. tea

B. water

C. bread

D. coffee

i. [沈阳]

A.information B.knowledge C.direction D.instruction

——I don't know how to use this machine.

一It doesn't matter.Here is the____.[江西]

A.instruction B.direction C.information D.advertisement ——What do you know about____?

——Line drawings that show how something works.[沈阳]

A.pictures B.diagrams C.programmes D.paintings

七、易混名词的区别

主要是要求区别一些常见的容易混淆的名词的用法。

---Look, the tall building looks very modern.

---Yes, and there is a garden on its ___________. A garden in the air! [河南省]

A. top

B. ground

C. side

D. floor

一How can I tell one tree from another?

一You can mostly tell them by the _________of their leaves.[07武汉市]

A.shape B size C.age D color

---Oh! There isn't enough _________ for us in the bus.

---No hurry. Let's wait for the next. [昆明市]

A. place

B. land

C. room

D. floor

0ur school held an activity called “ Books to Your Teachers”.The students made a

____of 1 000 books.[淄博]

A.note B.1ine C.menu D.1ist

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初中英语语法大全——名词 一、名词概述 1.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词。英语中的名词有可数名词和不可数名词之分;有其所有格形式;在句子中通常做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语等。 2.名词的分类 名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。普通名词又分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词与集体名词多数是可数名词,而物质名词与抽象名词多数是不可数名词。

二、名词的数 名词按照其可数性可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是指可以直接计算数目的名词。个体名词和集体名词多数是可数名词;不可数名词是指无法直接用数目计算的词。物质名词和抽象名词多数是不可数名词。 1.可数名词的数 在英语中,可以直接用数字进行计算的名词是可数名词,不能直接用数字进行计算的名词是不可数名词。通常个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,视为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词往往指泛指的物质或者抽象的概念,不能用具体的数字来表示,视为不可数名词。专有名词往往只指一个人或物,因此没有必要再用具体的数字来修饰,一般也视为不可数名词。

eg: I was having dinner at a restaurant. eg: The two children are playing table tennis in the school. eg: Mr.Black gave us some advice on how to learn English well. eg: Paris is the capital of France. ①规则复数变化形式 可数名词在表示两个或两个以上的概念时需要用复数形式。可数名词单数形式变成复数形式的一般规则如下表:

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