第六章：The System Unit
2011.5.10
11.Describe the four basic types of system units.
2.Discuss how a computer uses binary codes to
represent data in electronic form.
3.Describe each of the major system unit components.
4.Discuss microprocessors, including specialty
processors.
5.Describe the different types of memory.
6.Discuss expansion slots and boards.
7.Describe the five principal types of expansion buses.
8.Discuss the four standard ports.
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System unit 系统装置System cabinet 系统箱desktop system units
台式机系统装置notebook system units
笔记本电脑系统装置tablet PC system units
平板电脑系统装置handheld computer system units 手持式电脑系统装置PDA个人电子助理器
analog 模拟
digital 数码的，数字的
binary system 二进制系统
bit 比特
byte 字节
binary coding schemes
二进制编码体制
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ASCII=American Standard
Code for Information
Interchange
美国信息交换标准代码
EBCDIC=Extended Binary
Coded Decimal Interchange
Code
扩充的二进制编码的十
进制交换码
Unicode 统一码，万国码
system board
主板，系统板
motherboard 主板，母板
socket 插孔，插座
chip 集成电路片
silicon chip 硅片
semiconductor 半导体
integrated circuit 集成电路
carrier package包装盒
slot 狭缝，狭槽
bus line 总线
microprocessor 微处理器
control unit 控制器
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ALU= arithmetic-logic unit 运算器，算术逻辑单元arithmetic operation
算术运算
logical operation
逻辑运算
word 字
dual-core chip 双核芯片parallel processing 并行计算
coprocessor 协同处理器graphics coprocessor
图形协助处理器
smart card 智能卡
RFID tag 射频标签
5memory 内存
RAM=random access
memory 随机存取存储器
ROM=read-only memory
只读内存
CMOS=complementary
metal-oxide
semiconductor 互补金
属氧化物半导体
cache
缓存；快速缓冲贮存区
flash memory 闪存
virtual memory 虚拟内存
system clock 系统时钟
clock speed 时钟速度
expansion slot 扩展槽
expansion bus 扩展总线
graphics card
显卡；图像卡
sound card 声卡
modem card 调制解调卡
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NIC=network interface card 网卡；网络界面卡
TV tuner card
电视调谐卡
Plug and Play 即插即用PC card
PC卡；个人计算机卡bus line 总线线路
bus width 总线宽度system bus 系统总线ISA =industry standard
architecture
工业标准结构
PCI=peripheral component
interconnect
周边元件扩展接口
AGP=accelerated graphics
port 加速图形接口
USB=universal serial bus
通用串行总线
FireWire bus 火线总线
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port 端口
serial A TA = SA TA
串行A TA
musical instrument digital
interface = MIDI
音乐设备数字接口
Infrared Data Association =
IrDA 红外数据组织
cable 电线
power supply unit
电源供应装置
AC adapters
交流电适配器/AC适配器
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A B C D The data, when they are not encrypted, are called A B C D A virus is a A B C D Many viruses go resident in the memory like a ( ). A B C D Now, about ( ) different viruses account for all the viruses that actually spread in t A B C D
C、attack phase D、creaｔe phase 2、( ) maybe a certain cause that some viruses infect upon. A、a day B、a time C、an external event on your PC D、a counter within the virus 3、Many viruses do harmful things such as ( ). A、deleting files B、simulating typos C、slowing your PC down D、changing random data on your disk 4、If a virus simply reproduce and have no cause for an attack phase, but it will still ( ) without your permission. A、stealing storage B、pilfer CPU cycles C、del＿ete files D、play music 5、Some viruses, with no attack phase, often damage the programs or disks they infect bec ause they ( ). A、have bugs in them B、contain poor quality code C、steal storage D、show messages on your screen 第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分）
第一单元：计算机与计算机科学 课文A：计算机概览 一、引言 计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算 或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。 要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。不同类型和大小的计算 机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。计 算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。在几 乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的 工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各 样的信息源可供使用。同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。计算机犯罪 已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。 二、历史 第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯.帕斯卡于1642年设计的，它是数 字计算机的先驱。这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。17世纪70 年代，德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德.威廉.莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台 也能做乘法的机器。 法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽.雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复 杂图案的编织。在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼.何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅 卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的 系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。 1、分析机 也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯.巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。 他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙 人，数学家奥古斯塔.埃达.拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。巴比奇的设计之一，分析 机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。它有一个以一叠穿孔卡片的形式存在的输入流、一个保存 数据的“仓库”、一个进行算术运算的“工厂”和一个产生永久性纪录的打印机。巴比奇未 能将这个想法付诸实践，尽管在那个时代它在技术上很可能是可行的。 2、早期的计算机 模拟计算机是19世纪末开始制造的。早期型号是靠转动的轴和齿轮来进行计算的。用任 何其他方法都难以计算的方程近似数值，可以用这样的机器来求得。开尔文勋爵制造了一台 机械潮汐预报器，这实际上就是一台专用模拟计算机。第一次和第二次世界大战期间，机械 模拟计算系统，以及后来的电动模拟计算系统，在潜艇上被用作鱼雷航线预测器，在飞机上 被用作轰炸瞄准具的控制器。有人还设计了另一个系统，用于预测密西西比河流域春天的洪 水。 3、电子计算机 第二次世界大战期间，以伦敦北面的布莱切利公园为工作地点的一组科学家和数学家， 制造了最早的全电子数字计算机之一：“巨人”。到1943年12月，这个包含了1500个真空管 的“巨人”开始运转了。它被以艾伦.图灵为首的小组用于破译德国用恩尼格码加密的无线 电报，他们的尝试大部分是成功的。 除此而外，在美国，约翰.阿塔纳索夫和克利福德.贝里早在1939年就在艾奥瓦州立学院
习题+答案 2.1 Write T or F to each stateme nt T6. An asynchronous device is a clocked device. T7. A latch is an asynchronous device, because it functions at arbitrary times. T8. The repetiti on of clock pulse can vary from very low rate to very high rate. T9. A synchronous device changes its state only on the arrival of a clock pulse. F10. A clock in put may occur at any time. T11. The clock pulses are used to synchronize all operations of the shift register. T13. A uni direct ional shift register is capable of shift ing in one direct ion only. F14. I n a shift-left register the serial in put determ ines what goes into the leftmost position during the shift register. F15. To provide parallel tran sfer capability some additi onal in put and output lines should be provided to the shift register. Choose the best an swer for each of the follow ing 1. How can the output of a logic gate be en ergized? C A By cha nging its in puts. B By rema ining its in puts un cha nged. C By meet ing the specific in put con diti on. D By givi ng a pulse. 3. A NAND gate con sists of D . A an OR gate followed by an in verter B an AND gate followed by an in verter C an AN D gate followed by an OR gate D an in verter followed by an AND gate 4. Un der what con diti on is the output of a two-i nput XOR gate logic-high? B A Its in puts are simulta neously at the same logic level. B Its in puts are simulta neously at opposite logic levels. C Its in puts are logic-low. D its in puts are simulta neously logic-high. 2.2 Write T or F for each stateme nt T 1. The CPU uses the in put and output un its to com muni cate with the outside world. F2. Main memory is sometimes called exter nal memory. F3. After execution the program and the related files of data and files of information will be retained in the main memory for later use. F4. Personal computers have not the features of the larger system.. T5. Large systems offer higher process ing speeds for user and retur n more data tha n PCs.
第9单元电子商务 第一部分听力和对话 对话：使用在线支付服务保护消费者的隐私 (Henry非常兴奋地在一家网上书店中发现了自己期待已久的图书，但是当得知系统要 求通过账号支付时，他犹豫了。) Henry: 最近互联网上信用卡账号的公然欺骗无疑为我们敲响了警钟。在进行在线交易时，我们并不知道要把自己的信用卡账号告诉谁。 Mark: 也许你可以使用第三方支付服务来保证在线支付更简单、更安全。 Henry: 什么是第三方支付服务？ Sophie: 简单地说，在使用第三方支付服务时，你可以把自己的资金转移到一个在线账号中，然后从那个账号中进行支付。这样就不用把自己的真实信用卡或银号账户信息暴露在网络上了。 Henry: 这种方法听起来更安全。有哪些第三方支付服务可以方便地使用？ Mark:在美国最受欢迎的服务是eBay公司掌控的PayPal,但也有一些其他的服务，如https://www.doczj.com/doc/d116895953.html, Payment等。以最简单的支付为例，例如在线拍卖或简单的网站销售，销售商只需要向买家提供他们的E-mail地址，而买家向销售商的PayPal账号进行适当的支付。Henry: 我明白了。 Sophie: 做出选择之后，建议你留意选择更加安全服务的一些细节。 Henry: 什么是更加安全服务的一些细节呢？ Sophie: 首先，阅读隐私政策，并确保自己同意其中的条款。如果不同意，可以继续选择其他的安全服务。此外，确认网站符合权威部门规定的特定的标准（查验同意的盖章）。这些的确都是非常重要但是有时被用户忽略的步骤。 Mark: 当使用第三方支付服务时，Henry,请记住千万不要回复来自第三方支付服务机构发送的要求确认如密码或其他私人身份识别信息等与账号细节相关的电子邮件。这些邮件很可能是身份盗窃骗局，如网络钓鱼。 Henry: 那么，怎样才能更安全地确认或处理我的账号细节呢？ Sophie: 如果需要确认或更新账号信息或者修改密码，我建议你可通过个人书签或者在浏览器中直接输入支付服务网站的URL来访问相应的网站。 Henry: 如何进一步确认卖家能够提供有效的支付服务？ Mark: 你可以通过查看卖家在几个月或更长的时间内是否为支付服务机构的有效成员来确定。有些网站还允许用户查看卖家的评价，虽然这些评价并不能作为保证，但是却是非常有用的信息。 Sophie: 切记，Henry,不要用自己的账号把资金转移到一个你不认识的人的账号里。这可能是一种高级的资金诈骗。还有，当你要购买一些诸如珠宝或者计算机等昂贵的物品时，尤其是在节假日或者商铺中售出的物品时，需要多加小心。 Henry: 好的。现在我对进行安全在线支付更加有信心了。非常感谢你们的见议。 练习
Homework of Chapter One 1. Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Select the best answer for each question below. When you are finished, check your answers by clicking the 'Check Answers' button at the bottom of the page. 1. People, procedures, software, hardware, and data are the five parts of a(n) competency system computer system information system software system 2. Procedures are typically documented in manuals written by computer specialists end users Microsoft service providers 3. Which of the following is an example of connectivity data hard disk
Internet power cord 4. Windows 7 is an example of a(n) application software browser operating system shareware 5. The most powerful type of computer. mainframe computers microcomputers minicomputers supercomputers 6. The system component that controls and manipulates data in order to produce information is called the keyboard microprocessor monitor mouse
Project Six Multimedia TEACHING OBJECTIVE 1. Master all the professional terms in this Unit. 2. Develop the students’ reading abilities. 3. P ractice the dialogue to improve he students’ communication ability. 4. .I mprove t he students’ the writing ability TEACHING APPROACH: 1. Method of Lecture 2. TBLT（Task Based Language Teaching ） 3. CLTA (Communicative Language Teaching Approach) IMPORTANT POINTS: 1. Words and terms 2. comprehension ability of professional articles DIFFICULT POINTS: 1 .How to grasp the main idea of the paragraph. 2. How to use specialized English knowledge to finish professional tasks in English environment. 2.TIME ALLOTMENT: 1) Theoretical learning (4课时） 2) Practical learning（2课时） 3 ) Occupation English（2课时） 4) Simulated writing:（2课时） TEACHING PROCEDURE:
Unit 5 Section A Software Design （软件设计） Design is defined in [IEEE610.12-90] as both “the process of defining the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a system or component ” and “the result of that process.” Viewed as a process, software design is the software engineering life cycle activity in which software requirements are analyzed in order to produce a description of the software ’s internal structure that will serve as the basis for its construction. More precisely, a software design (the result) must describe the software architecture -- that is how software is decomposed and organized into components -- and the interfaces between those components. It must also describe the components at a level of detail that enable their construction. Software design plays an important role in developing software: it allows software engineers to produce various models that form a kind of blueprint of the solution to be implemented. We can analyze and evaluate these models to determine whether or not they will allow us to fulfill the various requirements. We can also examine and evaluate various alternative solutions and trade-offs . Finally, we can use the resulting models to plan the subsequent development activities, in addition to using them as input and the starting point of construction and testing. In a standard listing of software life cycle processed such as IEEE/EIA 12207 Software Life Cycle Processes [IEEE 12207.0-96], software design consists of two activities that fit between software requirements analysis and software construction: Software architectural design (sometimes called top level design): describing software ’s top-level structure and organization and identifying the various components. Software detailed design: describing each component sufficiently to allow for its construction.
计算机专业英语教程Array第三版练习参考答案 Unit 1 [Ex 1] 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F [Ex 2] 1. input, storage, processing, and output 2. power; speed; memory 3. central processing unit 4. internal; primary; memory 5. keyboard; central processing unit; main memory; monitor [Ex 3] A. 1. F 2. D 3. G 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. E 8. H B. 1. user 2. monitor 3. data 4. keyboard 5. data processing 6. information 7. computer 8. memory [Ex 4] 1. input device 2. screen, screen 3. manipulates 4. instructions 5. retrieve 6. code 7. hard copy 8. function [Ex 5] 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F Unit 2 [Ex 1] 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F [Ex 2] 1. sizes, shapes, processing capabilities 2. supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, microcomputers 3. mainframe computer 4. microcomputers, storage locations 5. protables, laptop computers/notebook/palm-sized computer. desktop workstations 6. semiconductor 7. CPU, memory, storage, devices, processing, users 8. microprocessor chip [Ex 3] A. 1. C 2. A 3. H 4. I 5. E 6. F 7. G 8. B B. 1. capacity 2. device 3. laptop computer 4. Portable computers 5. Silicon 6. semiconductor 7. workstation 8. voltage 9. RAM 10. ROM [Ex 4] 1. portable 2. access 3. main memory 4. sophisiticated programs 5. processing capability 6. instructions 7. computation 8. computer professional [Ex 5] 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T 11. F 13. T 14. T Unit 3 [Ex 1] 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 11. T 12. F 13. F 14. T [Ex 2] 1. microprocessor 2. bus 3. register 4. control unit 5. processor 6. binary 7. arithmetic, logical 8. milliseconds, nanoseconds. 9. instruction 10. execution 11. megahertz 12. wordsize [Ex 3] A. 1. F 2. A 3. J 4. C 5. D 6. E 7. H 8. I 9. B 10. G B. 1. Storage 2. chip 3. registers 4. ALU 5. bus 6. control unit 7. machine language 8. binary system 9. bits 10. computer program [Ex 4] 1. configuration 2. converts 3. data buses 4. characters
Unit Five: Software Process Unit Five/Section A I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. off-the-shelf 1 2. exclusive 2 3. cascade 3 4. requirements; integration 4 5. throwaway 5 6. immediate; stable 67. reuse-oriented; framework 78. software; compromises II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1 1. system specification 系统规格说明 2 2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试 3 3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期） 4 4. system validation testing 系统验证测试 5 5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程 6 6. simple linear model 简单线性模型 77. program unit 程序单元 88. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型 99. text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化 1010. system evolution 系统演变 1111. 系统设计范例system design paradigm 1212. 需求分析与定义requirements analysis and definition 1313. 探索式编程方法exploratory programming approach 1414. 系统文件编制system documentation 1515. 瀑布模型waterfall model 1616. 系统集成system integration 1717. 商用现成软件commercial off-the-shelf ( 或COTS) software 1818. 基于组件的软件工程component-based software engineering (CBSE) 1919. 软件维护工具software maintenance tool 2020. 软件复用software reuse III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of
计算机专业英语作业答案（供参考） 计算机专业英语作业1 第1－3章作业 一．V ocabulary( 词汇) (一)．Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese(写出下列词组的汉语。) 1．central processing unit（CPU）中央处理器 2.title bar 标题栏 3．operating system 操作系统4．personal computer 个人计算机 5．menu bar 菜单栏6．desk publishing 桌面排版 7．electronic spreadsheet 电子表格8．hard disk 硬盘 9．database 数据库10．Cursor 光标 (二)．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English abbreviations.(根据汉语写出相应的英语缩写。) 1．随机存储器RAM 2．只读存储器ROM 3．传输控制协议TC P 4．数字视频光盘DVD 5．通用串行总线USB 6．计算机辅助设计CAD 7．计算机辅助制造CAM 8．中央处理器CPU (三)．Translate the following Chinese into English.(根据汉语写出相应的英语。) 1．键盘keybord 2．鼠标mouse 3．扫描仪scanner 4．打印机printer 5．输入input 6．输出output 7．显示器monitor 8．存储器storage 9．数据库database
10．操作系统operating system 11．应用软件application software 12．字处理器word processor 13．网络浏览器web browser 1 / 18 二．Tell whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F).(判断正误。) 1．As soon as you turn the computer off, the contents of RAM will disappear. (√) 2．Windows XP is Microsoft's most advanced desktop operating system. (√) Software can be divided into two general classes: system software and application ．3software. ()√4．Microsoft Word XP is a member of Microsoft office 2000 . (×) 5．Application software (also called end-user program) is designed to perform a specific function directly for the user. (√) 6. Without systems software, application software in a computer is useless. (√) 7. WinZip, WinRAR and Microsoft's Internet Explorer are all data compression software. (×) 8. Word doesn't have the feature to accessing to World Wide Web. (×) 9. Menu bar displays the names of the application and document. (×) 10. Microsoft Word can help you design and manipulate spreadsheet electronically. (×). 三．Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right column.(将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配。) （一）． a. 操作系统CPU）1. central processing unit（ b. 2. hardware 输入. c. 3. RAM(random access memory) 只读存储器 d. 4. ROM(read-only memory) 应用软件 5. input e . 中央处理器 6. output f . 系统软件 7. operating system g. 硬件 8. application software h. 随机存储器 9. system software i. 内存 j. 10. memory 输出 1．e 6. j ．g 2．7a d 8. 3．h 2 / 18 4．c 9. f 5．b 10. i (二) ． 1. binary system a an input device
Chapter1 Competencies After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain the five parts of an information system: people, procedures, software, hardware, and data. 2. Distinguish between system software and application software. 3. Discuss the three kinds of system software programs. 4. Distinguish between basic and specialized application software. 5. Identify the four types of computers and the four types of microcomputers. 6. Describe the different types of computer hardware including the system unit, input, output, storage, and communication devices. 7. Define data and describe document, worksheet, database, and presentation files. 8. Explain computer connectivity, the wireless revolution, and the Internet. 第一章能力 当你阅读本章，你应该能够： 1。解释了信息系统的五个部分：人，程序，软件， 硬件和数据。
Unit 5 Ex1: 1 T 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 F 6 F 7 F 8 T 9 T 10 T 11F 12T 13F 14F 15T 16T 17F 18T 19F 20F 21T 22T 23T EX2 1.mail, courier 2.hub, star 3.local area network 4.packets 5.Ethernet 6.kilobits per second, megabits per second, gigabits per second 7.circuit switching 8.reassembled 9.internet protocol, transmission control protocol 10.datagrams 11.frames 12.binary, decimal EX3 part A 1 C 2 E 3 B 4 F 5 A 6 D 7 H 8 G EX3 part B 1.hub 2.zipped 3.decimal 4.frame 5.binary number 6.internet 7.packet 8.bandwidth EX4 1.forwarded 2.reassembled 3.are encapsulated 4.cable 5.bursty 6.submit 7.are retransmitted 8.protocol EX5
1.IP address 2.notation 3.dotted-decimal https://www.doczj.com/doc/d116895953.html,puter network 5.background 6.shared 7.geographic 8.privacy Exercise to the Passage for Reading EX6 1.有意为维修技师使用所留 2.被弃的、丢失的或损坏了的数据都进了数据桶。 3.比大多数人怀疑的那样有更少的相同之处。 4.只能由真正有特殊才能的人所打造的核心技术。 5.程序和文件 6.（1）和拓展程序所能（5）敏感信息的干涉者 7.隐藏的特性和控制开发复杂性 8.（2）意在用权宜而不清晰的方式解决某一特别难以解决情形的聪明的编程窍门。 9.不能很好地和人沟通 10.对程式，数据结构或整个程序 11.互相指责别人和不适当的团组有关 12.（1）打免费长途电话（2）但并不限于通讯网络 13.眼部疲劳 14.（1）他们认为微不足道或令人讨厌的问题。 15.没人能发现这些漏洞，或者，即便发现了，也不会探究利用。 16.受雇攻入某地以检测其安全性 17.用了很多GO To语句，例外语句或其它非结构化的分支构造 18.其后，没有定时作适当的压制（炸弹爆炸）的工作， 19.善意 20.在发布前很久 21.这种技术可能不能运转，如果真是这样，人们再不会知道是为什么 22.在Suns系统中，是L1—A，在苹果机中，是！ 23.它完全不起作用，系统想做些什么，但被卡住了，不能取得进展 24.（1）指与计算机软硬件相对的人的神经系统，（2）此计算机系统的软硬件 25.在紧急关头，能很快找到程序缺陷并予以修复 26.指头脑封闭的人 Unit 6 Unit6 EX1 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 F 7 F 8 T 9 T 10 F 11F 12F 13T
第一章（计算机系统概论） digital computer 数字计算机 decimal digits 十进制数字 binary 二进制 bit 位 ASCII 美国国家信息交换标准代码 computer system 计算机系统 hardware system 硬件系统 software system 软件系统 I/O devices 输入输出设备 central processing unit(CPU) 中央处理器memory 存储器 application software 应用软件 video game 计算机游戏 system software 系统软件 register 寄存器 floating point data浮点数据 Boolean布尔值 character data字符数据 EBCDIC扩充的二十一进制交换代码 punched cards穿孔卡片 magnetic tape磁带 main memory主存 vacuum tubes电子管 magnetic drum磁鼓 transistors晶体管 solid-state devices固体器件 magnetic cores磁芯 integrated circuit（IC）集成电路 silicon chip硅芯片 multiprogramming多道程序设计 timessharing分时分时技术 minicomputers小型计算机 mainframe大型计算机 large-scaleintegrated(LSI)大规模集成 very-large-scale integrated(VLSI)超大规模集成word processing文字处理 eletronic spreedsheets电子表格 database management programs数据库管理程序desktop publishing桌面印刷personalcomputer(PC)个人计算机microcomputer微型计算机 storage capacities存储容量 stand-alone computer独立计算机 local area network(LAN)局域网 peripheral devices外部设备 assembly line流水线 supercomputer巨型计算机 第二章（计算机系统结构） memmory subsystem存储子系统 I/O subsystem输入输出子系统 bus总线 system bus系统总线 chip 芯片 address bus地址总线 instructions指令 memory location存储单元 data bus数据总线 control bus控制总线 local bus 局部总线 microprocessor微处理器 register set寄存器组 arithmetic logic unit(ALU)运算器 clock cycle时钟周期 control unit控制器 computer architecture计算机体系结构introduction format指令格式 addressing modes寻址方式 introduction set指令集 internal memory内存 main memory主存 Random Access Memory(RAM)随机存取存储器Read Only Memory (ROM)只读存储器secondary storage副主存储器 vitual memory虚拟存储器 Dynamic RAM(DRAM)动态存储器 refresh circuitry刷新电路 Static RAM(SRAM)静态RAM cache memory高速缓冲存储器 masked ROM掩膜ROM PROM可编程RAM EPROM可擦写PROM ultraviolet light紫外线 EEPROM or EEPROM电擦写PROM basic input/output system(BIOS)基本输入输出系统flash EEPROM 快闪存储器