命题点4 猜测词义
本类考题解答锦囊
英语的一个显著特点是它庞大的词汇数量。即使一个拥有上万单词量的人在阅读英语读物中也难免会遇到生词。如果每遇到生词，就查阅词典，不但会降低阅读速度，而且往往使阅读变得索然无味。据调查，影响人们阅读理解的，首先是词汇。因此学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰，降低生词率是十分必要的。
任何一个买词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。NMET阅读理解中猜测词义的考查内容既可以是文中的生词，也可以是熟词新义、短语或句子。但都要求考生根据上下文线索(即具体语境)作出推断。此类题的提问形式一般有：
1. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to"... "?
2. The underlined word, means_______.
3. The underlined phrase, means_______.
4. Theun derlined sentence,means_______.
利用上下文的提示猜测词义的方法有如下几种：
1.根据定义或解释猜测词义
【例题】
(1)A calendar is a list of the days,weeks,months of a particular year.
根据定义, calendar 的意思是日历.。
(2)A biography is the story of a person's life written by someone else 根据定义， biography 的
意思是凡别人写的生平叫做传记。
(3)Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the USA--money, Success or expensive things to buy.
2.破折号后而的内容是对 value 一词的具体解释。
【例题】
(1)He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.根据耻下文学语境意义，可悟出 quickly 与 hasty 同义。
(2)Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味), we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.根据上下文语境意义得知 raw meat 即是 meat that is uncooked. Raw 与uncooked 表示相同意思生的，未煮过的。
(3)--1 think we are being watched.
--Really? What makes you think we are under surveillance?根据语境，可判断出 being watched -15 under surveillance 是同义关系。
(4)During the concert, the children were quiet but afterwards, they became boiaterous.
but 表示转折意思，因此 bomterous 是 quiet 的反义词，意思为吵吵嚷嚷的。
(5)Unlike her gregarious sister,Jane is a shy person,who does not like to go to parties,or to make new friends.
unlike 是关键词，它表示Jane与她的姐姐完全不同。根据后面对Jane的描述“…ashyper son,．．．not like to go parties or to make new froends'，可得知gregarious的意思是好交际的。
3．根据举例
【例题】
(1)Scientists are studying how birds such ternsmigrate．
根据举例法(such as)，得知terns是一种鸟。
(2)Today young couples whoare just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances?for example，washing--machines，fridges and color TVs．
根据举例法(for example)，得知appUances是指washing-machines，fridges and co1or TVs这类家用电器。
(3)Several other gases，such as argon，comprise the remaining one per cent of the vo1ume of dry air．
SUChas提示argon为某种气体。
4．根据因果关系。
【例题】
(1)She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading．
because之前的分句表示结果，之后的分句表示原因，可推理，她没有听见的原因是她完全被阅读吸引住了或她正全神贯注地看书。因此engrossed的意思是被吸引的，全神贯注的。
(2)The noise was so faint that it was impossible to besure what it was or even where it came fronL So．．．that．．．，结构引导的句子也表示因果关系。因此可判断出faint在此句中的意思是微弱的。声音太弱，以致不能确认是什么声音或是从哪里发出的。
(3)ThiS kind of flower thrives in this area because the weather is warm，the Soil is excellent，and there iS a lot of rain。
because一词决定了flower与warm weather，excellent sOil，a10t Of rain之间是因果关系。
因此thdves的意思是茂盛成长。
5．根据句意或上下文语境
例1 If he think she can invitemeout，he is all wet．I don't like to be with the them.
A. drunk B．sweating C．happy D．mistaken
【解析】根据第二句我不喜欢跟他在一起，可推断出，如果他认为他能约我出去，那他就错了。这两句话实际上暗含因果关系。
【答案】 D
例2 At the age of 77，John was still playing a skill ful game of tennis，ran four miles everydday and seldom missed his daily swim．For a man of his age he was extremelyrobust．
According to the short passage，the word“robust”，probably means________.
A。strange B．weak C．strong ninteresting
【答案】 C 根据语境的意思，一个77岁的人还能如此运动，可以说是身体不错，因此可以推断robust 是strong强壮的意思。
由此可见猜测词义离不开上下文、离不开具体语境。
Ⅰ高考最新热门题
1. (典型例题，E卷)
T-shirts out; uniforms in
School uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U. S. A. That's no surprise, because they offer many benefits. They immediately end the powerful social sorting and labeling (标记) that come from clothing. If all students are dressed in the same way, they will not pay too much attention to their clothing, and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the "wrong'clothes.
Some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rule-- wanting to look just like their friends. The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down.
As in other places, uniforms remind the wearers of their purpose and duties. For example, when a man or woman puts on a police uniform, he or she becomes, for a time, the symbol (象征) of taw
and order. The uniform means to the wearer his or her special duties and sends the same message to everyone the wearer meets. People with different jobs wear uniforms of one kind or another. For students, the school uniform reminds them that their task for the six or seven hours they are in school is to get an education.
Some parents are unhappy about uniforms, saying that school uniforms will affect their children's" creativity". First, as noted above, the clothes students choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality (个性). They just copy their classmates. Second, students have the rest of the day to be as creative as they like. While they're in school, their job is to master reading, writing, and math; this should take up all the creativity they have. Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.
1. In Paragraph 1, the word "benefits"probably means________.
A. tasks
B. messages
C. differences
D. advantages
2. From the passage we learn that uniforms in general________.
A. prevent the wearers from being laughed at
B. help the wearers keep their duties in mind
C. are seen as a symbol of power
D. help to create social barriers
3. Some people are against school uniforms because ________.
A. they fail to realize that students have accepted the uniforms
B. they believe that uniforms will make students less creative
C. they don't agree that uniforms can remove social barriers
D. they think that school uniforms are too popular
4. The author would probably agree that
A. it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or not
B. students' individuality may not come from school education
C. students' creativity is related to' the clothes they choose
D. school uniforms help to create equality among students
命题目的与解题技巧：本文有关题考查学生猜测词义能力。做这类题的关键是学生根据上下文线索(即具体语境)作出推断。
【解析】本文是一篇关于是否该穿校服的争论的议论文。有人认为校服会扼杀孩子的创造性，但很显然作者是同意穿校服的，认为穿校服可以在学生中间培养公平意识。
【答案】 1．D 猜测词义。从下文看，作者例数校服的诸多好处，显然“benifits"在此有“优点，好处”之义。其他三词tasks(任务)，messages(信息)，differences(不同)，意思相差甚远。
2．B 细节推断。从第三段第一句话“AsinOtherplaces，uni forms remind the wearers of their purpose and duties"可推知，制服(unifontt)帮助穿衣者时刻记住其职责。
3．B 细节题。从最后一段第一句：“Someparents．．．，sayin8 that school uniforms will affect their children'screatiVity"可直接选出答案。
4．D 主旨推断题。纵览全文，作者的观点是认为学生穿校服可以培养公平意识，对于创造性可以在其他时间和事件中培养。
Passage 1(典型例题B)
These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.
Green building means "reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land" Taryn Holowka
of the U.S Green Building Council in Washington, D. C. said.
According to Holowka, buildings account for(占了) 65 percent of total U. $. electricity use. But green buildings can reduce energy and water use. Also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, so that people can drive their cars less. That could be good for the environment, because ears use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don't destroy forests.
Marty Dettling is the project manager for a building that put these ideas into action. The Solaire has been called the country's first green high-rise building. According to Dettling, "We've reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent. '
The Solaire cuts energy in part by using so]ar power. "On the lace of the building we have solar panels which change the sun's energy into electricity,'Dettling explained.
The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room. In addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.
Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, "It's going to be big." 1. In the second paragraph, the underlined words "the building" most probably refer to________.
A. an ordinary building
B. an. energy-saving building
C. a green-colored building
D. a building in Washington, D. C.
答案:A 指导：文章第一段第二句首先介绍了当今的Green building的概念是环保型的houses，factories 和offices。第二段第一句指出环保型建筑就是要减少thebuilding所造成的(不良)影响。由此町判断thebuiding为普通建筑。
2. A green building is often built on an area of land________.
A. which has thick forests around
13. which has already been used for building
C. where people of high income live
D. where traveling around by car is most convenient
答案: B 指导：根据第四段倒数第一句可知。第四段讲了green buiding对于环境等的优点，A、C、D项内容本段未提及。
3. When Holowka says in the last paragraph, "It's going to be
big", she means that green buildings________.
A. will be more comfortable
B. will become popular in the future
C. will be more environmentally friendly
D. will take the place of traditional buildings
答案: B 指导：根据前面几段对于green buiding优点的介绍，再根据最后一句中的anyhow所表达的逻辑关系进行推理，可知答案。
4. What is the main subject discussed in the text?
A. Dettling designed the first green building in the U. S.
B. Energy shortage calls for buildings of new design.
C. Green buildings help save environment.
D. The Solaire serves as a model of high buildings.
答案:C 指导：文章第一段介绍greenbuilding是环保型的，下面又分段分绍它的优点，最后一段介绍其前景，因此可判断C为正确答案。
Passage 2(典型例题E)
Every year more people recognize that it is wrong to kill wildlife for "sport". Progress in this direction is slow because shooting is not a sport for watching, and only those few who take part realize the cruelty and destruction.
The number of gunners, however, grows rapidly. Children too young to develop proper iudgments through independ- ent thought are led a long way away by their gunning parents. They are subjected to advertisements of gun producers who describe shooting as good for their health and guncarrying as a way of putting redder blood in the veins (血管). They are persnaded by gunner magazines with stories honoring the chase and the kill. In school they view motion pictures which are supposedly meant to teach them how to deal with arms safely but which are actually designed to stimulate (刺激) a desire to own a gun.
Wildlife is disappearing because of shooting and because of the loss of wildland habitat (Jfl~,~,J~). Habitat loss will contin- ue with our increasing population, but can we slow the loss of wildlife caused by shooting? There doesn't seem to be any chance if the serious condition of our birds is not improved.
Wildlife belongs to everyone and not to the gunners alone. Although most people do not shoot, they seem to forgive shooting for sport because they know little or nothing about it. The only answer, then, is to bring the truth about sport shooting to the great majority of people.
Now, it is time to realize that animals have the same right to life as we do and that there is nothing fair or right about a person with a gun shooting the harmless and beautiful creatures. The gunners like to describe what they do as character- building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy. If, as they would have you believe, gun-carrying and killing improve human character, then perhaps we should encourage war.
1. According to the text, most people do not seem to be against hunting because________.
A. they have little knowledge of it
B. it helps to build human character
C. it is too costly to stop killing wildlife
D. they want to keep wildlife under control
答案: A 指导：第四段第二句是解此题的关键句。
2. The underlined word "agony"in the last paragraph probably means________.
A. form
B. condition
C. pain
D. sadness
答案: C 指导：通过画线词所在句子中的but所表达的转折关系可推出该词的含义。
3. According to the text, the films children watch at school actually ________.
A. teach them how to deal with guns safely
B. praise hunting as character-building
C. describe hunting as an exercise
D. encourage them to have guns of their own
答案: D指导：第二段最后一句是解本题的关键。
4. It can be inferred from the text that the author seems to________.
A. blame the majority of people
B. worry about the existence of wildlife
C. be in favour of war
D. be in support of character-building
答案: B 指导：本文最后一段反映出作者反对持枪捕措，从而揭示作者对于野生动物的生存的担忧之情。Passage 3(典型例题)
Millions of aircraft take off around the world every year. The skies they fly in seem limitless --miles of empty space. But, with the number offlights increasing each year, this emptiness no longer exists. Researchers in the world of aviation (航空) are worried about the increasing pressure on pilots and ground controllers. And increasing collisions, occurring at or near an airport, have called attention to the need for more aids (辅助设备) to aviation control.
People who travel the skies are not certain about air safety. A great deal of money is spent on new and bigger aircraft and airports to deal with the vast increase in passengers travelling by air. Only a small percentage of this money is spent on navigation (导航) and other aids. Actually, suitable electronic equipment has long existed, and many companies market safety aids designed to make it safer for aircraft to take off, fly any distance, any land, whatever the weather. Yet, there are two problems to be solved. The first is to get governments, airlines and airport officials to agree to basic levels of safety aids. The second problem is to find a way of meeting these basic requirements.
But no matter how well the equipment works, operators of the equipment still play an important role. Communications between pilots and ground controllers are extremely important to air safety. It is worth pointing out that the mishearing or misunderstanding of instructions in English, and the use of another language, in an international conversation, have led to two recent aircraft accidents. A new type of instrument (仪器) called FLIGHTWATCH would help pilots prevent airport collisions. It would be particularly helpful near airports.
1. The increasing number of flights leads to the fact that________.
A. flying is no longer limited in the sky
B. there is no empty space for aids to aviation control
C. piloting and controlling planes is getting more difficult
D. the pressure on the ground becomes greater
答案: C 指导：第一段第三句话"Researchersi in．．．thepressure on pilots and ground controllers"意思是世界航空研究者们担心飞行员和地面导航的日益增长的压力，正好与C项吻合。
2. There is uncertainty about air safety because .
A. planes become bigger for the increasing number of passengers
B. money spent on electronic equipment is far from enough
B. suitable electronic equipment hasn't been invented yet
D. it is dangerous for planes to take off or land
答案: B 指导：根据第二段第一句话"Peoplewhotravel theskies are not certainabout airsafet／’和最后三句话"Yet，thereare twoproblemstobesolvedo．．．”可知B为最佳选项。
3. The underlined word "collisions"probably means
A. accidents in which two planes hit each other
B. misunderstandings between pilots and ground controllers
C. quarrels among passengers
D. breakdowns of new types of instrument
答案: A 指导：根据第一段第二句和第三句“飞机好像在几公里这么宽的无限制空间中飞行”，“然而随着飞机数量的增多，这种无限的空间不存在了”。由于空间有限，所以撞机事件时有发生。
4. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. governments and officials have paid great attention to air safety
B. there should be more companies to sell new safety aids
C. English should be used in an international conversation
D. understanding between pilots and ground controllers should be improved
答案:D指导：根据第三段第二句“Communicationsbetween pilots and ground controllers are extremely important to air safety”可知，D为最佳选项，句意为：飞行员和地面人员的交流对飞行安全是极为重要的。
Passage 4(典型例题)
Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding?
To see whether babies know objects are solid, T. Bowerdesigned a method for projecting an optical illusion (视觉影像) of a hanging ball. His plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could reach out and touch, and then to show them the illusion. If they knew that objects are solid and they reached out for the illusion and found empty air, they could be expected to show surprise in their faces and movements. All the 16-to-24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there.
Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. But does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land?
Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. When 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to reappear. If the experiment- er took the train off the table and iifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. This seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object permanence. But the second part of the experiment showed that this was not really the case. The researcher substituted (替换) a ball for the train when it went behind the screen. The 22-week-old babies seemed surprised and looked back to the left side for the train. But the 16-week-old babies did not seem to notice the switch(更换). Thus, the 16-week-old babies seemed to have a sense of "something permanence", while the 22-week-old babies had a sense of object permanence related to a particular object.
1. The passage is mainly about________.
A. babies' sense of sight
B. effects of experiments on babies
C. babies' understanding of objects
D. different tests on babies' feelings
答案:C 指导：本文属于说明文，说明文的中心大多在第一段就给予介绍，本文也不例外，所以要想找出本文中心，重点看文章第一段，尤其是文章第一段的最后一句。
2. In Paragraph 3, "object permanence'means that when out of
sight, an object________.
A. still exists
B. keeps its shape
C. still stays solid
D. is beyond reach
答案: A 指导：根据本句后的两个句子判断。
3. What did Bower use in his experiments?
A. A chair.
B. A screen.
C. A film. O. A box.
答案: B 指导：根据最后一段第二句可判断。
4. Which of the following statements is, true?
A. The babies didn't have a sense of direction.
B. The older babies preferred toy trains to balls.
C. The younger babies liked looking for missing objects.
D. The babies couldn't tell a ball from its optical illusion.
答案: D 指导：A项：这些婴儿没有方向感；B项：年长一点的婴儿更喜欢玩具火车，而不喜欢球；C项：年幼一点的婴儿喜欢寻找丢失的东西；D项：这些婴儿不能辨别球和视觉影像。A、乙两项文章未提；文章中所提及的实验目的是看婴儿是否有asense of object permanence(物体存在概念)，并不是他们的爱好，因此B也要排除；文章第二段最后一句说明了用球做实验时，他们弄不清球和(球)所造成的视觉错觉影像。Passage 5(O4,湖北 C)
8: 30PM
Outlook
Outlook is back with a new series of reports to keep you up date with all that's new in the world of entertainment. Stories go all the way from the technical to the romantic, from stage to screen. There will be reports of the stars of the moment, the stars of the future and the stars of the past. The director with his new film, the designer with the latest fashion, and the musician with the popular song are part of the new Outlook. The program is introduced by Fran Levine.
9: 00PM
Discovery
When a 10-year-old boy gets a first class degree in mathematics or an 8-year-old plays chess like a future grand master, they are considered as geniuses. Where does the quality of genius come from? Is it all in the genes (基因)or can any child be turned in- to a genius? And if parents do have a child who might become a genius in the future, what should they do? In this 30-minute film, Barry John-son, the professor at School of Medicine, New York University will help you discover the answer. 10: OOPM
Seieaee/Heath
Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs? The answer is "yes". According to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. After a study of 800 persons with high blood pressure, they found that after 6 months those devoted to weight loss-exercise and eating a low-salt, low-fat food---lost about 13 pounds and became fitter. Plus, 35% of them dropped into the "normal"category (范畴). This week, Dr. Alan Duckworth will tell you how these people reduce their blood pressure to a level similar to what's achieved with Hypertension drugs.
1. The main purpose of writing these three texts is________.
A. to invite people to see films
B. to invite people to topic discussions
C. to attract more students to attend lectures
D. to attract more people to watch TV programs
答案: D 指导：根据所给的时间和节目的名字可知，这是电视上所播的三个节目。
2. From Outlook, you can get a great deal of information about________.
A. story tellers
B. famous stars
C. film companies
D. music fans
答案: B 指导：从第一句话中可知。
3. Who will be most probably interested in Discovery?
A. Parents who want to send their children to a school of medicine.
B. Children who are good at mathematics.
C. Parents who want their child to become another Albert Einstein.
D. Children who are interested in playing chess.
答案:C 指导：从句中“1f parents do have achild who might become genius in the future，what should they do?”可知此答案。
4. In Science/Health, "Johns Hopkins"is________.
A. a famous university
B. a medical center
C. a well-known doctor
D. a drug company
答案: B 指导：从句中“．．．according to the resarchers at Johns Hopk insandthree other medicalcenters"可知此答案。
5. According to the third text, which of the following has almost the same effect as Hypertension drugs?
A. Exercise plus a healthy diet.
B. Loss of thirteen pounds in weight.
C. Six months of exercise without drugs.
D. Low-salt and low-fat food.
答案:A 指导：从句中"Afterastudy of 800 persons。．．，those devoted toweight loss-exercise and eating a low-salt．．．”可知答案。
Ⅱ题点经典类型题
1.(典型例题 B)
Some time ago I discovered that one of my chairs had a broken leg. I didn't think there would be any difficulty in getting it mended, as there are a whole lot of antique (古董) shops near my home. So I left home one morning carrying the chair with me. I went into the first shop expecting a friendly reception (接待). I was quite wrong. The man wouldn't even look at my chair.
The second shop, though slightly more polite, was just the same, and the third and the fourth--so I decided that my approach must be wrong.
I entered the fifth shop with a plan in my mind. I placed the chair on the floor and said to the shopkeeper, "Would you like to buy a chair?"He looked it over carefully and said, "Yes, not a had chair. How much do you want for it, sir?""Twenty pounds,"I said, "OK,'he said. "I'll give you twenty pounds. ' "It's got a slightly broken leg,'I said. "Yes, I saw that, it's nothing." Everything was going according to plan and I was getting excited. "What will you do with it?"
I asked. "Oh, it will be easy to sell once the repair is done.' "I'11 buy it," I said. "What do you mean?" "You've just sold it to me,"he said. "Yes, I know but I've changed my mind. I am sorry. I'U give you twenty-seven pounds for it. ""You must be crazy,"he
said. Then, suddenly the penny dropped. "I know what you want. You want me to repair your chair.' "You're right,"I
said. "And what would you have done if I had walked in and said, "Would you mend this chair for me?" "I wouldn't have agreed to do it," he said. "We don't do repairs, not enough mon-
ey in it and too much trouble. But I'll mend this for you, shall we say for a fiver?" He was a very nice man and was greatly amused(感到有趣) by the whole thing.
1. We can learn from the text that in the first shop the writer________.
A. was rather impolite
B. was warmly recelved
C. asked the shopkeeper to buy his chair
D. asked the shopkeeper to repair his chair
2. The underlined word "approach"in the second paragraph
means________.
A. plan for dealing with things
B. decision to sell things
C. idea of repairing things
D. way of doing things
3. The expression "the penny dropped" in the last paragraph
means the shopkeeper.________.
A. changed his mind
B. accepted the offer
C. saw the writer's purpose
D. decided to help the writer
4. How much did the writer pay?.
A.￡5.
B.￡7.
C. ￡ 20.
D. ￡ 27.
5. From the text,we can learn that the writer was________.
A. honest
B. careful
C. smart
D. funny
命题目的与解题技巧：本文2、3题的命题目的是考察学生同义猜测能力。这类题的解题技巧：仔细读划线词的上下文，根据句意或上下文语境作出判断。
【解析】本文讲述了作者发现椅子坏了，于是请人修理椅子时所发生的一些事情。
【答案】 1．D 细节推断题。可用排除法，根据文意B、C很容易被排除，而A“作者很无礼”，文中并没有这样的提示，故选D。
2．D 词义猜测题。根据上下文猜测词义，作者前四次的境遇基本相同，当他走进第五个店时，由“Ientered．．．with a-- an．．．would you like to buy a chair?”我们知道他这次改变了方法，不再说修理，而是问店主是否愿意买椅子，所以答案应选 D,表示“做事的力法”。
3．C 词义猜测题。根据“the penny dropped”前面店主所说的“You must be crazy"，店主认为作者给他27镑买自己的椅子是不可理喻的，但是很快他又说“I know what you want． You want me to repair your chair”，表明他明白了作者的目的是希望他能帮他修理椅子。
4．A 细节题。nver意思是“五英镑钞票”，文章倒数第二句说明作者需付五英镑的劳务费。
5．C 概括总结题。纵观全文，作者在四次碰壁后，马上调整行为方式，最终达到了自己的目的，说明他很聪明。
Passage 1
Haikou: A shark was killed after being dragged to shore at Ya-long Berth beach in Sanya, South China's Hainan Province, on Sunday afternoon.
It was the first time a shark had been caught in the beach area, a popular tourist site in Hainan.
Local fishermen said they caught the 3-meter-long, 1-tonshark by chance when they were fishing in sea water 1,000 me- tres deep near the beach.
Police temporarily (暂时的) protected the shark while oceanographers decided whether it was a species belonging to State protection.
Fishermen later killed and sold the shark after oceanographers confirmed that it was a whale shark and therefore not under State protection.
The shark was believed to have drifted into the area from the deep sea due to strong waves caused last week by Typhoon Imbudo. It had no open injuries but experts said they believed it suffered
from internal (内部的) bleeding.
Local police officer Fu Chenggeng said beachgoers should not feel threatened by sharks because the fish never attack human beings on their own initiative. Fu said he had never heard of any shark attacks at the Sanya beach since he first started work there eight years ago.
However, police said they will improve the security system to safeguard tourists' safety on the beach. 1. The underlined word "confirmed "probably means ________.
A. said
B. believed
C. thought
D. made sure
答案: D 指导：关键词oceanographer指“海洋学者”，所以that从句后的内容是专家确定的内容。Passage 2
When I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings.
Week by week her list grew; I was very thin; I wasn't a good student. I talked too much; I was too proud, and so on. I tried to bear all these as long as I could. At last, I became very angry.
I ran to my father with tears in my eyes.
He listened to me quietly. Then he asked, "Are the things she says true or not? Janet, didn't you ever wonder what you are really like? Well, you now have that girl's opinion. Go and make a list of everything she said and mark the points that are true. Pay no attention to the other things she said.
I did as he told me. To my great surprise, I discovered that about half the things were true. Some of them I couldn't change like being very thin, but a good number I could and suddenly I wanted to change. For the first time I got a fairly clear picture of myself.
I brought the list back to Daddy. He refused to take it. "That's just for you," he said. "You know better than anyone, the truth about yourself. But you have to learn to listen, not just close your ears in anger and feeling hurt. When something said about you is true, you'll find it will be of help to you. Our world is full of people who think they know your duty. Don't shut your ears. Listen to them all, but bear the truth and do what you know is the right thing to ~to."
Daddy's advice has returned to me at many important moments. In my life, I've never had a better piece of advice.
1. What does "Week by week her list grew"mean?
A. Week by week, my shortcomings grew more serious
B. She made a list of my shortcomings and kept on adding new ones to it.
C. I was having more and more shortcomings as time went on.
D. She discovered more shortcomings of mine and pointed them out to me.
答案: D指导：从文中第一句话和"Weekbyweekherlistgrow”后的一句话知D选项为最佳选项。
Passage 3
Bond had walked for only a few minutes when it suddenlyoccurred to him that he was being followed. There was no evidence for it except a slight headache and a little knowing the people near him but believed in his sixth sense and he at once stopped in front of the shop window he was passing and looked occasionally back along 46th street. Nothing but a lot of miscellaneous people moving slowly on the sidewalks, mostly on the same side as himself, the side that was back from the sun. There was no sudden movement into a doorway, nobody wiping his face with a handkerchief to avoid recognition, nobody bending down to tie a shoelace.
He went on and turned into the Avenue of the Americans, stopping in the-first doorway, the entrance to a woman's un-derwear store where a man in a blue hat with his back to him was examining the black face paints on a particularly realistic dummy (模型)
And then something grasped his arm and a voice came, "All right, Limey. Take it easy unless you want lead for lunch. "and he felt something press into his back just above the kidney. There was a tap as his fist was caught in the other man's left hand, and at the same time as the contact telegraphed to Bond's mind that there could have been no gun,
there came the well remembered laughter and the lazy voice saying, "No good, James. The angles have got you. '
Bond straightened himself slowly and for a moment he could only gaze into the smiling face of Felix Leiter with bland disbelief, his built-up tension (紧张) slowly relaxing.
"So you were doing a front tail, you bastard? ' he finally said.
1. What did the man mean by saying "Take it easy unless you want lead for lunch"?
A. Put up your hands.
B. Don't move or I'll shoot you.
C. If you want to have lunch, you must listen to me.
D. You go first slowly and we'll have lunch together.
答案: B 指导：从上下文知，Bond当时以为是枪顶着他的后背，故推知本句决非本义。lead指子弹。Passage 4
Plagiarism is one of the most serious problems in schools and colleges. It has occurred as long as there have been teachers and students, but the recent growth of the Intemet has made it much worse. Recent studies show 30% of all students may be plagiarizing on every written homework they' ve done. What is plagiarism? It is using others' ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
The ways to avoid plagiarism are.
* Put in quotations(引号) everything that comes directly from the text.
* Paraphrase (转述) ,but be sure you aren't just rearranging or replacing a few words. Instead, read over what you'll paraphrase carefully; close the text so that you can' t see any of it; and write out the idea quickly in your own words. Then check your paraphrase to make sure you haven't accidentally used the same expressions.
In US and UK universities, plagiarism is considered as cheating or dishonesty with punishment from a zero for the homework to a failing grade for the subject, to a loss of all grades for that term or an expel(开除)from the university for at least two terms.
Several methods are taken in US universities to stop students' plagiarizing on line, Some colleges are experimenting with a program that can control the computer's operating system during the test. Teachers also go to www. tumitin, com to catch cheaters. However, students need to be made clear of thereason why plagiarizing is wrong.
1. The word "plagiarism"means________.
A. cheating in the exams
B. putting others' words in quotations
C. rewriting others' articles
D. stealing others' ideas or words
答案:D 指导：由第一段最后一句“Whatisplagiarism?hisusing others'ideasand words without clearly mentioning where the informationisfrom"可知D正确。
Passage 5
Both warm-blooded and cold-blooded desert animals have ways to escape the desert heat. Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest during the day, often staying in cool
underground burrows. At night they search for food. Animals that are out during the day, such as cold-blooded lizards and snakes, are active only for short periods. As their body tem- perature rises, these reptiles move into the shade in order to cool down. In the early evening, when the sun grows weaker, the reptiles become more active and begin their search for food again.
Getting enough water to survive is a major problem for all desert animals. Some desert animals, like desert birds, manage to find water holes. Other desert animals, such as the kangaroo rat and the related jerboa, get water only from the food that they eat. Because these animals eat mainly dry seeds, they must survive on a tiny amount of water.
Most deserts have only a small number of frogs and toads because these animals must be near water to survive. Yet even these creatures have adapted (适应) to desert conditions. When small amounts of water collect in temporary streams, the desert-living frogs and toads become active. After a rainfall, they lay their eggs. The eggs grow into tadpoles in a few days and into adults in just four weeks, when the puddles (7](t7i;) dry up, the adult frogs or toads dig into the ground. Their metabolism (新陈代谢) slows, and they stay beneath the ground until the next rain, which may be as good as a year away. Until then, their bodily activities continue at a reduced rate.
The camel--often called the ship of the desert--is one of the most successful desert animals. Camels can go for long pe- riods without water, but eventually they must drink. When water becomes available to them after a long drought, they may drink 95 liters of water or more. When water is not available, what helps camels survive the desert heat is the fat stored in their humps (驼峰).
A camel's hump contains about 12 kilograms of fat. Fat is rich in hydrogen. As the fat is digested, hydrogen from the fat combines with oxygen in the air that the camel breathes. The result is H20, or water. Each kilogram of fat that a camel digests produces about a liter of water.
1. Desert animals are usually more active at night because .
A. it is cooler at night
B. it is easier to find water
C. they like the dark
D. they are less likely to be attacked at night
答案：A指导：文章的首句：“Bothwarm-bloodedandcold-blooded desert animals have ways to escape the desert heat．”A项与此信息吻合。
2. Which of the following desert animals can get water only
from the food?
A. The camel
B. The kangaroo
C. The frog
D. The rat.
答案：B指导：第二段：“Other desert animals，such as the kangatoo rat and related jerboa，get wateronly from the food that theyeat．”本句明确告知B项是正确的。注意：D项therat指的是“田鼠”。
3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. All the desert animals rest during the day.
B. All the desert animals don't rest during the day.
C. Cold blooded desert animals are out most of the day.
D. None of the cold-blooded desert animals go out during the day.
答案：B 指导：注意本句的意思是：并不是所有的沙漠动物都在白天休息。而不是所有的沙漠动物都不在白天休息。
4. The title for this passage could probably be_________.
A. Hot Deserts
B. Desert Animals
C. How Desert Animals Get Water
D. Ways To Escape the Desert Heat
答案：B 指导：本文正是介绍“沙漠动物”的。
5. The underlined word "burrows"in the first paragraph can be replaced by _______
A. holes
B. caves
C. rooms
D. openings
答案：A指导：根据常识和burrows之前的underground一词可以作出判断。
Ⅲ新高考命题探究
Passage 1
With fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes of the recy cling of waste. The word "rubbish"could lose its meaning be- cause everything which goes into the dumps would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide energy if nothing else.
The latest project is to take a city of around half a million citizens and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go Out. The aim is to find out how much of these raw ma terials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper, but also paper and rubber as well.
Another new-project is being set up to discover the best way of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: First, it will Pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids; after that founders and rollers will break up everything that can be broken. Finally. the rubbish will pass under magnets (磁铁), which will remove the bits of iron and steel; the rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage.
The first full-size giant recycling plants are perhaps fifteen years away. Indeed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.
1. The underlined part "should be well on with"(Para. 1 ) most probably means__________.
A. complete
B. get ready to start
C. achieve a great deal in
D. put an end to
答案：C 指导：由下文介绍的关于回收利用废品的情况可以推断出来：be well on with sth.的意思是：achieve
a greatdeal in sth．在某方面有很大成就。
2. What is not mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in Paragraph 3?
A. Breaking up whatever is breakable.
B. Sharpening metal bars.
C. Separating light elements from the heavy ones.
D. Sorting out small pieces of metal.
答案：B 指导：原文中的信息是：First，讧willpassthroughsharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags．．．而B项提供的信息却是“将铁条弄尖”。
3. What's the main reason for big cities to build their own recy cling plants?
A. To deal with wastes in a better way.
B. To protect the environment from pollution.
C. To get raw materials locally.
D. To make much money from those plants.
答案：C指导：从最后一段"WiththegrowingCOStoftransporting rubbish tomore distant dumps(随着把垃圾运到遥远的垃圾场的费用增加)”可以推断出，在大城市当地处理垃圾可以节省运费。
4. The passage is mainly about _______
A. a cheap way to get energy
B. the place of recycling plants
C. new ways of recycling wastes
D. the probability of city environment
答案：B 指导：结合全文和第二段可以作出判断。
Passage 2
When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are about some of the factors that lead to these different senses.
(1)Each person's senses of others are formed by his or her own cultural condition, education, and personal experiences.
(2)Sometimes senses differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we've observed. It is not necessarily true that person sense is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person: or you may center mainly on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same standard to measure their parents, their friends, and strangers.
(3)Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don't see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective sense. Selective sense is obviously more dif- ficult when contradictory (矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore (忽略) the stimulus "He's basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting.
"We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information "All kids get into naughty hehavior. Taking a book from bookstore isn't such a big deal. "We can change the meaning of the contradictory information It wasn't shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later."
l. The first factor given by the author that affects our sense is_________.
A. the abilities of one's hearing and seeing sensors
B. cultural background and personal experiences
C. experiences one learns from others
D. critical measures taken by other people
答案：B指导：由第一因素就是"cultural conditionand personal experiences"可知B为最佳选项。
2. While observing a particular person,
A. One ix likely to talk all aspects into consideration
B. Otie pays more attention to }lis , her advantages
C. children often differ from grown ups in sense
D. one tends to choose certain cues(提示)to look for
答案：D 指导：据文中第一段最后一句“有几个因素导致不同的感觉”，另外，由第二个因素中第三句"controlledbywhatothers have told you about this person"可知D为最佳选项。
3. Observation of the same person by two people at the same rime may differ because_______.
A.their measuring standards arc not the same
B. either of them may be slow to catch information
C. the time for observation is not long enough
D. each of them uses different language to express his her impressions
答案：A 指导：据作者给出的三个因素：①据自己的文化背景和切身经历；②我们所看到的和我们处理所看到东西的方法；③我们自己切身需要。所以A为正确选项，不同人的不同标准。
4. The underlined word "stimulus" in Paragraph 4 refers to_________.
A. something attractive
B. selective sense
C. contradictory information
D. shoplifting
答案：C 指导：据文中倒数第五句“When contradictory infor mation is particularly obvious，but it can be done"和后面所举的例子，“如果一个好孩子在书店中偷书……”可知C项为最佳选项，忽视矛盾性的重要性。
Passage 3
Technology has been an encouragement of historical change. It acted as such a force in England heginning in the eighteenth century, and across the entire Western World in the nineteenth. Rapid advances were made in the use of scientific findings in the manufacture (制造)of goods, which hanged ide as about work. Onc of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufacture products in less time. People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for a product: each nail was exactly like every other nail. meaning that each nail could be changed for every other nail. This means that goods could be mass production, ahhough mass production required breaking production down into smaller and smaller tasks.
Oncc this was done, workers no longer started on the product and lahored to complete it. Instead, they might work only one thousandth of it, other workers completing their own parls in certain order.
There is nothing strange about this manufacturing work by today's standards. Highly skilled workers were unable to com pare with the new produciion techniques, as mass production allowed goods of high standard to be produced in greater num- ber than could ever be done by hand. But the skilled workers wasn't the only loser, thc common workers lost too. Similar changes forced fanners a way. The increased mechanization (械化) of agriculture freed masses of workers from ploughing the land and harvesting its crops. They had little choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers. Increasingly, standards were set by machines. Workers no longer owned their own tools, their skill was no longer valued, and pride in their work was no longer possible. Workers fed, looked after and repaired the machines that could work faster than humans at greatly reduced cost.
1. In this passage, which of the following is NOT considered as a change caused by tile use of scientific findings in the production of goods?
A. Other forms of energy have taken the place of human power.
B. The increased exploitation of workers in the 19th century.
C. The increased use of machines to make products in less time.
D. The use of machines producing parts of the same stand ard.
答案：B 指导：由文中第一段可知。
2. The underlined word "this" in the first paragraph refers to_________.
A. the use of scientific findings
B. the practice of producing the same parts for a product
C. the human power being replaced by other forms of energy
D. the technology becoming the encouragement of historical change
答案：C 指导：由于其他“能”代替了“人力”，从而使“机器”生产出现。所以C为正确答案。
3. The underlined word "this"in the second paragraph refers to the change that______.
A. each nail could be taken tile place of by every other nail
B. each nail was exactly like every other nail
C. producing tasks became smaller and smaller
D. goods could lie mass produced
答案：D 指导：由于产品成批生产，所以产生工人只做千分之一的工作。故D为正确答案。
Passage 4
We find that bright children are not often held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are improved. We feel that there are many dis advantages in streaming pupils, a way to teach pupils in groupsaccording to their ability. It does not pay attention to the fact that children develop at different speed. It can have a bad effect on bloth the bright and not-so-bright children. After all it can be quite discouraging to be at the hottom of the top grade !
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力的) ability. This is only one aspect (方面) of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic (学术理论的) ability. We also value personal qua[ides (品质)and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching helps improve all these aspects of learning.
In our classroom, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups, this gives them the chances to learn to cc-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They al- sci learn how to deal with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate (分析和评价), and to comunicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual (个人的) tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is right and suitable. We encourage our pu- pils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this effectively. An advanced pupil can do advanced work; it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.
1. What's the author's attitude towards "mixed-ability teaching"?
A. He agrees to it.
B. He doubts the truth of it.
C. He is very discontent about it.
D. He tries to be objective at)out it.
答案：A 指导：由第一段第二句“On the contrary，both their knowledSe and experience are improved”可知作者赞同mixed-abilityteaching．
2. By "held back", the author means
A. forced to study in the lower class
B. made to remain in the same class
C. prevented from advancing
D. made to fall behind other students
答案：C 指导：由第一段第二句中的improved可知。
Passage 5
When we think about people who arc leaders, we often get a mental picture of someone who is older, smarter, and wiser than ourselves. Studies of leadership, though, have usually found that there is almost no relationship between skill as a leader and traditional measures of intelligence. Some recent research by psychologist Red Fiedle and his colleagues showed that both intelligence and experience may be important but just now how important depends upon how stressful the work situation is and what kind of task is to be ac- complished. The researchers obtained measures of intelligence, experience, performance, and stress.
Overall, these variables did not relate to one another. Men with high and low intelligence were equally likely to give good performance, as were men with more and less experience, or more and less stress with their bosses. Howevcr, when you look separately at those men who have high stress with their bosses, thc picture changes.
In high stress situations, there was no association between intelligence and performance, but there was between experience and performance. In other words, in difficuh situations, it was helpful to "know the ropes". In low stress situations, the find ings were just the opposite. Experience was not related to good performance, but intelligence was. That is. when things are going well, intelligence is very useful in leadership.
A study of fire fighters' performance under high and low stress conditions also found the experienced officers performed best under situations of stress. None of this is really very surprising. If you have ever had a supervisory job you probably found that at least as much energy went into handling (管理) people as went into handling the job itself. Tests of intelligence at least the ones we have now do not predict success in handling people.
1. What kind of people can do the best job in stress situation?
A. intelligent people
B. experienced people
C. calm people
D. skilled people
2. In the third sentence of the last paragraph. "a supervisory job "refers to_______.
A. a management job
B. an advisory job
C. a teaching job
D. an organizing job
3. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage.'?
A. In stress situations, there are no association between experience and performance.
B. Some recent research suggests that most leaders arc lack of intelligence.
C. In low stress situations, intelligence plays an important role in leadership.
D. Generally speaking, leaders are likely to be cleverer than ordinary people.
4. In the second sentence of the fourth paragraph, to "know the ropes"most probably means________.
A. to understand the situation
B. to control the situation
C. to get rid of the situation
D. to make sure what to do about thc situation
答案：D 指导：根据上下文可以推断本句意思是：换句话说，在困难的情况下经验有利于控制局势。
探究性命题综合测试
考场热身
一、Passage 1
On May 21,1999, some American scientists were working at the computers to look for information they needed. Suddenly they saw a lot of very bright red spots crossing the computers' screens. At the same time the computers were working much slower. To find out what was happening, they stopped their work to check some parts of the computers. To their horror, they found out that most of their stored information was got rid of by computer viruses(病毒) ! Obviously all these computers had been infected by computer viruses.
It is said that the computer viruses were made by two or three Philippine young men food of playing tricks. They all had excellent education. They created the viruses just to show their intelligence(才智). The kind of computer virus is named"Love You"Virus This virus can hide in computers for a long time. When the time comes they will attack the computers by lower- ing the important fimctlons(功能), damaging their normal pro grams or even getting rid of a great deal of information which operators of the computers often use or store. What's worse, it still can reproduce itself in great quantities within a short time.
We have come to know that" Love You"Virus often at- tacks computers on Mondays and that it is spreading to many computers in the world. Among the countries that suffered computer viruses recent years are Britain, Australia, Switzer- land and the U. S. Those who made the computer viruses have been found out slowly and carefully. But till now, how to get rid of the terrible viruses remains
a problem.
1. Two or three Philippine young men created the computer vi ruses to_______.
A. damage the computers
B. test their ability quickly
C. tell the world that they were intelligent
D. play a trick on operators of the computers
答案：C 指导：由文章第二段的“just to show their intelligence"可知应选C
2. According to the passage, computer viruses seem to
A. have heen in nature for years
B. exist in any computers
C. be able to be got rid of in the near future
D. be difficult to get rid of at present
答案：D 指导：由短文最后一句可知应选D，至今，仍无法消灭计算机病毒。
3. The most serious damage catted by the viruses is that________.
A. the computer's functions are lowered
B. the normal programs are damaged
C. most the information stored in the computers is gone
D. the computers infected by the viruses can no longer be used
答案：C 指导：因为一旦计算机中的信息被毁坏，那会带来极其严重的后果，故应选C
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true'?
A. Scientists are trying to find a way to get rid of the viruses.
B. The viruses will come to the new computer after staying in the old one for some time.
C. Last year four countries found their computers were infec ted by viruses.
D. The "Love You"Virus is a great harm to human health.
答案：A 指导：分析短文可知答案为A，科学家们正努力寻找消灭计算机病毒的方法。
Passage 2
Facing sorest test. Bush declares "national tragedy"
The worst attack on US soil since Pearl Harbor tore George W. Bush from what should have been routine education event Tuesday and threw him into the direst crisis of his young presidency.
The US leader was reading to schoolchildren at an elemen tary school when his chief of staff, Andrew Card, interrupted him and whispered into his ear. The president's face clouded but he said nothing.
"We'll talk about it later, "He told reporters as he walked out of Sandra Kay Daniels' second grade class, where he also listened to 18 smiling young pupils go through routine reading and pronunciation clrills.
Card's intervention came after a plane slammed into one of New York' s twin World Trade Center towers. but before a second plane crashed into the other landmark office building.
The president spoke out after the second incident, aborting another education themed event and declaring "a national trag edy"and vowing an all-out hunt for the authors of what he called
an apparent terrorist attack.
Bush said"he had ordered that the full resources of the fed eral government go to help the victims and their families and to conduct a fullscale investigation to hunt down and to find those folks that committed this act. Terrorism against our na tion will not stand."
"Today we've had a national tragedy. Two airplanes have crashed into the World Trade Center
in an apparent terrorist at tack on our country. I have spoken to the Vice President. to the Governor
of New York, to the Director of the FBI, "He said.
1. When Bush definitely learned the attack news from his chief of staff, Andrew Card?
A. Soon after the first plane crashed into one of New York' s twin World Trade Center towers.
B. In the middle of two attacks.
C. Just after another plane crashed into the other landmark office building.
D. On his journey to his office.
答案：B 指导：推理题。布什得到爆炸消息是在第一次撞击后，而在第二次撞击前，即应是两次撞击的中间，
选B.
2. In "aborting another education-themed event" the word "aborting"is the same meaning with______.
A. putting off
B. delaying
C. postponing
D. stopping
答案： D指导：词义解释。abort基本意是“流产”，延伸义是“停止、取消”。
3. Which of the following steps Bush administration will take is not true.'?
A. To find out the incident-maker.
B. To help the victims and their families.
C. To declare the attack day as a national tragedy.
D. To put off the education themed event.
答案：D 指导：“steps”意为“措施”，倒数第二段和第三段中，A、B、C项都有提及。只有D项不是与A、B,C并列的救急措施。
Passage 3
University researchers tested the effects of different colored walls on two groups of visitors. For the first group, the room was painted white; for the second, dark brown. The movement of each group was followed by an electric system hidden under the carpet. Tie experiment showed that those who entered the dark brown room walked more quickly, covered more area, and spent less time in the room than the people in the white environment. Dark brown stimulated(刺激)more activity, but the activity ended sooner.
二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之词义猜测解题指导 命题方式的特点 词义猜测是英语阅读的重要技巧，词义猜测题也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索(各种已知信息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。另外，这类题也包括对短语和句意的猜测。 考试中经常考查的词汇有以下几种： (1)在特殊语言环境中具有特殊意义的常用词。 (2)专业化程度较高的词。 (3)生僻词。 (4)常用代词。 命题方式的考法 1.猜测单词或短语意义------巧用线索猜词义。 （1）“定义同位”猜词义，主要包括定义释词和同位/举例 （2）“逻辑关系”猜词义 （3）根据构词法猜词义 2.考查代词的指代意义---------“就近原则”猜词义 3.句意猜测类-------“意义吻合”定句意 常见设问形式 (1)The underlined phrase “___” in the second paragraph could be replaced by ______. (2)The underlined word “________” in the first par agraph probably means________. (3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the second paragraph? (4)Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “________”？ (5)What does the underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 refer to? (6)What do you think the expression “________” stands for? (7)Which of the following words can best take the place of the underlined word “______” in Paragraph 3? (8)According to the passage, the underlined word “________” is known as ________. 选项特点 (1)正确选项的特点 ①相应词语的同义词语。 ②对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。 (2)干扰项的特点 ①对原相应表达方式的不正确改写。
阅读理解之猜测词义 一. 解释: eg：It will be very hard but also very brittle --- that is, it will break easily. eg：Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a person’s lung and his heartbeats. ◎A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. ◎His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. ◎The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. ◎We are on the night shift --- working from midnight to 8 a.m. --- this week. 二. 上下文: 1. e.g. Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. e.g. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very abstemious . ◎In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil. ◎If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. ◎Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate. Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theft. 2. e.g. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, but much shorter. e.g. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. e.g. Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. eg：American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late. ◎One of symptoms caused by this kind of illness is a high fever. ◎Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid. ◎In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold. 3. e.g. Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic. e.g. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. ◎Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. ◎He’s such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. ◎She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 三. 构词法: 1. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners 猜一猜: minicar postwar supermarket preview preschool recall irrelative nonstandard disloyal unlock co-worker overactive vice president e.g. We must safeguard the world peace. A protect B care C prevent D to keep safe with guns e.g. Don’t listen to his nonsense. A having no meaning B meaningless words C humorous speech D not making sense 四. 举例子: e.g. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat. e.g. I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.
III词义猜测 【命题特点】考查根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查对语境的分析和把握的能力。【常见考法】 1. The underlined word “…”probably means____. 2. The word “…”used in paragraph “…”refers to/suggests____. 3. The phrase “…”in the sentence can be replaced by ____. 4. Which of the following is the cl osest in meaning to the word “…”? 5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “…”? 6. By saying “…”, we mean_____. 7. What do you think of the expression “…”stands for? 8. The meaning of word “…”in the passage is related to_____. 一．通过定义或解释推测语义 有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义 （1）定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指。。）等。 （2）解释则常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is（to say）, in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。 （3）有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。 （4）还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. (无法察觉的，感觉不到的) 2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-----men and women were allowed only one spouse （配偶） at a time. （一夫一妻制） Exercises: 1. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. ____默剧，哑剧_______ 2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. _____人类学______ 3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. ____门厅_______ 4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks（脸颊）. ___胡须______ 5. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people. ____人工智能_______ Test1 There is no cure（治愈）for Alzheimer’s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms（症状）. 61. What is ARICEPT？（C） A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer’s B. A medicine to delay signs of aging. C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. D. A medicine to cure brain damage. Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces. （1）According to the passage, The Pines is a ______. （D） A. place in which you can see many mobile homes
高考阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧 猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。 一、题型特点与命题方式 此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。 【命题趋势】 1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。 2、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。 3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用―逻辑关系梳理法‖、―递向寻踪法‖理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。 【设问形式】 The underlined word ―…‖ in the second(third…) paragraph refers to(means) ______. By saying ―…‖ in the first(second…) paragraph, the author means that ______. In paragraph …, ―…‖ can be replaced by ―______‖. The meaning of ―…‖ in paragraph… is related to ______. Which of the follow ing has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)? The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____. 二、解题思路与应试技巧 做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。 下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。 1、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如： Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即―退火‖。 It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily. 从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是―脆‖的意思。 The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的词义为―牧羊人‖。 【考例】 （2014福建卷，E篇）73. The underlined words ―tipping points‖ most probably refer to ―_______‖. A. freezing points B. burning points C. melting points D. boiling points 【解析】C。请看原文：In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting
阅读理解专项突破 III词义猜测 【命题特点】考查根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查对语境的分析和把握的能力。【常见考法】 1. The underlined word “…”probably means____. 2. The word “…”used in paragraph “…”refers to/suggests____. 3. The phrase “…”in the sentence can be replaced by ____. 4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “…”? 5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “…”? 6. By saying “…”, we mean_____. 7. What do you think of the expression “…”stands for? 8. The meaning of word “…”in the passage is related to_____. 一．通过定义或解释推测语义 有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义 （1）定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指。。）等。（2）解释则常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is（to say）, in other words, namely 等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。 （3）有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。 （4）还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. (无法察觉的，感觉不到的) 2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-----men and women were allowed only one spouse（配偶）at a time. （一夫一妻制） Exercises: 1. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. ____默剧，哑剧_______ 2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man. _____人类学______ 3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. ____门厅_______ 4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks（脸颊）. ___胡须______ 5. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people. ____人工智能_______ Test 1 There is no cure（治愈）for Alzheimer’s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms（症状）. 61. What is ARICEPT？（C） A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer’s B. A medicine to delay signs of aging. C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. D. A medicine to cure brain damage. Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces. （1）According to the passage, The Pines is a ______. （D） A. place in which you can see many mobile homes B. mountain where you can get a good view of the valley C. town which happens to be near the Banff National Park D. restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
如何在英语阅读中通过上下文猜词义 1.以定义为线索猜测词义 [例]Ventilation,as you know,is a system or means of providing fresh air.It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. 此句中"ventilation"可能是个生词,但is后面是对该词的明确定义.是什么东西或什么手段才能提供新鲜空气呢?所以不难看出"ventilation"这个词的意思是"通风". [例]A person or thing beyond comparison,a model of excellence, is known as a paragon. 在此句中,"paragon"一词的词义由句子的主语给提供出来了.一个人或物是无与伦比的,即优秀的典范, 这不就是"模范、优秀的人或物"吗?很明显"be known as"前面的主语给出了后面"paragon"的词义. (3)以定语从句为线索猜测词义. [例]He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks. 此句中,who引导的定语从句对生词"prestidigitator"的词义给出了非常清楚的定义.根据这一定义,读者就不难猜测出prestidigitator的词义.能从帽子里拉出兔子、吞火和玩其他类似的把戏的人不就是变戏法的 人吗?因此,"prestidigitator"一词的词义就应是"变戏法者". 2.以同义词、近义词为线索猜测词义 (1)or有时可作为识别同义词或近义词的信号词. [例]The new tax law supersedes,or replaces,the law that was in effect last year.
阅读理解―词义猜测题 Step 1: Warming-up---guess the meanings of the underlined words. 1. The company?s profits are decreasing year by year due to mismanagement. 2. She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 3. If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 4. It will be very hard but also very brittle —that is, it will break easily. Step2: 词义猜测题基本方法：___________; __________ ●构词法 1. Valentine?s Day is a time of happiness for lovers. Boys like to give girls flowers as presents. That day, he came to see me with a forget-me-not in his hands. 2. When he reached the place with his army, he found an impassable river in front of him. 构词法通常考虑_________和_____________ ●语境法常利用以下技巧 利用同义（向）关系：and，also，or（或者）… 3. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. ?Which of the following words can replace “detrimental”? ____ A. helpful B. useful C. harmful D. meaningful 4. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. ?What does the underlined phrase “die hard” probably mean? ____
Exercises for guessing the meaning I. Guess the meaning of the underlined parts and write down in the blanks. Mark the information which is useful to guess the meaning. （Yesterday's homework） No. 1. （2011湖南卷）（如在家里一样舒适的，家常的） Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that many restaurants lack. No. 2.（必需品） A cellphone is a must for today's older workers instead of young people. No. 3. （2011年湖南卷A篇）（引人注目的，重要的） Lying in a hardly noticeable street corner, the restaurant still attracts all customers, especially those experienced in the delights of Middle Eastern cooking. 1 No.4. （who is ??下定义，木匠） A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter . No. 5 （or,同义同位，B） "Background music, or ' Muzak ' , can be used by marketers to impose cultures ---- such as the commercialisation of Christmas--- onto consumeer and influence their behavior, " experts said. “Muzak" now refers to. A. a company B. a kind of music C a song D. an instrument No. 6 （because因果关系+常识，A） Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots（嫩芽）,or young leaves of trees. The word " pruning " means A. Regular cutting （修剪）of the plants B. Frequent watering C. Regular use of chemicals D. Growing the plants high in the mountain No. 7 （like,举例归纳，C） Positive thinking stories can create change in a person. Whether you 're struggling through a pernicious habit like smoking or drug taking, or you are finding it hard to get out of an abusive （虐待的）relationship, reading success stories from people whohave experienced what you 're going through can help encourage you to finally change the things that you don 't like about yourself. What does the underlined word pernicious " mean? A. Mental B. Healthy C. Harmful D. Lifelong No. 8 （ 05广东卷）（对比转折unlike, D ） Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can 't be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.” The underlined word roughly means. A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed No.9 （but,对比转折B）
如何猜测阅读理解题中的生词词义 词汇是阅读理解的基础的基础。我们必须掌握教材中所学所有的单词和词组；了解构词法知识，如熟记一些常见的前缀、后缀，以及词语的合成和转化等；并且要进行大量的课外阅读扩大自己的词汇量。尽管如此，在阅读中还是不可避免会遇到生词或者熟词生义，因此，我们必须学会如何猜测词义。任何一个词语，在一定的上下文中只能表示一个确定的词义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从以下几个方面来考虑： 一、根据定义或解释猜测词义 A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. What does the word “carpenter” mean in Chinese? A.诗人 B.木匠 C.厨师 D.伐木工人 通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出carpenter是B“木匠” A bag is useful and the word “bag” is usef ul. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”…. Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______. A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag 在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。 二、根据情景和逻辑进行判断 As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well. In the text, “put an end to” means “______”. A. Stop B. Cut C. Kill D. fly 根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是A。 三、根据并列或同位或对比关系猜测词义 There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand. What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese? A.自来水 B.大气 C.冰川 D.蒸汽 从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。 Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. What does the word “grubby” mean in Chinese? A.干净的 B.白皙的 C.肮脏的 D.整齐的 和clean意思相对的是“肮脏的”，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”
最新高考英语阅读理解专题指导－猜测词义题在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。 常见的题干有： 1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？ 2) The word... could best be replaced by. 3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to). 4) According to the passage,... probably means. 5) The author uses the word... to mean. 猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索： 一是针对性的解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。 1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义 如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.g. 等>或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
高考英语复习：阅读理解词义猜测题 [层级一真题题组] A (2018·北京卷，D) Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self－driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream，years away from materializing in the real world.Well，the future is apparently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self－driving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self－driving cars，and for companies to operate driverless taxi services.California，it should be noted，isn't leading the way https://www.doczj.com/doc/d91040900.html,panies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country.It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads.But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities，for better or for worse，depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so)，policymakers also should be talking about how self－driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions(排放)and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars？Imagine a future where most adults own individual self－driving vehicles.They tolerate long，slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride，which encourages urban spread.They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking.Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning，they send the self－driving minibus.The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride－hailing(叫车)services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol－powered private cars worldwide with electric，self－driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure (基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride－hailing services，considering the cost of self－driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题)．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people