Unit 1
Project Reporting Tense Review
Focus: Two colleagues discussing the progress of a marketing campaign
Listening Task
A: OK, let’s go back to the original plan and see where we have got to. The preliminary market test was due to start last September, is that right?
B: Yes, that’s right. We set up a small-scale trial in the North. We ran the market test for 2 months, until the middle of November.
A: And what were the results like?
B: Very encouraging. Sales reached their target and generally consumer reaction was good.
A: So what was the next step?
B: Well, as you know, the plan was to move to a national launch fairly quickly. We had planned January this year for a major TV advertising campaign.
A: So what’s gone wrong?
B: Basically, we’ve had proble ms in production. It seems that scaling up production for a national launch has been much more difficult than expected.
A: That’s ridiculous. We had no problems with production during the test market phase.
B: I know, but that was on a much smaller scale. It seems that they’ve run into difficulties with the tooling for the machines-you’ll have to talk to Brian about that.
A: I don’t want to talk to Brian. I want you to tell me where we stand.
B: Of course. We now have a launch date for early next month-May 5th. The TV advertising will start the weekend before on 2nd May. At the moment, we’re working on some new promotion literature, which will be used in the shops.
A: I thought you finished that ages ago.
B: Yes, that’s true. But because of the delay on the launch date, we’re having to update it.
A: I see.
B: So, besides the launch advertising and promotion campaign, we are going to hold both national and local press conferences so that we maximise the media coverage during the launch phase.
A: When are they due to take place?
B: Next week actually, on 15th and 16th April.
A: Right, I must go now, but keep me up-to-date with developments.
B: I certainly will.
Unit 2
Information Technology
Present Tenses
Focus: A meeting in which a new information system is being discussed
A: What I’d like to do is explain how the current system works and then outline what we’re working on at the moment. Let me first run over the physical configuration. We’ve got ten terminals in a network connected to a central server. Five of these terminals are used y admin and clerical staff, the other five by supervisory staff and management. There are three major
applications on the network-work-processing, accounts and data-base management. From a recent survey, it’s clear that four of t he terminals are being used predominantly for word-processing and one for data input using the accounts application. The other five are essentially used for management information, either accessing the accounts or the data-base for customer information. However, what is very striking is the fact that these five terminals are rarely used and, in some cases, never switched on.
B: How did you get this information, if you don’t mind me asking?
A: V ery simple really: the operating system keeps a record of when each terminal is switched on and which application is accessed.
B: Oh, I didn’t know that. It sounds a bit like Big Brother.
A: Not at all, it’s a useful way for the network supervisor-in fact, me,- to monitor usage on the network and sometimes track down problems that occur. Anyway, I was talking about the five management work stations. The question is: how are the managers getting the information they need? Very simple-they’re constantly asking admin for printouts rather than bringing the information up o screen.
C: What’s wrong with that?
A: Quite a lit really. Firstly, it means an expensive information system is not being used as specified; secondly, admin time is being wasted unnecessarily in printing out management accounts, customer information, etc; and thirdly, management decisions are being delayed by having to wait for printouts, when the information could easily be displayed on screen.
B: I must admit I regularly ask my secretary for printouts. I suppose I’ve always thought it’s easier. A: That’s w hat I suspected. So, what are we doing about it? We are currently installing some new Windows software which enables users to find their way around the system by using very simple icons and menus.
C: I suppose that means more training?
A: No, not really. What it means is that when you get to your desk in the morning, you should switch on your machine and the first screen you see will be a menu inviting you to choose documents, accounts or customer information. Now let’s say you choose accounts: it then asks you to select from a list-which type of accounts and so on. Another big advantage is that you can bring another file up on screen at the same time. For example, if you want to check some customer information at the same time, you can open a window on this while maintaining the accounts on screen.
C: Sounds complicated to me.
A: Not at all. I am sure it will make your life a lot easier. It’ll certainly help your secretary!
Unit 3
Focus: A telephone call between two colleagues discussing quarterly results
Listening Task:
A: Could you put me through to Pierre Jonquart, please?
B: Just a moment …
C: Pierre Jonquart.
A: Hello Pierre. This is Alison. How are things?
C: It’s not easy. The market’s very slow.
A: Oh, really? We’re getting some very good results i n the rest of Europe.
C: I know. But the French situation is not the same.
A: Sure. Right. Um… let’s go through your quarterly results by product. How has the new Zellon range been selling?
C: Well, last quarter we cleared 450000 worth-that’s French francs of course.
A: Oh, didn’t we fix a target of 600000?
C: That’s right. I had hoped to pick up a big order from one of the supermarket chains.
A: Yes, I remember you telling me about it. What happened?
C: They’ve cut their stock levels on perfumes and we onl y got an order for 150000.
A: Oh, that’s disappointing. What about the other lines?
C: Artemis sold very well-we hit 880000-well above target.
A: Oh, good. It hasn’t done so well elsewhere-obviously it appeals to the French more!
C: Could be. I’m afraid we weren’t so successful with our two main brands-Hedon Aftershave and Minos Face-cream. The market in these sectors has become very competitive.
A: Hmmm. So what were the quarterly figures?
C: For the aftershave, just 800000-and for Minos we reached 550000.
A: Oh, I’ve got the forecasts here. We reckoned we’d reach 1.5 million on the aftershave and 750000 for Minos. So they are both well down on target.
C: I know. I was obviously over-optimistic. I thought we were going to pull out of the recession quicker than we are. Consumer spending on luxury items is well down on last year.
A: I can appreciate that, but the economic situation is bad everywhere. We must have missed some other factors in your market.
C: Well, I don’t think so. The recession has definitely bottomed out but the predicted consumer boom just hasn’t materialized.
A: Um, look, Pierre, I’m going to be in France next month. Perhaps we could get together…
Unit 4
Arranging a conference
Focus: Three colleagues trying to arrange a sales conference
Listening Task
Sheila: Right, I’ve called this meeting to fix the details for the annual European sales conference. Basically we’ve got three issues to decide: firstly the date, secondly the location and finally the conference facilities. Let’s start with the date. What’s your vies, Ron:
Ron: I think we’re going to have to settle for September –probably the last weekend. I’ve had a look at the schedule. There’s a big trade fair coming up in July-most of the sales people will be there. August is out – most of the sales team are taking their holidays then. The first couple of weeks in September…
Tracy: Excuse me for interrupting, Ron. Sheila, I’ve just been looking at your diary. That last week in September you’re flying out to Japan..
Sheila; When do I get back?
Tracy: Well, you are booked on a flight back to Miami on Friday evening. Hardly time to get over to London for the weekend.
Sheila: You’re right. Ron, why can’t we make it the second weekend in September? That’s the …Tracy: 15th and 16th .
Ron: It'll be very difficult. As I was saying, the first two weekends in September are pretty busy. Most of the team will be involved in the launch of the new Xion product.
Sheila: Of course, I was forgetting. What about that third weekend? Tracy, when do I leave for Tokyo?
Tracy: Well, at the moment, you’re flying out on the Monday morning form JFK.
Sheila: Is there any reason why I shouldn’t take a flight from London instead?
Tracy: I don’t see any problem.
Sheila: Right. Ron, what about the third weekend –that’s t he 22nd and 23rd?
Ron: That looks OK. Of course, I’ll have to confirm it with Peter.
Sheila: Sure. Get back to us as soon as possible. Now, what about the location? Ron, any ideas? Ron: Yes, I think I’ve found the ideal spot –just outside London, not far from Heathrow. It’s called the Swallow Hotel.
Sheila: That sounds great. How much is it going to cost us?
Ron: well, we’re working to a budget of ₤250 per delegate for the weekend and I reckon we can get this place for less.
Sheila: Good. Does that include everything?
Ron: Yes, all inclusive.
Sheila: Great. Look, I have to go now. my flight leaves in a couple of hours. Can I leave you with Tracy to sort out the details?
Unit 5
Focus: Three colleagues discussing short-and long-term strategies
Doug: Look，let’s get down to business。We’ve essentially got two items to cover this afternoon: firstly，the short-term decision about the appointment of a new UK Marketing Manager and secondly，the longer-term strategic issue-namely developing international managers throughout the group。So，where do we stand on this appointment? Helga?
Helga: If we go for the obvious choice-that’s Mary Walters-we’ll be making a safe decision。If we went for the other strong candidate-that’s George Maxwell-there would be more of a risk，but，as always，perhaps more of an opportunity。
Doug: I know what you mean。What do you think，Wayne?
Wayne: I look at it from the corporate point of view。If we don’t appoint from inside-that’s Walters-we won’t be listened to when we talk about “opportunities within the group:。I understand what Helga is saying about George Maxwell-he’s a maverick and sometimes organizations need people like him。But if we appointed him，I’d have to resign and you，Douglas，would have to as well。
Doug: I think you’re overstating the case but I see what you’re getting at-so it’s going to be Mary Walters。Let’s leave that for a moment and move on to the related issue of developing international managers。Wayne，I know you have strong views on this?
Wayne: Dead right。It’s vital for the group that we get our act together。There are two major options: either we take the long-term route via internal development-in other words through training-or we go out into the market and start looking for international managers。If we take the first option，it’ll be five years before we have a pool of managers with genuine international experience。If we took the second option，we could do it by next year but I’m not sure at what cost to the morale of our existing staff。
Helga: Quite so。What is an international manager anyway? No，in my opinion，we have no option。We must develop our own people。If we started a system of exchange between sales and production staff from one country to another，it wouldn’t take five years。It would also identify those managers with the motivation and the potential。
Doug: Right。I sense you’re both in favour of the home-grown option。Wayne，could you put something on paper so we can present it to the Board?
Wayne: Of course，Doug。
Doug: Right，let’s just come back to Mary Walters。
Unit 6
Focus: An Employee Relations Manager and a Production Manager discussing how to reduce the workforce
Listening Task
PM – Production Manager (Tom)
ERM – Employee Relations Manager (Jane)
PM: Jane, you realize that the situation is getting Critical. Our orders are about 23% down on the same period last year. And the MD is making us all submit plans to reduce costs by the end of the week. So is see no alternative: we’ve got to lay some of our people off.
ERM: So, do you want to look at numbers or steps or what?
PM: Well, I’d like your advice on the legal situation, what we can do, what we can’t do. Then I’d like to talk to you about how to put a plan into action without alienating the workforce. Everyone in the plant knows there’s something in the air, so we need to resolve the uncertainty, but with as much sensitivity as possible.
ERM: Of course. OK, um…let’s look at the legal situation first.
PM: I’m going to make some notes.
ERM: So, if we want to make one individual redundant, then you must consult with both that person and the trade union. And, of course, we have to give notice.
PM: To the individual?
ERM: Yes, but we are not obliged to give notice to the union.
PM: I see. So that’s the case for one person. Well, unfortunately we are talking about more tha n one.
ERM: Well, that’s the position if the number is less than ten.
PM: I see.
ERM: If it’s ten or more, and the employees are in a recognized union, then we are required to give written notice.
PM: To the individuals?
ERM: And to the union. Just let me check. Yes, here it is. We are not allowed to give less than thirty days advance notice to the union if we want to make ten or more people redundant. And just to give you the full picture, if a company proposes to make more than one hundred employees redun dant, it may not give less than ninety days’ notice to the union.
PM: So, first we are required to give written notice. And then?
ERM: And then the law obliges us to consult with the union which represents the employees if it involves ten or more employees.
PM: Consult with? Does that mean negotiate?
ERM: Oh no, no. We don’t need to negotiate, we are not obliged to bargain, it’s not a haggling session. But we must explain the situation, listen to their comments and reply to any questions. PM: I see. Right. So those are the requirements?
ERM: That’s right. Have you calculated yet how many people we need to lose?
PM: 35, more or less, from the shopfloor. I’ve still got to confirm the exact number with the MD. He says the bank is forcing him to act before the end of the month.
ERM: Well, then we’ve got to do it.
PM: Yes, you’re absolutely right.
小学语文阅读课文教学中如何引导“读” 甘溪镇中心学校向明清 新课标指出：“小学各个年级的阅读教学都要重视朗读。要让学生充分地读，在读中整体感知，在读中有所感悟，在读中培养语感，在读中受到情感的熏陶。“读”是如此的重要，“读”作为一种简单而又行之有效的教学方法，自然受到了广大教师的青睐。然而如何提升学生自悟自得和情感的表达和提升却绝非易事。不久前我和同事有幸聆听了台湾著名教育家赵镜中先生小学语文阅读教学的报告授课，受益匪浅，顿觉豁然开朗。结合自己的教学实践，.从.以下几方面谈一些自己粗浅的看法。 一篇课文的教学一般可分为自读感知、精读领悟和诵读表达三个阶段。“自读感知”是基础，让学生自己去感知体味，对课文的整体把握；“精读领悟”通过点拨、指导对课文进行条分缕析，使知识得到整合和深化；“诵读表达”使书面语言内化为学生自己的语言，有效地提高学生理解、运用语言的能力。上述三个阶段是有机的整体，因此在重视精读领悟阶段的教师的引领的同时，同时也应注重自读感知阶段学生的自悟自得和诵读表达阶段学生情感的表达和提升。 一、充分放开学生手脚，让学生自读中感知。 “好读书，不求甚解，每会意，欣欣然。”读书贵在自悟自得，“书读百遍,其义自见”，讲的就是这个道理。教师不应以自己的分析来代替学生的阅读实践，一定要把读书、思考的时间还原给学生。给学生充分的时间，让他们多读读书，让学生通过眼前所读到的文字自己去体会，去领悟，老师要充当学生“学习的促进者、指导者”。 我在教学生阅读《中彩那天》一文时，不急于对课文进行条分缕析（按耐住很想讲析的情绪），而是先让学生认真地读读课文，读通课文并想想主要讲了什么。不一会儿学生们的小手就三三两两地举了起来（装着视而不见），教师又让学生再认真地读一读把不懂的词语句子画出来，想想还有什么不懂的地方。学生又读开了，当学生们的小手再度举起时，教师还是（仍然装着视而不见）再一次让学生认真地读课文，想一想自己不懂的地方是否可以通过联系上下文的办法来解决掉。正因为教师给了学生自由阅读的时间，给了他们独立思考、理解课文的机会，学生在之后的小组讨论中非常激烈，气氛异常活跃，参与的积极性很高。学生对课文的质疑非常深刻，如“大人们为什么有时也犯错误？”“面对巨大的诱惑，自己真的就能不动心吗？”等等。正因为教师给了学生自
新版部编人教版小学语文六年级上册【课内外阅读理解专项训练(完整)】及答 案 1．阅读课文，回答问题。 我爱家乡的秋夜 家乡的秋夜素雅、幽静。我对家乡的秋夜有一种眷恋之情，我爱家乡的秋夜。 家乡的秋夜像一幅美丽的水墨画。柔和的月光下，一望无际的田野是碧绿的翡翠，水稻的叶子挑起一粒粒的秋露，远远望去，好像珍珠撒在翡翠上，绿得逗你的眼，亮得闪你的目。 月光慢慢地从浓密的竹林里一丝一缕地透过来，撒在细密的竹叶上，撒在亭亭玉立的竹茎上，撒在浓黑的小草上。叶的碎影、枝的碎影、茎的碎影，重叠错落，把竹的绿映照得深浅明暗，美丽极了。 柿子园里的景色更是迷人。走进柿子园，枝繁叶茂的柿子树上，挂满了沉甸甸的柿子。黄澄澄的柿子，晶莹透明，令人垂涎欲滴。 家乡的秋夜像一首美妙的交响曲。瑶寨的小伙子、大姑娘能歌善舞，每当夜幕降临，他们就会载歌载舞，用山歌来表达对生活的赞美，用舞蹈道出丰收的喜悦。田野里的小艺术家们也不甘示弱：蝈蝈们欢快地哼着小夜曲；蛤蟆用粗大的喉咙在弹奏大提琴；青蛙似男高音唱着那粗犷嘹亮的歌儿；蟋蟀们更是尽情地伴奏，构成了一首绝伦无比的交响曲。这声音在空旷的山野间回荡，如春蚕的咀嚼声，似清风拂过杨柳，又似草原上的野马在奔驰…… 夜深了，人们睡了，大山睡了，湖也睡了，只有风儿还在神采奕奕地守护着。风儿把湖面吹醒，在月光的朗照下，湖面闪动着片片银光。柳儿也不甘示弱地飞舞着，梳理着自己的秀发。在这深夜里，偶尔传来几声汽车喇叭声，那是家乡的经济命脉在流动。那响彻夜空的鸡鸣声，划破了黑夜的幕布，预示着黎明即将到来，美好的一天又开始了。 （1）填上恰当的修饰词语。 ________的月光 ________的翡翠 ________的交响曲 ________的山野 ________的柿子 ________的水墨画 （2）根据下列解释，从文中找出相对应的词语。 不愿意显得比别人差。________ 馋得口水都快要流下来。形容非常馋或眼红。________ 指边唱歌，边跳舞。形容尽情欢乐。________ 一眼望不到边。形容十分辽阔。________ （3）按要求从文中摘抄句子。 比喻句：________ 拟人句：________ 排比句：________ （4）作者说：“家乡的秋夜像一首美妙的交响曲”请简要说说这首交响曲是由哪些曲声构成的？ （5）作者在文中表达了一种什么样的感情？
河中石兽课文句子翻译 Revised by Hanlin on 10 January 2021
《河中石兽》课文句子翻译 沧州南一寺临河干，山门圮（pǐ）于河，二石兽并沉焉。 沧州南面，有一座寺庙靠近河边，庙门倒塌到河里，（门旁）两个石兽也一起沉到河里了。 阅十余岁，僧募金重修， 经历了十多年，和尚募集到了一笔钱，（决定）重修（庙门）， 求二石兽于水中，竟不可得，以为顺流下矣。 便到河中寻找那两个石兽，最终没找到，（和尚们）认为石兽顺着水流冲到下游去了。 棹（zhào）数小舟，曳（yè）铁钯，寻十余里无迹。 便划着几条小船，拖着铁耙，寻找了十多里，没有（石兽的）任何踪迹。 一讲学家设帐寺中，闻之笑曰：“尔辈不能究物理。是非木杮（fai）， 有个学者在庙里开馆执教，听到这件事便嘲笑说：“你们这些人不能推究事物的道理。这不是木片， 岂能为暴涨携之去 怎么能被大水带走了呢 乃石性坚重，沙性松浮，湮（yān）于沙上，渐沉渐深耳。 这个石头的性质坚硬沉重，泥沙的性质松软轻浮，石兽埋没在泥沙上，（就会）越沉越深罢了。 沿河求之，不亦颠乎” 顺着河流往下游去寻找它，不是荒唐吗”沿，顺流而下。 众服为确论。
众人信服的认为他的话是精当准确的言论。 一老河兵闻之，又笑曰： 一个年老的河兵听了学者的话后，又嘲笑说： “凡河中失石，当求之于上流。 “凡是河中失落的石兽，都应该到河的上游去寻找。” 盖石性坚重，沙性松浮， 因为石头的性质坚硬而沉重，泥沙的性质松软而轻浮， 水不能冲石，其反激之力， 水流不能冲走石头，河水的反冲力， 必于石下迎水处啮沙为坎穴。 一定会在石头下面迎水的地方冲击石前的沙子，形成坑洞。 渐激渐深，至石之半，石必倒掷坎穴中。 越冲越深，冲到石头底部的一半时，石头一定会倒在坑洞中。 如是再啮，石又再转。 像这样再冲击，石头又会再次转动。 转转不已，遂反溯（sù）流逆上矣。 这样一再翻转不停，于是石头会反方向逆流而上了。 求之下流，固颠；求之地中，不更颠乎” 到下游去寻找它，固然荒唐；在（石兽掉下去的）原地深处寻找，不是更荒唐吗？” 如其言，果得于数里外。 按照老河兵的话去找，果然在上游几里外的地方寻到了石兽。
Unit 1 Fresh Start I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college compus anyway when my parents drove off . My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut .The next morning , I found my first class and marched in . But I was in the wrong building . After class , I went to the cafeteria , I stepped in a large puddle of ketchup and my rear end met the floor . It ended with my first day of college class . I was very frustrated . But later , a composed and very confident football player let me realized I had been taking myself far too seriously .So I gave up trying to act my way through college and began not acting at all . Three years after graduation , I’m still making mistakes , and I’m even being forgiven for a few . Unit 2 Tranny of the Urgent Have you ever wished for a thirty-hour gay ? We seemed have a lot of things undone . But would a thirty-hour day really solve the problem ? Prolongation of time doesn’t really solve the problem . We find ourselves working more and enjoying it less . Our dilemma goes deeper , it’s basically the problem of priorities . Sometimes we have left undone and we have done those things which we shouldn’t have done . It’s the problem of priorities . Some urgent things devour our energy . Then we recall the important tasks pushed aside . We realize we’ve become slaves to the “ tyranny of the urgent ” . Unit 3 Chinese Food Chinese and Western have the different attitudes toward food . Most of chinese pay more attention to the food , but the western is different . For them , food is quite simply a fuel . Chinese think the eating is one of the most important things in life : to eat with the capital E . In fact , chinese food is the only truly international food . How did this come about ? The reasons included that the chinese went to work in North America , and the population pressure in HongKong . But root is that the western are interested in chinese food . There is no doubt that the traditional high-quality chinese meal is a serous matter , the preparation is detailed , and the enjoyment must therefore match it . Chinese food is an expression of basic assumptions about life itself . Unit 4 Why I Want a Wife I’m a wife , but I want a wife . With a wife , I can go back to college , leaving my wife to take care of the house and my children . I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs . She is supposed to the house clean , cook the meals every day , and do the grocery shopping . I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life . When my friends are invited to our home , she should prepare a special meal and make them feel comfortable . I want a wife who will satisfy my sexual needs , of course , she will not demand sexual attention when I don’t feel like it . And I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one . A wife can do so many things , who wouldn’t want a wife ? Unit 5 The Company Man Phil was a company man , a workaholic , a prefect tape A . He worked himself to death at 3:00 am Sunda y morning . He worked six days a week , over ten hours a day . He didn’t like to exercise , so he was overweight . He was too busy to share any time with his wife and children . As a result , he was very distant from them . One of his sons said : “ my fath er and I only board
二年级语文下册阅读题 一、根据课文内容填空。(20分) 1．小草从地下探出头来，那是春天的__________吧？ 早开的野花一朵两朵，那是春天的__________吧？(6分) 2．古时候有个人，他巴望自己田里的禾苗长得快些，就把禾苗一棵一棵往高里拔，结果禾苗都枯死了，这个故事叫__________。这是一个_______故事，这类故事具有明显的教育意义，我还知道这样的故事___________、__________。(8分) 3．一学期以来，我们学习了不少课文，认识了许多人物。我最喜欢__________这篇课文中的__________，因为 ___________________。(6分) 二、填填名句。(21分) 1．__________锦上添花，__________雪中送炭。 2．__________，若饮食，_________，勿生戚。 3．闻过则喜，______________。 4．微微风簇浪，_____________。 5．人谁无过？_________________，善莫大焉。 三、默写古诗，并完成后面的练习。(24分) 绝句
唐____ ______鸣翠柳，一行白鹭_______。 窗含西岭_______，_______万里船。 1．我会写出诗中表示颜色的词： _______________________________________________________。2．我会准确填写量词：两( )黄鹂一( )白鹭 四、阅读短文，回答问题。(35分) (一)大禹(yǔ)治水 相传古时候黄河一带经常闹水灾。凶猛(měng)的洪水淹没了农田，冲毁(huǐ)了房屋，害得老百姓无家可归。于是，大禹决定治理洪水。大禹在外治水十三年，三次路过家门，但他都没有进去看一看。最后，他带领老百姓挖(wā)通了很多河道，引洪水流入大海。从此，人们过上了安定的生活，大家都非常感激这位伟大的治洪英雄。 1．在加点字的正确读音下画“____”。(6分) 相传(chuán zhuàn)淹没(méi mò) 2．“无家可归”的意思是 _______________________________________________。(5分) 3．大禹为什么要治理洪水？我可以在文中找到答案，并用“____”画出来。(5分) 4．大家为什么感谢大禹？(5分)
最新小学语文阅读理解答题万能公式 阅读理解一直是语文考试中失分的重灾区，面对试卷上的阅读理解题，理解文章意思的同时，在答题技巧上面也应下点功夫。今天小语整理了一些阅读理解中不同题型的答题模式，希望对孩子有所帮助。 第一部分：词语 一、某句话中某个词换成另一个行吗?为什么? 动词：不行。因为该词准确生动具体地写出了…… 形容词：不行。因为该词生动形象地描写了…… 副词：如(如：都，大都，非常只有等)：不行。因为该词准确地说明了……的情况(表程度，表限制，表时间，表范围等)，换了后就变成……，与事实不符。 ( 注：有些是可以换的，不要一律写不能换，要根据题目及文章含义看看具体能不能哦!)
二、动词理解 XX生动表现了人(事)物XX的特点(情状)(或描绘出一幅……的场景)，反映了人物……的心情 三、一句话中某两三个词的顺序能否调换?为什么? 答：不能。因为： (1)与人们认识事物的(由浅入深、由表入里、由现象到本质)规律不一致; (2)该词与上文是一一对应的关系; (3)这些词是递进关系，环环相扣，不能互换。 ( 注：有些是可以的，不要一律写不能，要根据题目看看具体能不能哦!) 第二部分：句子 一、句子分析
这样的题目，句子中往往有一个词语或短语用了比喻、对比、借代、象征等表现方法。答题时，把它们所指的对象揭示出来，再联系上下文，围绕主题，挖掘出句子深层含义，再整理一下自己的语言就可以了。 例题：请问文中划线部分用了怎样的修辞手法，表达了作者怎样的心情? 修辞的分析： 1 它本身的作用; 2 结合上下文，分析句子里词语的表达效果; 3 答题格式：修辞+结合上下文，修辞的作用
原文： 沧州南，一寺临河干（gān），山门圮（pǐ)于河，二石兽并沉焉。阅十余岁，僧募金重修，求石兽于水中，竟不可得。以为顺流下矣，棹（zhào）数小舟，曳(ya)铁钯(pá)，寻十余里，无迹。 一讲学家设帐寺中，闻之笑曰：“尔辈不能究物理，是非木杮(fai)，岂能为暴涨携之去？乃石性坚重，沙性松浮，湮(yān)于沙上，渐沉渐深耳。沿河求之，不亦傎乎？”众服为确论。一老河兵闻之，又笑曰：“凡河中失石，当求之于上流。盖石性坚重，沙性松浮，水不能冲石，其反激之力，必于石下迎水处啮(nia)沙为坎穴，渐激渐深，至石之半，石必倒掷坎穴中。如是再啮，石又再转，再转不已，遂反溯流逆上矣。求之下流，固傎；求之地中，不更傎乎？”如其言，果得于数里外。然则天下之事，但知其一，不知其二者多矣，可据理臆(yì)断欤（y ú)？ 译文： 沧州的南面，有一座寺庙靠近河岸，寺庙的大门倒塌在了河水里，两个石兽一起沉没了。经历十多年，和尚们募集金钱重修寺庙，在河中寻找两个石兽，最终没找到。和尚们认为石兽顺着水流流到下游。于是划着几只小船，拉着铁耙，寻找了十多里，没有任何石兽的踪迹。一位学者在寺庙里设立了学馆讲学，听了这件事嘲笑说：“你们这些人不能探究事物的道理。这不是木片，怎么能被大水带走呢？石头的性质坚硬沉重，沙的性质松软浮动，石兽埋没于沙上，越沉越深罢了。顺着河流寻找石兽，不是疯了吗？”大家都很佩服，认为是正确的结论。 一个年老的河兵听说了这个观点，又嘲笑说：“凡是丢失在河里的石头，都应当到河的上游寻找。因为石头的性质坚硬沉重，沙的性质松软浮动，水流不能冲走石头，河水的反冲力，一定在石头下面迎面冲击石前的沙子，形成坑穴。越冲越深，冲到石头底部的一半时，石头必定倒在坑穴里。像这样又冲击，石头又会再次转动，这样不停地转动，于是反而逆流而上。到河的下游寻找石兽，本来就疯了；在原地深处寻找它们，不是更疯吗？” 按照他的话去寻找，果然在上游的几里外寻到了石兽。 既然这样，那么天下的事，只知道表面现象，不知道其中根本道理的人和事有很多啊，难道可以根据自己所知道的道理主观判断吗？ 注释： 1.沧州：沧州市临：靠近。河：指黄河。干：岸边。 2.山门：寺庙的大门。圮：倒塌。 3.阅：经历。岁：年。余：多。 4.棹：船桨。这里作动词用，划船。 5.木柿：木片。 6.湮：埋没。 7.傎：同“癫”，疯。
如何提高小学生语文课文的阅读理解能力 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
如何提高小学生的阅读理解能力 胡元晓 在小学语文教学中，阅读是最基本、最重要的训练项目之一，而读是阅读教学最基本的环节，也是非常重要的训练形式，《语文课程标准》明确指出：“培养学生广泛的阅读兴趣，扩大阅读面，增加阅读量，提倡少做题、多读书、好读书、读整本书。”由于学生年龄小，阅读量少，并且缺乏生活体验，阅览书籍往往具有盲目性和随意性，严重影响阅读的质量。古人有“书中自有黄金屋”之说。朱熹也曾经指出，“读书百遍，其义自见”。杜甫所提倡的“读书破万卷, 下笔如有神”等，无不强调了多读书广集益的好处。那么如何提高小学生的阅读理解能力呢下面我就谈谈自己的一些看法： 一、寓教于“趣”，使学生爱读书 教师应以兴趣这把钥匙打开儿童的心扉，引导学生走进知识宝库的大门，我以下几方法培养学生读书兴趣： 1、树立榜样。榜样的作用很大，孩子的模仿性强，根据学生敬佩英雄、崇拜名人的特点，我经常讲一些名人名家爱读书的故事，鼓励他们热爱书籍，从书中汲取知识。平时，我有意识向学生介绍鲁迅、冰心、老舍等名人热爱读书的一些故事，这种名人“效应”所产生的力量不可低估。 2、随机指导。在课堂上，随机树立典范，当学生说出一些精妙的词语和精彩的语段时；当有学生道出一些其他同学所不曾了解的科普知识时，教师应激励表扬，这样便会在学生中营造了读书的气氛。 二、寓教于法，使学生会读书 课外阅读应是课堂教学的延伸和发展，要以课内带课外，课外促课内的方法，课内学方法，课外求发展。而课外阅读书籍的种类不同，且题材丰富，文章的内容深浅不一，学生理解能力也高低有别。为了防止只追求故事情节，忽视文章中心及语言描绘，我注重以下几种阅读方法指导： 1、指导学生做好读书笔记。根据不同年级，提出不同要求。低年级摘抄词句、仿句练习；中年级摘录佳句、精彩片断、名人名言等；高年级摘录时要注明出处，写读后感，养成“不动笔墨不读书”的良好习惯。 2、指导学生进行仿句、仿段、仿篇的练习。如阅读介绍竹子文章，可引导学生为各种竹子编写标签，激发学生阅读的兴趣，或为文章内容的“空白”处作扩充、填补，不但训练学生的阅读能力，还进行创造想象力的训练。 三、以读代讲，培养学生的理解能力
语文阅读解题步骤点拨： 1．通读文章，了解主要内容，揣摩中心思想。 2．认真通读所有题目，理解题意，明确题目的要求。 3．逐条解答，要带着问题，仔细地阅读有关内容，认真地思考、组织答案。 4．检查，看回答是否切题，内容是否完整，语句是否通顺，标点是否正确。 主要题型及解题套路 题型一：归纳段意 1．记叙文：回答清楚（什么时间、什么地点）什么人做什么事 格式：（时间＋地点）＋人＋事。 2．说明文：回答清楚说明对象是什么，它的特点是什么， 格式：说明（介绍）＋说明对象＋说明内容（特点） 3．议论文：回答清楚议论的问题是什么，作者的观点怎样， 格式：用什么论证方法证明了（论证了）＋论点 题型二：概括中心思想 （有很多的问答题都是根据中心解答的） 例如：谈谈你的收获；告诉我们什么道理；你有什么启发 有些文章可以直接在文中找到中心句。 写人的，主要是赞美主人公的某些优秀品质； 写景主要赞美景的美丽可爱。 写物比较复杂一点，单纯写物，就是表达对物的喜欢； 借物喻人和借物喻理的文章，在此类文章的结尾部分，仔细地揣摩，看它那些带有议论性的话，如果有写人的成分，那就是借物喻人；如果有说理的意思，那么一定就是借物喻理。 题型三：理解含义 所谓的含义就是蕴含在文章里面的意思，不是一下子就能看出来的，要通过我们仔细的揣摩，采取一找二写的方法来完成。 句子的意思有明暗两种。明的就是在文章结束那些议论性的话，你把它拿过来，稍加整理，也能回答。暗的难度大一点，必须在通晓全文的基础之上，把文章中一些重要的事件所反映的思想感情等的关键词摘录出来，用自己的语言表达出来。 题型四：某句话在文中的作用 1.文首：开篇点题；总起下文； 2.文中：承上启下；总结上文；引起下文 3.文末：点明中心；深化主题；篇末点题；照应开头
部编版七年级语文下册《河中石兽》课文详解 预习须知 一、文学常识 课文选自《阅微草堂笔记》，这是一本主要讲述各种狐鬼怪谈、奇闻逸事的书，其中有不少都包含着作者的寄托和感慨。 二、作者简介及背诵提示 纪昀（yún）（1724—1805），字晓岚，直隶献县（今属河北）人，清代学者、文学家。曾任《四库全书》总纂官，他主持编纂的《四库全书》被称为文化史上的“万里长城”，对保存中国文化有很大贡献。此篇需背诵。 知识重点 一、全文展示 沧州南一寺临河干，山门圮于河，二石兽并沉焉。阅十余岁，僧募金重修，求二石兽于水中，竟不可得，以为顺流下矣。棹数小舟，曳铁钯，寻十余里无迹。 一讲学家设帐寺中，闻之笑曰：“尔辈不能究物理。是非木杮，岂能为暴涨携之去？乃石性坚重，沙性松浮，湮于沙上，渐沉渐深耳。沿河求之，不亦颠乎？”众服为确论。 一老河兵闻之，又笑曰：“凡河中失石，当求之于上流。盖石性坚重，沙性松浮，水不能冲石，其反激之力，必于石下迎水处啮沙为坎穴。渐激渐深，至石之半，石必倒掷坎穴中。如是再啮，石又再转。转转不已，遂反溯流逆上矣。求之下流，固颠；求之地中，不更颠乎？”如其言，果得于数里外。然则天下之事，但知其一，不知其二者多矣，可据理臆断欤？ 二、主题概述 本文通过僧人、讲学家和老河兵推求沉在河里的石兽的下落的三种不同结论，来说明天下的事物虽有共同规律，但又有各自特殊的性质与原理，且不可不加分析，拘泥于事物表面现象而主观臆断的道理。 三、文言知识积累 （一）古今异义 1.二石兽并．沉焉
古义：一起；今义：并且。 2.阅．十余岁 古义：经过，经历；今义：阅读。 3.尔辈不能究物理 ．． 古义：事物的道理、规律；今义：物理学。 4.是．非木杮 古义：代词，这；今义：对，正确。 5.盖．石性坚重 古义：句首语气词；今义：有遮蔽作用的东西。 6.求之下流，固．颠 古义：本来；今义：坚固。 7.但．知其一 古义：只；今义：表示转折，但是，却。（二）一词多义 1. 为 岂能为暴涨携之去（被） 众服为确论（认为） 必于石下迎水处啮沙为坎穴（形成） 2. 重 僧募金重修（重新） 乃石性坚重（分量较大，与“轻”相对）（三）词类活用 1.棹．数小舟（名词作动词，划〔船〕） 2.岂能为暴涨．携之去（动词作名词，河水）（四）特殊句式 1.被动句 岂能为暴涨携之去？（“为”表示被动）
Summary of Sexism in School According to Myra and David Sadker, many people believe classroom sexism was gone already, but actually it still exists in school: boys still get more attention than girls do in classroom. Based on some reliable investigation and bountiful evidence, readers can easily know that teachers' sexist attitudes towards students do exist and it can directly affect students' progress in learning. It can be found that boys get more than their fair share of teacher attention, while girls just sit and keep quiet. Besides, the sexism with far-reaching harmful effects also exists in work place. Then the authors make a recommendation that teachers getting trained can establish equity in classroom, which turns out to be effective according to the study. Finally, the authors make a call for immediate action to remove sexism in school so that females can achieve equity in work world as well as in school.
初中语文课文阅读 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《初中语文课文阅读》的内容，具体内容：阅读是一种理解，领悟，吸收，鉴赏，评价和探究文章的思维过程。下面是我收集整理的文章以供大家学习。(一)我不由得停住了脚步。未见过开得这样盛的藤萝，只见一片辉煌的... 阅读是一种理解，领悟，吸收，鉴赏，评价和探究文章的思维过程。下面是我收集整理的文章以供大家学习。 (一) 我不由得停住了脚步。 未见过开得这样盛的藤萝，只见一片辉煌的淡紫色，像一条瀑布，从空中垂下，不见其发端，也不见其终极，只是深深浅浅的紫，仿佛在流动，在欢笑，在不停地生长。紫色的大条幅上，泛着点点银光，就像迸溅的水花。仔细看时，才知那是每一朵紫花中的最浅淡的部分，在和阳光互相挑逗。 这里春红已谢，没有赏花的人群，也没有蜂围蝶阵。有的就是这一树闪光的、盛开的藤萝。花朵儿一串挨着一串、一朵接着一朵，彼此推着挤着，好不活泼热闹! "我在开花!"它们在笑。 "我在开花!"它们嚷嚷。 每一穗花都是上面的盛开、下面的待放。颜色便上浅下深，好像那紫色沉淀下来了，沉淀在最嫩最小的花苞里。每一朵盛开的花像是一个张满了
的小小的帆，帆下带着尖底的舱。船舱鼓鼓的，又像一个忍俊不禁的笑容，就要绽开似的。那里装的是什么仙露琼浆?我凑上去，想摘一朵。 但是我没有摘。我没有摘花的习惯。我只是伫立凝望，觉得这一条紫藤萝瀑布不只在我眼前，也在我心上缓缓流过。流着流着，它带走了这些时一直压在我心上的焦虑和悲痛，那是关于生死谜、手足情的。我浸在这繁密的花朵的光辉中，别的一切暂时都不存在，有的只是精神的宁静和生的喜悦。 这里除了光彩，还有淡淡的芳香，香气似乎也是浅紫色的，梦幻一般轻轻地笼罩着我。忽然记起十多年前家门外也曾有过一大株紫藤萝，它依傍一株枯槐爬得很高，但花朵从来都稀落，东一穗西一串伶仃地挂在树梢，好像在察颜观色，试探什么。后来索性连那稀零的花串也没有了。园中别的紫藤花架也都拆掉，改种了果树。那时的说法是，花和生活腐化有什么必然关系。我曾遗憾地想：这里再看不见藤萝花了。 过了这么多年，藤萝又开花了，而且开得这样盛，这样密，紫色的瀑布遮住了粗壮的盘虬卧龙般的枝干，不断地流着、流着，流向人的心底。 花和人都会遇到各种各样的不幸，但是生命的长河是无止境的。我抚摸了一下那小小的紫色的花舱，那里满装生命的酒酿，它张满了帆，在这闪光的花的河流上航行。它是万花中的一朵，也正是由每一个一朵，组成了万花灿烂的流动的瀑布。 在这浅紫色的光辉和浅紫色的芳香中，我不觉加快了脚步。 (二) 那是费城七月里一个闷热的日子，虽然时隔五十七年，可那种闷热我至
小学语文阅读理解答题技巧大全 （一）某句话在文中的作用 1、文首：开篇点题;渲染气氛（散文），埋下伏笔（记叙类文章），设置悬念（小说，但上海不会考），为下文作辅垫;总领下文; 2、文中：承上启下;总领下文;总结上文; 3、文末：点明中心（散文）;深化主题（记叙类文章文章）;照应开头（议论文、记叙类文章文、小说） （二）修辞手法的作用 （1）它本身的作用;（2）结合句子语境。 1、比喻、拟人：生动形象; 答题格式：生动形象地写出了+对象+特性。 2、排比：有气势、加强语气、一气呵成等; 答题格式：强调了+对象+特性 3;设问：引起读者注意和思考; 答题格式：引起读者对+对象+特性的注意和思考 反问：强调，加强语气等; 4、对比：强调了……突出了…… 5、反复：强调了……加强语气 （三）句子含义的解答 这样的题目，句子中往往有一个词语或短语用了比喻、对比、借代、象征等表现方法。答题时，把它们所指的对象揭示出来，再疏通句子，就可以了。 （四）某句话中某个词换成另一个行吗？为什么？ 动词：不行。因为该词准确生动具体地写出了……
形容词：不行。因为该词生动形象地描写了…… 副词（如都，大都，非常只有等）：不行。因为该词准确地说明了……的情况（表程度，表限制，表时间，表范围等），换了后就变成……，与事实不符。 （五）一句话中某两三个词的顺序能否调换？为什么？ 不能。因为： （1）与人们认识事物的（由浅入深、由表入里、由现象到本质）规律不一致。 （2）该词与上文是一一对应的关系。 （3）这些词是递进关系，环环相扣，不能互换。 （六）段意的概括归纳 1、记叙类文章：回答清楚（什么时间、什么地点）什么人做什么事。 格式：（时间+地点）+人+事。 2、说明类文章：回答清楚说明对象是什么，它的特点是什么。 格式：说明（介绍）+说明对象+说明内容（特点） 3、议论类文章：回答清楚议论的问题是什么，作者观点怎样。 格式：用什么论证方法证明了（论证了）+论点 （七）表达技巧在古代诗歌鉴赏中占有重要位置 表现手法诸如用典、烘托、渲染、铺陈、比兴、托物寄情、情景交融、借景抒情、动静结合、虚实结合、委婉含蓄、对比手法、讽喻手法、象征法、双关法等等。诗中常用的修辞方法有夸张、排比、对偶、比喻、借代、比拟、设问、反问、反复等。分析诗歌语言常用的术语有：准确、生动、形象、凝练、精辟、简洁、明快、清新、新奇、优美、绚丽、含蓄、质朴、自然等。复习时要系统归纳各种表达技巧，储备相关知识。首先要弄清这些表达技巧的特点和作用，再结合具体诗歌进行仔细体味、辨析。 至于评价诗歌的思想内容和作者的观点态度，则包括总结作品的主旨，分析作品所反映的社会现实，指出其积极意义或局限性等。
Summary如何写（I） 说明文的summary 我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例 The Problem of Packaging 第一段 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container. 第二段 Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution. 第三段 People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to are cycling company for processing. 第四段 The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain vigilant and do their part. 我们先来把每段的大意理一下： 第一段的中心应该就是讲 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。 第二段呢？讲了两层意思，一层：垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。 第三段：中心句很清晰啊People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. 后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。 最后一段了：尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。
部编版小学二年级下册语文全册课文积累、阅读专项练习 一、根据课文内容填空。(20分) 1．小草从地下探出头来，那是春天的__________吧？ 早开的野花一朵两朵，那是春天的__________吧？(6分) 2．古时候有个人，他巴望自己田里的禾苗长得快些，就把禾苗一棵一棵往高里拔，结果禾苗都枯死了，这个故事叫__________。这是一个_______故事，这类故事具有明显的教育意义，我还知道这样的故事___________、__________。(8分) 3．一学期以来，我们学习了不少课文，认识了许多人物。我最喜欢__________这篇课文中的__________，因为______________________________________ _____________________________________。(6分) 二、填填名句。(21分) 1．__________锦上添花，__________雪中送炭。 2．__________，若饮食，_________，勿生戚。 3．闻过则喜，______________。 4．微微风簇浪，_____________。 5．人谁无过？_________________，善莫大焉。 三、默写古诗，并完成后面的练习。(24分) 绝句 唐____ ______鸣翠柳，一行白鹭_______。 窗含西岭_______，_______万里船。
1．我会写出诗中表示颜色的词：________________________________________ ____________________________________。 2．我会准确填写量词：两( )黄鹂一( )白鹭 四、阅读短文，回答问题。(35分) (一)大禹(yǔ)治水 相传古时候黄河一带经常闹水灾。凶猛(měng)的洪水淹没了农田，冲毁(huǐ)了房屋，害得老百姓无家可归。于是，大禹决定治理洪水。大禹在外治水十三年，三次路过家门，但他都没有进去看一看。最后，他带领老百姓挖(wā)通了很多河道，引洪水流入大海。从此，人们过上了安定的生活，大家都非常感激这位伟大的治洪英雄。 1．在加点字的正确读音下画“____”。(6分) 相传．(chuán zhuàn)淹没．(méi mò) 2．“无家可归”的意思是_______________________________________________ _____________________________。(5分) 3．大禹为什么要治理洪水？我可以在文中找到答案，并用“____”画出来。(5分) 4．大家为什么感谢大禹？(5分) ________________________________________________________ (二)美好的东西 有一年，著名作家高尔基在意大利的一个岛上休养。他十岁的儿子跟着妈妈来看望爸爸。儿子在爸爸住的院子里栽．(zāi cāi zhāi)了好些花，不久就跟着妈妈回国了。 春天，儿子栽下的花盛．(shèng chéng)开了。高尔基看着窗外怒放的鲜