英文原文及中文翻译
（一）英文原文
One: A Method of Slant Correction of Vehicle License Plate
Based on Watershed Algorithm
In a vehicle license plate recognition system, slant vehicle license plate has a bad effect on the character segmentation and recognition. A method of slant correction of vehicle license plate is proposed in this paper. The method consists of five main stages: (1) the extraction of the boundaries of characters using watershed algorithm;
(2) dividing the boundaries of vehicle license plate into small segments using vertical
differential method; (3) connection of the fracture characters using expansion and corrosion; (4) computing centroids of the left and the right part in the vehicle license plate respectively; (5) finding the slant angle by means of two centroids. Experimental results show that the error rate of using the method is 6.13%, which is lower than that of the principal component analysis. The running time of using this method is less than that of Hough transform. The method improves accuracy of the slant correction.
With the rapid development of highways and the wide use of vehicles, people have started to pay more and more attention on vehicle license plate recognition system.
Vehicle license positioning, extraction and character segmentation are one of the most difficult topics in the vehicle license plate recognition system. Slant vehicle license plate has a bad effect on the character segmentation and recognition. In the last few years some achievements in vehicle license positioning and slant correction have been obtained. These achievements have distinguished effects in special conditions.
However, under a complex background, the effect of slant correction needs to be enhanced further. Many problems such as: small contrast, non-uniform illumination, image distortion as well as the contaminate dlicense plate and so on may bring difficulty in slant correction of vehicle license plate. This article presents a method (called SCWA method) of slant correction of vehicle license plate based on watershed algorithm. As documented in the experiments of 460 vehicle license plates, the error rate of using the SCWA method is 6.13%, which is lower than that of the principal component analysis. The running time of using SCWA method is less than that of Hough transform. Good slant correction is achieved with SCWA method. The paper is outlined as follows: section I presents the introduction, section II describes the SCWA method and section III presents a conclusion of the experiments of 460 vehicle license images.
II. SCWA METHOD
A. Extraction of the Boundaries of Characters Using
Watershed Algorithm There are many boundaries of characters in the vehicle
license plate. These characters are very important to slant correction of vehicle license plate.The steps of extraction of the boundaries of characters are as follow:1) Produce gradient image The watershed algorithm is sensitive to noise and has excessive segmentation. In order to avoid these problems,we apply prewitt operator to produce gradient image of vehicle license.The prewitt operator is as follow:
where H1 is x direction border, H2 is y direction border, gradient magnitude is:
Watershed segmentation on gradient image
The gradient magnitude of the gradient image of the vehicle license plate is considered as a topographic surface for the watershed transformation. The idea of watershed segmentation can be viewed as a landscape immersed in a lake; catchment basins will be filled up with water starting at each local minimum. Dams must be built in order to avoid the merging of catchment basins. The water shed lines are defined by the catchment basins divided by the dam at the highest level. As a result, watershed lines can separate individual catchment basins in the landscape. The result of watershed segmentation is shown in Figure 1. The watershed segmentation is as follow: Assume that G is a simple connected graph, the distance between pixel x and pixel y in G graph is the minimal route from pixel x to pixel y, min ( ) h I refers to minimal gradient magnitude in license image I when the altitude is h, hmin and hmax denote minimum and maximum in gradient magnitude domain DI respectively, h value changes from hmin to hmax.
Watershed segmentation orders gradient magnitudes according to increase and then scans from hmin to hmax according to width preferential algorithm.
Step 1. These pixels whose gradient magnitude is h are marked with a flag sign. The pixels which are marked with a flag sign are put into first-in-first-out queue.
Step 2. A pixel P is got from the queue. Assume that P’ around pixel P is the same flag region as P. P’ and P are merged if the distance between P’ and P is smaller than the current distance.
Step 3. P' is put into first-in-first-out queue if the distance between P' and the marked regions is not computed. P' distance is that the current distance adds 1.
Step 4. The current distance adds 1 when the computation of current distance has finished.
Step 5. Go to step 2 if the queue is not empty.
Step 6. Sign a new mark for these pixels which are not handled from step 2 to step 4 and which are min ( ) h I .
B. Dividing the Boundaries of Vehicle License Plate into Small Segments Using
Vertical Differential Method Respecting the more intensive density of the vertical
edge than the level edge of vehicle license plate region and the regular characteristics of characters spacing of vehicle license plate, we divide the boundaries of vehicle license plate into small segments using vertical differential method
(shown in Fig.2).
where I(i,j) is a matrix of the vehicle license plate image, G is a border matrix.
C. Connection of the Fracture Characters Using Expansion and Corrosion Operation The boundaries of vehicle license plate are divided into small segments using the vertical differential method(shown in Fig. 2). The white area of less than 10 points is set to background-color in order to eliminate the boundaries of vehicle license plate. The fracture characters are connected by using expansion and corrosion operation. The erosion operation is defined as:
The expansion operation is defined as:
where I is a matrix of the vehicle license plate image, B is structuring element set. D. Computing Ccentroids of the Left and the Right Partin the Vehicle License Plate Respectively
Assume that I is an image of vehicle license plate which contains m×n pixels, Sum_x1 and Sum_y1 is the sum of X coordinate value and Y coordinate value of the white pixel of left part in the image I respectively, Sum_x2 and Sum_y2 is the sum of X coordinate value and Y coordinate value of the white pixel of right part in the image I respectively.
Assume that num1 and num2 is the number of pixels ofthe left and right part in the image I respectively, (centX1,centY1) and (centX2,centY2) is the centroids of the left part and the right part in the image I respectively.
E. Finding the Slant Angle by Means of Two Centroids
The connection of two centroids constitutes a main axes of the license plate. The angle between the main axes and the horizontal is θ(shown in Fig. 3).
The angle of θ of counterclockwise rotation is：
The transformation matrix of counter-clockwise rotation is：
The angle of θ of clockwise rotation is：
The result of slant correction of vehicle license plate is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. The angle between the main axis of License plates and horizontal line. (a)
angle of θ of counterclockwise rotation;(b) the angle of θ of clockwise rotation.
Figure 4. Slant correction of vehicle license plate
III. CONCLUSIONS
For testing the MWF algorithm, the experiment of 460vehicle license plate images is carried on. The error rate of slant correction of vehicle license plate using the different methods is 6.13% (SCWA method) and 10.25% (PCA method). Comparison of the results of SCWA method and PCA method is shown in Figure 5.The conclusion is that the SCWA method is more effective than the PCA method. The running time using this method is less than that one of Hough transform. Our future work will be to test rigorously the SCWA method over a wide variety of images and improve further accuracy of the slant correction of vehicle license.
Figure5. Comparison of the results of SCWA method and PCA method. (a) the original Slant Vehicle License Plate; (b) slant correction of vehicle license plate using PCA method. (c) slant correction of vehicle license plate using SCWA method. Two：A Method of Slant Correction of Vehicle License Plate
Based on Hough Transform and Mathematics Morphology
In a real Vehicle License Plate Recognition System, the license images obtained by vidicon are usually slantwise. The slant of vehicle licenses will do harm to the Character Segment and Recognition. The paper advances a new method combining Hough Transform and Mathematics Morphology by the analysis of the vehicle licenses’ slant pattern and the interference characteristics. Compared with the conventional methods, it overcomes the perplexity that too many disturbed lines and imperfect detection criterions. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of the slant correction. It is confirmed that the noise immunity of the method is excellent, and the performance is robust. The correction
rate of the newly developed algorithm has reached over 95%.
The typical steps involved in a video-based Vehicle License Plate Recognition System are Obtaining Image, Plate Location, Character Segment and Character Recognition. The obtained license image is usually slantwise and not a normal rectangle because of the CCD vidicon’s perspective warps. The slant of Vehicle Licenses will do harm to the Character Segment and Recognition, and it will affect the accuracy and reliability of the whole system. Therefore, it is necessary to do slant correction before character recognition. According to the analysis, there are several characteristics of the slant license image. The information comprised in the image is complex, and quite a number of information is the interference. The slant of the license mainly reflects on the horizontal warp. At present, the existing researches in Slant Correction have been developed on the basis of Hough Transform. Hough Transform can detect the plate’s frame lines, obtain the incline information and realize the correction. (1) Combining with Edge Detection, viz. doing edge detection firstly before Hough Transform processing. This method is liable to infection by the non-frame lines, and the veracity is not good. (2) The Longest Line Detection method (Yen, 1995). Its idea in nature is detecting the slant angle of the longest straight line to correct the plate. This method demands a high integrality of the frame lines. However, the plates in real can hardly satisfy the demands on account of the external disturbance, and the effect is also not good. This paper proposes a new approach combining Hough Transform and Mathematics Morphology. The steps for slant correction can be summed up as the following: At first, binarize the image of the vehicle license, than using Mathematics Morphology methods to exact the framework of it; Then, do erosion operation to filter the portrait lines which interfere with the slant correction; At last, use Hough Transform and knowledge reasoning to detect the transverse parallel lines, reckon the slant angle of the vehicle license, and design the rotation algorithm adapted for the situation that the rotated information region will become larger.
Available Lines Picking-up based on Mathematics Morphology
The straight line detection using the method of Hough Transform is subject to interference from non-straight line information. Therefore, Mathematics Morphology is employed to pick up the available lines in advance.
Image Thinning
Generally speaking, image thinning is getting rid of some points in the original image but holding the former shape of the objective region. Thinning is the variant of the erosion manipulation in nature. The course of t hinning is to decide a point’s remove-or-reserve according to its 8 neighborhood points continually.
Image Erosion
Because the longitudinal lines in the thinned image will interfere to the extraction of the available slantwise information, the erosion manipulation is applied and the structure element
G=[0]1×n =[g1, g2, ……, g n] gi=0, i=1, ……, n
is chosen. It is considered that the width of the thinned framework is single element, and the detected lines are longer and parallel. If the chosen value of n in formula (4) is big, the framework lines might be eroded. Therefore, the 1×3 horizontal structure element is selected. The discrimination rule is: The current point will be eroded in the case of that there is one background point in the three (itself, its former point and its after point).
Slant Information Extracting and Slant Correction
Hough Transform is an important method to detect and describe the linetype object, and the accuracy is quite high. It can be used to detect the lines in the license image which is thinned and eroded, and then gain the incline information then we can correct it to use traditional Hough Transform which we are so familiar with.
（二）中文翻译
一：基于分水岭式算法的车牌图像倾斜校正
在车辆牌照自动识别系统中,车牌倾斜对车牌的分割和识别有很大的影响。本文提出一种修正方法，该方法由五个主要阶段:(1)使用分水岭算法提取边界的字符;(2)采用垂直微分方法划分边界成小的汽车牌照;(3)使用扩张和腐蚀连接断裂的字符;(4)分别计算因子的左右部分(5)通过两种因子找到偏角度。实验结果表明,使用该方法的错误率是6.13%,比主流分析方法来说这是较低的方法了，运行使用这种方法的时间远远小于霍夫转换，该方法提高了倾斜校正准确性。
由于高速公路的快速发展和车辆的广泛使用,人们已经越来越多的关注车辆车牌识别系统。汽车的牌照定位、提取和字符分割是最难的一个主题车辆牌照识别系统。倾斜对车辆车牌在字符分割和识别上有不良影响。在过去的几年里汽车的牌照定位和倾斜校正取得了一些成就。然而,在复杂背景下,倾斜校正的影响需要进一步增强。有许多问题,如:小的对比,非均匀照明,图像失真以及污染可能对车牌图像的倾斜校正带来一定的困难。本文提出了一种基于分水岭算法(称为SCWA 方法)的修正车辆牌照的方法。在460份记录实验中汽车牌照的资料中,使用SCWA 的错误率仅为 6.13%,这是低于主流分析的方法，运行使用这种方法的时间远远小于霍夫转换。本文概述如下:第一部分中,我做了简明介绍,第二部分描述了SCWA方法，第三部分对460份车牌实验数据所反映的问题做了总结。
二：SCWA方法：
A.使用分水岭算法提取边界的字符：在车辆车牌中有许多有边界的字符。这些字符对车牌的倾斜校正是非常重要的 ,这些提取边界字符的步骤如下:1产生梯度图像：分水岭算法对噪声非常敏感所以对字符有过度的分割。为了避免这些问题, 我们运用普瑞维特操作产生汽车牌照的梯度图像。普瑞维特操作如下:
H1是x方向的边界,H2是y方向的边界，梯度幅值是：
梯度图像上的分水岭分割车辆牌照梯度图像的幅值大小被认为是分水岭变化法的地表。分水岭分割法可以比作成景观沉浸在湖里，由于集水盆地将一点点的被水注满，必须建立大坝以避免盆地合并。分水岭定义为用来区分盆地的大坝的最高点。因此,分水岭线可以在景观中分开独立的汇水盆地。分水岭分割结果如图: 假设G是一个简单的连通图,在连通图中的x和y像素的距离是所有从x到y像素的最短距离。定义Mh1是在车牌图像1中最小的梯度幅值，高度为h,hmin和hmax在梯度幅值领域依次表示最小和最大，h值从最小变化到最大。
图1：分水岭分割法（a）原始的车牌倾斜图像（b）分水岭分割法的结果
分水岭分割根据数值的增长制定梯度幅值，然后根据宽度优先算法依次从h的最小值扫描到最大值。
步骤1：这些梯度幅值是h的像素被标记了小旗符号，这些标记小旗的像素进行了先进先出的操作。
步骤2：从序列中找出像素P。假设P’和P在相同的旗像素区域，如果P’和P之间的距离小于当前的距离。那么P’和P就会合并
步骤3。如果P’和已标记区域的距离没有被计算，P’就会被放入先进先出序列，
P’的距离为当前的距离加1。
步骤4：当目前距离计算完成时，距离就会自动加1。
步骤5：如果序列不是空的就转到步骤2。
步骤6：对那些步骤2到步骤4没有处理过或数值为最小的像素再进行新的标记。
B . 通过垂直微分法把车辆车牌的边界划分为小段。
考虑到汽车牌照区域和常规字符间隔的特征，垂直边缘往往比水平边缘密度更大，我们采用垂直微分方法把汽车牌照的边界分成小段，如图2
图2：用垂直微分法将垂直边界分割成小段
垂直微分法操作如下：
I(I,j)是垂直牌照图像的矩阵，G是边界矩阵。
C．使用扩张和腐蚀操作链接断裂字符
使用垂直微分方法将车辆牌照的边界分为小段 (见图2),白色的面积不到10的点设置为背景颜色用以消除车辆牌照的边界。使用扩张和腐蚀操作将断裂字符链接起来，腐蚀操作定义为：
扩张操作定义为：
I是一个垂直车牌图像的矩阵,B是结构化元素集。
D．在垂直牌照中依次计算左右部分的中心点。
假设I是一个车辆牌照的图像，它包含m×n像素,Sum_x1和Sum_y1依次是图像左边部分白色像素x坐标值和y坐标值。Sum_x2和Sum_y2依次是图像右边部分白色像素x坐标值和y坐标值。
假设num1和num2依次表示I图像中左侧和右侧部分的像素,(centX1,centY1)和(centX2,centY2)依次是I图像中左侧和右侧部分的中心点。
E．通过两个中心点找出倾斜角度,两个中心点的连接组成了牌照的主轴，在主轴和水平线之间的角度是θ（如图3）
逆时针旋转的角度θ是：
逆时针旋装的变换矩阵是：
顺时针旋转的角度θ是：
垂直牌照的倾斜校正结果如图4
图3：牌照主轴和水平线之间的夹角（a）逆时针旋转的角度（b）顺时针旋转的角度
图4：垂直牌照图像的倾斜校正
三：结论
为了检测MWF算法,460张车辆车牌图像都用在了实验上。用这种不同方法对车牌图像倾斜校正的错误率为6.13%(SCWA方法)，10.25%(PCA)方法)。SCWA方法和PCA方法比较的结果如图5所示。结论是,SCWA比PCA方法更为有效，使用这种方法的运行时间远远少于哈夫变换。我们以后的工作将是用各种各样的图像更为严格的测试SCWA方法，并进一步提高汽车牌照倾斜校正的精度。
图5：SCWA方法和PCA方法的比较（a）原始的汽车牌照倾斜图像（b）用PCA方法修改的汽车牌照（c）用SCWA方法修改的汽车牌照。
二：基于霍夫变换和数学形态学的汽车牌照倾斜校正方法
在车辆牌照自动识别系统中，,用摄像机捕获的汽车牌照图片通常会有倾斜。汽车牌照的倾斜会损害到字符分割和识别。该文提出了一种新的方法，这种方法结合了霍夫变换和数学形态学进而对牌照倾斜和其他的干扰进行分析。和传统的方法相比较它克服了汽车牌照的多线条和难以检测的困难。实验结果表明,新提出的方法可以提高校正的精度，也证明了该方法的噪声免疫已做的相当好了，它的表演近乎是完美的，而且新开发算法的修正率已经达到95%以上。
典型的步骤包括一个基于视频的车辆车牌识别系统，并获取图像,牌照位置、字符分割和字符识别。获得牌照图像通常是倾斜的,一个正常的甚至不是矩形的，
这是因为CCD摄像机的视图扭曲造成的。倾斜的汽车牌照将不利于字符分割和识别,还将会影响到整个系统信息的准确性和可靠性的。因此,在字符识别之前有必要做牌照图像的倾斜校正分析,倾斜的牌照图像有许多特性，包含在图像中的信息非常复杂,相当多的是干扰信息，牌照的倾斜主要反映在横向弯曲上。目前,现有的汽车牌照倾斜校正研究是建立在哈夫变换上的。哈夫变换可以检测牌照的边框线,获取倾斜信息,实现倾斜校正。(1)结合边缘检测,即“做哈夫变换之前首先做边缘检测处理，但这种方法很容易受那些没有边框线位置的影响同时准确性也不是很好。(2)最长线检测方法，它的原理本质上是检测牌照中最长直线的倾斜角。这种方法要求边框线的完整性。然而,在现实中由于外部干扰，汽车牌照很难满足这种要求 ,而且效果也不是很好，本文提出了一种新的方法结合了霍夫变换和数学形态学。牌照倾斜校正的步骤可以被概括为以下内容:首先,对汽车的牌照进行二值化，然后使用数学形态学确定精确的框架，再进行腐蚀操作用以过滤干扰倾斜校正的外围线，最后,利用霍夫转换和知识推理来检测横轴投影纬线，估计汽车牌照的倾斜角度，然后设计能适应旋转角度变大的旋转算法，
基于数学形态学的直线检测
使用霍夫变换的直线检测法易于受到非直线信息的干扰，因此，数学形态学被提前应用到检测直线的工作上。
图像稀疏
一般来说,图像细化就是清除一些原始图像中的点，并保持先前目标区域的形状。在本质上，稀疏操作时腐蚀操作的变形，稀疏操作过程根据点周围其他相关8个点的变化而不断决定该点的去留。
图像侵蚀
因为在稀疏图像中的纵向线条会对可用的倾斜信息的提取造成干扰，因此腐蚀操作和结构元G=[0]1×n =[g1, g2, ……, g n] gi=0, i=1, ……, n将会被应用和选择。稀疏框架的宽度被认为是单一的元素,检测线较长且平行，如果在上述公式中所选的n值大,该框架线可能被侵蚀。因此1×3水平结构元素被选中。该识别的规则是:就当前，原先，以后的点来说，当前的点将被侵蚀。
倾斜信息的提取和校正
霍夫变换是检测和描述线型对象的重要方法,精度相当高。它可以用来检测汽车牌照图像中已经被稀疏和腐蚀过的直线,然后获得倾斜信息。然后我们就可以用非常熟悉的霍夫变换法去完成牌照图像的倾斜校正了。
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d07343437.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析 摘要：结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题，分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因，通过先进IS工具的辅助设计，找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。 关键词：高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统 深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多；由于近年来IC工艺的发展，使得其速度越来越高。从而，使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。 在视频处理系统中，多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上，而且对时序的要求也非常严格。本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景，对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析，对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究，并且从实际系统入手，利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径，解决系统的信号完整性问题。 1 系统简介 为了提高算法效率，实时处理图像信息，本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁，而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。系统结构框图如图1所示。 在整个系统中，PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm，系统时钟频率高达167MHz，时钟沿时间为0．6ns。由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度，使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。 2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案 2．1 信号完整性问题产生机理 信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后，信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致，并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。因此，信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。实际信号总是存在电压的波动，如图2所示。在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区，可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。总线信号传输的情况更加复杂，任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错，如图3所示。图中，CLK为时钟信号，D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号，系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。在正常情况下，D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t，在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定，系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据，如图3(a)所示。相反，当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时，总线信号就发生
Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk （M=Mom, T= Tom） M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。
文档简介 一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！ 英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night
中文翻译小子： 我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特 别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。 具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了 福利放送！！
如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。 下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！ 一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版 二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版 三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版
南京师范大学泰州学院 英文翻译原文 年级： 2011级学号：12110330 姓名：申佳佳 系部：信息工程学院 专业：通信工程 题目：基于C51的数字测速仪设计与仿真 指导教师：焦蓬蓬 2015 年 4 月 5 日
Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make u p huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be re garded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Rece ntly, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to i ncrease day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece wh at glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufa cturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Net scape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can o btain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research a nd development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , c an add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As th e most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic o f the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of sup porting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstandi ng design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels , their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmer s, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in n etwork supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and ass ess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , E x t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .
Basic Control Actions and Industrial Automatic Control An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output with the desired value, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal which will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value.The manner in which the automatic conroller produces the control signal is called the control action. Classifications of industrial automatic controllers Induetrial automatic controllers may be classified according to their control action as: ·two-position or on-off controllers; ·proportional controllers; ·integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral controllers. Most industrial automatic controllers use eletricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Automatic controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in the operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers.What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions,including such considerations as safety, availability, reliability, accuracy, weight, and size? Elements of industrial automatic controllers An automatic controller must detect the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplify it to a sufficiently high level. Thus, an amplifier is necessary. The output of an automatic controller is fed to a power device, such as a pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor, or an electric motor. The controller usually consists of an error detector and amplifier. The measuring element is a device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable, such as a displacement, pressure, or electric signal, which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. This element is in the feedback path of the closed-loop system. The set point of the controller must be converted to a reference input of the same units as the feedback signal from the measuring element. The amplifier amplifies the power of the actuating error signal, which in turn operates the actuator. The actuator is an element which alters the input to the plant according to the control signal so that the feedback signal may be brought into correspondence with the reference input signal. Self-operated controllers In most industrial automatic controllers, separate units are used for the measuring element and for the actuator. In a very simple one, however, such as a self-operated controller, these elements are assembled in one unit. Self-operated controllers utilize power developed by the measuring element and are very simple and inexpensive. The set point is determined by the adjustment of the spring force. The controlled pressure is measured by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force acting on the diaphragm. Its position determines the valve opening. The operation of self-operated controller is as follows: Suppose that the output pressure is lower than the reference pressure, as determined by the set point. Then the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure force, resulting in a downward movement of the diaphragm. This increases the flow rate and raises the output pressure.
Engineering with Computers(2002)18:109–115 Ownership and Copyright ?2002Springer-Verlag London Limited Structural Optimization of Automotive Body Components Based on Parametric Solid Modeling M.E.Botkin GM R&D Center,Warren,MI,USA Abstract Abstract::Parametric modeling was used to build several models of an automotive front structure concept that utilizes carbon fiber composite materials and the corresponding molding processes.An ultra-lightweight aluminum body front structure was redesigned to include an all-composite front structure.Two alternative concepts were studied which represent the structure as a bonded assembly of shells.Closed sections result from two pieces–an inner and outer.Parametric modeling was found to be a useful tool for building and modifying models to use in optimization concept studies. Such models can be built quickly and both the sketch dimensions and location dimensions are particularly useful for making the adjustments necessary to fit the various body pieces together.The parametric models then must be joined together as one geometric solid model in order to obtain a surface mesh.Structural optimization input data can then be seamlessly and quickly created from the parametric-modelbased finite element model to begin the tradeoff studies.This integrated process in which parametric modeling was coupled with structural optimization was used to carry out design studies on the lightweight body front structure.Several carbon fiber material combinations were studied to determine mass reduction potential of certain types of carbon fiber products considered to be lower cost than typical carbon fiber materials used in the past.Structural optimization was used to compare several composite constructions for the design of the bonded front structure.Eight cases were studied using various materials and composite lay-ups.Mass savings estimates from45–64%over steel were obtained.The most reasonable design consisted of a combination of relatively low cost chopped carbon fiber and woven carbon fiber and using a20mm balsa core in the top of the shock tower area. This design had a maximum thickness of7mm and a mass reduction over steel of approximately62%.Correspondence and offprint requests to:Mark E.Botkin,Principal