GMAT 阅读

GMAT考试相关的常见缩写：1、CAT（Computer Adopted Testing），计算机自适应考试。

是通常所说的“机考”，是现在GMAT考试的考试方式；2、AWA（Analyrical Writing Assessment）作文的2种文章类型：AA（Analysis of Argument）问题分析和AI（Analysis of Issue）论点论证；3、GMAT考试Quantitative数学部分共有2种题型：DS（data sufficiency），数据充分性和PS（problem solving），问题解决；4、Verbal，GMAT语文部分题目，包括CR, RC, SC三部分；5、CR（critical reasoning），逻辑，是GMAT Verbal语文部分里面的一种题型。

6、RC（reading comprehension），阅读，是GMAT Verbal语文部分里面的一种题型。

7、SC（sentence correction），语法，也是GMAT Verbal语文部分里面的一种题型。

8、AT：Admission Test的缩写，事实上AT等同于GMAT；9、BF：BoldFace，黑脸题，是CR逻辑题型出题方式中的一种；10、2-3 Split:GMAT语法的一种排除法的做题方法，排除3个从另外两个中2选1正确答案；11、JJ（机经），由网友们考试结束后回忆出的机考题目，大多数不完整，不可完全依赖，但仍有很高的参考价值；12、OG - Official Guide for GMAT Review的缩写，是ETS为GMAT考生编写的一本复习资料，里面的题全部选自题库，反映ETS的出题思路与解题思路，最新版为GMAT OG13；13、GMAT语文：海翔专著《GMAT语文考试全程指南》；14、GMAT Prep:最新版的GMAC模拟题；15、BY：白勇编的语法精讲的缩写；16、黄金80：AWA区NN们所总结的近期高频AWA试题；17、小安阅读法：anchoret所发明的GMAT阅读方法总结18、黄皮书（小黄）：全称为“GMAT XX快速高分突破”19、WP（White Paper），白皮书；20、杨鹏难句：指《GRE难句解读》或《GMAT阅读难句教程》这两本书；21、FF：MATH或CR区的FF宝典多指费允杰老师所总结的数学或者逻辑难题集；22、LZM ：刘振民语法精解这本书的简称；23、YJ：杨继阅读精选。

为了让我们更好(de)适应GMAT考试,GMAT考试官网每天都会有GMAT试题,下面是天道小编为您整理(de)2016年7月19日GMAT考试题目,是阅读题,让我们一起来看一看这道题目吧.A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores—in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.1、The primary purpose of the passage is toA、present several explanations for a well-known factB、suggest alternative methods for resolving a debateC、argue in favor of a controversial theoryD、question the methodology used in a studyE、discuss the implications of a research finding正确答案 E2、According to the passage, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea areaA、included the same species, in approximately the same proportionsB、had a similar frequency of tooth fracturesC、populated the La Brea area more denselyD、consumed their prey more thoroughlyE、found it harder to obtain sufficient prey正确答案 B3、According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily byA、the aging process in individual carnivoresB、contact between the fossils in the pitsC、poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pitsD、the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones o f their preyE、the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills正确答案 D4、The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found thatA、the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fracturesB、the average age at death of a present-day carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivoreC、in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individualsD、the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individualsE、data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores 正确答案 D5、According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded thatA、the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in the La Brea pitsB、the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pitsC、Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcassesD、all Pleistocene carnivore species differed behaviorally from present-day carnivore speciesE、predator densities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high正确答案 A6、The passage suggests that if the researchers had not found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded thatA、the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossile remains in the La Brea pitsB、the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pitsC、Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcassD、all Pleistocene carnivores species differed behaviorally from present-day carnivore species.E、predator desities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high正确答案 A7、The passage suggests that tooth fractures in Pleistocene carnivores probably tended to occur less frequentlyA、during periods in which more prey were availableB、at sites distant from the La Brea areaC、in older individual carnivoresD、in species that were not preserved as fossilsE、in species that regularly stole carcasses from other species正确答案 A以上就是天道小编为根据GMAT考试官网最新信息,为您整理(de)2016年7月19日GMAT 试题,目(de)是为了让我们更好(de)适应GMAT考试题目,如果在备考过程中遇到任何问题,欢迎随时咨询天道培训,为您提供最专业、最全面(de)解答.GMAT金牌一对一想要快速提分,一对一最适合你1一对一会根据你(de)实际情况制定计划2每天有专职顾问记录你全天(de)学习进度3授课(de)时间、地点、形式都非常灵活4一对一授课(de)吸收率是大班课(de)5倍5教学更具交流性,课堂上可随时反馈6每学科教师辅导+专门学习顾问+助教数据证明一对一授课(de)吸收率,是大班课(de)5倍天道标准化GMAT课程教学体系——平均教龄5年以上教师研发,历经多年GMAT考试实战验证,数据证明一对一授课(de)吸收率,一对一授课效率是小班授课(de)2~3倍,是大班课(de)5倍,最大限度保证学习效果,家长要做(de)就是放心把孩子交给天道.。

GMAT考试内容包括哪些GMAT阅读理解包括阅读文章三或者是四篇，一共25道题，每道题有四个可供选择的提问。

下面就来看看这篇GMAT考试内容包括哪些，相信你们会喜爱的。

GMAT考试包括四个部分：写作、综合推理、数学和语文。

GMAT 考试由七个部分组成，每个部分时长30分钟，其中有阅读理解、句子改错、问题求解、数据填充以及原因评述各一个部分。

另外两个部分有不同类型的问题。

GMAT考试考查基本语言能力和数学能力，基本语言能力部分着重于大家阅读理解的能力和是否掌握了标准的书面〔英语〕规则。

数学能力部分主要测试基本数学，对基本数学概念的理解，以及解释数学题和数据的能力。

考题不涉及经济学各专业中的具体内容或者是特别的专业知识。

它必须要大家对一些比较复杂的问题做出正确的分析和推断，并制定解决方案。

GMAT阅读理解包括阅读文章三或者是四篇，一共25道题，每道题有四个可供选择的提问。

选材包括人文、社会学、物理、生物学等领域。

GMAT句子改错，总的题目数是25题。

一般来说，给出一个句子，在句子一部分或全部的下方用线标明，要求大家针对划线的部分，从五个选项中作出选择。

GMAT数据填充，共有25个问题，每道题包涵一个数学问题和两个与之相关的说明。

大家必须做出推断，A选项，如果第一个数据告诉可以解题，而第二个不行;B选项只有第二个数据说明可以解题，而第一个不行;C选项两个数据说明放在一起可以解题，但任意单独一个都不行;D选项任意一个数据说明都可以解题;E选项两个数据说明放在一起都不能解题，一定要增添新数据。

GMAT考试原因评述，总共是20道题。

出题形式：一是推断与假想(Inference or Assumption)，这个题目就是给大家出一段陈述、论证、看法或事实，然后要求每个人从陈述中的概括和推断两个方面作出选择。

试题一般会问：在以下陈述中能否得出以上推论?二是缺陷(Flans)。

要求大家选择在陈述中出现的错误，或者如果错误确实存在，就要指出并加以消除。

2013年4月3日GMAT阅读考试预测李琳老师简介：【特色】纯正美式发音、激情、幽默【经历】北外英语专业高材生，多伦多大学进修。

曾在多伦多教育局任英语老师，贝尔公司等担任管理职位，回国后在CRI Easy FM中国国际广播电台任新闻主播和双语谈话节目主持人。

本月预测重点：语文部分包括41个多项选择题，内容涉及阅读理解、评论性推理和句子改错三种类型。

3月2日换库后，为大家整理这个月的GMA T阅读机经，这篇GMA T阅读机经是关于环境与经济的文章，考生朋友可以看看，下面的内容为考古内容，分享给大家，希望对大家有所帮助，文中观点仅供参考。

[V1]第一篇是关于环境与经济的文章。

中心名词实在不记得了关于ecoxxxx的有些学者认为人们为了谋求经济利益使得ecological system degradation了。

举个了关于hotel resort的例子说明在一些海岸线附件建酒店影响生态(这里高亮，问作者提到hotel resort 的目的是什么)。

接下来有个学者XX，认为传统的观点有问题。

提出要evaluate有些自然环境是否能带来实际的经济效益。

另一个学者又说了一个观点。

突然脑残不记得了。

但两个学者的观点不一致。

考古未确认12.环境保护与经济效益V1:一片说环境保护应该用经济效益来衡量V2: 大概内容是。

环境保护与经济效益的关系?其中有个小小的例子是沿着河有开发的宾馆什么的。

然后行文最后的态度(个人理解)是，环境保护与经济效益并驱还有很长的路要走。

V3：主题是围绕“要考虑到生态环境系统的经济价值”这个观念。

第一段首先定义了这个价值，然后描述了一下怎么怎么被人们忽略。

第二段就分别讲了两个人来解释为什么需要普及应用这个观念。

题目能记得清的是在第一段作者举了一个“costal hotel”的例子，问举例作用V4: 环境保护是MoneyXXX的。

通常人们会偏好于实际的、量化的利益，譬如建设旅游景点而非建设保护地。

2-3 Split:GMAT:语法的一种排除法的做题方法，排除3个从另外两个中2选1正确答案885:987的前身，参见本文的“987”词条987:即gemj大侠所做的语法大全，一共987道考题，简称987AA：Analysis of Argument；中文翻译：问题分析AWA中的2种文章类型之一，另一种为AIAI：Analysis of Issue；中文翻译：论点论证。

AWA中的2种文章类型之一，另一种为AA AT：Admission Test的缩写，事实上AT等同于GMATAWA：Analyrical Writing Assessment；中文翻译：分析写作。

为GMAT考试中的作文部分，分为两篇各30分钟完成，一为Argument驳论，一为Issue立论BF：BoldFace；中文翻译：黑脸题。

是CR题型出题方式中的一种BY：白勇编的语法精讲的缩写CAT：Computer Adopted Testing；中文翻译：计算机自适应考试。

是通常所说的“机考”，相对于“笔考”而言，是现在GMAT考试的考试方式。

CD:www. .com；国内较著名的英语考试学习网站CET：College English Test；中文翻译：大学英语等级考试。

由“大学英语四、六级标准化考试设计组”主持的大学英语标准化考试，大陆的大学生均应参加。

分为CET4和CET6两种等级。

CR：critical reasoning；中文翻译：逻辑。

同样，也是GMAT语文部分里面的一种题型。

DS：data sufficiency；中文翻译：数据充分性。

GMAT考试数学部分的一种题型ETS：Educational Testing Service；中文翻译：美国教育测验服务社的缩写。

是TOEFL\GMAT\GRE考试的出题机构（06年起，GMAT考试将变更出题机构，不再由ETS出题。

FF：MATH或CR区的FF宝典多指XDF的费允杰老师，所总结的数学或者逻辑难题集。

Reading ComprehensionLine Anthropologists once thought that the ancestorsof modern humans began to walk upright becauseit freed their hands to use stone tools,which theyhad begun to make as the species evolved a brain of(5)increased size and mental capacity.But discoveriesof the three-million-year-old fossilized remains ofour hominid ancestor Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the(10)brain and the development of stone tools.Walking on two legs in an upright posture(bipedal locomotion)is a less efficient proposition than walkingon all fours(quadrupedal locomotion)because several muscle groups that the quadruped uses for propulsion (15)must instead be adapted to provide the biped with stability and control.The shape and configurationof various bones must likewise be modified to allowthe muscles to perform these functions in upright walking.Reconstruction of the pelvis(hipbones)and (20)femur(thighbone)of“Lucy,”a three-million-year-old skeleton that is the most complete fossilized skeleton from the Australopithecine era,has shown that theyare much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely(25)related living primate,the quadrupedal chimpanzee. Lucy's wide,shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder,bowl-like pelvis of the modern human,which evolved to form the largerbirth canal needed to accommodate the head of a(30)large-brained human infant.By contrast,the head of Lucy's baby could have been no larger than that of ababy chimpanzee.If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers,what evolutionary advantage did they(35)gain by walking upright?One theory is that bipedalityevolved in conjunction with the nuclear family:monogamous parents cooperating to care for theiroffspring.Walking upright permitted the father touse his hands to gather food and carry it to his mate(40)from a distance,allowing the mother to devote moretime and energy to nurturing and protecting theirchildren.According to this view,the transition tobipedal walking may have occurred as long as tenmillion years ago,at the time of the earliest hominids,(45)making it a crucial initiating event in human evolution.Questions151–155refer to the passage.RC62100.01-10.151. The primary purpose of the passage is to.A.present an interpretation of the chronological relationship betweenbipedal locomotion and certain other key aspects of human evolutionpare the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of bipedallocomotion to those of quadrupedal locomotionC.argue that the transition to a nuclear family structure was a more crucialstep in human evolution than was the development of stone toolsD.analyze anatomical evidence of bipedal locomotion to show that the largebrain of modern humans developed at a later stage of evolution than was previously believede examples of muscle and bone structure to illustrate the evolutionarydifferences between modern humans,australopithecines,and chimpanzeesMain ideaTo discern the primary purpose of a passage requires an understanding of the key messages within the passage.The passage states that a once-favored view was that modern human beings'ancestors began to walk upright around the same time that they began to use stone tools.However,this argument has been weakened by archaeological discoveries indicating that these ancestors began to walk upright before the enlargement of the brain that led to the development of such tools.Furthermore,the passage indicates that these ancestors had a shallow pelvis that would actually suit walking upright better than the bowl-shaped human pelvis,a development that allows for children to be born with larger brains and therefore heads.Given that walking upright is less efficient than walking on all fours,the passage suggests that some sort of evolutionary advantage came from walking upright;the passage suggests that this advantage may have been that it allowed monogamous parents to cooperate in the care of offspring.A.Correct.As the review above indicates,the passage is primarilyconcerned with the chronological relationship between bipedal locomotion and certain other important developments in human evolution,such as fitness for cooperative parental roles.B.While the passage does mention the relative efficiency of bipedal andquadrupedal locomotion,it does so primarily to motivate the larger purpose of the passage.That is,it justifies the need to explain the development of bipedal locomotion.In other words,if bipedal locomotion were more efficient rather than less efficient,this efficiency boost would be sufficient to explain its evolution.C.The passage does not discuss whether the development of the nuclearfamily or the development of stone tools was the more crucial step in human evolution.Rather,it simply rules out the development of stone tools as an explanation for the development of bipedal locomotion and proposes the transition to a nuclear family as a possible explanation.D.The passage does present such evidence,but it does so merely as one stepin pursuit of the primary purpose of presenting the chronological relationships among the evolution of bipedal locomotion and other key human developments.E.The passage does use such examples,but it does so merely as one step inpursuit of the overall,primary purpose of presenting the chronological relationships among the evolution of bipedal locomotion and other key human developments.The correct answer is A.RC62100.01-20.152. The passage suggests that proponents of the theory mentioned in lines 35–38assume that which of the following steps in human evolution occurred most recently?.A.Development of a nuclear family structureB.Transition from walking on all fours to walking uprightC.Dramatic enlargement of the braine of the hands to gather and carry foodE.Modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control inlocomotionInferenceThe passage states that fossilized remains provide anatomical evidence that upright walking,which required a modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion,occurred before the dramatic enlargement of the brain.Proponents of the theory mentioned in lines35–38argue that walking upright may have evolved alongside the nuclear family structure because it allowed for cooperative caring for infants,which would have required the use of hands to gather and carry food.Thus,the dramatic enlargement of the brain was the most recent of the developments listed among the answer options.A.Proponents of the theory mentioned in lines35–38hold that the dramaticenlargement of the brain occurred more recently than the development of walking upright,which happened alongside the development of a nuclear family structure.B.Proponents of the theory mentioned in lines35–38hold that the dramaticenlargement of the brain occurred more recently than the transition from walking on all fours to walking upright.C.Correct.Proponents of the theory mentioned in lines35–38hold thatthe dramatic enlargement of the brain was the most recent of these developments to occur.D.Proponents of the theory mentioned in lines35–38hold that the dramaticenlargement of the brain occurred more recently than the use of hands to gather and carry food,which occurred alongside the development of walking upright.E.Proponents of the theory mentioned in lines35–38hold that the dramaticenlargement of the brain occurred more recently than the modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion,which isa key factor in the development of walking upright.The correct answer is C.RC62100.01-30.153. According to the passage,the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?.A.Brain sizeB.Tool-making abilityC.Shape of the pelvisD.Method of locomotionE.Preference for certain foodsSupporting ideaThe passage directly states that australopithecines walked upright(used bipedal locomotion),as human beings do.A.The passage states that the dramatic enlargement of the brain amonghominids occurred after the australopithecine era;it follows that the size of the australopithecine brain did not closely resemble that of the modern human brain.B.The passage states that stone-tool-making ability did not develop untilsome time after the australopithecine era.The passage suggests that study of Australopithecus indicates that there is substantial evidence that upright walking appeared prior to...stone tools.C.The passage specifies notable differences in shape between theaustralopithecine pelvis and the pelvis of modern human beings.D.Correct.As noted above,the passage indicates that australopithecineswalked upright,or used bipedal locomotion,as modern human beings do.E.The passage does not indicate the types of foods preferred byaustralopithecines.The correct answer is D.RC62100.01-40.154. The passage suggests that,in comparison with the hominid australopithecines,modern humans are.A.less well adapted to large-group cooperationB.less well adapted to walking uprightC.more agile in running and climbingD.more well suited to a nuclear family structureE.more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspringInferenceThe information needed to answer this question is contained in the second paragraph.This is the only place in the passage where comparisons between australopithecines and modern human beings occur;the passage points out(1) that the pelvis and the femur of australopithecines are more similar to those of modern humans than they are to those of chimpanzees,the most closely related living primate,and(2)that the pelvis of australopithecines is better suited for bipedal locomotion than is the pelvis of modern humans.A.The passage makes no mention of large-group cooperation.B.Correct.As discussed above,the passage notes that the modern humanpelvis is less suited for bipedal locomotion than was the australopithecine pelvis.This suggests that,in comparison with australopithecines,modern humans are less well adapted to walking upright.C.The fact that australopithecines were better suited for walking uprightthan modern humans are would suggest if anything that australopithecines would also be better suited than humans to running and climbing(rather than vice versa).Regardless,the passage provides no clear evidence of whether modern humans or australopithecines weremore agile.D.In the third paragraph,the passage suggests that australopithecines mayhave been physically well suited to a nuclear family structure.The passage gives no information as to whether australopithecines were more or less physically well suited to such a structure than are modern humans.E.In the third paragraph,the passage suggests that australopithecines mayhave been physically well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring.The passage gives no information as to whether they were more or less physically well suited to such caring than modern humans.The correct answer is B.RC62100.01-50.155. The theory mentioned in lines35–38suggests that which of the following was true for the hominid ancestors of modern humans before they made the transition to walking upright?.A.Their brains were smaller than the brains of present-day chimpanzees.B.They competed rather than cooperated in searching for food.C.Their mating patterns and family structure were closer to those ofpresent-day chimpanzees than to those of modern humans.D.Males played a more significant role in child rearing than they played afterthe transition to walking upright.E.Females'ability to nurture and protect their offspring was limited by theneed to find food for themselves.InferenceThe theory mentioned in lines35–38holds that bipedality evolved among modern humans'hominid ancestors specifically because it granted monogamous couples the ability to cooperate in the care of their offspring. According to this theory,because they could now walk upright,fathers were able to use their hands to gather food and carry it to their mates from a distance.This in turn allowed mothers to expend greater amounts of time and energy to the nurture and protection of their children.This implies that prior to the development of walking upright,mothers had to spend more time acquiring their own food,and therefore less time nurturing and protecting their offspring.A.According to the passage,the brains of baby australopithecinehominids were no larger than the brains of baby chimpanzees.This in no way implies that the brains of these ancestors were smaller than those of chimpanzees.Nothing in the passage indicates that the theory would disagree with this.B.The theory states that walking upright allowed for cooperation for foodwithin a monogamous couple;a simple lack of cooperation does not implythat these ancestors necessarily competed for food.For example,these groups could have engaged in cooperative hunting,just as many nonbipedal animals are now.C.The theory does suggest that prior to the development of bipedality,theseancestors were not as capable of cooperative care.However,this still does not imply that their mating patterns and family structures were more similar to those of chimpanzees than to those of modern humans.D.The theory actually suggests the opposite:that bipedality developedbecause it allowed for greater cooperative care among hominid parents. E.Correct.As discussed above,the development of bipedality allowedfathers to assist mothers in acquiring food.This,thereby,freed up time and energy for mothers to nurture and protect their offspring.The correct answer is E.Line Recent feminist scholarship concerning the UnitedStates in the1920s challenges earlier interpretationsthat assessed the1920s in terms of the unkept“promises”of the women's suffrage movement.This(5)new scholarship disputes the long-held view thatbecause a women's voting bloc did not materializeafter women gained the right to vote in1920,suffrage failed to produce long-term political gainsfor women.These feminist scholars also challenge(10)the old view that pronounced suffrage a failure fornot delivering on the promise that the women's votewould bring about moral,corruption-free governance.Asked whether women's suffrage was a failure,thesescholars cite the words of turn-of-the-century social(15)reformer Jane Addams,“Why don't you ask if suffragein general is failing?”In some ways,however,these scholars still presentthe1920s as a period of decline.After suffrage,theyargue,the feminist movement lost its cohesiveness,(20)and gender consciousness waned.After the mid-1920s,few successes could be claimed by feministreformers:little could be seen in the way of legislativevictories.During this decade,however,there was intense(25)activism aimed at achieving increased autonomy forwomen,broadening the spheres within which theylived their daily lives.Women's organizations workedto establish opportunities for women:they strove tosecure for women the full entitlements of citizenship,(30)including the right to hold office and the right to serveon juries.Questions156–161refer to the passage.RC04200.01-10.156. The passage is primarily concerned with.A.providing evidence indicating that feminist reformers of the1920s failedto reach some of their goalsB.presenting scholarship that contrasts suffragist“promises”with thehistorical realities of the1920sC.discussing recent scholarship concerning the achievements of women'ssuffrage during the1920s and presenting an alternative view of those achievementsD.outlining recent findings concerning events leading to suffrage for womenin the1920s and presenting a challenge to those findingsE.providing support for a traditional view of the success of feminist attemptsto increase gender consciousness among women during the1920sMain ideaTo understand the primary concern of the passage requires a clear understanding of the passage as a whole.This passage discusses recent scholarship concerning the1920s that challenges an earlier interpretation in which the women's suffrage movement during the1920s was considered a failure because it had not achieved long-term political goals.The scholars responsible for this earlier interpretation present the1920s as a period of decline,and the passage presented here challenges this assessment.A.The passage is primarily concerned with discussing how recentscholarship challenged an earlier assessment of the women's suffrage movement.The passage provides no specific evidence indicating that feminist reformers of the1920s failed to reach their goals.B.Although the passage refers to the unkept“promises”of the women'ssuffrage movement,the passage does not present scholarship that contrasts such a“promise”with the historical realities of the1920s.C.Correct.The passage discusses recent scholarship concerning theachievements of women's suffrage.In the final paragraph,the passagepresents an alternative view of those achievements.D.The passage does not outline findings regarding what led to suffrage forwomen.The passage's focus is on scholarship regarding what followed women gaining suffrage.E.The passage does not provide support for a traditional view of1920sfeminists'success at increasing gender consciousness among women.In fact,the passage conflicts with the traditional view by suggesting that, during the1920s,there existed intense activism aimed at increasing autonomy for women.The correct answer is C.RC04200.01-20.157. It can be inferred that the author of the passage disagrees with the“new scholarship”mentioned in line5regarding the.A.degree to which the“promises”of the suffrage movement remainedunkeptB.degree to which suffrage for women improved the morality of governanceC.degree to which the1920s represented a period of decline for the feministmovementD.degree of legislative success achieved by feminist reformers during the1920sE.accuracy of the view that a women's voting bloc did not materialize oncesuffrage was achievedInferenceIn the final paragraph of the passage,the author offers several points to counter the claim made by the new scholarship that the1920s were still,in some ways,a period of decline.A.Both the author and this new scholarship question the claims of the earlierinterpretation that the“promises”of the women's suffrage movement were unkept.B.There is no indication of agreement or disagreement between the authorof the passage and this new scholarship about how much women improved the morality of governance in the1920s.C.Correct.In the final paragraph,the author gives a counterpoint to theclaim of the new scholarship that the1920s,in some ways,represented a period of decline for the feminist movement.D.Nothing in the passage supports the claim that the author disagrees withthe new scholarship regarding the degree of legislative success achieved by feminist reformers.Note that none of the achievements discussed in the final paragraph are indicated to be legislative successes.E.While the author of the passage mentions the new scholarship's claim thata women's voting bloc failed to materialize once suffrage was achieved,theauthor does not explicitly disagree with this statement.The correct answer is C.RC04200.01-30.158. The purpose of the second paragraph of the passage is to.A.suggest a reason why suffragist“promises”were not keptB.contrast suffragist“promises”with the reality of the1920sC.deplore the lack of successful feminist reform in the1920sD.explain a view held by feminist scholarsE.answer the question asked by Jane AddamsEvaluationThe second paragraph of the passage describes certain views presented inthe recent feminist scholarship discussed in the first paragraph.In the first paragraph,this new scholarship is described as challenging earlier interpretations that suggested that“promises”of the women's suffrage movement had not been kept.Though this new scholarship argues that it is a mistake to view women's suffrage as a failure,the scholarship nonetheless does,in some ways,present the1920s as a period of decline.The second paragraph of the passage explains precisely how the scholars present such a view.A.Both the author and the new scholarship discussed in the passage rejectthe interpretation that suffragist“promises”remained unkept.B.The second paragraph does not present a contrast between the reality ofthe1920s and the suffragist“promises.”This paragraph does present ways in which the new scholarship saw the1920s as a period of decline.However,both the author and this new scholarship argue that it is improper to interpret the results of women's suffrage in the1920s as unkept“promises.”C.As noted in the third paragraph,the author sees successful feministreform in the1920s.It is therefore incorrect to suggest that the author intends the second paragraph to deplore a lack of successful feminist reform during this period.D.Correct.As discussed above,the second paragraph explains howthis new scholarship presents the1920s as a period of decline.E.Jane Addams's question was rhetorical;there is no answer to this questionin the passage.The correct answer is D.RC04200.01-40.159. It can be inferred from the passage that recent scholars cite the words of Jane Addams primarily in order to.A.suggest that women's achievement of suffrage brought about changes ingovernment that were not taken into account by early interpretationsB.point out contradictions inherent in the goals of the women's suffragemovementC.show why a women's voting bloc was not formed when women won theright to voteD.emphasize the place of social reform movements in the struggle forsuffrage for womenE.suggest that the old view of women's suffrage was inappropriate InferenceThe scholars cite the words of Jane Addams to suggest that it is no more appropriate to ask whether women's suffrage was a failure than to ask whether suffrage in general is a failure.The clear implication is that it is inappropriate to ask either question,presumably because suffrage has value in and of itself.A.The scholars do not dispute the claim that women's suffrage failed to bringabout significant changes in government.The point of Addams's statement is that it is inappropriate to call women's suffrage into question simply because it does not bring about all desired changes.B.The scholars suggest no inherent contradictions in the goals of thewomen's suffrage movement.Even if such a claim had been made,there is little relation between that claim and Jane Addams's statement.C.The scholars accept the earlier interpretation's assertion that a women'svoting bloc was not formed;however,the scholars offer no explanation as to why such a bloc was not formed.D.While it may be true that social reform movements played a significantrole in the struggle for suffrage for women,this particular quotation does not convey that idea.E.Correct.The old view suggested that in many ways the women's suffragemovement was a failure because it had failed to attain certain goals that had been associated with women's suffrage.The scholars quote Addams to suggest that this view is inappropriate:women's suffrage should no more be considered a failure for failing to reach all of its goals than suffrage in general should be considered a failure for failing to reach all of its goals. The correct answer is E.RC04200.01-50.160. It can be inferred that the analyses of the author of the passage and the scholars mentioned in lines20–23differ with regard to which of the following?.A.The criteria they use to evaluate the success of the feminist movementduring the1920sB.Their interpretations of the“promises”of the suffragist movementC.The suggestions they make for achieving feminist goalsD.Their definitions of what constitutes a legislative victoryE.Their estimations of the obstacles preventing women's having achieved avoting bloc in the1920sInferenceThe author of the passage mentions ways in which the newscholarship mentioned in the first paragraph sees the1920s as a period of decline for the feminist movement.For example,these scholars suggest that after the mid-1920s,few successes could be claimed by feminist reformers: little could be seen in the way of legislative victories.The author points out actual gains for women,for example,the establishment by women's organizations of broader opportunities for women,striving to secure for women the full entitlements of citizenship,including the right to hold office and the right to serve on juries.The author thereby appears to counter these scholars'suggestion that the1920s was a period of decline by suggesting other criteria that can be used to evaluate the attainments of the 1920s feminist movement.A.Correct.As discussed above,the author applies different criteria fromthose attributed to the scholars mentioned in the second paragraph in evaluating the success of the feminist movement during the1920s.B.The author presents these scholars'discussion of these“promises”in thefirst paragraph;the author does not appear to disagree with the scholars' assessment.C.The passage does not discuss any suggestions that these scholars havemade about how to achieve feminist goals.D.The passage mentions legislative victories but offers no definition of theterm.E.Nowhere does the passage discuss obstacles preventing the formation of avoting bloc in the1920s.The correct answer is A.RC04200.01-60.161. The“new scholarship”mentioned in the first paragraph suggests which of the following concerning the“promises”mentioned in lines4–5?.A.Failure to keep these promises is not a measure of the success of thesuffrage movement.B.Failure to keep these promises caused the feminist movement to losecohesiveness during the1920s.C.Failure to keep these promises led recent feminist scholars to reevaluatethe success of the suffrage movement.D.These promises included securing for women the right to hold office andthe right to serve on juries.E.These promises were of little importance in winning suffrage for women. InferenceThe passage indicates that new scholarship disputed a long-held view that because certain promises of the women's suffrage movement—e.g.,that a women's voting bloc would form;that the women's vote would bring about moral,corruption-free governance—went unkept,the movement was a failure. This scholarship rejected the view that unkept“promises”suggested a failure of the movement.A.Correct.As indicated above,the new scholarship rejected the notion thatthe failure to keep these promises was a reasonable measure of the success or failure of the suffrage movement.B.The second paragraph of the passage explains the new scholarship's viewthat the feminist movement lost its cohesiveness in the1920s.However, there is no suggestion that a failure to keep the promises of the suffrage movement was actually a cause of this.C.The new scholarship reevaluated the success of the suffrage movement.However,this scholarship did not suggest that it did so because the suffrage movement failed to keep its promises.D.There is nothing in the passage to indicate that the newscholarship suggests that these promises include securing the right to hold office and the right to serve on juries for women.E.There is nothing in the passage to suggest either that the promises were oflittle importance in winning suffrage for women or even that this new scholarship believed that they were.The correct answer is A.Line This passage is excerpted from material publishedin1997.Is there a massive black hole at the center of ourgalaxy,the Milky Way?The evidence is inconclusive.(5)Just as the Sun's mass can be determined,givenknowledge of other variables,by the velocity atwhich its planets orbit,the mass at the center of theMilky Way can be revealed by the velocities of starsand gas orbiting the galactic center.This dynamical。

【GMAT阅读】增强削弱题解题技巧当说到增强削弱题型时，可能我们首先反应的是CR逻辑题，但其实在我们的GMAT阅读里面，也是有增强削弱题型的，但是往往被大家所忽略。

GMAT阅读由主旨题跟细节题两大类组成，其中细节题中有一朵奇葩就是增强削弱题，这种题出现的频率不高，整个阅读最多出现1-2题，但是其推理的难度大，所以错误率偏高。

重点来了，在考试的时候遇到这种题型，我们应该怎么办呢？干瞪眼？别开玩笑了，武汉雷哥GMAT大队长手把手教你如何解决阅读题里面的增强削弱题型！增强削弱题型攻略说到阅读里面的增强削弱题型攻略，我们大致可以分开三步走，只需3步，就能搞定！1、了解设问形式：如果一个选项正确／成立，则会支持／削弱原文的某一说法2、了解常见形式：增强（support, strengthen），削弱（weaken, undermine)3、了解解题思路：通过关键词定位层次，找出现象，结论以及推理过程▷ weaken/support现象▷ weaken/support结论▷ weaken/support现象到结论的推理过程这么说，可能有的同学没有办法很好的理解，下面武汉雷哥GMAT 大队长举个简单的例子给大家来体现什么是现象，什么是结论，什么是现象到结论的推理过程。

大家小时候都会唱一首歌，我在马路边捡到一分钱，把它交给警察叔叔…我们就以这个为例：小明捡到一分钱，交给警察叔叔，小明是好人。

现象：小明捡到一分钱，交给警察叔叔结论：小明是好人推理过程：因为小明捡了一分钱交给警察叔叔，所以他是好人。

碰见这种增强削弱题，找到现象，结论及推理过程，我们就可以进行做题，所以关键还是理解文章，希望大家采用合理的方法阅读，比如结构层次法。

我们就来做一道题：结构层次：P1:1.MOB opportunities and risks.1a.CRA：MOB lack access to orders.1b. congress required businesses help MOB1c.Some federal and local agencies apportion contracts to MOBP2:2. Corporate response substantial.2a.1972:7700W上升到1977:11亿 80s:estimated 53billion P3: P3:MOB promising and dangers，risk1：expanding and overextending too fast3a.expanding and overextending too fast make substantial investments in staff…3b. SC must soon result in orders, or morale and financial heal health will suffer.P4: 4：risk2: WOC cash in through formation of joint ventures 4a.WOC and MOB legitimately team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone5. But CR and MOB complained “fronts”, not full partnersP5:6.risk3: MOB became dependent6a. MOB difficult to broaden customer bases. have to struggle against complacency.例题：▼• 4.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author‘s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements was substantial(定位到P2)• (A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.（反了，这是support）• (B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.（原文是1972-1977年，问牛答马）• (C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.（没有涉及1972-1977的情况，而且没有涉及金额的减少）• (D) The estimate of corporate spending withminority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high.（脱离1972-1977的假设,无根据假设）• (E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.根据题干定位到p2，我们分析一下这道题的现象，结论及推理过程是什么，然后进行weaken▷现象：少数民族企业的公司合同金额由少到多。

任何一个有志于去北美深造的中国考生都必须顺利地通过GRE, GMAT, TOEFL等北美大学规定的必要的出国考试;而在他们漫长的出国之路的起点却无一例外地横着一片荆棘之地:单词!数以万计的，一望无际的单词!!生僻难懂的，语义抽象的单词!!!尤其是GRE考生，其面临的背单词的任务可谓艰苦卓绝，令不少考生望而却步，半途而废，更令无数考生进退维谷，一筹莫展。

背单词，成了很多考生挥之不去的一场噩梦。

笔者也曾是GRE考生中的一员，深深地明白背单词过程中的酸甜苦辣;特别是由于当初笔者下决心准备这些出国考试时毕业已久，不得不从大学四、六级单词开始重新来过，经历了很漫长的背单词历程，所以对其中的滋味可以说是刻骨铭心。

也正是因为这个原因，笔者在担任新东方的GRE和GMA T阅读教师期间，每教一个班的学员，必授之以背单词之法，目的是为了帮助同学们把背单词的痛苦减至最小，树立背单词的信心，提高学习效率，缩短复习时间，以尽到一个新东方老师的责任，不愧对脚下那一方神圣的新东方讲台。

然而很多人、很多事情不断地提醒着笔者，仅仅在一17天搞定GRE单词自己的课堂上传授这些方法是远远不够的:很多没有机会上笔者的阅读课的求知若渴的同学在网上不断地向上过课的同学们询问笔者的方法，还有很多人通过E-mail、信件甚至是长途电话来询问笔者，使笔者下决心要在自己一本专论GRE和GMA T阅读方法的书中将背词法包括进去。

可是即使是这样也不能满足分秒必争的同学们，大家批评笔者说，等笔者那本务求完美的书出版，为时已晚，恐怕到时候自己都已经到了美国开始读书了，“这是人民群众所不能答应的!”再加上笔者在《GRE & GMA T阅读难句教程》一书中透露过自己当初曾以17天基本搞定了GRE单词，更是掀起了“轩然大波”，笔者经不住考生们邮件的“狂轰滥炸”，因此不得不把此背词法单独成册，以早飨读者。

对于每一个单词的具体背法不是本书的重心所在，因为一来市面上介绍各种具体的单词记忆法的书籍种类繁多，二来这些方法并不能从根本上解决如何在短时间内记牢大量单词的问题，因此本书仅仅会简单地提一提这些具体方法。

本文适用对象：刚刚接触GMAT的新手，看过本文对GMAT备考资料有一个较为全面的了解；已经复习GMAT一段时间的朋友，帮您对手中的一些资料进行取舍！下列资料都来自梦网论坛，在此向他们的辛勤劳动表示感谢。

网友下载前须知：1、点击鼠标右键“另存为”下载；2、下面有些文件是PDF格式的，需要Acrobate Adobe Reader 7.0软件才能打开，它的下载地址为：/soft/2696.htm第一部分、Official Guide for GMATGMAT国内笔考真题（1）Official Guide 逻辑+语法+阅读（PDF版）下载/exam/GMAT_Official_Guide_10th_CR_RC.rar（2）Official Guide 阅读（Word版）下载/exam/OfficialGuideForGMAT_10th_RC_word.zip（3）GMAT OG数学部分下载第一部分/exam/GMAT_OG_Math.zip（4）XDF补充教材（阅读、语法、逻辑、数学分册）含答案 (4.4M) 下载/exam/XDF_Old_Books.rar（5）OG阅读（Word版） (144K) 下载/exam/OG_RC_WORD.rar说明：OG阅读48篇，word版。

通过CD上面的内容整理，不过文字格式等等后面的没有调整，一些页码通过PDF转过来没有删除（6）OG语法完全版（Word版） (98K) （感谢sfish制作！）下载/exam/OG_SC_FULL_VERSION_BY_SFISH.rar第二部分、GMAT模考软件（1）KAPLAN HighScore 2005 for GMAT (287M) 下载ftp://gmat:***********************.117.229/KPL_HigherScore_for_GMAT_2 005.rar（2）Princeton 2004 (1 0.4M) 下载（强烈感谢DC上传！）/exam/PR_GMAT_2004.rar（3）HighGMAT（35.2M）下载简介：新东方的GMAT模考软件，内容覆盖大部分GMAT笔考题，感谢Anchoret 上传！/exam/HighGMAT.rar注：模考软件需要使用虚拟光驱安装。

gmat考试复习资料1、《KaplanHighScore》4、《GMAT800揭密》：郑清山著1、《新东方教材》包括：阅读、逻辑、语法、数学——国内GMAT考试笔考真题、孙远绿皮作文宝典。

(1)Morethan1400GMATQuetionwithAnwerE某plainedbyTetAuthor(2)ActualEayTopic,SampleRepone,andScoringInformation(4)Tet-takingTipandStrategie(5)TetTutorial三、GMAT模考软件推荐1、《kaplan2002&kaplan2004》：Kaplan是美国著名的考试培训机构，国内的朋友对KAPLAN是的认识是通过他的著名模考软件开始的。

网友们普遍反映kaplan的摸考要比真实考试要难，甚至有朋友说，真实成绩=模考成绩+100分，事实证明，此规律对一些朋友生效，而对于很多朋友无效，所以不可尽信，当做鼓励自己信心的一个公式吧。

2、《Princeton2002/2004》：据说是与真实考试成绩最为接近的模考软件。

3、《ETSGMATPOWERPREP3》：PP3的界面与真实考试的界面完全相同，用来观察、适应题目的出现方式（字体大小，每行字数[特别是阅读行数的差异]、滚动条[注：highgmat、highgre与真实机考界面不完全不同]等）。

4、《800core的5套题》：感觉用处不大。

建议模考软件只要用1、2、3即可。

1、《GRE&GMAT数学》吴强2、《GRE&GMAT数学难题精解》钱永强3、《陈向东还有一本数学书》：以上三本书的内容：比较系统介绍GMAT数学的考试范围，对一些经典的机经考题进行解析。

1、OfficialGuide的逻辑部分；2、LSAT黄皮两册（共28套真题）：现在已经有电子版3、《GREGMATLSAT逻辑推理——分类思维训练及真题解析》（陈向东著）：很厚，俗称“砖头”，书中较为详尽讲解了GMAT逻辑的解法。