Submitted for special issue of Journal of Engineering Education (D. Budny, ed.) Educational

Situated Cognition and the Culture of LearningJohn Seely Brown;Allan Collins;Paul DuguidEducational Researcher,Vol.18,No.1.(Jan.-Feb.,1989),pp.32-42.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0013-189X%28198901%2F02%2918%3A1%3C32%3ASCATCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 Educational Researcher is currently published by American Educational Research Association.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use,available at/about/terms.html.JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides,in part,that unless you have obtained prior permission,you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles,and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal,non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work.Publisher contact information may be obtained at/journals/aera.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world.The Archive is supported by libraries,scholarly societies,publishers, and foundations.It is an initiative of JSTOR,a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology.For more information regarding JSTOR,please contact support@.Tue Jun2613:52:032007You have printed the following article:Situated Cognition and the Culture of LearningJohn Seely Brown;Allan Collins;Paul DuguidEducational Researcher ,Vol.18,No.1.(Jan.-Feb.,1989),pp.32-42.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0013-189X%28198901%2F02%2918%3A1%3C32%3ASCATCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2This article references the following linked citations.If you are trying to access articles from an off-campus location,you may be required to first logon via your library web site to access JSTOR.Please visit your library's website or contact a librarian to learn about options for remote access to JSTOR.[Bibliography]Knowing,Doing,and Teaching MultiplicationMagdalene LampertCognition and Instruction ,Vol.3,No.4.(1986),pp.305-342.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0737-0008%281986%293%3A4%3C305%3AKDATM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6Curvilinear Motion in the Absence of External Forces:Naive Beliefs about the Motion of ObjectsMichael McCloskey;Alfonso Caramazza;Bert GreenScience ,New Series,Vol.210,No.4474.(Dec.5,1980),pp.1139-1141.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819801205%293%3A210%3A4474%3C1139%3ACMITAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-IReciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension-Monitoring Activities Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar;Ann L.BrownCognition and Instruction ,Vol.1,No.2.(Spring,1984),pp.117-175.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0737-0008%28198421%291%3A2%3C117%3ARTOCAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23The Problem of the Essential IndexicalJohn PerryNoûs ,Vol.13,No.1.(Mar.,1979),pp.3-21.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0029-4624%28197903%2913%3A1%3C3%3ATPOTEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-FLINKED CITATIONS -Page 1of 2-The 1987Presidential Address:Learning in School and out Lauren B.ResnickEducational Researcher ,Vol.16,No.9.(Dec.,1987),pp.13-20+54.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0013-189X%28198712%2916%3A9%3C13%3AT1PALI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X LINKED CITATIONS -Page 2of 2-。

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Basic Concept in MechanicsThe branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions , time , and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts , statics and dynamics , Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems , i.e. , those in which time is not a factor , and dynamics deals with systems which change with time .对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。

它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。

静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个因素，动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。

When a number of bodies are connected together to form a group or system , the forces of action and reaction between any two of the connecting bodies are called constraint forces . These forces constrain the bodies to behave in a specific manner . Forces external to this system of bodies are called applied forces .当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合体或者系统时，任何两个相连接的物体之间的作用力和反作用力被称为约束力。

这些力约束着各个物体，使其处于特定的状态。

从外部施加到这个物体的系统的力被称为外力。

Journal of Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research2008 Subscription Rates•$35 Association Member USA (Canada: $40; Rest of World: $50)•$45 Individual USA (Canada: $50; Rest of World: $55)•$35 Student USA (Canada: $40; Rest of World: $50)•$140 Library/Institution USA (Canada: $160; Rest of World: $160)Single Issues and Back Issues: $25 USA (Canada: $35; Rest of World: $35)If you wish to subscribe for the printed edition of EPASAD, please send the subscription fee as check or money order (payable to International Association of Educators) to the following address:International Association of Educators1965 S. Orchard Street #DUrbana, IL 61801 USAPrint copies of past issues are also available for purchased by contacting the Customer Service department subscription@Journal of Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research Editor:Haluk Soran Hacettepe ÜniversitesiManaging EditorsMustafa Yunus Eryaman Mustafa KoçNihat Gürel Kahveci University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignEditorial Review BoardPetek AskarEsin AtavHakan DedeogluAyşe Ottekin Demirbolat Ihsan Seyit Ertem Nezahat GüçlüLeman TarhanCeren TekkayaErdal Toprakcı Mustafa UlusoyRauf YıldızMelek YamanAyhan Yılmaz Hacettepe ÜniversitesiHacettepe ÜniversitesiUniversity of FloridaGazi UniversitesiUniversity of FloridaGazi UniversitesiDokuz Eylül ÜniversitesiOrta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Cumhuriyet ÜniversitesiUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Yüzüncü Yıl ÜniversitesiHacettepe ÜniversitesiHacettepe ÜniversitesiThe views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Editor or the Editorial Review Board, nor the officers of the International Association of Educators (INASED).Copyright, 2008, International Association of Educators (INASED).TABLE OF CONTENTSVolume 3, Number 1:March 2008,From the Editor5Editorial StatementEryaman, Mustafa Y. & Y ang ChangyongArticles10“位育”之道——全球化中的华人教育路向The Way of “Wei Yu” — An Orientation of Education for the Chinese in the Globalizing World, by ZHANG Shiya16 学校转型中的领导发展与管理变革——参与“新基础教育”基地学校建设过 程的观察与体悟The Development of Leadership and Transformation of Management in School Transition — Observation and Apperception in the Construction of “New Basic Education”, by YANG Xiaowei36 中国新一轮普通高中新课程的新结构The New Structure of the New Curricula in New Round Ordinary High Schools in China, by LIAO Boqin43中国教育社会学：困境、问题与发展取舍China’s Sociology of Education: Issues and Problems, by MA Hemin and HE FangBook Review56 评《西南民族文化与教育研究丛书》A Review on the Series of the Culture and Education Study of the EthnicMinorities in Southwest China, by NI ShengliEditorial StatementWe are pleased to present this special issue on the contemporary trends and issues of progressive education in China. China is a country not only with massive education, but also with a rich educational history dating back more than three thousand years. With this special issue, the Journal of Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research has paid attention to the current developments in theory and practice of China’s education.Four articles and one book review are being published in the current issue reflecting China’s contemporary progressive education from different sides.In The Way of “Wei Yu” -- An Orientation of Education for the Chinese in the Globalizing World, Professor Zhang Shiya discussed the characteristics of contemporary Chinese education in the context of globalization and internalization. Professor Zhang pointed out that the concept of Chinese includes not only the 56 ethnic groups inhabiting in China, but also Chinese descendants overseas. The author argued that all Chinese people have a common basis of identification: four words, “Zhong He Wei Yu”(center, harmony, position, birth), have been engraved in Dacheng Hall of Confucian temple in Qufu City, Shandong Province. Education for the Chinese Groups advocated by Professor Zhang expatiate a philosophical approach of Chinese culture: rich in individuality, harmony in society and Great Harmony all over the world.In the second paper,the Development of Leadership and Transformation of Management in School Transition --Observation and Apperception in the construction of “New Basic Education”, Professor Yang Xiaowei , as an important member of “New Basic Education” Group, analyzed and summarized the transformation of leaders and managers in experimental schools. Professor Yang indicated that multi-value orientation of Education Reform based on participation and democracy not only put forward the urgency of school transition reform, but also offer great challenge and tribulation to the role of school leaders, including role-awareness, decision-making and project-planning. According to the author, the “pushing down the focus” strategy carried out by Base Schools not only strengthened the awareness of “First Responsible Person”, but also opened up a space for self-practice in disquisitive reform, and also inspired teachers to think independently. It also offered them the will to research corporately, the desire and the vigor to develop themselves and brought favorable interaction between system renovation and culture construction. Professor Yang Xiaowei’s paper demonstrated many vivid pictures of elementary schools and high schools’ education reform.In the third paper, The Structure of the New Curricula in New Round Ordinary High Schools in China, Professor Liao Boqin first discussed the structural relationship of the learning fields, subjects and modules, and then expatiated on their exhibition in new high school physic curricula. Professor Liao pointed out that there are eight fields in the new high school curricula, including Language and Literature, Mathematics,Human Culture and Society, Science, Technology, Art, Physical Education and Integrated Practice. Each learning field has one or more subjects, and each subject has some modules which are the basic units of curricular content. High school physics curriculum has the same structure as mentioned, yet it emphasizes the unification of fundamentality and selectivity. In the new curriculum of ordinary high school, module is the central unit of curriculum structure. There are twelve modules falling into two parts: required courses and elective courses. Each module has multiple education functions, and the series formed by modules represents different emphases of education function. Each set of modules contains not only the physical concepts, rules and experiments, but also other aspects like the thoughts and methods of physics , physics and development of society, physics and application of technology, physics and life, etc. The new physic curriculum for high school emphasizes the advancement of national sensitivity on the basis of Nine-Year Compulsory Education and the foundation of students’ lifelong study.In the fourth paper, China’s Sociology of Education: Issues and Problems, written by Professor Ma Hemin and Ms. He Fang explored the four periods in the development of China’s Sociology of Education: establishing period (1922-1949), standstill period (1949-1979), reconstruction period (1979-1998) and new development period since 1998. The paper mainly discussed the course of development, difficulties encountered, problems existing and choice of development of Sociology of Education in China.We hope you enjoy reading this issue and encourage you to submit your valuable works to coming issues of the journal.Mustafa Yunus ERYAMAN YANG ChangyongManaging Editor Guest Editor编者语中国是一个人口大国，也是一个教育大国。

Spur GearsGears , defined as toothed members transmitting rotary motion from one shaft to another , are among the oldest devices and inventions of man . In about 2600 B.C. , the Chinese are known to have used a chariot incorporating a complex series of gears . Aristotle , in the fourth century B.C. , wrote of gears as if they were commonplace . In the fifteenth century A.D. , Leonardo da Vinci designed a multitude of devices incorporating many kinds of gears .齿轮，在最古老的设备和发明人中，被定义为通过轮齿将旋转运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴，大约在公元前2600年，中国人就知道用战车组成一系列复杂的齿轮系。

西元前四世纪，亚里士多德记述了齿轮就好像是他们司空见惯的一样。

在十五世纪，达芬奇设计了大量的包含各种各样齿轮的设备。

Among the various means of mechanical power transmission (including primarily gears , belts , and chains ) , gears are generally the most rugged and durable . Their power transmission efficiency is as high as 98 percent . On the other hand , gears are usually more costly than chains and belts . As would be expected , gear manufacturing costs increase sharply with increased precision -- as required for the combination of high speeds and heavy loads , and for low noise levels . ( Standard tolerances for various degrees of manufacturing precision have been established by the AGMA , American Gear Manufacturers Association. )在众多的机械传动方式中（包括齿轮传动，带传动，链传动），一般来说，齿轮是最经久耐用的，它的能量传递效率高达98%。

Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering PracticeDelwyn G.Fredlund1Abstract:Unsaturated soil mechanics has rapidly become a part of geotechnical engineering practice as a result of solutions that have emerged to a number of key problems͑or challenges͒.The solutions have emerged from numerous research studies focusing on issues that have a hindrance to the usage of unsaturated soil mechanics.The primary challenges to the implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics can be stated as follows:͑1͒The need to understand the fundamental,theoretical behavior of an unsaturated soil;͑2͒the formulation of suitable constitutive equations and the testing for uniqueness of proposed constitutive relationships;͑3͒the ability to formulate and solve one or more nonlinear partial differential equations using numerical methods;͑4͒the determination of indirect techniques for the estimation of unsaturated soil property functions,and͑5͒in situ and laboratory devices for the measurement of a wide range of soil suctions.This paper explains the nature of each of the previous challenges and describes the solutions that have emerged from research puter technology has played a major role in achieving practical geotechnical engineering puter technology has played an important role with regard to the estimation of unsaturated soil property functions and the solution of nonlinear partial differential equations.Breakthroughs in the in situ and laboratory measurement of soil suction are allowing unsaturated soil theories and formulations to be verified through use of the“observational method.”DOI:10.1061/͑ASCE͒1090-0241͑2006͒132:3͑286͒CE Database subject headings:Unsaturated soils;Soil mechanics;Geotechnical engineering;Research.PreambleKarl Terzaghi is remembered most for providing the“effective stress”variable,͑␴−u w͒,that became the key to describing the mechanical behavior of saturated soils;where␴=total stress and u w=pore–water pressure.The effective stress variable became the unifying discovery that elevated geotechnical engineering to a science basis and context.As a graduate student I was asked to purchase and study the textbook,Theoretical Soil Mechanics,by Karl Terzaghi͑1943͒.I had already selected the subject of unsaturated soil behavior as myfield of research and was surprised tofind considerable infor-mation on this subject in this textbook.Two of the19chapters of the textbook contribute extensively toward understanding unsat-urated soil behavior;namely,Chapter14on“Capillary Forces,”and Chapter15,on“Mechanics of Drainage”͑with special atten-tion to drainage by desiccation͒.These chapters emphasize the importance of the unsaturated soil portion of the profile and in particular provide an insight into the fundamental nature and importance of the air–water interface͑i.e.,contractile skin͒. Considerable attention was given to soils with negative pore–water pressures.Fig.1shows an earth dam illustrating how waterflowed above the phreatic line through the capillary zone ͑Terzaghi1943͒.The contributions of Karl Terzaghi toward unsaturated soil behavior are truly commendable and still worthy of study.Subsequent reference to the textbook Theoretical Soil Mechan-ics during my career,has caused me to ask the question,“Why did unsaturated soil mechanics not emerge simultaneously with saturated soil mechanics?”Pondering this question has led me to realize that there were several theoretical and practical challenges associated with unsaturated soil behavior that needed further re-search.Unsaturated soil mechanics would need to wait several decades before it would take on the character of a science that could be used in routine geotechnical engineering practice.I am not aware that Karl Terzaghi ever proposed a special description of the stress state in an unsaturated soil;however, his contemporary,Biot͑1941͒,was one of thefirst to suggest the use of two independent stress state variables when formulating the theory of consolidation for an unsaturated soil.This paper will review a series of key theoretical extensions that were required for a more thorough representation and formulation of unsaturated soil behavior.Research within the agriculture-related disciplines strongly influenced the physical and hydraulic model that Terzaghi developed for soil mechanics͑Baver1940͒.With time,further significant contributions have come from the agriculture-related disciplines͑i.e.,soil science,soil physics,and agronomy͒to geo-technical engineering.It can be said that geotechnical engineers tended to test soils by applying total stresses to soils through the use of oedometers and triaxial cells.On the other hand, agriculture-related counterparts tended to apply stresses to the water phase͑i.e.,tensions͒through use of pressure plate cells. Eventually,geotechnical engineers would realize the wealth of information that had accumulated in the agriculture-related disciplines;information of value to geotechnical engineering. Careful consideration would need to be given to the test proce-dures and testing techniques when transferring the technology into geotechnical engineering.1Professor Emeritus,Dept.of Civil and Geological Engineering,Univ. of Saskatchewan,Saskatoon SK,Canada S7N5A9.Note.Discussion open until August1,2006.Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers.To extend the closing date by one month,a written request must befiled with the ASCE Managing Editor.The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and pos-sible publication on February16,2005;approved on May1,2005.This paper is part of the Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,V ol.132,No.3,March1,2006.©ASCE,ISSN1090-0241/ 2006/3-286–321/$25.00.An attempt is made in this paper to give the theory of unsat-urated soil mechanics its rightful position.Terzaghi ͑1943͒stated that “the theories of soil mechanics provide us only with the working hypothesis,because our knowledge of the average physical soil properties of the subsoil and the orientation of the boundaries between the individual strata is always incomplete and often utterly inadequate.”Terzaghi ͑1943͒also emphasized the importance of clearly stating all assumptions upon which the theories are based and pointed out that almost every “alleged contradiction between theory and practice can be traced back to some misconception regarding the conditions for the validity of the theory.”And so his advice from the early days of soil mechan-ics is extremely relevant as the theories for unsaturated soil be-havior are brought to the “implementation”stage in geotechnical engineering.IntroductionFundamental principles pivotal to understanding the behavior of saturated soils emerged with the concept of effective stress in the 1930s ͑Terzaghi 1943͒.There appeared to be considerable interest in the behavior of unsaturated soil at the First International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in 1936,but the fundamental principles required for formulating unsaturated soil mechanics would take more than another 30years to be forthcoming.Eventually,a theoretically based set of stress state variables for an unsaturated soil would be proposed within the context of multiphase continuum mechanics ͑Fredlund and Morgenstern 1977͒.There have been a number of challenges ͑i.e.,problems or difficulties ͒that have slowed the development and implement-ation of unsaturated soil mechanics ͑Fredlund 2000͒.Each of these challenges has provided an opportunity to develop new and innovative solutions that allow unsaturated soil mechanics to become part of geotechnical engineering practice.It has been necessary for geotechnical engineers to adopt a new “mindset”toward soil property assessment for unsaturated soils ͑Fredlund et al.1996͒.The primary objective of this paper is to illustrate the progres-sion from the development of theories and formulations to practical engineering protocols for a variety of unsaturated soil mechanics problems ͑e.g.,seepage,shear strength,and volume change ͒.The use of “direct”and “indirect”means of characteriz-ing unsaturated soil property functions has been central to the emergence of unsaturated soil mechanics.The key challenges faced in the development of unsaturated soil mechanics are described and research findings are presented that have made it possible to implement unsaturated soil mechanics into geotech-nical engineering practice.A series of unsaturated soil mechanics problems are presented to illustrate the procedures and methodology required to obtain meaningful solutions to plete and detailed case histories will not be presented but sufficient information is pro-vided to illustrate the types of engineering solutions that are feasible.Gradual Emergence of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics Experimental laboratory studies in the late 1950s ͑Bishop et al.1960͒showed that it was possible to independently measure ͑or control ͒the pore–water and pore–air pressures through the use of high air entry ceramic boratory studies were reported over the next decade that revealed fundamental differences be-tween the behavior of saturated and unsaturated soils.The studies also revealed that there were significant challenges that needed to be addressed.The laboratory testing of unsaturated soils proved to be time consuming and demanding from a technique standpoint.The usual focus on soil property constants was diverted toward the study of nonlinear unsaturated soil property functions.The increased complexity of unsaturated soil behavior extended from the laboratory to theoretical formulations and solutions.Originally,there was a search for a single-valued effective stress equation for unsaturated soils but by the late 1960s,there was increasing awareness that the use of two independent stress state variables would provide an approach more consistent with the principles of continuum mechanics ͑Fredlund and Morgenstern 1977͒.The 1970s was a period when constitutive relations for the classic areas of soil mechanics were proposed and studied with respect to uniqueness ͑Fredlund and Rahardjo 1993͒.Initially,constitutive behavior focused primarily on the study of seepage,shear strength,and volume change problems.Gradually it became apparent that the behavior of unsaturated soils could be viewed as a natural extension of saturated soil behavior ͑Fredlund and Morgenstern 1976͒.Later,numerous studies attempted to combine volume change and shear strength in the form of elasto-plastic models that were an extension from the saturated soil range to unsaturated soil conditions ͑Alonso et al.1990;Wheeler and Sivakumar 1995;Blatz and Graham 2003͒.The study of con-taminant transport and thermal soil properties for unsaturated soils also took on the form of nonlinear soil property functions ͑Newman 1996;Lim et al.1998;Pentland et al.2001͒.The 1980s was a period when boundary-value problems were solved using numerical,finite element,and finite difference mod-eling methods.Digital computers were required and iterative,numerical solutions became the norm.The challenge was to find techniques that would ensure convergence of highly nonlinear partial differential equations on a routine basis ͑Thieu et al.2001;Fig.1.An earth dam shown by Terzaghi ͑1943͒illustrating that water can flow above the phreatic line through the capillary zone ͑reprinted with permission of ErLC Terzaghi ͒Fredlund et al.2002a,b,c͒.Saturated–unsaturated seepage model-ing became thefirst of the unsaturated soils problems to comeinto common engineering practice.Concern for stewardshiptoward the environment further promoted interest in seepage andgeoenvironmental,advection-dispersion modeling.The1990s and beyond have become a period where therehas been an emphasis on the implementation of unsaturated soilmechanics into routine geotechnical engineering practice.A seriesof international conferences have been dedicated to the exchangeof information on the engineering behavior of unsaturated soilsand it has become apparent that the time had come for increasedusage of unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice.Implementation can be defined as“a unique and important stepthat brings theories and analytical solutions into engineeringpractice”͑Fredlund2000͒.There are several stages in the devel-opment of a science that must be brought together in an efficientand appropriate manner in order for implementation to becomea reality.The primary stages suggested by Fredlund͑2000͒,areas follows:͑1͒State variable;͑2͒constitutive;͑3͒formulation;͑4͒solution;͑5͒design;͑6͒verification and monitoring;and ͑7͒implementation.Research is required for all of the above-mentioned stages in order that practical,efficient,cost-effective,and appropriate technologies emerge.Primary Challenges to the Implementationof Unsaturated Soil MechanicsThere are a number of primary challenges that needed to beaddressed before unsaturated soil mechanics could become a partof routine geotechnical engineering practice.Several of thechallenges are identified here.Each challenge has an associatedsolution that is further developed throughout the manuscript.Insome cases it has been necessary to adopt a new approach tosolving problems involving unsaturated soils.In this paper,anattempt is made to describe the techniques and procedures thathave been used to overcome the obstacles to implementation;thuspreparing the way for more widespread application of unsaturatedsoil mechanics.Challenge1:The development of a theoretically sound basisfor describing the physical behavior of unsaturated soils,startingwith appropriate state variables.Solution1:The adoption of independent stress state variablesbased on multiphase continuum mechanics has formed the basisfor describing the stress state independent of soil properties.The stress state variables can then be used to develop suitableconstitutive models.Challenge2:Constitutive relations commonly accepted forsaturated soil behavior needed to be extended to also describeunsaturated soil behavior.Solution2:Gradually it became apparent that all constitutiverelations for saturated soil behavior could be extended to embraceunsaturated soil behavior and thereby form a smooth transitionbetween saturated and unsaturated soil conditions.In each case,research studies needed to be undertaken to verify the uniqueness of the extended constitutive relations.Challenge3:Nonlinearity associated with the partial differen-tial equations formulated for unsaturated soil behavior resulted in iterative procedures in order to arrive at a solution.The conver-gence of highly nonlinear partial differential equations proved to be a serious challenge.Solution3:Computer solutions for numerical models have em-braced automatic mesh generation,automatic mesh optimization,and automatic mesh refinement͓known as adaptive grid refine-ment͑AGR͔͒,and these techniques have proved to be of greatassistance in obtaining convergence when solving nonlinear par-tial differential equations.Solution procedures were forthcomingfrom the mathematics and computer science disciplines.Challenge4:Greatly increased costs and time were required for the testing of unsaturated soils.As well,laboratory equipmentfor measuring unsaturated soil properties has proven to be tech-nically demanding and quite complex to operate.Solution4:Indirect,estimation procedures for the character-ization of unsaturated soil property functions were related to thesoil–water characteristic curve͑SWCC͒and the saturated soilproperties.Several estimation procedures have emerged for eachof the unsaturated soil property functions.The computer has alsoplayed an important role in computing unsaturated soil propertyfunctions.Challenge5:Highly negative pore–water pressures͑i.e., matric suctions greater than100kPa͒,have proven to be difficultto measure,particularly in thefield.Solution5:New instrumentation such as the direct,high suc-tion tensiometer,and the indirect thermal conductivity suctionsensor,have provided new measurement techniques for thelaboratory and thefield.Other measurement systems are alsoshowing promise.These devices allow suctions to be measuredover a considerable range of matric suctions.The null type,axis-translation technique remains a laboratory reference procedure forthe measurement of matric suction.Challenge6:New technologies such as those proposed for unsaturated soil mechanics are not always easy to incorporate intoengineering practice.The implementation of unsaturated soilmechanicsfindings into engineering practice has proven to be achallenge.Solution6:Educational materials and visualization systems have been assembled to assist in effective technology transfer ͑Fredlund and Fredlund2003͒.These are a part of teaching and demonstrating the concepts of unsaturated soil behavior;information that needs to be incorporated into the undergraduateand graduate curriculum at universities.Protocols for engineeringpractice are being developed for all application areas of geotech-nical engineering.Changes are necessary in geotechnical engineering practicein order for unsaturated soil mechanics to be implemented.Eachchallenge has been met with a definitive and practical solution.In the case of the determination of unsaturated soil propertyfunctions a significant paradigm shift has been required͑Houston2002͒.The new approaches that have been developed appearto provide cost-effective procedures for the determination ofunsaturated soil property functions for all classes of problems ͑Fredlund2002͒.Laboratory and Field Visualizationof Varying Degrees of SaturationClimatic conditions around the world range from very humid to arid,and dry.Climatic classification is based on the average net moistureflux at the ground surface͓i.e.,precipitation minus potential evaporation͑Thornthwaite1948͔͒.The ground surface climate is a prime factor controlling the depth to the groundwater table and therefore,the thickness of the unsaturated soil zone ͑Fig.2͒.The zone between the ground surface and the water table is generally referred to as the unsaturated soil zone.This is some-what of a misnomer since the capillary fringe is essentially saturated.A more correct term for the entire zone above the water table is the vadose zone ͑Bouwer 1978͒.The entire zone sub-jected to negative pore–water pressures is commonly referred to as the unsaturated zone in geotechnical engineering.The unsaturated zone becomes the transition between the water in the atmosphere and the groundwater ͑i.e.,positive pore–water pressure zone ͒.The pore–water pressures in the unsaturated soil zone can range from zero at the water table to a maximum tension of approximately 1,000,000kPa ͑i.e.,soil suction of 1,000,000kPa ͒under dry soil conditions ͑Croney et al.1958͒.The water degree of saturation of the soil can range from 100%to zero.The changes in soil suction result in distinct zones of saturation.The zones of saturation have been defined in situ as well as in the laboratory ͓i.e.,through the soil–water characteristic curve ͑Fig.3͔͒.Table 1illustrates the terminologies commonly used to describe saturation conditions in situ and in the laboratory.Soils in situ start at saturation at the water table and tend to become unsaturated toward the ground surface.Soils near to the ground surface are often classified as “prob-lematic”soils.It is the changes in the negative pore–water pressures that can result in adverse changes in shear strength and volume mon problematic soils are:expansive orswelling soils,collapsible soils,and residual soils.Any of the above-mentioned soils,as well as other soil types,can also be compacted,once again giving rise to a material with negative pore–water pressures.Unsaturated Soil as a Four-Phase MixtureAn unsaturated soil is commonly referred to as a three-phase mixture ͑i.e.,solids,air,and water ͒but there is strong justification for including a fourth independent phase called the contractile skin or the air–water interface.The contractile skin acts like a thin membrane interwoven throughout the voids of the soil,acting as a partition between the air and water phases.It is the interaction of the contractile skin with the soil structure that causes an unsatur-ated soil to change in volume and shear strength.The unsaturated soil properties change in response to the position of the contrac-tile skin ͑i.e.,water degree of saturation ͒.It is important to viewTable parison of Terminology Used to Describe In Situ and Laboratory Degrees of Saturation In situ zones of saturation Zones of saturation on the soil-watercharacteristic curveCapillary fringeBoundary effect Two phase fluid flowTransition Dry ͑vapor transport of water ͒ResidualFig.2.Illustration of the unsaturated soil zone ͑vadose zone ͒on a regional and localbasisFig. 3.Illustration of the in situ zones of desaturation defined by a soil–water characteristic curvean unsaturated soil as a four-phase mixture for purposes of stress analysis,within the context of multiphase continuum mechanics.Consequently,an unsaturated soil has two phases that flow under the influence of a stress gradient ͑i.e.,air and water ͒and two phases that come to equilibrium under the influence of a stress gradient ͑i.e.,soil particles forming a structural arrangement and the contractile skin forming a partition between the fluid phases ͒͑Fredlund and Rahardjo 1993͒.The contractile skin has physical properties differing from the contiguous air and water phases and interacts with the soil structure to influence soil behavior.The contractile skin can be considered as part of the water phase with regard to changes in volume–mass soil properties but must be considered as an independent phase when describing the stress state and phenom-enological behavior of an unsaturated soil.Terzaghi ͑1943͒emphasized the important role played by surface tension effects associated with the air–water interface ͑i.e.,contractile skin ͒.Distinctive Features of the Contractile Skin :Numerous research studies on the nature of the contractile skin point toward its important,independent role in unsaturated soil mechanics.Terzaghi ͑1943͒suggested that the contractile skin might be in the order of 10−6mm in thickness.More recent studies suggest that the thickness of the contractile skin is in the order of 1.5–2water molecular diameters ͑i.e.,5Å͒͑Israelachvili 1991;Townsend and Rice 1991͒.A surface tension of approximately 75mN/m translates into a unit stress in the order of 140,000kPa.Lyklema ͑2000͒showed that the distribution of water molecules across the contractile skin takes the form of a hyperbolic tangent function as shown in Fig.4.Properties of the contractile skin are different from that of ordinary water and have a water molecular structure similar to that of ice ͑Derjaguin and Churaev 1981;Matsumoto and Kataoka 1988͒.The Young–Laplace and Kelvin equations describe fundamen-tal behavioral aspects of the contractile skin but both equations have limitations.The Young–Laplace equation is not able to explain why an air bubble can gradually dissolve in water without any apparent difference between the air pressure and the water pressure.The validity of the Kelvin equation becomes suspect as the radius of curvature reduces to the molecular scale ͑Adamson and Gast 1997;Christenson 1988͒.Terzaghi ͑1943͒recognized the limitations of the Kelvin equa-tion and stated that if the radius of a gas bubble “approaches zero,the gas pressure …approaches infinity.However,within the range of molecular dimensions,”the equation “loses its validity.”Although Terzaghi recognized this limitation,later researchers would attempt to incorporate the Kelvin equation into formula-tions for the compressibility of air–water mixtures,to no avail ͑Schuurman 1966͒.The details of the laws describing the behav-ior of the contractile skin are not fully understood but the contractile skin is known to play a dominant role in unsaturated soil behavior.Terzaghi ͑1943͒stated that surface tension “is valid regardless of the physical causes.…The views concerning the molecular mechanism which produces the surface tension are still controversial.Yet the existence of the surface film was established during the last century beyond any doubt.”Designation of the Stress StateState variables can be defined within the context of continuum mechanics as variables independent of soil properties required for the characterization of a system ͑Fung 1965͒.The stress state variables associated with an unsaturated soil are related to equilibrium considerations ͑i.e.,conservation of energy ͒of a multiphase system.The stress state variables form one or more tensors ͑i.e.,3ϫ3matrix ͒because of the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system generally used for the formulation of engineering problems ͑i.e.,a three-dimensional world ͒.The description of the state variables for an unsaturated soil becomes the fundamental building block for an applied engineering science.The universal acceptance of unsaturated soil mechanics depends largely upon how satisfactorily the stress state variables can be defined,justified,and measured.Historically,it has been the lack of certainty regarding the description of the stress state for an unsaturated soil that has been largely responsible for the slow emergence of unsaturated soil mechanics.Biot ͑1941͒was probably the first to suggest the need for two independent stress state variables for an unsaturated soil.This is evidenced from the stress versus deformation relations used in the derivation of the consolidation theory for unsaturated soils.Other researchers began recognizing the need to use two independent stress state variables for an unsaturated soil as early as the 1950s.This realization can be observed through the three-dimensional plots of the volume change constitutive surfaces for an unsatur-ated soil ͑Bishop and Blight 1963;Matyas and Radakrishna 1968͒.It was during the 1970s that a theoretical basis and justi-fication was provided for the use of two independent stress state variables ͑Fredlund and Morgenstern 1977͒.The justification was based on the superposition of coincident equilibrium stress fields for each of the phases of a multiphase system,within the context of continuum mechanics.From a continuum mechanics stand-point,the representative element volume ͑REV ͒must be suffi-ciently large such that the density function associated with each phase is a constant.It should be noted that it is not necessary for all phases to be continuous but rather that the REV statistically represents the multiphase system.Although the stress analysis had little direct application in solving practical problems,it helped unite researchers on how best to describe the stress state of an unsaturated soil.Three possible combinations of independent stress state vari-ables were shown to be justifiable from the theoretical continuum mechanics analysis.However,it was the net normal stress ͓i.e.,␴−u a ,where ␴=total net normal stress and u a =pore–air pressure ͔and the matric suction ͑i.e.,u a −u w ,where u w =pore–water pres-sure ͒combination of stress state variables that proved to be the easiest to apply in engineering practice.The net normal stress primarily embraces the activities of humans which aredominatedFig.4.Density distribution across the contractile skin reprinted from Liquid–Fluid Interface ,V ol.3of Fundamental of Interface and Colloid Science,J.Lyklema ͑2000͒,with permission from Elsevierby applying and removing total stress͑i.e.,excavations,fills,and applied loads͒.The matric suction stress state variable primarily embraces the impact of the climatic environment above the ground surface.The stress state for an unsaturated soil can be defined in the form of two independent stress tensors͑Fredlund and Morgenstern1977͒.There are three sets of possible stress tensors, of which only two are independent.The stress state variables most often used in the formulation of unsaturated soil problems form the following two tensors:΄͑␴x−u a͒␶yx␶zx␶xy͑␴y−u a͒␶zy␶xz␶yz͑␴z−u a͒΅͑1͒and΄͑u a−u w͒000͑u a−u w͒000͑u a−u w͒΅͑2͒where␴x,␴y,and␴z=total stresses in the x,y,and z directions, respectively;u w=pore–water pressure;and u a=pore–air pressure.The stress tensors contain surface tractions that can be placed on a cube to represent the stress state at a point͑Fig.5͒.The stress tensors provide a fundamental description of the stress state for an unsaturated soil.It has also been shown͑Barbour and Fredlund 1989͒that osmotic suction forms another independent stress tensor when there are changes in salt content of either a saturated or unsaturated soil.All the stress state variables are independent of soil properties and become the“keys”to describing physical phenomenological behavior,as well as defining functional relationships for unsaturated soil properties.The inclusion of soil parameters at the stress state level is unacceptable within the context of continuum mechanics.As a soil approaches saturation,the pore–air pressure,u a, becomes equal to the pore–water pressure,u w.At this point,the two independent stress tensors revert to a single stress tensor that can be used to describe the behavior of saturated soils:΄͑␴x−u w͒␶yx␶zx␶xy͑␴y−u w͒␶zy␶xz␶yz͑␴z−u w͒΅͑3͒Variations in the Description of Stress StateStress tensors containing stress state variables form the basis for developing a behavioral science for particulate materials. The stress tensors make it possible to writefirst,second,and third stress invariants for each stress tensor.The stress invariants associated with thefirst and second stress tensors are shown in Fredlund and Rahardjo͑1993͒.It is not imperative that the stress invariants be used in developing constitutive models;however, the stress invariants are fundamental in the sense that all three Cartesian coordinates are taken into consideration.There have been numerous equations proposed that relate some of the stress variables to other stress variables through the inclusion of soil properties.It is important to differentiate be-tween the role of these equations and the description of the stress state͑at a point͒in an unsaturated soil.It is also important to understand the role that these equations might play in subsequent formulations for practical engineering problems.The oldest and best known single-valued relationship that has been proposed is Bishop’s effective stress equation͑Bishop 1959͒:␴Ј=͑␴−u a͒+␹͑u a−u w͒͑4͒where␴Ј=effective stress and␹=soil parameter related to water degree of saturation,and ranging from0to1.Bishop’s equation relates net normal stress to matric suction through the incorporation of a soil property,␹.Bishop’s equation does not qualify as a fundamental description of stress state in an unsaturated soil since it is constitutive in character.It would be erroneous to elevate this equation to the status of stress state for an unsaturated soil.Morgenstern͑1979͒explained the limitations of Bishop’s effective stress equation as follows:•Bishop’s effective stress equation“…proved to have little impact on practice.The parameter,␹,when determined for volume change behavior was found to differ when determined for shear strength.While originally thought to be a function of degree of saturation and hence bounded by0and1,experi-ments were conducted in which␹was found to go beyond these bounds.•The effective stress is a stress variable and hence related to equilibrium considerations alone.”Morgenstern͑1979͒went on to explain:•Bishop’s effective stress equation“…contains the parameter,␹,that bears on constitutive behavior.This parameter is found by assuming that the behavior of a soil can be expressed uniquely in terms of a single effective stress variable and by matching unsaturated soil behavior with saturated soil be-havior in order to calculate␹.Normally,we link equilibrium considerations to deformations through constitutive behavior and do not introduce constitutive behavior into the stress state.Another form of Bishop’s equation has been used by several researchers in the development of elastoplastic models͑Jommi 2000;Wheeler et al.2003;Gallipoli et al.2003͒.␴ij*=␴ij−͓S w u w+͑1−S w͒u a͔␦ij͑5͒where␴ij=total stress tensor;␦ij=Kroneker delta or substitutiontensor;␴ij*=Bishop’s average soil skeleton stress;and Sw=water degree of saturation.In this case,the water degree of saturation has been substituted for the␹soil parameter.The above-mentioned equation is once again empirical and constitutive in character.Consequently,the Fig.5.Definition of stress state at a point in an unsaturated soil。

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序号全称简称中文刊名语种1Annual review of earth and ANNU REV EART地球与行星科学年评英语2Reviews of geophysics REV GEOPHYS地球物理学评论3Global Ecology and Biogeogr GLOBAL ECOL B全球生态学与生物地理学英语4Global biogeochemical cycle GLOBAL BIOGEO全球生物地球化学循环英语5Earth-science reviews EARTH-SCI REV地学评论英语6Quaternary science reviews QUATERNARY SC第四纪科学评论英语7Earth and Planetary Science Letters地球与行星科学通讯德语，法语，8Journal of petrology J PETROL岩石英语9Geology地质学英语10Geochimica et cosmochimica GEOCHIM COSMO地球化学与宇宙化学学报英语11Journal of Biogeography J BIOGEOGR生物地理学杂志12Paleoceanography古海洋学美国地质学会通报英语13The Geological Society of America bulle14Precambrian research前寒武纪研究15Chemical geology CHEM GEOL化学地质学英语16Contributions to mineralogy CONTRIB MINER矿物学与岩石学论文集英语17Geobiology地球生物学英语18Geotextiles and Geomembrane GEOTEXT GEOME土工用纺织物与土工用膜19Astrobiology天体生物学英语地质标准与地质分析研究德语，法语，20Geostandards and geoanalytical research英语21Journal of geophysical research:space p地球物理学研究杂志-空间物理地球物理学研究杂志-大地英语21Journal of geophysical research:solid e地球物理学研究杂志-行星21Journal of geophysical research:planets21Journal of geophysical research:oceans地球物理学研究杂志-海洋英语21Journal of geophysical research:atmosph地球物理学研究杂志-大气英语地球物理学研究杂志-地表英语21Journal of geophysical research:earth s22Lithos国际矿物学、岩石学与地球化英语23Biogeosciences生物地球科学英语24Journal of metamorphic geology变质地质学杂志英语25Geophysical research letters地球物理学研究快报英语26The journal of geology地质学杂志英语27Biogeochemistry生物地球化学英语28Journal of quaternary scien J QUA TERNARY第四纪科学杂志英语29Turkish Journal of Earth Sc TURKJ EATTH S土耳其地球学杂志英语30Tectonics 构造地质学英语31Progress in Physical Geogra PROG PHYS GEO物理地理学进展英语32American journal of science AM J SCI美国科学杂志33Meteoritics&Planetary Scien METEORIT PLAN陨星学与行星科学34Geochemistry,geophysics,geosystems地球化学，地球物理学，地球英语35Marine and petroleum geology海洋与石油地质学英语36IEEE transactions on geoscience and remIEEE地学与遥感汇刊英语37The Holocene全新世英语38Global and planetary change地球和行星的变化英语39Basin research盆地研究英语40Journal of the Geological society地质学会志英语41Journal of the paleolimnology古湖沼学杂志英语42Hydrology and earth system sciences水文学与地球系统科学英语43Elements元素英语44Quaternary research第四纪研究英语45American mineralogist美国矿物学家46Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry矿物学和地球化学评论英语古地理学、古气候学、古生态学47Palaeogeography,palaeoclimatology,palae48Journal of hydrology水文学杂志英语49Organic geochemistry有机地球化学50Geophysical journal international国际地球物理学杂志英语51Bulletin of volcanology火山学通报英语52Terra nova地球新星英语53Boreas国际第四纪研究杂志德语，法语，54Landscape Ecology景观生态学德语，法语，地球与行星内部物理学英语55Physics of the earth and planetary inte56Marine geology海洋地质学英语57Palaios古代58Earth surface processes and landforms地球表面变化过程与地形英语59Seismological Research Letters 地震学研究快报英语60Journal of sedimentary research沉积研究杂志英语62Applied clay science应用粘土科学63Geomorphology地貌学英语64Journal of contaminant Hydr J CONTAM HYDR污染物水文学杂志英语65Geochemical transactions地球化学汇刊英语国际地理信息科学杂志英语66International journal of geographical i67Earth Interactions EARTH IN TERA地球相互作用英语68Acta geologica Sinica中国地质学报69Economic geology and the bulletin of th经济地质学与经济地质学家学英语70Journal of marine systems海洋系统杂志英语71Sedimentary geology沉积地质学英语72Applied geochemistry应用地球化学英语美国地震学会通报英语73Bulletin of the seismological society o火山学与地热研究杂志德语，法语，74Journal of volcanology and geothermal r75Tectonophysics地壳构造物理学德语，法语，国际地球科学杂志德语，法语，76International journal of earth sciences77Journal of Asian earth sciences亚洲地学杂志英语78Sedimentology沉积学英语79Journal of structural geology结构地质学杂志英语80Geomicrobiology journal地质微生物学杂志英语81Journal of Nuclear Material J NUCL MATER核材料杂志英语82Journal of Geodesy J GEODESY大地测量学杂志英语83Landscape and Urban Plannin LANDSCAPE URB园林与城市规划英语84Permafrost and periglacial processes永久冻土与冰缘过程85International journal of coal geology国际煤炭地质学杂志英语86Geological magazine地质学杂志英语87Journal of Atmosphere and S J ATMOS SOL-T大气与日地物理学杂志英语88International geology review国际地质学评论英语89Geodinamica acta地球动力学报法语90Geografiska Annaler: Series GEOGR ANNA法语91Quaternary International国际第四纪研究法语92Ground water地下水英语93Journal of Archaeological S J ARCHAEOL SC考古科学杂志英语美国水资源协会志英语94 Journal of the American Water Resource95Annales Geophysicae ANN GEOPHYS-G地球物理层编年史英语96Aquatic geochemistry水地球化学英语97GeoArabia中东石油地球科学杂志英语98Clays and clay minerals粘土与粘土矿物英语99Gondwana research冈瓦纳研究英语100CATENA专业丛书英语101Geofluids地热流体英语103Nonlinear Processes in Geop NONL IN EAR P地球物理学的非线性进程英语104Dynamics of Atmospheres and DYNAM ATMOS O大气与海洋动力学英语105AAPG bulletin美国石油地质学家学会通报英语106Mineralogical magazine矿物学杂志英语107Antarctic science南极科学英语108Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie地球形态学杂志英语109Mineralium deposita矿床英语110Physics and chemistry of minerals矿物物理学与矿物化学111Gems & gemology宝石与宝石学英语112Australian journal of earth sciences澳大利亚地球科学杂志英语113European journal of mineralogy欧洲矿物学杂志德语，法语114Geologica Acta地质学报德语，法语115Earth, planets and space地球、行星与太空英语116Chemie der Erde地球化学德语，英语117Quaternary geochronology第四纪地质年代118Surveys in geophysics地球物理学综论英语119Geophysics地球物理英语120Radiocarbon放射性碳英语121Geosynthetics International国际土工合成材料学英语122IEEE Xplore: Geoscience and IEEE GEOSCI R IEEE地学与遥感汇刊英语123Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering地震工程通报英语124Hydrogeology journal水文地质学杂志法语，英语国际摄影测量和遥感学会志英语125ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and rem摄影测量工程与遥感126Photogrammetric engineering and remote127Journal of petroleum geology石油地质学杂志128Journal of African Earth Sc J AFR EARTH S非洲地学杂志英语128Journal of African earth sciences非洲地学杂志法语，英语矿物,金属材料科学学会杂志法语，英语129Journal of the Minerals Metals & Materi131Petrology+岩石学法语，英语132SpaceWeather空间气象法语，英语133The Canadian mineralogist加拉大矿物学者法语，英语134 The Canadian mineralogist加拉大矿物学者法语，英语自然灾害与地球系统科学英语135Natural hazards and earth system scienc136Geophysical and Astrophysic GEOPHYS ASTRO地球物理与天体物理流体动力英语137Geological journal地质学杂志英语138Natural Hazards NAT HAZARDS自然风险139Journal of caves and karst studies洞穴与岩溶研究杂志英语140Mineral Processing and Extr MINER PROCESS矿物处理和提取冶金英语141Facies相英语142Ore geology reviews矿物地质学评论143Landslides滑坡144Near Surface Geophysics近地表地球物理145Radio science无线电科学国际矿物处理杂志英语146International journal of mineral proces147Arctic, antarctic, and alpine research北极、南极与高山研究148Canadian journal of earth sciences加拿大地球科学杂志法语，英语149Engineering geology工程地质学德语，法语，150Norwegian Journal of Geology挪威地质学杂志151Geomagnetism and Aeronomy国际地磁学与高空科学协会152Minerals Engineering矿物工程154Geothermics地热155Mineralogy and petrology矿物学和岩石学156Computers & geosciences计算机与地学英语157The photogrammetric record摄影测绘记录英语158Archaeometry考古定年学英语159Cold Regions Science and Technology寒冷地区科学160Comptes Rendus Geosciences C R GEOSCI161Arctic北极南美地学杂志英语162Journal of South American earth science矿物与岩石学杂志英语163Journal of mineralogical and petrologic164Episodes幕英语165Geoinformatica地学信息英语166Pure and applied geophysics理论与应用地球物理学英语167Proceedings of the geologists associati地质学家协会会报 英语168Petroleum geoscience石油地质科学169The island arc岛弧170Netherlands Journal of Geosciences荷兰地学杂志171Russian Geology and Geophysics俄罗斯地质学与地球物理学172Geo-marine letters地质海洋快报英语173Resource geology地质资源174New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geop新西兰地质学与地球物理学杂志爱丁堡地学皇家学会事物175Transactions of the Royal Society of Ed176Acta geologica Polonica波兰地质学报177Polar research极地研究178Advances in Space Research空间研究进展179Journal of seismology地震学杂志英语180Mathematical Geology数学地质英语181Journal of Geophysics and Engineering地球物理学与工程学英语法国地质学会通报法语，英语182Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de Fr183Journal of Environmental Engineering Ge环境与工程地球物理学杂志土工技术与地质环境工程杂志英语184Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmen185Computational geosciences计算地球科学英语国际岩石力学与采矿科学杂志英语186International journal of rock mechanics187Studia geophysica et geodaetica地球物理学与大地测量学研究德语，法语，188Geophysical prospecting地球物理勘探德语，法语，189Environmental geology环境地质学英语190Scottish journal of geology苏格兰地质学杂志 英语191Geoarchaeology地质考古学英语英语中国科学D辑：地球科学（英文191Science in China. series D earth scienc192Geological quarterly地质学季刊英语193Ofioliti蛇绿岩195Clay minerals粘土矿物英语石油科学和石油工程杂志英语196Journal of petroleum science & engineer197Marine geophysical researches海洋地球物理研究英语工程地质学季刊 英语198Quarterly journal of engineering geolog地层学及地质学的相互关系199Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation200Geochemical journal地球化学杂志英语201Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae英语202Geochronometria英语203Chinese Journal of Geophysi CHINESE J GEO地球物理学报204Archaeological Prospection考古学展望205Physics and chemistry of the earth地球物理学与地球化学土壤动力学与地震工程206Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineerin207Journal of Cultural Heritage文化遗产杂志208South African journal of geology南非地质学杂志英语209Journal of geochemical exploration地球化学勘探杂志英语210Revista mexicana de ciencias geologicas211Geotechnique土工英语矿物学新年鉴. 论文辑德语，法语，212Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandl213Computers and geotechnics计算机与土工学214Revista geologica de Chile智利地质杂志西班牙语，英215Geosciences journal地球科学杂志英语丹麦地质学会通报德语，法语216Bulletin of the geological society of D217Journal of Earthquake Engineering地震工程杂志218Soils and Foundations地基及基础219Earth, Moon, and Planets地球，月球及行星220Geotectonics大地构造地质学221Bollettino della Societa Geologica Ital意大利地质学通报英语222Canadian geotechnical journal加拿大土工杂志英语223Astronomy and Geophysics天文学与地球物理学英语224Journal of Cold Regions Engineering寒冷地区工程杂志英语225Geologica Carpathica喀尔巴阡山地质学英语226Geologiska Foreningens i St GFF瑞典地质学会汇刊德语，法语，227Geochemistry International国际地球化学德语，法语，228Rock mechanics and rock engineering岩石力学与岩石工程英语229Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia英语英语230Journal of earth system science印度科学院会刊 ：地球与行星231Geotechnical Testing Journal土工试验杂志英语工程地质学与环境通报法语，英语232Bulletin of engineering geology and the233Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth法语，英语234Doklady Earth Sciences法语，英语235Physical Geography自然地理法语，英语陆地，大气，海洋科学法语，英语236Terrestrial, atmospheric and oceanic sc237Geology of Ore Deposits矿床地质学法语，英语238Geologica Belgica比利时地质239Journal of coastal research海岸研究杂志英语240Lithology and mineral resources岩相学与矿物资源英语印度地质学会志英语241Journal of the geological society of In242SPE reservoir evaluation & engineering石油工程师协会油藏评估与工英语243Mountain Research and Development山区研究与开发英语244Nuovo Cimento Societa Intaliana di Fisi诺沃西门托会刊意大利迪记事英语北京科技大学学报：矿物冶金英语245Journal of University of Science and Te246Annals of geophysics地球物理学纪事英语247Minerals & Metallurgical Processing矿产及冶金加工英语248Coal Preparation备煤英语249Journal of Mining Science采矿科学杂志英语250Environmental & engineering geoscience环境与工程地质科学英语251Newsletters on stratigraphy地层学通讯地球化学：探索，环境，分析252Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment,253Journal of seismic exploration地震探测杂志英语254Petrophysics岩石物理学英语约克郡地质学会会报英语255Proceedings of the Yorkshire geological256Carbonates and evaporites碳酸盐与蒸发岩英语英国太阳系内杂志英语257Journal of the British Interplanetary S258Marine georesources and geotechnology海洋地资源与土工学英语259Proceedings of the Institution of Civil知名土木工程师议程：地球应用技术工程260Geotimes地质时代英语261Survey review测量评论英语丹麦和格陵兰岛地质勘测期刊英语262Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenl南非采矿与冶金学会志英语263Journal of the South African Institute264Canadian mining journal加拿大采矿杂志英语265Engineering and mining journal工程与采矿杂志英语266Advances in Geophysics地球物理学发展英语267Swiss Journal of Geoscience瑞士地学杂志类别ISSN影响因子年发文数自然科学0084-65977.73224自然科学8755-1209 6.925自然科学1466-822X 4.43577自然科学0886-6236 4.33596地质学0012-8252 4.3141地质学0277-3791 4.11205自然科学0012-821X 3.873503自然科学0022-3530 3.80686地质学0091-7613 3.754285地质学0016-7037 3.665395自然科学0305-0270 3.5391590883-8305 3.391760016-7606 3.35495地质学0301-9268 3.24796地质学0009-2541 3.2312540010-7999 3.21685矿物学岩石学1472-4677 3.11430矿物学岩石学0266-1144 3.0532自然科学1531-1074 3.02550自然科学1639-4488332自然科学0148-0227 2.9532510自然科学0148-0227 2.9532510自然科学0148-0227 2.9532510自然科学0148-0227 2.9532510自然科学0148-0227 2.9532510自然科学0148-0227 2.9532510自然科学0024-4937 2.937142自然科学1726-4170 2.813810263-4929 2.75353矿物学岩石学0094-8276 2.7441474矿物学岩石学0022-1376 2.60742矿物学岩石学0168-2563 2.534108矿物学岩石学0267-8179 2.49660矿物学岩石学1300-0985 2.48125矿物学岩石学0278-7407 2.39889矿物学岩石学0309-1333 2.37735矿物学岩石学自然科学0002-9599 2.37537自然科学1086-9379 2.371112地质学1525-2027 2.354172地质学0264-8172 2.346390196-2892 2.3443750959-6836 2.3431120921-8181 2.3111140950-091X 2.3131矿物学岩石学0016-7649 2.30497矿物学岩石学0921-2728 2.28772矿物学岩石学1027-5606 2.27132矿物学岩石学1811-5209 2.23235矿物学岩石学自然科学0033-5894 2.22489自然科学0003-004X 2.2032261529-6466 2.18836矿物学岩石学0031-0182 2.1623660022-1694 2.1614420146-6380 2.1141340956-540X 2.1124020258-8900 2.065520954-4879 2.06564古生物0300-9483 2.06232古生物0921-2973 2.061116自然科学0031-9201 2.0261250025-3227 1.9751350883-1351 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