1. I say you only live once and we work hard and what’s
the point if you cannot go on holiday.
我说你只活一次， 你不能度假，那我们这么努力的工作还有什么意义呢？
2. Since money is known to be one of the things most likely
to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful.
我们应该感恩，因为众所周知，钱是众多东西最有可能破坏一段关系的东西之一。
3. Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes
money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes,
which may be different things to men and women.
KS相信钱是个大事情是因为它所象征的东西，对于男人和女人而言是不同的。
4. Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were
being failed by the British education system because it
had become too focused on girls.
TL警告 男生正在被英国的教育体制所毁掉， 因为英国的教育体制太过于关注女生了。
5. Because boys generally have more acute vision, learn best
through touch, and are physically more active, they need
to be given “hands-on”lessons（亲手实践的） where
they are allowed to walk around.
因为男生通常而言有更敏锐的视力，通过抚摸学得更好，而且在体力上也更活跃，他们需要给予可以随意四处走动的实践课。
6. Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and
about $125 billion in economic losses each year,
according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum,
an organization led by Kofi Annan, the former United
Nations secretary general.
全球变暖导致了每年30多万人的死亡和大约1250亿的经济损失，根据最近的一个报告。
7. Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of
Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the
Forum’s report was “a methodological
embarrassment” because there was no way to
distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-
driven global warming amid the much larger losses
resulting from the growth in populations and economic
development in vulnerable regions.
RP说这个论坛的报告在方法论上是一个令人尴尬的事情因为根本没有办法区分是由敏感地区的人口增长和经济发展所造成更大的损失还是由人类所引起的全球变换所造成的死亡或者经济损失。
8. Several recent studies have found that being randomly
assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to
increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood of
conflict.
最近几个研究发现随意地分配室友会不仅会导致更宽容，而且会导致更大可能性的冲突。
9. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with
families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary
when moving to a university job.
薪水是最大的障碍，因为有家室的人会觉得如果他们去学校工作的话，他们承受不起薪水的减少
10. The biggest problem(chief/main) is that couples assume
each other knows what’s going on with their fiancés, but
they don’t.
最大的问题是夫妻之间以为对方知道他们的钱做了什么，但是他们不知道。
11. In a healthy relationship, you do not have to agree about
money, but you have to talk about it.
健康的夫妻关系没有必要对钱达成一致，但是得讨论。
12. Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to
get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped
develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than
feeling they had to conform to the “boy code” of hiding
their emotions to be a “real man”.
13. The findings of study go against received wisdom that
boys do better when taught alongside girls.
14. But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to
boys’learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.
15. But even before its release, the report drew criticism from
some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions.
16. However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg
Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty.
17. In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan
stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases.
18.
19. In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye---the only black
student on his freshman year floor---said that “if you are surrounded by whites, you have something to prove.”20. An Indiana University found that interracial roommates
were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.
21. “One of the great things about freshman housing is that,
with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly,”said Undergraudate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration”.
22. Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations
based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.
23. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as
much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a
woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
24. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a
married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise,/similarly同样地 a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn’t smoke. There is a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in a couple of years following their spouse’s death and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.
25. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30-year study of
more than 10,000 people, Nocholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.
26. A life partner, children and good friends are all
recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “people are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”
27. It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be
common for university to try their luck in the commercial world, there is little traffic in the opposite direction.
28. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career
was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions.
29. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the
greater intellectual opportunities.
30. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that
academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate.
31. What’s the point 有什么意义 有什么意思
32. Be most likely to do sth
33. More than
34. Argue with 和 争吵
35. Because of 由于
36. Split up 分开
37. Tend to 倾向于intend to 打算
38. A big deal 一件很重要的事情
39. What’s going on 发生什么事情
40. Such as ---比如（词）like
41. Far from –一点也不
42. Conform to –遵从
43. Get involved in ---牵涉
44. Rather than /instead of 而不是
45. Go against 反对
46. Focus on ： 集中 concentrate on
47. Fail to do sth 不能
48. Tailor to 制定 以适合
49. Appeal to 吸引
50. Be compelled to do sth 被强迫做某事
51. Distinguish from 区别
52. Result from 因为
53. Aim at 目标为
54. Be assigned to 被分配
55. Lead to 导致
56. Engage in 从事
57. Interact with 与 互动
58. Apply for 申请
59. With some exceptions 有一些例外
60. Throw together 随意地放在一起
61. Break down 破裂 出故障
62. Caution against 警惕地反对
63. Base on 基于
64. Be stacked against 被堆在一起
65. Marriage can more than compensate
婚姻不仅仅能补偿。
66. Be expected to 期望
67. A flip side 对立面 唱片的反面
68. In the couple of years 两年
69. Care for 关心 照顾
70. The odds favor marriage 形势对婚姻有利
71. Map out 详细制定 筹划
72. Try one’s luck 实施运气
73. In the opposite direction 相反地方向
74. Take advantage of 利用
75. A wealth of experience 很多经验
76. Be well placed to 处于良好地位
77. Be supposed to 应该
78. Their moods turned significantly darker他们的心情变差了很
多
79. Not only…but also 不仅 而且
80. In contrast 相反
Unit 13
New peaks of popularity 流行的顶峰
Carry the title 有着这样的头衔
But is plain tap water that bad? 但是白味的自来水有那么糟糕吗？ In terms of 在 方面
Similarly, /likewise同样地
View as 将 看作
Thirst for 渴求
Salivate over 垂涎
As diners thirst for leading brands, bottlers and restaurateurs salivate over the profits.
Mark-up 涨价，加价
A restaurant’s typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent, whereas on bottled water it’s often 300 to 500 percent. But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands aren’t available in stores, most diners don’t notice or care.
As a result, some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell
bottled water.
Turn up the pressure 加大力度
Regardless of 不管
Tap into 深入了解
Desire for 渴望
Long for 渴望
Regardless of how it’s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health, our wishes to appear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity.
2
As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease---especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels ok but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill”and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well”. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health.
In excellent health 良好的身体状况
Pay attention to 关注
Apply to 将 应用于
Strive to 努力去
Be concerned about 关心
Make a point of 特别注意 重视
Be related to 与 相关
In this sense 从这个意义上讲
Make an effort to do sth 努力做某事
In the face of 面对 尽管
Have a beneficial impact on 对 有有益的影响
Unit 14
In parallel 并列的 平行的
While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.
On the fly 运行中 忙碌中
比较级---最高级高频考点
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter.
Be barrier to 对 障碍
In the free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes.
Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.
Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. (遵守)
Come up with 提出
End up 结束 告终
Draw near 临近 靠近
Back and forth 来回
Run out of 用完 耗尽
原因
There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men.
I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting.
Be fed up with 对 厌烦
in the least 一点儿也不
attribute to 归因于
my every achievement----jobs, research papers, awards---was viewed through the lens of gender politics. So were my failures. On my behalf 以我的名义
On behalf of 代表
Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus right brain, or nature versus nurture, I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.
Recently, someone asked me how many of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45.
Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that’s a sight worth talking about.
In turn 反过来 反之
Unit 15
If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably haven’t heard of the Univeristy of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction.
Hear of
On the basis of
Generally speaking, face-to-face communication with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.
Primarily, there’s the convenience promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work as they say, in your pajamas.
Account for
Drop out
While drop-out rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20%, the rate for online students is 35 percent.
Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup.
The more students who enroll in a course but don’t come to campus, the more the school saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots.
Enroll in
2
Shortage of
Keep sb occupied
Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressures of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.
Live up to 达到预期目的
Rejection slip 退稿附条
Far away 远离
Keep an eye on 留意
Engage in 从事
Take pains 尽力 煞费苦心
Unit 16
But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.
Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”, as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.
We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.
Consider the Kyoto Protocol. It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions and many signatories didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.
The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology.
Make commitments to
Be less likely to
Be projected to
Condemn
Modest growth
More than double
Adopt rigid restrictions on
Cut back
Punish
Reduce
Hit target
Dependence on
Deal with
2
Glance through
Find out
Intend to
Equivalent of
Reveal
Boundary
In some cases
Keep a secret
Does that matter
Be concerned about
Slip away
A tiny fraction of
In an effort to
Turn down
Track ---追踪
Surrender to 屈服
Get one’s hands on
At least
Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen—the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. Without one’s knowledge
Be easily accessed to
Try every means
Look into
Be caught on the spot
Open one’s heart to
Be faithful to
Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it’s important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times.
The digital bread crumbs you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret.
But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy.
But privacy does matter—at least sometimes. It’s like health: when you have it, you don’t notice it. Only when it is gone do you wish you’d done more to protect it.
Unit 17
If you are a male and you are reading this, congratulations: you’re a survivor.
There are many reasons for this---typically, men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke---but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor.
They only come in when a friend drop dead on the golf course and they think,’Gee, if it could happen to him, …”
Then there is the ostrich approach.” Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.
Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain on the public purse, Cartmill says.” But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases.”
Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers---and anyone who will listen.
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants.
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world.
According to
Die of
On average
Take risks
At least
Compared to
On the golf course
Be scared of
Would rather
Regular check-up
In the long run
Place strain on
Public purse
Average life span
Suffer from
For fear of
Up to
Be disastrous to
Out-of-stock
Most importantly
Parking lot
The rest of
Unit 18
Make the switch
Participate for
Attend to
Be about to
Be aware of
Hunt for
Be on one’s mind
Thanks to
Combined efforts
Lead to
Go far
The January fashion show called FutureFashion, exemplified how far green design has come.
The designers who undertake green fashion still face many challenges. Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and loomstate, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to find.
Those who do make the switch are finding they have more support. Last year the influential trade show ….it now counts more than ….this week Wal-Mart ….says Hahn. (p131 first para)
Natalie Hormilla, a fashion writer, is an example of the unconverted consumer. When asked if she owned any sustainable clothes, she replied,:”not that I am aware of.”
But thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retailers and suppliers—one day it will be.
Be made of
The public
A big challenge to
Be readily recognized
At favorable prices
Care about
Be opposed to
Go mainstream
A promising future
Have the final say
Appeal to
2
A strand of
Rely on
Result from
Correspond to
Narrow down
Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand of hair, a teachnique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims.
You are what you eat and drink, and that’s recorded in your hair.
The heaviest rain falls first. As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavier water to California than to Utah. (美国西
部，美国第45个州) 和夏威夷立法反对各种形式的赌博 salt lake city beehive state 蜜蜂窝的州 外形像个蜜蜂窝
加州： 经济最发展，人口最多 美国西部 黄金州
Cerling’s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a map of the regional differences.
It’s not good for pinpointing, Cerling said, “it’s good for eliminating many possibilities.”
Commit crime
Narrow down the possibilities
Under investigation
Have to do with
Vary from
Be indispensable to
A collection of
Unit 19
Focus on
Be fascinated by
I am more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world’s attention. And that means for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and perusal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.
Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by never-married, alcoholic mothers.
Many African-American blogs have written about they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White house ---mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family.
Michelle will have to work to please everyone---an impossible task.
But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise, confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that’s been around for far too long.
Serve as a role model
Present to the world a new image of
Pay attention to the interests of
Be inferior to
Live on
Live up to the high expectations
Behave as
Public figures
Give priority to
The prevailing view
2
Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, it’s gone global. Yet the talent flow isn’t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.
We did not do any global consideration, says Patricia Hayes, the board’s chair. The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising.
Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding.
In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position”
The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind to
promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices.
.
Search for 寻找
Be familiar with 对 熟悉
Raise fund 筹集资金
Rely on 依赖
Be dependent on 依赖 依靠
Fail to 未能
Keep pace with 与 保持一致
Be hungry for 渴求
Join the trend 加入这种趋势
Established practices 习以为常的做法
Be recruited as 被招收为
Under supervision 在 管理之下
Strengthen their position 加强地位
Strengthen their ties 加强关系
Set up 建立
New disciplines 新学科
Unit 20
You never see them, but they are with you every time you fly. They record where you are going, how fast you are travelling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book. They are known as black box.
The black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong.（最高级）
Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane---the area least subject to impact---from its original position in the landing wells. （转折+因果）
That same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.
Experts believe the boxes from the Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1, 2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they’re still likely to turn up.
Subject to
Turn up
Ensure the normal functioning of
Ward off
On board
Distinguish from
Hand sb with care
Conform to
2
Be built on the idea
turn into
Researchers in Canada jut published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are.
When people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you’re underlining his faults.
Those with low self-esteem didn’t feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group, who weren’t urged to think positive thoughts.
The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but
can make things worse. Meditation techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.
Be praised for
In contrast
Be urged to
Yield
Be based on
Do more harm than good
Take sth seriously
Point out
Unit 21
Be willing to
Keep from
Attract one’s attention
A financial burden
Preference for
Academic accomplishments
Gear toward
Make up for
Arise from
Take care of
In need
Relieve of
Infer from
Share with
Reduced life span
Be prejudiced against
Look down upon
Compete with
Fall out
Get along
Be required to
Without exception
Without regard to
英语四级阅读真题长难句解析18 86. As the trade winds lessen in strength, the ocean temperatures rise, causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5℃. (2006年6月) 【分析】本句为复合句。主句为the ocean temperatures rise。as 引导时间状语从句。现在分词短语causing…作伴随状语。as much as是比较结构，意为“和……一样”。 【译文】随着信风强度的减弱，海洋温度升高，导致了秘鲁寒流从东部流入，温度上升了5摄氏度。 87. The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. (2006年6月) 【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为The system was launched and has been hailed。介词as 在这里意为“作为，当作”。 【译文】州际公路体系最终在1956年开建，并被称道为那个世纪最伟大的工程之一。 88. He says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a person how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. (2006年6月)
英语倒装句(Inversion) 主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序： 一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）； 二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。 而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称"全部倒装",是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。 部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。 前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。 语义解析 一、表示强调: 倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下: +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。 例子: Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。 Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。 2. hardly,in no way,little,scarcely,seldom,never,no more, no longer,not, not only, no sooner, not only … (but also),not until… 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。 例子: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。 Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。 Not until twelve o'clock did she go to bed last night . 她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。 3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 例子: So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。 To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。 以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的 修辞效果。 二、承上启下
1. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case. (2003. 阅读. 6. Text 2) 【译文】学习中应该包括具有启发性的娱乐这一观点对于大部分学术机构而言似乎是愚蠢的，但事实的确如此。 【析句】本例句的难点在于寻找主句的主干。很明显，主句由but连接两个并列句组成，but 后的句子that is nonetheless the case是简单句。but前的句子主句是the notion would seem merely silly to the greater part of the academic establishment，to在这里作介词，这一介宾结构提前放在了谓语动词seem后，容易让人误以为是短语seem to的用法，结果导致理解失误。最后主句主语the notion有that引导的定语从句修饰。 2. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. (200 3. 阅读. 6. Text 3) 【译文】从事成人教育的公共机构已经因为经济萧条开始以来席卷全国的趋势而陷入困境。【析句】例句2的句子结构并不复杂，主句the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide, that has swept over them...作定语从句修饰the tide, 而定语从句中，又有since引导的时间状语从句，这个时间是修饰swept over这个动作的。 3. A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times, making people's vision sharper than that of cats. (2003. 阅读. 6. Text 4) 【译文】海德堡大学应用物理系正在研究的高水平新型隐形眼镜不仅能矫正普通的视力问题，还能把正常夜间视力提高五倍，使人的视力比猫还要敏锐。 【析句】复合句。主句是A new high-performance contact lens will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision, 可以看出，主句的主干是not only...but(also)结构连接前后两个并列句，contanct lens后有几个介词短语点明了研究的地点。最后，making people's vision...是现在分词引导结果状语。
四级长难句分析 在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。 首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点 一词汇：核心词汇+普通词汇 二语法结构 1．从句：定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语 2．并列结构 3．插入语 4．倒装 5．强调 6．省略：分词作定语，独立主格结构 2008-6 1．But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and —— without major technological breakthroughs —— we can't do much about it. 2. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one.
3．Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people w ill surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷) 4. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to re construct who you are, where you are and what you like. 2007-12 4．The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. 5. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter’s experience. 6. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked. 2007-6 7. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.
英语四级考试复杂长难句分析(二) 导读：本文英语四级考试复杂长难句分析(二)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 第一章并列平行结构(二) 英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的. 1. More than three million people live in inner London,and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area,which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London. 要点:全句为并列复合句。“and”连接并列句。第二个句子是主从复合句。“which”引出非限制性定语从句，修饰“area”。“that”引出限制性定语从句，修饰“villages”。“what”引出名词从句，作“from”的宾语。 参考译文：三百多万人口居住在伦敦市区，将近五百多万人口居住在周围的郊区——该地区由原来分散的村庄构成，逐步形成如今被称为的外伦敦。 2. Then I remembered how often I,too,had been indifferent to the grander of each day,too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all. 要点：此句存在着一个“too…to…”结构，即“too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all”。注意：“I,too,had
历年大学英语四级真题阅读长难句分析 阅读是四级英语中重要的得分点和难点，对长难句的分析则决定了对阅读的彻底理解，也是学习语法，积累高级词汇、句型不可或缺的来源。而四级英语真题阅读部分均选自Times、Telegraph等著名外文报纸及杂志，其行文和词汇原汁原味，值得考生细细品味和灵活借鉴。准备2015年6月英语四级的同学们，还等什么?赶快学起来吧! 历年大学英语四级真题阅读长难句分析（1） 1. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. (1990. 阅读. Text 1) 【译文】除了早期漂洋过海的旅行者或靠海谋生的人之外，对大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有必要提出太多问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。 【析句】复合句，本句主干为the sea was remote and there was little reason to...，and连接两个并列句子，两个句子之间又有with the exception of...作伴随状语，伴随状语中又包含who earned a living from the sea定语从句修饰others。最后是习惯let alone...,注意let alone后的动词形式与前面主句动词形式相同。 2. The first time that question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. (1990. 阅读. Text 1) 【译文】当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报光缆的时候，出于商业动机，人们才不得不首次回答这个问题“海底有什么东西”。 【析句】本句话的难点在于主从句成分的区分。主句为The first time was when the laying...was proposed, when引导表语从句，而that question had to be answered with...则是定语从句修饰the first time。 3. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. (1990. 阅读. Text 1)
大学英语四级写作经典句型 大学里作文的难度必然是很大的，那么关于大学里面的写作方法都有哪些？以下是小编给大家整理的英语学习方法：大学英语四级写作经典句型，希望可以帮到大家 1)主语从句 It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. It is well-known that… It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that… It goes without saying that… It is universally acknowledged that… It is / that 2)宾(表)语从句 We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates. The problem is not who will go, but who will stay. 3)定语从句(限定性和非限定性) As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…, There are many reasons why I want to study in your university. It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste. 4)状语从句(时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等) When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster (怪物) which will devour him. Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers. 5)分词短语做定语或状语 Prof. Kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire English better. 6)倒装句
英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析(13) 倒装结构 英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分，或当否定词出现在句首时，或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故，常常采用倒装的结构，即：把正常的主+谓+宾(表)+补+状的语序打乱，把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去，如：谓语出现在主语前面，谓语、宾语出现在主语前面，或状语放在句首等。简单句中的倒装较容易辨认，但在长句中当同其他的句子结构混在一起时，倒装结构的辨认就有一定的困难，有时会误认为是其他的句子成分，如：分句独立结构，定语等，导致错判全句的主干，形成理解障碍。 Exercise We could not offer you that post without the responsibility, neither could we ask you to accept the one or two other vacancies of a different type which do exist, for they are unsuitable for someone with your high standard of education and ability. Along with this disparagement of a compliment is the American tendency to laugh at one's own mistakes and admit one's weaknesses. The Chinese had trained messengers on horseback and runners before 1100 B.C.,as did the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans. 要点：neither后面用的是倒装语序(could we)。which do exist 的先行词为vacancies，但被of a different type 隔开。exist后面是一个由for(等立连词)引导的原因状语从句，用来作附加说明。 1
大学英语四级妙用倒装句写作技巧汇总 精典范例 To be or not to be: that is the question. --William Shakespear Never before have we had so little time to do so much. --美国前总统Franklin D. Roosevelt Plain: We sat on the cliffs by the sea, watching the sunset. Interesting: On the cliffs by the sea we sat, watching the sunset. (介词短语-主语-谓语-分词) Normal: The professor walked in. Reversed: In walked the professor. (谓语-主语) Normal: Jeremy scorned honest men. Reversed: Honest men Jeremy scorned. (宾语-主语谓语) Normal: Although I am fond of my children, I hope they wont grow up spoilt. Reversed: Fond as I am of my children, I hope they wont grow up spoilt Normal: He never gave up certain habits of his youth, and one of them was that he liked to inspect his clothes thoroughly for wrinkles before he stepped out of the door.
英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析(16) 分词和从句 分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和分词短语在英语中使用非常 普遍，在句子中可以充当补语,定语,状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中，有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混，造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开，因此常会误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句，尤其是定语从句，其形式变化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。 Excrise Someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more congnitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. When building space on the ground becomes scarce use must be made of the space in the air. When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. 要点：句首的someone后有介词短语with a history of doing more rather than less 对其进行修饰。第二个someone后有一个定语从句
英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析 英语四级阅读中有些长难句非常难理解，其实理解英语四级阅读长难句的最好方法就是学会分析句子的结构，下面一起来学习一下英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析，希望对各位有所帮助。 Exercise I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 Downing Street. The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family. With rock,illusion of shared feelings, bodily contact and grunted formulas, which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech, are the basis of association. 要点：让步状语though not again at 10 Downing Street 被插入语she reminded me所分隔。而且该让步状语是一个省略的结构，全句应为though(it will) not(be)again at 10 Downing Street. 还应看出让步状语所转达的意思正是插入语的宾语所要转达的意思。she reminded me (it will not be again at 10 Downing Street)。省略和插入的使用使全句的意思得以很好地衔接连贯、结构紧凑，无多余的成分。 参考译文：我打算不久和她在英国见面，不过她提醒我地点不再是唐宁街十号了。 要点：此句话的主谓被很长一段定语成分所分隔，句子主干应是“The cessation...is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family”，由于主干中的is前没有逗号分开，而且前面又出现了一个is imminent，还由于同主语The cessation拉开的距离太远，所以不容易很快找到。When前面的部分如果不注意很容易错误地理解为一个句子，即“The cessation...means to prolong the life of body.”实际上means是个名词，意为“方法，手段”，不是动词“意味着”。而且means前面有个形容词extraordinary作定语，不可能是动词，尽管意思上说得通。when引导的状语从句里带了一个定语从句that biological death is imminent，它们一起插入了主语和谓语之间。把means错当动词和状语带定语的插入使得整句的结构复杂化了，致使主干句的主谓不容易看出来。 参考译文：在有不可反驳的证据表明病人即将进入生理死亡时，停止采取非常措施来延长其生命应该由病人和(或)其直系亲属来作出决定。
长难句分析 在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。 1、四级难点 2、攻克长难句对于四级的意义 3、如何攻克 一、理解长难句两个关键性问题、三个要素 （一）两个关键问题 1、理解不到位 A．简单句Over the years, tools and technology themselves has been largely ignored by people. B．复合句The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 2、表达不通顺 A．主线结构顺线走 a.主语从句 例1、What he told me was only half-truth. 例2、How he is going to do it is a secret. b．宾语从句 例1、Can you hear what I say? 例2、He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal. C．表语从句例：One difficulty is that we don’t have money. B．定语状语往前勾 a．定语 例1、the course of reasoning which led him to his decision
大学英语四级考试长难句翻译练习
大学英语四级考试长难句翻译练习 英语句子最常见的方法是经过使用一些关 联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表示一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的. Classroom ： 1. Now,Shaw is exaggerating,but there is something in what he says,and the question is worth following up,for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge。 要点：本句是由并列连词but，and引导的并列复合句。在第三个分句中it throws on modern knowledge是定语从句，修饰名词light，定语从句的引导词that被省略。“throw light on sth.”的意思是“make sth. clear”。 参考译文：当然萧伯纳是言过其实了，但她所说的也确实有些道理，这一问题值得进一步探
讨，因为它会帮助人们看清现代知识的真实情况。 2.It was mostly he who talked and he seemed afraid to stop for fear she’d ask him to leave her by herself. 要点：这是一个由and连接的并列复合句。And前面的句子是强调句，强调的成分是he。for fear(that)=in order that…should not happen意为“生怕，以免”，to leave her by herself=to leave her alone。 参考译文：大部分时间都是她在讲话。她似乎害怕停下来，生怕话一停，她就会请她离开。 Exercise : 1. If you are a man,you can point out that most poets and men of science are male;if you are a woman,you can retort that so are most criminals. 要点：这是一个句型结构十分对称的并列复合句。“so are most criminals”是倒装结构，most
1. at the thought of一想到… 2. as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论 3. at will 随心所欲 4. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于，富有 5. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近，进入，了解 6. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地，意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地， 7. of one’s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地 8. in accord with 与…一致. out of one’s accord with 同…。不一致 9. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 10. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照，根据 11. on one’s own account 1) 为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益
2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 12. take…into account(=consider)把..。考虑进去 13. give sb. an account of 说明，解释 (理由) 14. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释，说明。 15. on account of (=because of) 由于，因为。 16. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要，无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装) 17. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控，控告 18. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于。 19. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉 20. act on 奉行，按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理
四级阅读理解难，难在长难句。如何破解长难句，是做好四级阅读理解的关键一环。破解长难句通常采用方法是找准主谓宾去除定状补，笔者认为，抓住长难句特点进行庖丁解牛是破解四级阅读理解长难句的又一制胜法宝。 四级阅读理解长难句有以下六大特点： 主语拉长 一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。 解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。例如： The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have also attracted more people to the region. （2005.6） 首先，把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子： （1）The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，使得Pocono 成为黑熊理想的栖息地 （2）have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。 其次，句子整合翻译：溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。 分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）做状语，这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上就更为困难。 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。
四级阅读理解长难句有以下六大特点： 1、主语拉长 一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。 解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。例如： The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. （2005.6） 首先，把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子： （1）The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地 （2）have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。 其次，句子整合翻译： 溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。 2、分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）做状语，这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上就更为困难。 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 例如： Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancy’s Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. （2005.6） 翻译：在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍，大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公，他与当地人民和商业领导合作，以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。
大学英语四级考试长难句翻译练习英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的. Classroom ： 1. Now,Shaw is exaggerating,but there is something in what he says,and the question is worth following up,for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge。 要点：本句是由并列连词but，and引导的并列复合句。在第三个分句中it throws on modern knowledge是定语从句，修饰名词light，定语从句的引导词that被省略。“throw light on sth.”的意思是“make sth. clear”。 参考译文：当然萧伯纳是言过其实了，但他所说的也确实有些道理，这一问题值得进一步探讨，因为它会帮助人们看清现代知识的真实情况。 2.It was mostly he who talked and he seemed afraid to stop for fear she’d ask him to leave her by herself. 要点：这是一个由and连接的并列复合句。And前面的句子是强调句，强调的成分是he。for fear(that)=in order that…should not happen意为“生怕，以免”，to leave her by herself=to leave her alone。 参考译文：大部分时间都是他在讲话。他似乎害怕停下来，生怕话一停，她就会请他离开。