工程管理专业英语第五章翻译

工程管理英文怎么说英文是什么工程管理专业出来的同学，正是T型人才的典范，恰好适合社会所需。

那么你知道工程管理的英文怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来工程管理的英文说法，欢迎大家学习。

工程管理的英文说法：engineering management英 [ˌendʒiˈniəriŋˈmænidʒmənt]美 [ˌɛndʒəˈnɪrɪŋˈmænɪdʒmənt]工程管理相关英文表达：公共工程管理局Public Works Administration软件工程管理Software Engineering Management工程管理理学Engineering Management建筑工程管理系统Project Management System工务工程管理系统Public Works Management System工程管理英文说法例句：1. Majored in Architect, Construction Management and Architectural Economy & Enterprise Management are preferred.建筑学、建筑工程管理、建筑经济管理毕业者优先.2. Be responsible for internal engineering management and budget auditing; 6 .负责工程内部工程管理及预算审核.3. Integrated source code editor 2 . Project management tools . 3.集成的源代码编辑器2.工程管理工具.4. Coordinate with Engineering team to Improve Product design activities and development projects.协助改进公司工程管理方面的程序,支持产品设计和产品开发.5. Eexperience in plant construction or engineering management of new plant launch.具有土建工程或新厂区筹建相关工程管理经验.6. Landscape Management file ( full ) - a very full garden project management information!园林管理文件 ( 全套 ) - 很全的园林工程管理资料!7. The project contracts the core that the contract is construction project management.工程承包合同是建筑工程管理的核心.8. The cost engineer is the fresh combatant of Chinese project cost management.[中英文摘要]造价工程师是我国造价工程管理工作的生力军.9. In this discussion, we emphasize the project management uses of accounting information.在本讨论中, 我们强调工程管理中对清算信息的使用.10. EP - China serves Chinese electronic engineers with the latest information on product technology.《今日电子》杂志及时为国内的电子工程师和工程管理人员提供最前沿的产品技术信息.11. College education or above, in File Management or Engineering Management.大专以上学历, 档案管理或工程管理专业.12. In fact, project management can also have some other understanding.事实上, 工程管理还可以有其它一些理解.13. Fingo Projects Ltd. - interior design and contracting , decorative construction.富家设计工程有限公司 - 提供室内设计、家俱设计、工程管理等服务.14. Eight years above engineer experiences. Three years above in engineering manager position.八年以上工程经验, 三年以上工程管理经验.15. The reservoir project management does not arrive and so on.水库的工程管理不到位等.。

《工程管理专业英语》期末试题1一、词汇汉译英1.Project scheduling：项目企划2.individual project：单项工程3.framed structure：框架结构4.buckling：弯曲、翘曲5.foundation settlement：基础沉降6.line of action and the sense of the force：力的作用线和力的指向7.statically indeterminate structure：超静定结构8.Rate of expansion：伸长率9.Simulation: 仿真10.Relative height：相对高度（高差）11.Pavement：人行道12.Bulldozer：推土机13.Dummy：虚工序14.Withdrawal：撤回二、词汇汉译英1.钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete2.抗压强度：compression strength3.恒载：dead loads4.总承包商：general contractors5.预算：budget6.承重墙：bearing wall7.规范、说明书：specification8.水平荷载：vertical load9.流动资金：working capital10.合同管理：contract management11.工程量清单：bill of quantities12.垫层砂浆：bedding mortar13.刚度：rigidity三、典型句子英译汉1、All these loads depend largely on the location of the building, have to be taken by the structural system from all points and manners of application and transferred to the foundations.所有这些荷载，在很大程度上取决于建筑物的位置，这些荷载由结构体系从各个点以各种作用方式传递到基础。

第五章、酶和固定化细胞技术微生物，特别是酵母菌，已使用了几千年生产啤酒，葡萄酒和其他发酵产品。

然而，这是不到1878的实际组成部分的酵母细胞负责发酵为酶（来源于希腊语意味着它在年）。

不到二十年后非生命的性质的酶是清楚地表明与无细胞提取物对酵母，能促进葡萄糖转化为乙醇。

最后验证了酶是蛋白质仅在1926的纯化和结晶尿酶。

在接下来的几年里，与演化的新的学科生物化学，酶被证明是在所有活的生物体，并利用活细胞催化特定的化学反应。

随后，酶已被证明是非常具体的作用，运作的高转换率，和温和的生理条件下运作低压力和温度，在水溶液中。

虽然正常的酶的作用位点是细胞能排泄到环境中的酶来打破大的有机分子（蛋白质，脂肪，淀粉）（分泌）（胞外酶）有无数的例子，在活细胞的内部否则不能进入细胞，一些微生物的胞外酶生产的正常生长非常重要的是，它是从这个源酶首次投入商业利用。

5.1、商业作用的酶所有产品的商业发酵过程的最终结果是酶活性在生产者有机体。

可以孤立的酶替代生产生物在特定发酵？这是个常见的问题，但令人满意的成果很少被意识到实践。

使用整个生物体造成一定的缺点在发酵过程：1、最佳条件可能不同的增长和产品的形成。

2.一个高比例的基板可以转化为生物量。

3.副反应可以发生；4.转化率所需的产品可能是缓慢的；5.所需的产品从发酵可能是困难的。

因此，使用分离和纯化酶最，如果不是全部，这些限制可以减少或克服的。

最明显的优点是简单的处理，更大的可预测性的活动和改善特异性催化作用。

然而，大多数发酵使用传统的整个生物体有可能持续到未来。

虽然超过2000酶已被分离出的微生物，植物和动物，少于20的使用规模上可以被视为重要的，无论是商品生产者或用户在行业或服务。

目前主要的输出商业生产者关注的是相对简单的酶用于天然的形式主要是在食品及相关行业和洗涤剂制造（图.5.1）。

大多数的水解酶，如淀粉酶，蛋白酶，纤维素酶，果胶酶，等等，和功能主要是作为添加剂或过程助剂中烘烤，乳制品，啤酒和果汁行业。

（建筑工程管理）土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。

此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。

土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。

他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。

此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。

土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。

在1782年，英国人JohnSmeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。

自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。

领域。

因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。

不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。

一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。

岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。

环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。

交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。

同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。

从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。

根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。

贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。

管理英语English for managementUnit 5Unit Objectives1. Students can fully understand the main ideas of the two reading passagesabout marketing management, successfully answer the comprehensionquestions, and independently finish the language exercises.2. Students can identify the major elements of a bill of exchange and writea bill of exchange using the common sentence structures learned fromthe samples.3. Students can understand conversations about technology transfer andtechnical cooperation.4. Students can use recommended expressions to talk about technologytransfer and technical cooperation.5. Students can use the materials in this unit and those from otherresources to accomplish in groups the field work project on marketingmanagement and then present the work in class.Materials and/or Equipment Needed1.English for Management2.Overhead projectorputerUnit ArrangementPeriods 1-3: Reading APeriods 4: Reading BPeriods 5-6: Simulated WritingPeriods 7-8: Listening and SpeakingNew words and expressions1.convince [kən'vins] vt. 说服, 使...相信 =make (someone) agree,understand, or realize the truth or validity of somethingHe convinced me of his sincerity.他使我确信他的真诚.2. crucial ['kru:ʃəl] adj. 关键的, 决定性的 =of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisisNegotiations were at a crucial stage.谈判正处于一个关键的阶段3.entrepreneur [.ɔntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家 =someone who organizes abusiness venture and assumes the risk for itOne, especially an entrepreneur, which undertakes a task or job.承担者; 企业家承担任务或工作的人, 尤指企业家4. impulse ['impʌls] n. 冲动, 驱动力, 倾向, 心血来潮vt. 推动=a sudden desireHe bought the house on an impulse.他凭一时冲动买下了这所房子。

CHAPTER 1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYCHAPTER OUTLINEINTRODUCTIONTYPE OF INDUSTRYINDUSTRY SECTORSResidential SectorCommercial Building SectorInfrastructure and Heavy Highway SectorIndustrial SectorRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTTRENDS IN THE INDUSTRYConstruction EthicsDemographicsOpportunitiesCONCLUSIONSTUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVESIn this chapter you will learn the following:1. The principle characteristics that define the construction industry2. The four major sectors of construction projects3. The nature of research and development within the construction industry4. Current trends within the construction industryINTRODUCTION"To form by assembling parts" is the dictionary definition for con.struct, but the phrase also is a metaphor for the construction process itself. Just as divergent materials come together to form a structure, so. too. does a diverse group of people come together to make the project possible. To bring together numerous independent businesses and corporate personalities into one goal oriented process is the peculiar challenge of the construction industry. The organizationaJ cultures of architects, engineers, owners. builders. manufacturers. and suppliers may seem to work against the real need to forge a partnership that will ensure the success of a project. Yet, despite these very real chaIJenges in the industry, construction projects do get completed. In fact. it is difficult to think of an industry that is more basic to our economy and to our daily lives. The highways we drive on. the bridges we cross. the water we drink, the fuel we burn: all are made possible by the activities of the construction industry. Likewise. where we shop, where we work. where we worship and learn. and where we live all exist because of the industry. Designers have visions; but until the contractor builds. those visions are just dreams on a sheet of paper.Construction is also very interwined with other aspects of our lives. It affects and is affected by developments in technology, computers, government policies, labor relations. and economic and political practices. Take. for instance, the technological leap of the skyscraper. Until the late 1800s. most buildings were four or five stories high. Masonry supported the structure from the ground. As the height of the building increased. the massing at the ground level also increased to support the additional Ioad. Thus, if the building were built too high, the mass at the bottom would be too thick. Another limitation to height was that people could only practicably climb four or five stories. Because floors on the upper levels were difficult to rent. Owners had no economic incentive to build any higher. But with the development of cheap methods of producing iron and steel and the invention of the elevator. architects began designing higher buildings. This spurred construction activity: landowners were motivated to develop these new buildings because the return on their investment was higher. Over time. as technological advances have allowed. the skyscraper has gotten taller.Innovations in robotics and computer modeling have also affected the construction industry. By using computers for modeling structures and imitating wind and seismic loads. architects and engineers can better anticipate nature's constraints and create better designs to counteract them. With robots directing equipment during construction. contractors can gain more control over processes that require precision for success. such as the construction of the underwater tunnel between France and England. The desire for such projects leads to the development of technologies to make them possible, which in turn encourages similar projects to go forward.TYPES OF INDUSTRYConstruction is big business in the United States. According to the Bureau of Laborn Statistics. the industry employs nearly 6 million people and represents 5 percent of the work force, making it the nation's largest single employer. The total value of construction in 2000 was $815 billion. which represents 8.1 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Opportunities in construction have increased significantly in the last ten years. Construction employment in 2000 has risen by 49 percent since 1990. This is in contrast to employment as a whole. which has increased 21 percent. Although construction-related jobs are some of the best-paying in the country, they are often not a person's first career choice. Look at any construction company, and you will find people from a varietV of backgrounds who. through experience and continuing cducation, have been promoted through the ranks. This profile is starting to change, however. with the profcssionalization of the field and the introduction of undergraduate and graduate construction managemcnt programs at colleges and universities. Both the American Institute of Constructors (AIC) and the Construction Management AssociaOon of America (CMAA) have initiated professional certification programs.Construction projects can be awe-inspiring in their breadth and complexity-from the Egyptian pyramids and Gothic cathedrals to soaring skyscrapers and enormous bridges. Yet theindustry itself does not own thcse products, nor does it control their supply and demand. In fact. construction has relatively few assets compared with those of other industries. Its success or failure depends on the qualities of its people rather than on its technology or product. In this way, it is very much a service industry-one composed of many small businesses, especially in the residential and commercial building sectors. Construction does not require a patent or a large capitalinvestment; anyone with motivation.technical skills. and a sufficient cash flow can start a business and be successful. However, because of the industry 's cyclical nature. it inevitably has slow periods. Without capital to get them through these slow times. these small "moru and pop" businesses are at risk. and many are forced out of the market.The risk factor is much higher in construction than it is in other industries because outside factors such as government funding, demographics, and market trends largely determine demand.Another reason for this high risk lies in the unpredictable nature of the work itself. Since construction takes place outside, it depends on weather conditions. Any extremes can affect productivity level. damage materials and work in place, create unsafe conditions. and even shut down the site entirely. Moreover. the industry is custom-oriented. meaning that it is difficult to use mass-production techniques in either materials or methods. Each project has its own learning curve for both management and labor. Because all these factors make it difficult to accurately predict how much money will be necessary to complete the project, the industry has a higher risk of losing money than do industries that rely on more predictable factors.Financial institutions, medical services. accounting firms, and real estate companies have all been involved in recent mergers, consolidations, and conglomerations. Construction, however, is a study of contrasts. At one time, general contractors constructed almost the entire project with their own work crews. But as buildings become more technically complex and the business of building them more sophisticated, the industry has turned increasingly to specialty trades. Thus, the contractor's role has evolved from boss to manager. However. in other aspects of the industry, the reverse is happening. While the technical complexities of projects have strongly influenced the trend toward subcontractor specialization. these same complexities are merging owners. contractors, and designers into more collaborative units. In a very real way, this trend is leading constructors back to their roots-as the master builders.INDUSTRY SECTORSMost designers and builders concentrate their business and build expertise in a specific sector of the construction industry, each of which is supported by separate material and equipment suppliers, manufacturers. and subcontractors. These distinct types have evolved because major differences exist in how projects within each sector are funded: in the building methods involved: and in the manner in vrhich designers, builders. and owners interact. These sectors are usually separated into the following four categories:1. Residential2. Commericalbuilding3. Infrastructure and heavy highway4. IndustrialResidential SectorThe residential construction sector is comprised of individual homes. small condominiums, and apartment complexes. What all these building types have in common (apart from the fact that they house people) are the conditions under which they are constructed. Such projects tend to be privately funded by individual owners for their own use or for speculation. They are typically designed by architects. although the plan may come from a mass-produced catalog. In some instances. the homeowners or the builder may design the structure. Within this sector. there has been some movement toward pre-manufactured homes and products. But despite the tremendous potential in developing pre-manufactured components for the residential market. the tendency is still to build most components on site.As a site-built product. residential construction uses fairly low technology. Not surprisingly, most of the "mom and pop" operations are found in this sector. Because the technology needed to build residential buildings is readily available, the capital required to step into the business is fairly small: a pickup truck, some basic tools. and an understanding of construction. Supporting these operations are many other small businesses-lumberyards, tool and equipment rentals, specialty suppliers, and hardware stores. When the economy is strong, these small businesses do well; but because residential sector projects are privately funded and homogenous in type, many companies go out of business when money gets tight. Interest rates and government policy toward housing investment also influence the sector's health. In a good economy, about one-half of construction spending takes place in the residential sector.Commercial Building SectorThis sector includes office buildings, large apartment complexes, shopping malls, theaters. schools. universities, and hospitals. Like residential buildings, these structures tend to be privately funded,although some public funding is usually available for schools and hospitals. They are typically designed by an architect with support from an engineer and are built by general contractors as bid projects or by construction managers who assist during pre-construction and coordinate the construction. The technical sophistication necessary for success is greater than in the residential sector. as is the capital needed to enter the field. These factors lead to fewer players.Within this sector, there is some specialization. Hospitals, which require a special knowledgeof the activities that happen in them. tend to be technically complex to design and require tight quality control during construction. Commercial structures such as shopping malls, office buildings, and theaters are built for quick turnaround and an eye to marketing and retail image. Firms build their reputations in these specialized fields, and owners choose designers and contractors based on their reputations. Larger firms tend to have various divisions that concentrate on specific segments of the market, meaning that they are generally able to weather economic ups and downs.Annual construction expenditures are high for this sector. accounting for more than 30 percent of the construction market. However, the sector is highly dependent on regional economic health. Houston in the 1970s, California in the 1980s, and the northeast in the 1990s experienced tremendous economic growth and construction success. But such success inevitably leads to overbuilding, which in turn leads to a real estate glut and very little continued construction activity as the economy slows and overbuilt real estate is absorbed. Such factors are part of the construction cycle.Infrastructure and Heavy Highway SectorConstruction in this sector enables the distribution of goods and people. Examples include roadways, bridges, canals. dams, and tunnels. These projects are designed principally by civil engineers and built by heavy construction contractors who have engineering backgrounds or support. Because of the complexity of the projects and the importance of equipment and technical know-how, relatively few firms are involved. and those that are tend to be very large.Most infrastructure projects are publicly funded because they serve the public's needs. Without a strong framework of infrastructure. the nation's productivity decreases, and our standard of living is affected. However. the current condition of infrastructure in the United States requires greater attention. Consider the following statistics from the U.S. Markets Construction Overview (1998):1.By 1990. one-third of the interstate roadway system had outlived its intended designlife.2.In spite of increased export and import activities and the use of larger, morecost-effective vessels, only four U.S. ports can handle large ships.3.The number of seriously congested airports will increase from six to seventeen by theyear 2002.4.It is estimated that we will need to build 3.353 new sewage treatment facilities by theyear 2012 to keep up with demand.The need for building or rebuilding in this sector is great. Infrastructure projects tend to last for a long time and to continue despite regional economic ups and downs. Although they have traditionally been publicly funded, a growing trend toward partnership with private industriesmay offset their impact on taxes.Industrial SectorSteel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical processing plants. and automobile profacilities. These projects are defined by the production activities within the facility rather than the facility itself. The design and construction of the shell depend on the needs of the process and production equipment. In the United States. most of these facilities are privately funded. However. in other countries, money may come from public sources. Quality and time are extremely important in these projects; productivity and therefore return on investment depend on how well the facility pcrforms. Because of the detailed complexity of each facility, this sector includes many specialties. Only a few designers and builders are qualified to work on any particular type of facility. Since the process technology is critical, designers and builders need to collaboratc closely throughout the project. As a result. builders and designers often deliver services as a single company.Opportunities in this sector have grown. The downsizing of the industry coupled with more efficient production processes has resulted in Increased demand for U.S. products and therefore increased demand for new or refurbished facilities. In addition. the urgent need to clean up hazardous materials at old industrial sites has spawned the new field of environmental construction. This field combines the talents of scientists and engineers with specialized construction personnel. Presently, these sites are being cleaned using federal Superfund money or state funds. To date. 250.000 hazardous materials sites have been identified in the United States.RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTTraditionally, construction focuses on cash flow and is almost completely driven by projects and their schedules. As a result. there is little incentive for individual companies to invest in research and development except in a propriety manner. The little investment that does exist is at the university level. Few U.S. engineering and construction companies have done any significant research aimed at improving construction processes. Not only are most projects pushed through with tight timetables. but new ideas risk failure and lawsuits. Thus, designers and owners tend to be very conservative when specifying products to be used on their projects. Moreover, even if a company does successfully invest in a new technology, it has no way to protect its investment. Most construction technologies are not patentable, meaning that a competitor could easily use them on its next project.International companies are starting to challenge this profile-for example, Japanese companies, which spend up to forty times as much as the United States on basic research and development in construction. Organizations such as the Center for Building Technology and the Construction Industry Institute. which are aimed at fostering creativity, research. and innovation.are starting to influence changes. To be effective. however, labor. the academy, government. and business must work together.TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRYThe construction industry has an image problem. According to the Jobs Rated Almanac (July, 2000), today's youth ranks construction 247th out of a possible 250 career choices. Only lumberj ack, oil field laborer. and fishing came in lower. Whenever a contractor walks out on a homeowner before ajob is completed, a person is injured or killed on a construction site. traffic is disrupted because of construction activity, or a labor action closes down a job site, the industry's image is further tarnished. Unfortunately, it has few positive images to counteract the negative ones.In fact. construction is one of the noblest professions. Working with your hands. solving problems in the field. working collaboratively with many other disciplines to create a real product that will be handed down to future generations: this is construction. It is hard to imagine another profession that has such a physical impact on the quality of people's lives. The industry has much to be proud of, but it hasn't done a good job of letting others know about its accomplishments.One challenge for the future will be to educate people about the industry. Ef-forts at the high school level and even in the lower grades will help to attract youngsters to the field. as well as counteract negative images. Programs such as City/Build (which pairs high school students with design and building professionals) and Youth/Build (which pairs young people with construction projects through work apprenticeships and educational opportunities) are one way to start. They introduce students to the professions and emphasize the importance of getting involved in decisions about our built environment (see Figure l.9). Professional organizations and professional registration of contractors will also create a new image of the constructor.Construction EthicsIn recent years, the construction industry has become increasingly professional. Along with that professionajism is the reajization that guidelines to expected professional behavior needed to be developed. Society governs behavior by written laws and unwritten moral and ethical codes. Many acts are allowed by law but considered unethical or immoral by a certain group's standards. In professional circles, expected ethical behavior is sometimes written out as a code of ethics. Here is the code of the American Institute of Constructors:The construction profession is based upon a system of technical competence, management excellence. and fair dealing in undertaking complex works to serve the public with safety, efficiency, and economy. The members of the American Institute of Constructors are committed to the following standards of professional conduct:I. A member shall have full regard to public interest in fulfilling his or her professionalresponsibilities.II. A member shall not cngage in any deceptive practice, or in any practice that creates an unfair advantage for the member or another.III. A member shall not maliciously or recklessly injure or attempt to injure the professional reputation of otherS.IV. A member shaIJ ensure th at when providing a service that includes advice. Such advice shall be fair and unbiascd.V. A member shall not divulge to any person, firm or company, information of a confidential nature acquircd during the course of professional activities.VI. A member sh all carry out his or her responsibilities in accordance with current professional practice.VII. A membcr shall keep informcd of new concepts and developments in the construction process appropriate to the type and level of his or her responsibilities.Often it is difficult to discern if certain ways of acting are unethical or simply economic business practice. In construction. one example of unethical behavior is bid shopping. This can occur during the bidding period or after the bids are in. It can be instigatcd by contractors. subcontractors. or, in some instances. owners themselves. Basically bid shopping involves letting a specific contractor or subcontractor know enough about the other bids so that he or she can bid below them to win the job. This practice hurts all the bidders. Bids cost money to put together and represent significant effort. It is unfair not to give everyone the same chance of winning the job. In the long run. bid shopping hurts the owner. The subcontractor who wins the job may have reduced his or her profit so significant~y that the incentive to cut corners is high.Additionally, if the construction community learns about this practice, the contractor will find it difficult to get good bids on subsequent jobs.Being able to trust the people we work with is a big part of putting our best effort into our work. On a construction .j ob, people often do not know each other very well. They come together to do a project but may have no prior common working experience. A key to success is creating a trusting environment in which people feel comfortable with each other. If project participants adhere to a professional code of ethics such as the one you have just read, they already have a foundation for creating that trust.DemographicsDemographics will shape the construction industry of the future. Today, the field needs 200.000 new employees each year. Because of the baby bust between 1965 and 1976, the industry's image problem. and the retirement of thousands of long-time craftsmen, these positions have been difficult to fill. Those who do take the jobs are not well trained and have inadequate levels of competency. However. the industry has taken steps to rectify these problems. Research and development should reduce the need for workers through better technology and productivity; better recruitment and retention will stabilize the work force: and the second babyboom from 1977 to 1994 will repopulate the work force after the turn of the century.Demographics wil! a~so play a big role in the direction of construction. Americans are older. living longer, and living in smaIJer households; they are also more racially and ethnically diverse. These demographics indicate future construction needs. Baby boomers. about 77 million people, have considerable influence over spending patterns. In their wake are the second-generation boomers. 72 million people, who will be the trendsetters of the twenty first century. These children are now pouring into aging schools that often need to be replaced. At the other end, people are living longer, which puts strains on health care facilities and creates additional need for assisted-living facilities.OpportunitiesIncreased productivity is the greatest untapped area for improvement in the construction industry. Companies that embrace new technologies, innovative processes, collaborative partnering, improved safety, and reductions in litigation costs through contract arrangements will have a significant advantage over others that continue with past practices. One of the barriers to greater productivity is the increase in government regulations targeted at construction. From 1970 t0 1996 the number of people employed in regulatory agencies increased from 70.000 t0 132,000. Regulatory spending itself went up from $1.4 billion in 1976 to $16.5 billion in 1996.The ultimate success of the construction industry may lie in its ability to form a collective agenda. Competition from Japan, Germany, and other nations; liability costs; and computerization of the industry could all be rallying points. Every one of those issues has the potential to make or break the industry. If competition from abroad is allowed to continue unabated.if liability costs turn the industry reactive instead of proactive. or if the industry does not respond sufficiently to the electronic age, then the future will see an industry in disarray. On the other hand. these issues could spur great growth. Computerization can open up communication among companies and allow learning to take place across traditional lines. Tlie industry can incorporate international successes while investing money in research and development to move into a better competitive position. By creating demonstration projects (projects not guided solely by budget and schedule), the industry can mitigate traditional risks while testing new products and processes.CONCLUSIONThe construction industry will continue to play a key role in society. From the early days of building simple shelters. we have developed means and metlhods that have become a symbol of our sophislication and maturity. The industry began its life among master builders and seems to be returning full cycle to its roots. Although we still live in a world of competitive bidding, there is a trend toward more collaboration between designers and builders. Compurer technology has created a bridge between the two industries. Owners' ciesire to avoid litigation is pushing themtoward the design/build construction management model. Innovations in construction processes and methods are forging a partnership between design and building as well.The opportunities in construction are endless. The industry spans small home proj ects and huge civil engineering feats. As each construction sector matures. the divisions among them become more pronounccd. Each sector has its own specialty suppliers and subcontractors. and increasingly contractors build businesses solely in one of the sectors.The future of construction is an exciting one. International markets. Innovations in technology, and new relationships across disciplines are all avenues of development. To m ake best use of their opportunities, U.S. companies must invest in research and development; undertake public education about the field: and create new. non-traditional partnerships.REFERENCEKrantz. Les. Jobs Rated Alnzanac: 7he Best anLi Worst Jobs. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000.第1章建造业本章大纲引言三次产业分行业分类住宅业务商业建筑部门基础设施和重型公路部门工业部门研究与发展行业发展趋势道德建设人口统计学机会结论学生的学习目标在本章中，您将了解以下内容：1 。

Unit 5 Hydraulic Structures水工建筑物Open Channel Flow明渠流We may divide open channel flow into steady and unsteady flow. Steady refers to time. If the discharge in a channel at any one point does not change with time, we are dealing with steady flow. If it does change with time, we have unsteady flow, for instance, when a wave is traveling in a channel or when the discharge is gradual.我们可以把明渠流分为恒定流和非恒定流。

恒定是指时间。

如果渠道中任意一点的流量不随时间变化,我们认为是恒定流。

如果它随着时间的改变而改变,我们认为是非恒定流,例如,当波浪在渠道中传播或当流量渐进变化时。

We may divide open channel flow also into uniform and non-uniform flow. Uniform refers to distance. If the wetted cross-sectional area of an open channel is the same from one location to another, we are dealing with uniform flow. If it does change from place to place, we have non-uniform flow; for instance, when the slope of the channel steeps, when the channel contains an obstruction, or when the flow is backed up by a dam.我们也可以把明渠流分为均匀流和非均匀流。

伶：化学工业以相对较少的天然原材料，如石油和天然气，石灰石和盐和将它们转换（通过化学处理或化学反应）成几千化工中间体。

我们已经看到，这些被转换成的终端产品或消费品。

值得注意的是，在这个过程中每一个阶段价值都增加和终端产品可能有在开始使用的原材料价值的很多倍。

显然，如果公司在它的活动中实现利润,每个阶段价增加的附加价值都必定会超过加工成本。

化工行业需要的天然原料，如石油和天然气的数量相对较少石灰石和盐，并将其转换（通过化学处理或化学反应）成数千化工中间体。

正如我们已经看到，然后转换成末尾或消费产品。

重要的是要注意该值是在每一个阶段，在这个过程中添加和最终产品可能有多次在开始使用的原材料价值。

显然在增加值的增加，在每个阶段必须超过处理费用，如果该公司，以实现其活动利润。

化学工业的主要行业石化行业提供关键中间体或积木（来自和天然气）如乙烯，丙烯，苯和甲苯等。

（这些都是巨大范围的工业有机化工合成出发点）这是一个巨大的范围，这是在列出的其他部门的一些关键中间体的下游加工生产的工业有机化工合成的出发点。

聚合物部门的主要用户是石化中间体和消耗几乎一半，所生产的有机化工原料的总产量，它涵盖了塑料，合成纤维，橡胶，合成橡胶和粘合剂，这是其特殊的巨大需求，这些新材料，而且往往新颖，有机化工行业1950年至1970年的爆炸式增长带来的物业。

染料行业虽然比前两种少得多，它已经与他们的紧密联系，这是由于传统的染料，其中，棉花和羊毛等天然纤维，是完全不适合新的合成纤维，如尼龙和聚酯。

行业内的技术研究和努力的一个很大，导致在现代服装的颜色也非常广泛（在现代服装的颜色也非常广泛，导致行业内的技术研究和努力的一个很大）随着药物和植物保护剂（农药），染料精细化学品的例子，即在相对较小的吨位，每单位重量的高纯度和高附加值的化学品生产。

农用化学品（农药）近年来，随着制药业，已经构成了化工行业的蓝筹股部门，即一个非常有利可图的，这些公司可以继续经营。

Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input， processes data， stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person， by the environment, or by another computer。

Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures， temperatures from a thermostat，audio signals from a microphone， and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse， gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer.In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects， and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways， and we call this manipulation processing。