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中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)逆变器1引言逆变器是一种电动装置，转换成直流电（DC），交流电流转换的AC（交流）可以在任何所需的电压和频率使用适当的变压器，开关，控制circuits.Solid状态逆变器有没有移动部件，用于广泛的应用范围从小型计算机开关电源，高压大型电力公司电力，运输散装直接电流应用。
逆变器通常用于提供交流电源，直流电源，如太阳能电池板或电池。
逆变器的主要有两种类型。
修改后的正弦波逆变器的输出是类似方波输出，输出变为零伏前一段时间切换积极或消极的除外。
它是简单，成本低，是大多数电子设备兼容，除敏感或专用设备，例如某些激光打印机。
一个纯正弦波逆变器产生一个近乎完美的正弦波输出（<3％的总谐波失真），本质上是相同的公用事业提供电网。
因此，它是与所有的交流电的电子设备兼容。
这是在电网领带逆变器使用的类型。
它的设计更复杂，成本5或10倍以上每单位功率电逆变器是一个高功率的电子振荡器。
它这样命名，因为早期的机械AC到DC转换器工作在反向，因而被“倒”，将直流电转换AC.The变频器执行的整流器对面功能。
2应用2.1直流电源利用率逆变器从交流电力来源，如电池，太阳能电池板，燃料电池的直流电转换成。
电力，可以在任何所需的电压，特别是它可以操作交流电源操作而设计的设备，或纠正，以产生任何所需的voltage Grid领带逆变器的直流送入分销网络的能量，因为它们产生电流交替使用相同的波形和频率分配制度提供。
他们还可以关掉一个blackout.Micro逆变器的情况下自动转换成交流电电网的电流直接从当前个别太阳能电池板。
默认情况下，他们是格领带设计。
2.2不间断电源不间断电源（UPS），电池和逆变器，交流电源，主电源不可用时使用。
当主电源恢复正常时，整流提供直流电源给电池充电。
2.3感应加热逆变器的低频交流主电源转换到更高频率的感应加热使用。
要做到这一点，首先纠正交流电源提供直流电源。
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处： Home Power #75·February/March2000 (用外文写)24.437 Power Electronics附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文自制程序脉冲幅宽调节——应用于12-24伏G．弗勒斯特库克宽幅脉冲调节器(PWM)可以作为调光器使用，还可以作为直流电机调速器。
这里所描述的设备可以控制几安培的直流电流。
该电路系统可以用于调节12-24伏内的微小变化。
此设备已被用于控制汽车尾灯亮度，以及电脑电源控制的小型直流风扇的转速。
脉冲幅宽调节一个PWM电路的工作原理是形成一系列占空比率可控的直流脉冲方波。
在平均时间内可以有0-100%的不同变化。
这样，就能把量化的电力传送到负载。
PWM电路相比于电阻功率控制器上的的主要优点是效率更高。
在PWM的50%的水平时，将使用全部功率的50%，几乎将所有这些都转移到负载。
而在电阻功率控制器的50%水平时，将消耗约全部功率的71%；50%的功率转移到负载，另外21%的能量浪费到了加热电阻上。
根据负载电流，通常PWM电路浪费的功率远低于1%。
它需要在连续恒定功率下运行，所以更多被用于高功率负载的效率提高。
优势能源再生系统中的关键是提高负载效率。
一个脉宽调制器的另一个优点是，有充分的脉冲电源电压，并且产生一个更容易克服电机内阻的更大的扭矩。
而一个电阻功率控制器对电机速度的控制会使电压减弱，这将导致电机反应延迟。
最后，在PWM电路，常见的小电位器可用于控制各种负载，而大型和昂贵的高功率可变电阻器必须要用电阻控制器。
缺点脉宽调制电路的主要缺点是增加了复杂性，和可能产生射频干扰（RFI）。
射频干扰会更少通过附近的负载控制器而通过短路线，而且在某些情况下，会通过额外的电源滤波线路。
该电路会产生调幅无线干扰，这些干扰在横跨负载电容（C3）的旁路形成，远离最近的引脚。
外文翻译格式要求一、封面外文翻译封面格式，见附件7：《外文翻译封面格式》（可在教务处网上下载）。
二、内容外文翻译要求内容完整，格式规范。
版面页边距上下左右均为 2.5cm；页眉距边界2cm；页脚距边界1.75cm；页眉加“武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译”或“武汉科技大学本科毕业论文外文翻译”，字体为三号隶书，居中，单倍行距。
每页首行文字的段前间距为0.5行。
一律左侧装订。
页码用阿拉伯数字，小五号Times New Roman字体，底端居中。
（一）首页首页第一项：外文论文题目，作者．学术刊物名，年，卷（期）：引用起~止页（如果是著作则为：外文著作书名，翻译部分的章节序号，章节名，作者．版次．出版地：出版者，出版年．引用起~止页）（原文书写）。
首页第二项：外文论文题目，作者．学术刊物名，年，卷（期）：引用起~止页（如果是著作则为：外文著作书名，翻译部分的章节序号，章节名，作者．版次．出版地：出版者，出版年．引用起~止页）（中文翻译）。
首页格式见附件8：《外文翻译首页格式（参考）》。
（二）翻译后的中文正文翻译后的中文正文按原文的章节结构顺序进行翻译，正文用小四号宋体字（西文及阿拉伯数字用Times New Roman字体），行间距 1.25倍。
一级标题：标题号1，用小三号黑体字，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
二级标题：标题号 1.1，用四号黑体字，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
三级标题：标题号 1.1.1，用小四号黑体字，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
四级标题：标题号 1.1.1.1，用小四号宋体字加粗，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
（三）外文原文附件的格式要求外文原文作为附件，放在翻译后的中文正文之后，另起一页。
外文原文应为刊物电子版原版的打印件或刊物复印件，A4纸型，要清晰、整洁。
三、打印及装订要求封面用普通A3纸型白纸打印，对折装订；内容用A4 纸打印。
一律左侧装订。
中英文资料外文翻译计算机网络计算机网络，通常简单的被称作是一种网络，是一家集电脑和设备为一体的沟通渠道，便于用户之间的沟通交流和资源共享。
网络可以根据其多种特点来分类。
计算机网络允许资源和信息在互联设备中共享。
一．历史早期的计算机网络通信始于20世纪50年代末，包括军事雷达系统、半自动地面防空系统及其相关的商业航空订票系统、半自动商业研究环境。
1957年俄罗斯向太空发射人造卫星。
十八个月后，美国开始设立高级研究计划局(ARPA)并第一次发射人造卫星。
然后用阿帕网上的另外一台计算机分享了这个信息。
这一切的负责者是美国博士莱德里尔克。
阿帕网于来于自印度，1969年印度将其名字改为因特网。
上世纪60年代，高级研究计划局(ARPA)开始为美国国防部资助并设计高级研究计划局网(阿帕网)。
因特网的发展始于1969年，20世纪60年代起开始在此基础上设计开发，由此，阿帕网演变成现代互联网。
二．目的计算机网络可以被用于各种用途:为通信提供便利:使用网络，人们很容易通过电子邮件、即时信息、聊天室、电话、视频电话和视频会议来进行沟通和交流。
共享硬件:在网络环境下，每台计算机可以获取和使用网络硬件资源，例如打印一份文件可以通过网络打印机。
共享文件：数据和信息: 在网络环境中，授权用户可以访问存储在其他计算机上的网络数据和信息。
提供进入数据和信息共享存储设备的能力是许多网络的一个重要特征。
共享软件:用户可以连接到远程计算机的网络应用程序。
信息保存。
安全保证。
三．网络分类下面的列表显示用于网络分类：3．1连接方式计算机网络可以据硬件和软件技术分为用来连接个人设备的网络，如：光纤、局域网、无线局域网、家用网络设备、电缆通讯和G.hn（有线家庭网络标准）等等。
以太网的定义，它是由IEEE 802标准，并利用各种媒介，使设备之间进行通信的网络。
经常部署的设备包括网络集线器、交换机、网桥、路由器。
无线局域网技术是使用无线设备进行连接的。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文大容量存储器由于计算机主存储器的易失性和容量的限制, 大多数的计算机都有附加的称为大容量存储系统的存储设备, 包括有磁盘、CD 和磁带。
相对于主存储器，大的容量储存系统的优点是易失性小，容量大，低成本, 并且在许多情况下, 为了归档的需要可以把储存介质从计算机上移开。
术语联机和脱机通常分别用于描述连接于和没有连接于计算机的设备。
联机意味着，设备或信息已经与计算机连接，计算机不需要人的干预，脱机意味着设备或信息与机器相连前需要人的干预，或许需要将这个设备接通电源，或许包含有该信息的介质需要插到某机械装置里。
大量储存器系统的主要缺点是他们典型地需要机械的运动因此需要较多的时间，因为主存储器的所有工作都由电子器件实现。
1. 磁盘今天，我们使用得最多的一种大量存储器是磁盘，在那里有薄的可以旋转的盘片，盘片上有磁介质以储存数据。
盘片的上面和（或）下面安装有读/写磁头，当盘片旋转时，每个磁头都遍历一圈，它被叫作磁道，围绕着磁盘的上下两个表面。
通过重新定位的读/写磁头，不同的同心圆磁道可以被访问。
通常，一个磁盘存储系统由若干个安装在同一根轴上的盘片组成，盘片之间有足够的距离，使得磁头可以在盘片之间滑动。
在一个磁盘中，所有的磁头是一起移动的。
因此，当磁头移动到新的位置时，新的一组磁道可以存取了。
每一组磁道称为一个柱面。
因为一个磁道能包含的信息可能比我们一次操作所需要得多，所以每个磁道划分成若干个弧区，称为扇区，记录在每个扇区上的信息是连续的二进制位串。
传统的磁盘上每个磁道分为同样数目的扇区，而每个扇区也包含同样数目的二进制位。
（所以，盘片中心的储存的二进制位的密度要比靠近盘片边缘的大）。
因此，一个磁盘存储器系统有许多个别的磁区, 每个扇区都可以作为独立的二进制位串存取，盘片表面上的磁道数目和每个磁道上的扇区数目对于不同的磁盘系统可能都不相同。
磁区大小一般是不超过几个KB; 512 个字节或1024 个字节。
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
（空一行，字体同正文）5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分：外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗2.正文小四号字，宋体。
第三部分：版面要求论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm字符间距：标准行距：1.25倍页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求及格式一、外文参考文献的要求1、外文原稿应与本研究项目接近或相关联；2、外文原稿可选择相关文章或节选章节，正文字数不少于1500字。
3、格式：外文文献左上角标注“外文参考资料”字样，小四宋体。
1.5倍行距。
标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。
段前段后空一行。
作者（居中）及正文：小四号，Times New Roman字体，首行空2字符。
4、A4纸统一打印。
二、中文翻译稿1、中文翻译稿要与外文文献匹配，翻译要正确；2、中文翻译稿另起一页；3、格式：左上角标“中文译文”，小四宋体。
标题：宋体三号加粗居中，行距1.5倍。
段前、段后空一行。
作者（居中）及正文：小四号宋体，数字等Times New Roman字体，1.5倍行距，首行空2字符。
正文字数1500左右。
4、A4纸统一打印。
格式范例如后所示。
百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献Implementation of internal controls of small andmedium-sized pow erStephen Ryan The enterprise internal control carries out the strength to refer to the enterprise internal control system execution ability and dynamics, it is the one whole set behavior and the technical system, is unique competitive advantage which the enterprise has; Is a series of …………………………标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。
毕业论文外文文献翻译要求
一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目:采用三号、黑体字、居中打印；
2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、英文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目：采用三号、Times New Roman字、加黑、居中打印
2.正文：采用小四号、Times New Roman字。
行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸.
3.脚注：五号,Times New Roman，顺序为作者.题目.出处，
五、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,封面中文小四号宋体，英文小四号Times New Roman），
六、装订：左侧均匀装订，上下共两个钉，并按“封面、外文原文、译文”的顺序统一装订。
七、忌自行更改表格样式
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)外文文献
外文题目
翻译题目
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)开题报告
题目名称
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
开题报告日期年月日。
机械工程学院毕业设计(外文翻译)题3D printer designintroductionWith the progress of the times, our standard of living is increasing, at the same time, the population is growing rapidly, we need more and more items to meet the conditions of material life. This certanly will cause our requirements for goods will be more and more high, fine workmanship, unique and non production items will be affected by the broad masses of people's favorite. Now, we have the advanced technology of 3D printing, and we can print all kinds of what we need and want through the 3D printer. 3D printing technology applications, it can be used in the medical industry, scientific research, product model, architectural design, manufacturing and food and so on, a wide range of prospects.3D printing technology, is based on a digital model file, the use of powdered metal or plastic and other materials can be bonded by layer by layer, the way to construct the object technology. 3D printer appeared in the 90's of last century, that is, the use of light curing and paper laminating technology, such as rapid prototyping. It is basically the same with ordinary printer working principle, printer equipped with liquid or powder and other printed materials ", and computer connection, through the computer control to print materials a superimposed layers. At last, the computer on the blueprint into the physical. Now this technology has been applied in many fields, people use it to make clothing, building models, cars, chocolate desserts, etc..1.1 research status of 3D printers at home and abroadResearch status of 1.1.1 foreign 3D printerAfter more than ten years of exploration and development, 3D printing technology has made considerable progress, at present, it has been able to achieve the fine resolution of 600dpi in the single layer thickness of 0.01mm. At present, the international advanced products can achieve the vertical rate of 25mm thickness per hour, and can realize the color of the 24 color printing.Currently, in the global 3D printer industry, the United States Systems 3D and Stratasys two companies to occupy the vast majority of the market share. In addition, in this field has a strong technical strength and characteristics of the enterprise, Systems 3D is the world's largest rapid prototyping equipment development company. In November 2011 acquired the first inventor of the 3D printing technology and the original patent owner Corporation Z, Systems 3D has laid a leading position in the field of 3D printing. Stratasys company in 2010 with the traditional printing industry giant Hewlett-Packard Co signed a OEM cooperation agreement, the production of 3D brand HP printer. Following the acquisition of Solidscape in May 2011, Stratasys in April 2012 with Israel's famous 3D printing system provider Objet announced the merger. At present, the international 3D printer manufacturing industry is in a rapid merger and integration process, the industry giants are accelerating the rise.Currently in developed countries in Europe and America, 3D printing technology has initially formed a successful business model. As in the field of consumer electronics, aerospace and automotive manufacturing, 3D printing technology can be a lower cost, higher efficiency of the production of small quantities of custom components, complete the complex and sophisticated modeling. In addition, the application of 3D printing technology is the field of personalized consumer goods industry. Such as quirky New York a creative consumer goods companies through the online collection of user design, 3D printing technology to made physical products and sales through the electronic market, a year can be launched 60 kinds of innovative products, the annual income reached $100 million.Research status of 3D printer in China 1.1.2Since 1990s, many colleges and universities have carried out the independent research and development of 3D printing technology. Tsinghua University in modern molding science theory, laminated object manufacturing, FDM technology has some advantages of scientific research; Huazhong University of science and technology in the laminated object manufacturing technology advantage, and has launched a series of HRP molding machine and molding materials [1]; Xi'an Jiaotong University independently developed a 3D printer nozzle, and the development of the light curing molding system and molding materials, molding precision reached 40.2mm; University of science and technology of China developed eight nozzle combination injection device, is expected to in micro manufacturing, the field of optoelectronic devices are applied. But overall, the domestic 3D printing technology research and development level is still a big gap compared with foreign countries.In recent years, domestic enterprises have realized the 3D printer machine production and sales, the common features of these companies is returned from overseas team established, on a smaller scale, product technology and foreign manufacturers of similar products compared is still in the low-end. At present, the domestic 3D printer in the print accuracy, print speed, print size and software support is still difficult to meet the needs of the business, the technical level to be further enhanced. In the area of services, the eastern developed cities of our country have been generally have enterprise application of imported 3D printing equipment to carry out commercial rapid prototyping services. Its range of services relates to mold making, sample making, aided design and restoration of cultural relics, such as multiple fields. Compared with the mainland, China's Hong Kong and Taiwan 3D printing technology introduced earlier, the application is more extensive, but the Hong Kong and Taiwan mainly focus on technology applications, rather than independent research and development.1.2 development trends of 3D printers3D 1.2.1 printing industry's future development prospectsAccording to the international rapid manufacturing industry authority report, "Report Wohlers 2011" published findings, the global 3D printing industry output value in the 1988 ~ 2010 years to maintain an average annual growth rate of 26.2%. The report is expected, the future of 3D printingindustry will continue to grow rapidly, by 2016, including equipment manufacturing and services, the total output value of the industry will reach $3 billion 100 million in 2020 will reach $2 [5 billion 200 million].But 3D printing technology to further expand its industrial application space, the current3D打印机设计引言随着时代的进步，我们的生活水平日渐提升，同时，人口也在急剧的增长，我们需要越来越多的物品来满足物质生活条件。
嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
嘉兴学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：（指毕业论文题目）学院名称：服装与艺术设计学院专业班级：楷体小四学生姓名：楷体小四一、外文原文见附件（文件名：12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文．文件扩展名）。
二、翻译文章翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）作者（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，加粗，1.5倍行距，居中）工作单位（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。
(内容采用宋体五号，1.5倍行距)关键词：汽车产业纺织品，测试，控制，标准，材料的耐用性1 导言（一级标题，黑体五号，1.5倍行距，顶格）缩进两个字符，文本主体内容采用宋体（五号），1.5倍行距参考文献（一级标题，黑体五号， 1.5倍行距，顶格）略（参考文献不需翻译，可省略）资料来源：AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校（另起一页）三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。
嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
嘉兴学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：（指毕业论文题目）学院名称：服装与艺术设计学院专业班级：楷体小四学生姓名：楷体小四一、外文原文见附件（文件名：12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文．文件扩展名）。
二、翻译文章翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）作者（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，加粗，1.5倍行距，居中）工作单位（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。
(内容采用宋体五号，1.5倍行距)关键词：汽车产业纺织品，测试，控制，标准，材料的耐用性1 导言（一级标题，黑体五号，1.5倍行距，顶格）缩进两个字符，文本主体内容采用宋体（五号），1.5倍行距参考文献（一级标题，黑体五号， 1.5倍行距，顶格）略（参考文献不需翻译，可省略）资料来源：AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校（另起一页）三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。
外文文献翻译的撰写说明一、外文文献翻译的内容通过外文文献查阅与翻译，进一步提高掌握使用外文的能力，熟悉本专业的主要的外文书刊，了解毕业设计（论文）课题的国内外信息与发展动向。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业设计（论文）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献，中文译文后应附外文原文。
（一）标题应真实反映翻译外文的主体内容或原外文标题内容，一般控制在20个汉字以内。
可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明；（二）标题下方正中为外文作者署名；（三）外文翻译成中文的内容；（四）外文著录。
二、字数要求一般要求为2000-3000汉字或不少于15000外文字符。
三、打印格式1、打印用纸：A42、页面设置：上：3.5cm；下:2.5 cm；左：3.0 cm；右2.4 cm；装订线：0.5cm；页眉：2.5 cm；页脚：1.8cm；行间距：固定值22磅3、字体、字号：1 一级标题：黑体、三号；1.1…二级标题：黑体、四号；1.1.1…三级标题：宋体、加粗、小四；标题顶格写，后空一个字位置正文部分：宋体、小四；每段空2字位置页眉“黄石理工学院外文文献翻译”，宋体、5号，居右排列；页码居页面底端靠右排列。
四、参考文献著录参考文献著录按照GB7714-87文参考文献著录规则执行。
书写顺序为：序号·作者·论文名或著作名·杂志或会议名·卷号、期号或会议地点·出版社·页号·年。
摘要、关键词：摘要、关键词顶格写，后用冒号摘要：废水回用可以大大减少……关键词：废水回收利用；反冲洗；上清液中间用“；”分隔，最后没有“。
”外文参考文献转换成中文参考文献：外文参考文献著录格式与中文不同。
1、外文中（康韦尔和麦克2001; Dotremont等，1999;。
LeGouellec等，2004;。
纳赛尔等人2002;。
毕业论文外文文献翻译年级专业：2011级国际经济与贸易 姓名：学 号：附 件：Challenges and Opportunities备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献，页码从正文开始到英文结束；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，页码重新从正文开始到结束，中英文两部分之间用分页符隔开。
也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）【Abstract】Exports of dairy products are becoming increasingly important in terms of export earnings for Australia. The industry is the fourth highest foreign exchange earner compared to all Australia's food exports. However, Australian exports of dairy products account for about 67 per cent of the total Australian production of dairy products, and about 13 per cent of total world exports of dairy products. About 68 per cent of Australian dairy products exports are sold on Asian markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenging issues and opportunities for Australian exports of dairy products on world markets and to identify potential and emerging export markets for Australian dairy products.Australia is highly restricted on its access to world dairy product markets by the impact of export subsidies and other trade barriers of overseas markets. The current cconomic and political crises in Asia are also not favourable to maintain export sales on some of the Asian markets.The export support schcme in Australia has made exporting attractive relativc to domestic sales. But it is anticipated that the termination of the scheme after June 2000, will reduce production and exports by 6 and 20 per cent, respectively in the short run. However, in the long run,resources will be efficiently used without government intervention and Australian dairy products will also bc competitivc on the domestic market.There is scope for greater market opportunities in the emerging markets in Asia and other parts of the world for Australian dairy products.Australia will also bcnefit from the agreement on international trade that directs exporting countries to reduce export subsidy and remove non-tariff trade barriers on exports of dairy products. Australia should implement appropriatc measures to increase the milk yield per ww, to improve the quality of dairy products and to identify the need for market promotion and rescarch in order to increase the volume of dairy product exports on world markets, especially in Asia and othcr potential markets such as Middle East,Africa, Europe and the Americas.【Keywords】Australia, Dairy Milk（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）I. DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIADairy manufacturing is one of Australia's leading dairy industries.In terms of foreign exchange earnings, the industry ranks fourth (after meat, wheat and sugar) compared to all Australia's food exports(ADIC, 1996). The real gross value of production was estimated atA$1.7 billion in 1997, accounting for about 66 per cent of the combined value of market and manufacturing milk at the farm gate. The total real value of Australian exports of dairy products was about $A1.3 billion in 1996, and represented about 8 per cent of total farm exports. Likewise, Australia's dairy exports contributed about 2 per cent to total Australian exports in 1995-96 (Doucouliagos,1997). However, Australia has little influence on world price as its share accounted for about 13 per cent of world trade in 1996.Manufacturing milk is produced in all states in Australia, and there are significant regional differences in the production of dairying due to climatic and natural resources that are favorable to dairying to be produced based on year round pasture grazing (NSWA, 1996-97). In 1997, national milk production was estimated at 9 billion litres, and New South Wales is second behind Victoria, accounting for 13 per cent and 62 per cent, respectively of the nation's annual milk production(ABARE, 1997). Total milk production increased at an average of about 4.7 per cent between 1988 and 1997. About 7.1 billion litres of milk were used for manufacturing purposes, accounting for about 79 per cent of the total milk production. Victoria accounts for 79 per cent,Tasmania 6 per cent, and NSW 5 per cent of the total dairy products produced in the country (ADC,1997).The production of dairy products recorded an average increase of 8.8 per cent between 1988 and 1997. However, Australian exports of dairy products as a proportion of total production increased on average by 0.4 per cent over the same period. This was due to world surplus production of dairy products as a result of domestic industry support by some of the world's largest producers (EU and USA). Subsidised exports of dairy products account for about 50 per cent of globally traded dairy products, and this lowers international market prices of dairy products (ADIC, 1997). Australian production of dairy products accounted for about 4 per cent of total world production, and about 13 per cent of total world export sales . Thus, price taker countries such as Australia are adversely affected by the exportable surpluses of dairy products directed to world markets by major exporting countries.The expansion of milk production in Australia has come from an increase in the number of dairy cows. The number of daq cows increased from 1,714,000 head in 1988 to 2,046,000 head in 1997, an average increase of about 1.9 per cent. The milk yield per cow also recorded an average increase of about 2 per cent over the same period.However, the milk yield per cow declined by about 5 per cent in 1997 compared to 1996. This is attributed to drought and other adverse weather conditions experienced by many dairy-producing regions.Australia's dairy products industry has the potential to increase the volume of its production and exports since the country is well endowed with natural resources necessary to increase dairy production.It also has suitable climate that is favourable to dairy production based on year round pasture production. In addition, Australia's dairy farms are family owned and operated, and hired labour does not contribute a higher percentage to the cost of production. Thus, Australia is considered as one of the efficient, low cost milk producing countries (ADC,1997). The country has also locational advantage to have access to the Asian markets, which are the major importers of Australian dairy products.The domestic production capacity and the exports of dairy products are positively related. Accordingly,the volume of exports could be increased through the expansion of manufacturing milk production by increasing the number of dairy herds and milk yield per cow, provided Australia makes an effort to undertake marketing promotion and research to capture sizeable market shares in the potential and emerging markets.A study carried out by ABARE has projected that milk production in Australia will increase by about 3 per cent a year to the 1999-2000 fiscal year.This has been attributed mainly to the estimated increase in the number of dairy herds, milk yield per cow, improved pasture, livestock management techniques and increased capital investment (ADIC, 1996).II.MARKETING ARRANGEMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING MILK IN AUSTRALIA To facilitate the proper functioning of a free market system, market information must be available so that buyers and sellers are aware of the production and pricing arrangements (Kidane and Gunawardana,Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 00:35 10 June 2013 1997, p. 37). Thus, producers and consumers would perform their functions efficiently, and prices and quality of dairy products will be competitive. To assist in meeting these market criteria, the government has established the Australian Dairy Industry Council (ADIC), Products Federation Inc. (ADPF), Australia Dairy Farmers' Federation Ltd. (ADFF), Market MilkFederation of Australia Inc. (MMFA),Australian Dairy Corporation (ADC) and Dairy Research Development Corporation (DRDC). These organisations are expected among other things to disseminate market information and coordinate production and market activities. For example, some of the major objectives of the ADC are to improve the domestic market for dairy pioducts; to provide technical and product advice to emerging markets; to undertake a range of export promotion activities in overseas markets;and international promotion focused on growing Asian markets such as Japan, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Singapore, etc. (ADIC,1996). The farm gate pricing and domestic milk support schemes are discussed below.(i)Farm Gate PricingThe government does not have formal control over the prices processors pay to farmers Producing milk used in manufacturing products. The manufacturing milk prices are based on both milk fat and protein, and payment to farmers by processors also depends on the quality, volumes and seasonal incentives. High prices are offered to farmers by factories to encourage them to maintain production during the dry period.Most manufacturers offer different prices as their profits are affected by factors such as product mix, marketing strategies and processing efficiencies (NSWA, 1996-97). Consequently, farm gate prices paid for manufacturing milk are lower than the prices paid for market milk . (ii)Domestic Milk Support SchemePrior to July 1, 1995, the marketing of manufactured dairy products were funded by a levy on all Australian milk production under the Market Support Scheme (Crean Plan). The scheme raised domestic farm gate prices for manufacturing milk above international prices by about 2 cents a litre. However, following the Uruguay Round agreement on manufactured dairy products, Australia introduced a scheme known as 'Domestic Market Support Scheme (DMS)' on July 1, 1995. The new scheme that is administered by the Australian Dairy Corporation imposes compulsory levies both on market milk and manufacturing milk for sales on the domestic market. In 1997-98, the rates of these levies were about 1.9 and 3.8 cents per litre,respectively (ADC, 1997). The funds raised by these levies are targeted to make domestic support payment to farmers who produce manufacturing milk. This scheme provides incentives to farmers to increase production of milk used in dairy products for export markets. However,this extended market arrangement will cease at the end of June 2000,and like many other industries,the dairy industry will receive Commonwealth assistance estimated at 5 per cent in tariff terms after June 2000. In 1995/96, this implicit export subsidy increased gross returns on manufacturing milk by about 7 per cent (Industry Commission, 1997). This has made exporting dairy products more attractive and has encouraged milk producers to use most of the resources in the production of dairying.However, it is predicted that the removal of this export support will reduce milk production by 6 per cent and the volume of exports by 20 per cent as producers will concentrate on the domestic markets. This will have a short term effect of reducing manufacturing milk producers' incomes, and may also encourage producers to move some resources into alternative enterprises in the long run. Consequently, this is likely to reduce production of manufactured dairy products for export markets with effect from the end of June 2000. However, given the available resources necessary to increase the volume of production, with efficient use of resources without government intervention and export promotion undertaken by ADC and DRDC, Australian dairy producers will still have the incentives to focus on both export and domestic markets. Optimal allocation of resources is also likely to increase dairy production, while domestic prices will decline, as the exportable surplus will be directed to domestic markets (ABARE, 1991a).III.AUSTRALIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS EXPORTS AND CHALLENGING ISSUES In Australia, milk production is subject to seasonal influences, but production and exports of dairy products have recorded an average increase of about 8.8 per cent and 12.9 per cent between 1988 and 1997. The export price, which includes export freight,insurance, export commission and handling charges, is very attractive compared to the domestic wholesale prices. This partly acts as an incentive for producers to direct a large percentage of their dairy products to export markets and Australian dairy products to be less competitive on domestic markets.Australia is considered as a relatively non-subsidized exporter compared to EU and the USA, and Australia has to compete with countries, which have considerable domestic dairy industry support and guaranteed price for manufactured products. Australia is being excluded by the impact of these export subsidy programs of the major competitors to have access to world markets. As specified in the Uruguay Round Outcome (GAW, the agreement (reduction in export subsidies and use of tariffs as trade barriers)is being implemented over a five year period with effect from 1995.However, the short run effect from the termination of the domestic supportscheme and the limited access that Australia will have to overseas markets until the Uruguay agreement is fully implemented, will have negative impacts on the exports of Australian dairy products.Cheese, skim milk powder and whole milk powder are the major components of exports of Australian dairy products and account for 22, 33 and 17 per cent of the total exports. Australian exports have continued to grow and accounted for about 67 per cent of total production of dairy products in 1997. However, Australia still has the potential to increase the volume of dairy production,which can be achieved by improved feed, breeding and farm management practices. But Australia will have to give priority to export development to sell the additional supply of dairy products to emerging markets in Asia, Middle East, Africa and the Americas.In 1997, major importers of Australian dairy products (mainly skim milk powder, cheese and whole milk powder) were Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore, and their market shares accounted for about 41 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products. Japan and the Philippines are the major importers of Australian cheese and skim milk powder, respectively. In 1997, Japan's imports of cheese accounted for about 47 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese, and the Philippines's imports of skim milk powder accounted for about 34.4 per cent of ~ustralia's total exports of skim milk powder (ABARE, 1997). The total volume of exports and total real value of dairy products have increased by 21 per cent and 3.5 per cent, respectively in 1997 compared to 1996. The world dairy production also increased by about 2 per cent over the same period. This partly affected the Australian export prices and the increase in the value of exports is substantially lower compared to the volume of exports .Asia is the leading export market for Australian dairy products.However, it is anticipated that there are considerable hurdles-to maintain sales on export markets in the region. Most of the Asian nations are experiencing slow economic growth due to the recent financial crisis and political instability in some parts of the region.Australia imports dairy products (mainly cheese) to meet the increasing domestic consumption as most of the country's dairy products are exported due to the relative attractiveness of exporting to domestic sales.The total domestic consumption of dairy products fluctuated throughout the 1990s but has shown an upward trend in recent years. Thus, the volume of dairy products sales on the domestic market had also fluctuated during the same period butincreased on average by about 2 per cent between 1988 and 1997. Similarly, the consumption per person of dairy products has been fluctuating since 1989 but has increased on average by 2.9 per cent over the same period.Imports of dairy products increased on average by about 7.2 per cent, and exports of the same product recorded an average increase of about 12.8 per cent, between 1988 and 1997.Prices of imported dairy products are relatively lower compared with the prices of domestically processed dairy products. Imports of dairy products at lower prices have made the Australian processed dairy products less competitive on domestic markets. New Zealand is the major supplier of cheese to Australia. The closer Economic Relations agreement between New Zealand and Australia has made Australia's domestic markets more accessible to New Zealand's exportable surplus production of dairy products (ABARE, 1991b). Australia's production costs are similar to those in NZ, but dairy products imported from NZ are relatively cheaper compared to Australia's dairy products sold on domestic markets. Limited domestic market capacity and the inaccessibility of other overseas markets for NZ's exportable excess production, are some of the factors that made NZ's dairy products relatively cheaper on the Australian domestic market. Ⅳ.EXPORT MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTXALIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS In 1997, Australian total real export value of dairy products was estimated at $1.3 billion and recorded an increase of about 3.5 per cent compared with 1996 . Australian exports of dairy products to S.E. Asia and other Asian countries accounted for about 44 and 25 per cent of their total imports of dairy products, respectively and about 69 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1996. Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore,Thailand and Taiwan are the major importers of Australia's dairy products, and their imports account for about 55 per cent of Australia's total exports (ABARE, 1997).Japan, which is considered the number one Asian per capita consumer of dairy products, is the largest importer of dairy products in the Asian region. It is also the largest market for Australian dairy products and the major export market especially for Australian cheese. In 1996, its total imports of dairy products were estimated at 185.3 thousands tonnes, and about 48 per cent of its total imports was purchased from Australia .Cheese accounted for about 22 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1997, and exports to Japan accounted for about 48 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese(ABARE, 1997). Under the Uruguay Round agreement on dairy products trade, Japan is committed to purchase a minimum of about 137,202 tonnes of dairy products.This provides greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in the Japanese market. This is based on the assumption that Japan would take action to reduce any existing trade barriers under the proposed Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) free trade agreement and the Uruguay (GATT) commitment.The bulk of Australia's dairy products are exported to the Asian countries, mainly due to Australia's geographical proximity to the region. The lower transportation costs have given Australia competitive advantage over other exporting countries. However, as a result of the recent financial crisis and political instability in some of the Asian countries, their economic growth is slowing down. Australia will need to give priority to export development to emerging markets in which it has competitive advantage. Australia has to diversify its export market base and focus on the markets in Africa, the Americas, Middle East, Europe, Russia, and the Pacific. The imports of dairy products of these countries accounted for about 12, 24, 11, 8 and 3 per cent of total world exports, respectively in 1996. Australia's exports of dairy products to these countries account for about 0.6, 0.9, 0.9, 0.6, 0.1 and 0.1 per cent of total world exp&, respectively during the same period.imports are also estimated at 20 per cent of the total consumption requirements. The preferential tariff agreement between China and Australia will remove the trade barriers for Australian dairy products exports to China (ADIC, 1996).Australia's exports to China accounted for about 5 per cent of China's total dairy products imports in 1996. There is also a scope for greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in S. Korea. It is estimated that per capita consumption of dairy products will rise from 45 kg in 1991-92 to more than 63 kg in 2000 (ADIC, 1996). The country is expected to liberalise its trade barriers under the Uruguay Round arrangement. Australia's exports of dairy products to S. Korea account for about 0.02 per cent of Australia's total exports and 0.16 per cent of S. Korea's total imports . The geographical proximity and quality of Australian dairy products will provide better opportunities for Australian exporters to have large market shares in the Chinese and S. Korean markets.Australian exports of dairy products to Europe mainly consist of cheese, and the Australian exports account for 5 per cent of Europe'stotal imports of cheese. However, after theimplementation of the Uruguay Round agreement, Australia's exports to Europe increased at an average of over 30 per cent between 1995 and 1997 (ABARE,1997). Australia has to make efforts to establish markets in the EU member countries as the annual global EU quotas are increasing by 83,175 tonnes for cheese and curd, 67,933 for SMP and 10,000 tonnes for butter (ADC, 1997). Likewise, the USA has agreed to increase import levels for all major dairy products, and Australia has to compete in terms of quality and volume to increase its market share in the USA market.【摘要】对于澳大利亚的出口收入，奶制品出口变得越来越重要。
文献翻译（小3号黑体，加粗，居中）
1英文原文（小4号黑体，加粗）
注：如果指导教师所给文献为pdf格式，则相应打印翻译部分，不必往此处逐次逐句敲英文文献。
答辩后请将英文文献电子稿及其他相关论文材料一并交回专业组。
2中文翻译（小4号黑体，加粗）
要求：
1．先完整地给出外文原稿；（可复印）
2．要完整地翻译所选材料，包括题目、关键词、摘要和正文，但人名及参考文献不须翻译；3．准确理解原文；
4．语言通顺、流畅；
5．格式规范（与正文格式一样，但字号改为5号字，行间距为1.25）；
6．译文表达符合汉语习惯。
文献翻译资料原则上应与论文题目所涉及的主题或背景有关，文献内容要完整。
篇幅一般应在3000－5000英文单词左右。
嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
文档标题采用楷体_GB2312，三号字体，加粗，居中。
一级标题采用楷体_GB2312，四号字体，加粗，左侧顶格。
二级标题采用宋体，小四号字体，加粗，缩进两个中文字符。
三级标题采用宋体，五号字体，缩进两个中文字符。
正文采用五号宋体字，数字用阿拉伯数字，字母和数字用Times New Roman。
嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业设计外文翻译题目：系别：专业：班级：学号：学生姓名：一、外文摘要及关键词英文文章题目（Times New Roman小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）（作者工作单位，省略）ABSTRACT：（Times New Roman小四号加粗，顶格）：英文原文（Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距）KEYWORDS：（Times New Roman小四号加粗，顶格）：同行接关键词，关键词之间用逗号分割，用五号Times New Roman字体。
二、中文摘要及关键词翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
嘉兴学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：（指毕业论文题目）学院名称：服装与艺术设计学院专业班级：楷体小四学生姓名：楷体小四一、外文原文见附件（文件名：12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文．文件扩展名）。
二、翻译文章翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）作者（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，加粗，1.5倍行距，居中）工作单位（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。
(内容采用宋体五号，1.5倍行距)关键词：汽车产业纺织品，测试，控制，标准，材料的耐用性1 导言（一级标题，黑体五号，1.5倍行距，顶格）缩进两个字符，文本主体内容采用宋体（五号），1.5倍行距参考文献（一级标题，黑体五号， 1.5倍行距，顶格）略（参考文献不需翻译，可省略）资料来源：AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校（另起一页）三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。
安徽建筑大学毕业设计（翻译）1英文翻译题目：ktv点歌选歌系统平台的设计与开发姓名：周宇豪学号：14205140425学院：电子与信息工程学院专业：网络工程指导教师：汪淼完成时间：2018年5月9日安徽建筑大学毕业设计（翻译）
2THETECHNIQUEDEVELOPMENTHISTORYOFJSPTheJavaServerPages(JSP)isakindofaccordingtowebofthescriptplaitdistancetechnique,similarcarriesthescriptlanguageofJavaintheserveroftheNetscapecompanyofserver-sideJavaScript(SSJS)andtheActiveServerPages(ASP)oftheMicrosoft.JSPcomparestheSSJSandASPtohavebettercanexpandsex,anditisnomoreexclusivethananyfactoryorsomeoneparticularserverofWeb.ThoughthenormofJSPistobedrawupbytheSuncompanyof,anyfactorycancarryouttheJSPonownsystem.
TheAfterSunreleasetheJSP(theJavaServerPages)formally,thethiskindofnewWebapplicationdevelopmenttechniqueveryquicklycausedthepeople'sconcern.JSPprovidedaspecialdevelopmentenvironmentfortheWebapplicationthatestablishesthehighdynamicstate.AccordingtotheSunparlance,theJSPcanadapttoincludetheApacheWebServer,IIS4.0onthemarketatinsideof85%serverproduct.ThischapterwillintroducetherelatedknowledgeofJSPandDatabases,andJavaBeanrelatedcontents,isallcertainlyrougherintroductionamongthembasiccontents,sayperhapstoisaGuideonly,ifthereaderneedsthemoredetailedinformation,pleasingthebookofconsultthehomologousJSP.1.1GENERALIZETheJSP(JavaServerPages)isfromthecompanyofSunMicrosystemsinitiate,themanycompaniestheparticipatetothebuildupthetogetheroftheakindtheofdynamicthestatewebthepagetechniquestandard,theithavetheitintheconstructiontheofthedynamicstatethewebpagethestrongbutthedonottheespeciallyofthefunction.JSPandthetechniqueofASPoftheMicrosoftisveryalike.BothallprovidetheabilitythatmixeswithacertainprocedurecodeandisexplainbythelanguageenginetocarryouttheprocedurecodeinthecodeofHTML.Underneathwearesimpleofcarryontheintroductiontoit.JSPpagesaretranslatedintoservlets.So,fundamentally,anytaskJSPpagescanperformcouldalsobeaccomplishedbyservlets.However,thisunderlyingequivalencedoesnotmeanthatservletsandJSPpagesareequallyappropriateinallscenarios.Theissueisnotthepowerofthetechnology,itistheconvenience,productivity,andmaintainabilityofoneortheother.Afterall,anythingyoucandoonaparticularcomputerplatformintheJavaprogramminglanguageyoucouldalsodo安徽建筑大学毕业设计（翻译）3inassemblylanguage.Butitstillmatterswhichyouchoose.JSPprovidesthefollowingbenefitsoverservletsalone:•ItiseasiertowriteandmaintaintheHTML.YourstaticcodeisordinaryHTML:noextrabackslashes,nodoublequotes,andnolurkingJavasyntax.•YoucanusestandardWeb-sitedevelopmenttools.EvenHTMLtoolsthatknownothingaboutJSPcanbeusedbecausetheysimplyignoretheJSPtags.•Youcandivideupyourdevelopmentteam.TheJavaprogrammerscanworkonthedynamiccode.TheWebdeveloperscanconcentrateonthepresentationlayer.Onlargeprojects,thisdivisionisveryimportant.Dependingonthesizeofyourteamandthecomplexityofyourproject,youcanenforceaweakerorstrongerseparationbetweenthestaticHTMLandthedynamiccontent.Now,thisdiscussionisnottosaythatyoushouldstopusingservletsanduseonlyJSPinstead.Bynomeans.Almostallprojectswilluseboth.Forsomerequestsinyourproject,youwilluseservlets.Forothers,youwilluseJSP.Forstillothers,youwillcombinethemwiththeMVCarchitecture.Youwanttheappropriatetoolforthejob,andservlets,bythemselves,donotcompleteyourtoolkit.1.2SOURCEOFJSPThetechniqueofJSPofthecompanyofSun,makingthepageofWebdevelopthepersonnelcanusetheHTMLperhapsmarkingofXMLtodesigntoturntheendpagewithformat.UsetheperhapssmallscriptfuturelifeofmarkingofJSPbecomesthedynamicstateonthepagecontents.(thecontentschangesaccordingtotheclaimof)TheJavaServletisatechnicalfoundationofJSP,andthelargeWebappliesthedevelopmentoftheproceduretoneedtheJavaServlettomatchwithwiththeJSPandthencancomplete,thisnameofServletcomesfromtheApplet,thelocaltranslationmethodofnowisalotof,thisbookinordernottomisconstruction,decidethedirectadoptionServletbutdon'tdoanytranslation,ifreaderwouldliketo,cancallitas"smallserviceprocedure".TheServletissimilartotraditionalCGI,ISAPI,NSAPIetc.Webproceduredevelopmentthefunctionofthetoolinfact,atusetheJavaServlethereafter,thecustomerneednotuseagainthelowlymethodofCGIofefficiency,alsoneednotuseonlytheabilitycometobornpageofWebofdynamicstateinthemethodofAPIthatacertainfixedWebserverterracecirculate.ManyserversofWeballsupporttheServlet,evennotsupporttheServletserverofWebdirectlyandcanalsopasstheadditionalappliedserverandthemoldpiecestosupporttheServlet.
