Topic 1 文化概述
在中国五千年的文明史上，中国人有无数的发明和创造，如汉字、中医、丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)、指南针、造纸术、印刷术和火药(gunpowder)。这些独特的发明和创造是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献，证明中华民族是一个富于原创性的民族。与此同时，中国人又有一种开放的胸怀，欢迎远方来的朋友，并以极高的热情吸收和包容外来的文化。大唐盛世和明代郑和七下西洋都表明，中华文明具有开放性和包容性。Over a history of 5 000 years, Chinese people have produced numerous inventions. These unique inventions, including Chinese characters, traditional Chinese medicine, silk, porcelain, compass, papermaking, printing and gunpowder, are significant contributions Chinese made to the global civilization, proving that the Chinese nation is full of creativity. In the meanwhile, the Chinese people have always kept an open mind toward foreign friends and absorbed foreign cultures with great enthusiasm. Both the prosperity of Tang Dynasty and Zheng He’s seven long voyages to the West Seas in Ming Dynasty demonstrate the openness and inclusiveness of Chinese culture.
Topic 2 四大发明
说到中国古代的科技文明，就不能不说四大发明（the Four Great Inventions）。人们普遍认为，指南针、火药(gunpowder)、造纸术和印刷术的发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用；并且，这些发明经由各种途径传至西方，也影响着世界的文明进程。从历史发展的角度来看，中国古代的四大发明是为人类社会生活带来革命性变化的科学发明，这是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献。中国的四大发明在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页，推动了人类历史的前进。
When it comes to science and technology in ancient China, the Four Great Inventions, including compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing, should always be discussed. It is commonly believed that the Four Great Inventions have promoted the development of politics, economy and culture of ancient China dramatically; moreover, these inventions have a great impact on the civilization of the world since they have been introduced into the Western world in various ways. From the perspective of historical development, the Four Great Inventions of ancient China are scientific inventions that bring revolutionary changes to the social life of human beings, which are great contributions Chinese made to the civilization of the world. The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are brilliant in the history of human science and culture and promote the progress of human history.
Topic 3 长城
说到中国文化，不得不提到长城。从公元前7世纪到公元16世纪，在大约2 200 年的时间里，先后有19个朝代修建过长城，所修的长城累计有10万千米以上。主要的长城修建工程是在秦代、汉代和明代。现今存有遗迹的主要是明长城，从东边人海口的山海关( Shanhai Pass)开始，一直到沙漠深处的嘉峪关(Jiayu Pass)，全长6 700 千米。长城是世界历史上最伟大的工程，其建造时间之长、参与人数之多、工程难度之大，在世界上无出其右。
When it comes to Chinese culture, the Great Wall is the one that will be definitely referred to. From the 7th century BC to the 16th century, through about 2 200 years, the Great Wall was built in 19 dynasties and reached a length of more than 100 000 kilometers. Major construction was carried out in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties. The Great Wall we visit nowadays is mainly the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty, stretching 6 700 kilometers from Shanhai Pass on the eastern seashore to Jiayu Pass in the depth of desert. The Great Wall is the greatest project in the history
of the world for its unparalleled span of construction, number of labors and difficulty.
Topic 4 移民现象
现在，很多人选择在国外生活，这引起了人们极大的关注。越来越多的人，特别是大量知识分子(intellectual)，移民到美国、英国和加拿大等发达国家。并且，很多在国外学习和工作的人都在为“绿卡”而奋斗。造成这种现象的原因有很多，其中，追求高质量的生活是关键。再者，这些人中大多数人移居国外是想让孩子在那儿接受良好的教育。此外，一些人只是想体验他们所喜欢的异域文化。以上这些就是造成他们决定移居他国的原因。
Nowadays many people choose to live in a foreign country, which has aroused great concern. More and more people, especially plenty of intellectuals, migrate to some developed countries, such as America, Britain and Canada. In addition, there are still many people studying and working in foreign countries struggling for green cards. There are many reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Among all these factors, pursuing high-quality life plays a critical role. Moreover, most of them migrate to some foreign countries with a view to making their children Receive good education there. Besides, some people just want to experience the foreign culture they like. All these above factors contribute to their choice to migrate to another country.
Topic 5 中国汉字
近年来，随着经济的快速增长，中国的国际影响力提升了，世界上学汉字的人也多了起来。这套独特的符号系统积淀了丰富的历史文化内容，西方人在学汉字的过程中甚至能体会到这个东方民族的微妙心灵。如今在中国，汉字也越来越受到人们的重视。人们发现，这一文字符号包含着丰富的文化内涵和审美意蕴，在科技飞速发展的今天，反而越来越显示出它的光彩。古老的文字在现代的文化生活中焕发出新的魅力。
With its rapid economic development in recent years, China’s international influence has greatly increased, so the number of Chinese character learners across the world has been on the rise. This unique symbol system accumulates the rich historical and cultural content in it. When Western people learn Chinese characters, they may even understand the delicate thoughts of this oriental nation. Nowadays, great importance is attached to Chinese characters in China. It is found that the glamour of these character symbols with rich cultural and aesthetic connotation is greatly shown especially in the current society with rapid scientific development. These ancient characters are revitalized in modern civilization.
Topic 6 郑和下西洋
公元1405 年7月11日，地球蓝色的海洋上出现了一支庞大的船队，前后有208 艘船，这是有史以来最大的一支船队，船上所载的各类人员有27 500多人，也是有史以来最多的航海人员。船队由一位叫郑和的人统帅。船队带着中国这个古老国家的瓷器、丝绸、茶叶等数不尽的珍奇，穿越南海、马六甲海峡( the Strait of Malacca)，横跨印度洋，到达亚洲、非洲的很多国家。在此后的28 年间，郑和一共六次下西洋，随船人员共计10万多人，访问了30多个国家。
On July 11, 1405, a huge fleet consisting of 208 ships appeared on the blue sea of the earth. It was the greatest fleet with more than 27 500 crews that the world had ever seen. The Commander of this fleet was Zheng He. Carrying porcelain, silk, tea and other numerous Treasures from China, a country with a long history, the fleet passed through the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca, traversed the Indian Ocean and arrived at many countries in Asia and Africa. Over the next 28 years, Zheng He led six more fleets with crew members adding up to more than 100 000 people, and visited more than 30 countries.
Topic 7中国艺术
中国人创造了很多独特的艺术形式，如纯净的瓷器，千古传诵的唐诗(Tang poetry)，以演员表演为中心的京剧等。这些艺术形式呈现了中国人的心灵世界，显现了中国人独特的美感，成为展示中国人生命力和创造力的窗口，具有永恒的魅力。中国人将艺术当作提升生活品质、慰藉( soothe)心灵的媒介，艺术是中国人人生哲学的延伸。中国的艺术传统是一部记载着中国人生活品位和美感世界的活的图画，反映出中国人的优雅心态。
The Chinese have created many unique forms of art, such as pure porcelain, enduring Tang poetry and actor-centered Peking Opera, etc. These art forms with eternal charm reveal the inner world of the Chinese people, demonstrate their unique sense of aesthetics and become the windows that show the vitality and creativity of Chinese people. The Chinese regard art as a way to enhance the quality of life and to soothe the mind. Art is an extension of the Chinese philosophy of life. Chinese art tradition is a vivid picture of Chinese people’s lifestyle and aesthetics, reflecting Chinese elegance.
Topic 8 中国园林
中国人建造园林有两干多年的历史，主要有皇家园林(imperial garden)、寺院园林和私家园林。现存的皇家园林，如北京颐和园，都是举世闻名的园林。中国的佛教和道教寺院也多建有园林，如杭州灵隐寺。在这中间，私家园林独具风味。今天，在江南(South“the Yangtze River)和长江沿岸的苏州、扬州等地所见的私家园林，多是明清两代留下的，它们如同一幅幅山水画( the landscape painting)，展现出独特的魅力。中国园林艺术有丰富独特的创造，是理解中华民族美感特点的一个重要领域.
Chinese people started to build gardens more than 2 000 years ago, mainly including three styles of garden: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden. The extant imperial gardens today, such as the Summer Palace in Beijing, are world-famous gardens. Many gardens were also built in China’s Buddhist and Taoist temples, such as the Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou. While among the Chinese gardens, the private gardens have a unique ambience. Scattered in South of the Yangtze River and Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places along the Yangtze River, the private gardens are mostly legacies from Ming and Qing Dynasties. They resemble the landscape paintings with distinctive charm. Rich and unique creativity could be found in Chinese gardens, which is an important field to understand Chinese aesthetics.
Topic 9 中国诗歌
中国是诗的国度。尤其到了唐代，中国古典诗歌进人了全盛时期( heyday)。唐代近三百年间，涌现出了大批优秀诗人和杰出的诗歌作品。唐代诗歌数量极大，题材广泛，意象(image)和风格多样化，出现了大量思想性和艺术性完美结合的作品。唐诗是中国人的千古绝唱。唐代的伟大诗人不胜枚举，其中李白、杜甫、王维因其诗歌所蕴含的中国文化的意味和情趣而最具代表性。
China is a country of poetry. Especially in Tang Dynasty, Chinese classical poetry reached its Heyday. During the nearly three-hundred-year reign of Tang Dynasty, large numbers of excellent poets and outstanding poems mushroomed. Poetry of Tang Dynasty featured large quantities, wide themes and diversified images and styles, and many masterpieces with perfect combination of great thoughts and artistry emerged. Poetry of Tang Dynasty is Chinese eternal legacies. Li Bai, Du Fu and Wang Wei are the representatives of great poets of Tang Dynasty due to the unique meaning and temperament of Chinese culture in their poems.
Topic 10 茶馆文化
中国很多地区依然保留着传统的茶馆文化，尤其是在四川省的省会成都，茶馆遍布城市的各个角落：路边、桥下、公园里，甚至寺院和其他历史景点。泡茶馆（relaxing in teahouse）是当地市民最喜欢的消遣方式之一。工作日的下午三点钟，茶馆里往往人满为患。当地人坐在古色古香的竹椅里，所用的茶具本身可能也是古董。服务人员托着一大堆茶具急匆匆地跑来跑去，将长嘴壶（long-spout kettle）里倒出来的水注满茶杯，为顾客冲泡最优质的茶叶。
Traditional teahouse culture still exists in many parts of China, especially in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province. Teahouses are everywhere: on the sides of roads, under bridges, in the parks and even inside temples and other historical sites. Relaxing in teahouse is one of the favorite pastimes of the locals in Chengdu. A teahouse full to the brim-at three o’clock on a workday afternoon-is nothing out of the ordinary. Locals sit on
quaint bamboo chairs and drink from traditional tea sets that could well be antiques in their own right. Teahouse waiters scurry around with trays of tea sets, and top up tea cups with hot water poured from long-spout kettles to brew up the high-quality tea for tea drinkers.
Topic 11 京剧角色
“生、旦、净、丑”是京剧中的角色分类。“生”是男性正面角色，“旦”是女性正面角色，“净”是性格鲜明的男性配角(supporting role)，“丑”是幽默滑稽或反面角色。每种角色又有表明身份的险谱( facial make-up)、扮相(costume)等，只要演员一上场，你一看便知。在人的脸上涂上某种颜色以象征这个人的性格和品质、角色和命运，是京剧的一大特点，也是理解剧情的关键。简单地讲，红脸含有褒义，代表忠勇(valor)；黑脸为中性，代表猛(vigor)智；黄脸和白脸含贬义，代表凶诈。
Sheng, dan, jing, chou refer to different types of roles in Peking Opera. Sheng is the positive male role, dan is the positive female role, while jing is a supporting male role with a distinctive character and chou is the clown or a negative character. Each type of role has its own facial make-up and costume that expose its identity as soon as he/she appears on the stage. One major characteristic of Peking Opera is the color painted on the face of a character that shows personality, quality, role and fate. It is also the key to understanding the plot. To put it simply, red is appreciative, standing for loyalty and valor; black represents a neutral role, representing vigor and wisdom; yellow and white both suggest cunning, negative characters.
Topic 12 羊
羊是一种本性温顺（docile）、易于管理的动物。从岩画（rock painting）上原始人镌刻的形态各异的羊形象中，我们可以看出人类与羊的亲善、和谐关系。羊为人们的生活或祭祀而牺牲，是“有义personal loyalty 之物”。羔羊似乎懂得母亲的艰辛与不易，所以吃奶时是跪着的。羔羊的“跪乳”被人们赋予了“孝顺”和“懂礼”的意义。据文献记载，人们很早就把羊的美德视为人的道德准则和榜样，这反映了人们对羊的精神感受和对羊的秉性的人格化概括。
The sheep is an animal that is docile in nature and easy to manage. From the sheep images of various shapes on the rock paintings carved by primitive men, we can see the good and harmonious relationship between human beings and sheep. Sheep sacrifice their lives for people’s living or worship, and therefore are deemed as embracing personal loyalty. The lamb seems to know the hardship of its mother, sucking the breast on bent knees. Such behavior is considered by people to have symbolic meanings of filial piety and courtesy. According to the documents, people have long regarded this morality of sheep as a moral code and example for human beings, which is a reflection of people’s feeling toward sheep and a personalized summary of sheep’s nature.
Topic 13 联合国中文日
联合国中文日是联合国语言日的一部分。根据传说，仓颉( Cang Jie)创造了中国最原始的象形文字( hieroglyph)。上苍因仓颉造字而感动，为其降下一场谷子雨，这就是“谷雨”(the Grain Rain)的由来。中文日因此被定在每年中国农历的“谷雨”，以纪念汉字始祖仓颉。从2010 年开始，联合国每年都在中文日前后举行多种形式的庆祝活动。例如：2014 年，纽约联合国总部以书画展、茶艺表演( tea-making performance)、歌曲演唱和书法讲座等形式庆祝中文日。
The Chinese Language Day is part of the UN Language Days. According to legend, Cang Jie created the original hieroglyph used in China. The Heaven was moved and rained grain in praise of him, which is the origin of the Grain Rain. As a result, the Chinese Language Day is set on the rain Rain according to the Chinese lunar calendar in memory of Cang Jie, the ancestor of the Chinese characters. Since 2010, the UN has been holding all kinds of celebrating activities around this day every year. For example, in 2014, the UN Headquarters in New York celebrated this day with painting and calligraphy exhibitions, tea-making performances, singing performances, calligraphy lectures, etc.
Topic 14 筷子
筷子由两根长短相同的木棍组成，是中国的传统餐具( eating utensil)。筷子出现在三千多年前，它的出现
不仅是中国烹饪文化的变革，也是人类文明的标志。此外，筷子在烹饪技巧的发展过程中也起着推动作用。如今，筷子不仅是一种餐具，还成为一种独特的文化形式，对于我们来说，筷子可以作为艺术品来欣赏、研究和收藏。筷子虽小，但仍被世界上许多人所推崇。一项有趣的实验表明，当你在使用筷子的时候，许多关节和肌肉都会得到锻炼。
Chopsticks, the traditional eating utensils in China, are a pair of equal length sticks.
Chopsticks appeared more than three thousand years ago. The appearance of chopsticks is not only a revolution of Chinese cuisine culture, but also a symbol of human civilization. Besides, chopsticks have promoted the development of cooking techniques. Today, chopsticks not only area kind of tableware, but also have become a unique culture form, coming in front of us as a work of art for appreciation, research and collection. Chopsticks are small, but they are adored by many people in the world. An interesting experiment shows that many joints and muscles can be exercised when you use chopsticks.
Topic 15 风筝
风筝起源于中国，在这个国家，制作风筝的理想材料一应俱全：丝织品用来做帆，极具韧性的(high-tensile-strength)丝线可以制作风筝线，轻盈的骨架则由韧性十足的竹子制成。据说，风筝是墨子和鲁班在公元前5世纪时发明的。在13世纪末期，马可·波罗首次将与风筝有关的故事介绍到欧洲。尽管风筝最初只被看作是珍奇物品( curiosity)，但自18世纪开始，风筝被用作科研工具。现在，风筝节已经成为一种流行的娱乐形式，最为著名的就是中国的潍坊风筝节。
Kites originated in China, where ideal materials for making kites were readily available: silk fabric for the sail; high-tensile-strength silk thread for the flying string; and resilient bamboo for the light framework. It is said that kites were invented by Mo Zi and Lu Ban in the 5th century BC. Stories of kites were first introduced to Europe by Marco Polo in the late 13th century. Although kites were initially regarded as curiosities, since the 18th century they have been used as a vehicle for scientific research. Now, kite festivals have become a popular form of entertainment, and the most famous one is China’s Weifang Kite Festival.
Topic 16 铜鼓
铜鼓（bronze drum）文化是远古时代在长江以南及东南亚的广大地区流行的一种典型文化代表。在古代，铜鼓多用于祭神、征战和节日活动。在祭神时，它是神圣的法器（artifact）；征战时，它是号令军队振作士气的军乐器；在节日里，它又成为最激动人心的打击乐器（percussion instrument）。铜鼓给人们带来的不仅是精神层面的东西，它还有重要的实用价值。许多少数民族依然保留着在传统节日及婚娶和丧葬等场合使用铜鼓的习俗，
The bronze drum was a kind of typical culture popularized in the wide area of South of the Yangtze River in China and Southeast Asia in ancient times. More often than not, it was used on such occasions as sacrifice ceremonies to gods, launching ceremonies for the war and festival activities. It was sacred artifact on the sacrifice ceremonies, military musical instrument transmitting orders to soldiers and reviving the morale in the war, exciting percussion instrument in festivals. In addition to its spiritual content, the bronze drum also benefits people with its important value of practical use. Many minority groups still adopt the tradition of playing the bronze drums on the occasions of traditional festivals, wedding ceremony, funeral ceremony, etc.
Topic 17十二生肖之鼠
鼠相貌猥琐，鬼鬼祟祟，破坏力强，落得个“老鼠过街，人人喊打”的千古骂名。但它居于中国
三生肖(the twelve symbolic animals)之首，自古以来就令人不可思议。一个较为合理的解释是：鼠常在夜里23时至凌晨1时四处活动，这是一天当中最黑暗的时候，老鼠此时出没便于隐藏行迹。由此看来，鼠昼伏夜出的（nocturnal）习性是使它能够在十二生肖中独占鳌头的主要原因，与其口碑不佳及相貌可鄙没有关系。
Rat looks mean and stealthy, and always causes mass destruction, winning it the notorious reputation for “A rat crossing the street is chased by all.”However, it ranks first among the twelve symbolic animals, which has
always been a wonder since ancient times. A more reasonable explanation is; Rats often move around from 11 pm to 1 am, the darkest hours in a day that is convenient for the rats to hide themselves. Judging from this, the habit of being nocturnal is the main reason why rat is put in the first place in the twelve symbolic animals, which has nothing to do with its bad reputation or contemptible looks.
Topic 18 中国寄宿幼儿园
20世纪90 年代，中国寄宿幼儿园(boarding kindergarten)的孩子数量达到顶峰，在当时送孩子去这样的学校是一种地位的象征。不过最近，这一体系不再像当初那样流行。一些私立和公立的(state-run)寄宿幼儿园都陆续关门，其他的幼儿园正在从寄宿变为日托。位于上海的中国福利协会幼儿园(The China Welfare Institute Kindergarten)以前是寄宿幼儿园，但现在22个班里只有3个寄宿班。中国家长现在开始意识到，孩子很小的时候要多花时间陪陪他们，这点很重要，因为孩子们正处于学习的阶段，这是成长过程中一个很重要的阶段。
The number of kids sent to boarding kindergartens in China peaked in the 1990s, when sending a young child to such schools was a symbol of status. Recently, however, the system has become less popular. Some boarding kindergartens, both private and state-run, are closing one after another. Others are switching from boarding classes to day care. The China Welfare Institute Kindergarten in Shanghai used to be a boarding kindergarten, but now in the 22 classes, only 3 classes for young children are residential. Chinese parents are now starting to realize that it’s important to spend more time with their kids when they are very young, because they are learning in this period and it’s a very important stage of growth.
Topic 19 家庭观念
中国人重团圆、重亲情、讲孝道（filial piety），并强调家庭的和睦。中国人最期望的就是“家和万事兴”。当家庭中出现矛盾的时候，中国人最忌讳把这些矛盾暴露在外人面前，所以中国人常说“家丑不可外扬”。中国人在家庭中还特别重视父母、长辈的意见，“不听老人言，吃亏在眼前”便是强调长辈的经验对年轻人具有重要的作用。中国人还强调家庭教育对孩子人格形成的重要影响，常说“子不教，父之过”。Chinese people attach great importance to reunion, family love, filial piety and a harmonious relationship among the family members. What they expect most is “the family being in harmony and all affairs prosperous”. When there emerges a conflict in the family, it is a taboo for Chinese people to expose the problem to others. Therefore it is often said by Chinese people, “You’re your dirty linen at home.” In a Chinese family, the opinions of parents and the elders are greatly respected. It is often quoted, “You will suffer losses if you close your ears to the elders”, which reflects that the elders’experience is of great importance to the younger generation. And Chinese people place emphasis on family education which is believed to have great influence on children’s character building, and this can be demonstrated by the proverb “Failing to educate the children is the fault of the father. “
Topic 20科举考试
科举考试（Keju）是中国古代人才选拔的一种方式。由于采用分科目选举人才的办法，所以叫作科举。隋炀帝于公元605 年开设进士科，用考试的办法来选拔人才，这标志着科举制度的开始。它把读书、考试和做官三者紧密结合起来，揭开了中国人才选拔史上崭新的一页。唐朝承袭了隋朝的人才选拔制度，并进行了进一步的完善。因此，科举制度逐渐完备起来。科举考试实行了1 000多年，在实践中逐渐形成的一些较好的制度至今仍在我们的社会生活中发挥着作用。
Keju, or the imperial examination, is a means to select talents held in ancient China. It got its name since it adopted the method of selecting talents through a range of different subjects. In605 AD, Emperor Yang of Sui established the imperial examination system to select talents, which symbolized the official formation of Keju. The system interconnected learning, examination, and the selection of officials closely, opening up a new page in the annals of talents selection system. The Tang Dynasty followed and further improved the talents selection system of the Sui Dynasty. Consequently, the imperial examination system gradually became perfect. During the
over 1 000 years’ implementation of the imperial examination, some good systems have been set up in practice, exerting an influence on our social life till today.
Topic 21 造纸术
东汉(Eastern Han Dynasty)末年，蔡伦的造纸术被广泛应用。到了公元3至5世纪的两晋时期(period of Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties)，人们开始在纸上写字，并由此发展出写在纸上的书法艺术。中国的造纸术先后传到了现在的越南、朝鲜和日本。公元7世纪左右，又传到了印度。造纸术还通过陆上丝绸之路传到了西亚和欧洲。欧洲的造纸业大致从公元12世纪开始，在之前，欧洲人主要使用羊皮等来书写，据说书写一本《圣经》需要300多张羊皮，可见其昂贵程度。造纸业的兴盛开创了人类文明的新纪元。In the late of Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun’s papermaking technology widely came into use. In the period of Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties (the 3rd to 5th century AD), people began to write on paper and calligraphy on paper was developed correspondingly. Chinese papermaking technology was introduced to Vietnam, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Japan, and around the 7th century was introduced into India. Papermaking technology was also introduced to West Asia and Europe through the Silk Road. The papermaking industry in Europe started in about the 12th century. Before that, the Europeans mainly wrote on sheepskin. It is said that writing a Bible needed more than 300 sheepskins, indicating the expensiveness of it. The rise of papermaking industry started a new era of human civilization.
Topic 22 中国经济发展势头
当前我国经济发展势头良好，经济增长的内在机制（the internal mechanism）不断增强，基本做到了速度、质量和效益的统一。但是，我们也要清醒地看到，世界上没有一个国家的经济发展可以长盛不衰，永远保持高速度。中国也不例外。改革开放取得的成就是有目共睹的，但是新的矛盾和问题也出现了，如国企（state-owned enterprise）改革问题、贫富分化问题、腐败问题、金融风险问题、生态环境破坏问题等。这些问题都需要我们高度重视，尽快找到有效的解决办法。
At present our economy enjoys good momentum of growth. The internal mechanism for economic growth has been increasingly strengthened. We have, to a large extent, struck the right balance among speed, quality and economic benefit. But we must keep a clear mind and realize that there are no countries in the world that can keep an economic boom with high-speed growth. China won’t be an exception. The achievements of the reform and opening-up are obvious to all. But now there are also some new problems. These include the problems. In the reform of state-owned enterprises, the enormous gap between the rich and the poor, corruption, risks in the financial sector as well as ecological and environmental damage. We need to pay high attention to the problems mentioned above and find effective solutions in the shortest time.
Topic 23 上海自由贸易试验区
发展中国（上海）自由贸易试验区(China(Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone)是国家战略，是深化改革、扩大开放的重大举措，意义深远。这项重大改革以制度创新为着力点，重在提升软实力(soft power)，各项工作影响大、难度高。建设中国（上海）自由贸易试验区是顺应全球经贸发展新趋势，实行更加积极主动开放战略的一项重大举措。建设自由贸易试验区的主要任务是探索中国对外开放的新路径和新模式，推动加快转变政府职能和行政体制改革( reform of administrative System)，促进转变经济增长方式和优化经济结构。
Developing the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone is a national strategy, and a major initiative for deepening the reform and expanding opening-up, which has a profound and important influence. This major initiative focuses on institutional innovation and emphasizes on promoting soft power. All the work is significant but in great difficulty. Building the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone is a major move to conform to the new trend of global economic and trade development and implement a more proactive opening-up strategy. The main task of this action is to explore the new path and pattern of Chinese opening-up, speed up the transformation of government function and the reform of administrative system, foster the transformation of the
economic growth pattern and optimize the economic structure.
Topic 24 科技园区建设
在经济增速放缓的大背景下，作为推动新型城镇化建设的重要载体，科技园区( high-tech Zone)的建设至关重要。在创新成为重要经济驱动力的今天，科技园区作为全球知识经济中企业和研究机构的创新、创业最佳栖息地，不仅承载着推动技术创新、加速知识转移（knowledge Transfer)、加快经济发展的使命，也是城市经济发展与竞争力的重要来源。科技园区如何充分发挥其在“新型城镇化”进程中的巨大作用，已经成为人们关注的焦点。
In the context of slow economic growth, the construction of high-tech zone is crucial as an important carrier to promote the new urbanization. Today when innovation becomes a major economic driver, high-tech zone, the best habitat for the innovation and new business of enterprises and research institutes in the global knowledge economy, not only takes on the mission of promoting technological innovation and accelerating knowledge transfer and economic growth, but also plays an important role as a source of economic growth and competitiveness in cities. How the high-tech zone gives full play to its great function during “new-type urbanization” has been focused on.
Topic 25 中国经济结构的改善
中国经济已经出现了明显的结构改善的迹象。一方面，贸易顺差(trade surplus)出现了明显的而且是持续的下降，其主要原因不是出口的放缓，而是进口的加速；另一方面，居民消费占GDP的比重并不像统计所说的持续下降，而是从2007 年开始就持续上升。这些结构调整方面的明显改进并不是具体政策调整所带来的，而应归功于市场，是市场的力量推动结构调整。中国经济应该坚定不移地沿着市场化(marketalization)的方向走下去。
It is shown that the structure of Chinese economy has been’ obviously improved. For one thing, trade surplus has declined dramatically and continuously. The primary reason is not the slowdown in the export but the acceleration of import. For another, the proportion of residents’ consumption on GDP does not keep declining as statistics show, but has kept rising since 2007.The obvious improvement of structure comes up owing to the market rather than some specific policy adjustment. It is the power of the market that promotes structure adjustment. Chinese economy should unswervingly go on the path of marketalization.
Topic 26 会展业
会展业(exhibition industry)在中国被誉为朝阳产业。目前，中国的会展业已经成为新的经济点。北京奥运会和上海世博会的成功举办对中国的会展业发展意义深远。这两件国际盛事不仅让世界认识了中国，更为重要的是，为中国会展业引入了大量的外国资金、技术和人才。但是，我们也必须清醒地认识到制约中国会展业发展的因素。中国的会展业起步较晚，直至最近才发展成一个独立产业，其出现和发展都带有自发性和随意性。
Exhibition industry is referred _to, in China, as sunrise industry. At present, China’s exhibition industry has become a new economic growth point. The Beijing Olympic Games and the Shanghai World Expo were successfully held, which exerted a far-reaching impact on the development of exhibition industry. The two international events have not merely made China known to the world. More importantly, they have introduced abundant foreign capital, technologies and talents to the exhibition industry of China. However, we must also be well aware of the constraining factors of China’s exhibition industry. Starting relatively late, China’s exhibition industry did not develop into an independent industry until very recently. Both the emergence and the development of the industry are spontaneous and random.
Topic 27 贸易争端
中国加入世贸组织以后，中国与美国和欧盟通过协商、磋商，已经解决了大量的贸易争端。中国的传统是提倡“以和为贵”，做生意就要和气生财，希望和美国、欧洲的商人能够和气相处，能够共同解决出现的贸易问题。在遇到贸易争端的时候，一些国家不是寻求妥善解决问题的办法，而是动辄设限，这种作
风无益于解决贸易争端，也会有损他们的形象。作为礼仪之邦(etiquette）中国一般的做法是首先劝说他们多倾听大家的意见。
Since the entry into WTO, China has settled numerous trading disputes with America and European Union through consultations and negotiations. With the traditional concept of harmony in mind, China firmly believes that harmony, once realized in business, can bring wealth. Therefore, China has been expecting a harmonious existence with American and European businessmen and a joint effort to solve trading problems. Confronted with trading disputes, instead of seeking out appropriate solutions, some countries frequently set limits, which is no good for solving problems and at the same time damages their images. On the contrary, China, bearing the name of “state with etiquette”, generally talks them into listening more to others’ proposals first.
Topic 28 投资环境
中国正在努力改善其投资环境以吸引更多外资。迄今为止，中国的对外投资领域已从工业扩展到金融、房地产( real estate)、外贸及服务业。根据最新的调查，欧盟对中国的投资迅速上升，然而来自美国的实际投资却有所下降。东南亚依旧是重要的投资来源，并且投资结构已经有所改善。外国投资者对高科技领域及研发中心(R＆D center)的投资表现出极大的兴趣。此外，对通信设备、计算机、电子产品及运输设备的投资也大幅增加。
China is working hard to improve its environment to attract more foreign investment. Up to now, foreign investment in China has extended from industry to finance, real estate, foreign trade and service. According to the latest survey, the investment from European Union has increased rapidly while that from America has experienced a moderate decrease. Southeast Asia remains an important source of foreign investment, and the structure of investment has been improved. Foreign investors are showing great interest in the investment of high-tech fields and R&D centers. In addition, they have also increased substantially the investment in telecom equipment, computer, electronics and transportation equipment.
Topic 29 生态观光
从20世纪80 年代初起，以探险和自然观光为主题的旅游活动越来越受欢迎。伴随着全球环境意识的增强及对多元文化的尊重，生态观光( ecotourism)已经成为旅游业中快速发展的一个组成部分。度假者可以享受都市里五星级酒店的舒适，可以品味高雅餐厅的宜人，而爬山、徒步旅行则成为另一种诱人的选择。但是，生态观光并不只是到偏远的( remote)地方旅行，这一概念也强调教育游客去认识当地风土人情和文化遗产。
Since the early 1980s, tourism centering on adventure and natural sightseeing has become increasingly popular. With the enhancement of global environmental consciousness and increasing respect shown for cultural diversity, ecotourism has become one of the fastest growing sectors of the travel and tourism industry. Tourists can stay in an urban five-star hotel enjoying the comforts or sit in an elegant restaurant tasting the delight, but people can also choose to climb mountains and go hiking, which are the attractive alternatives offered to people. But ecotourism means more than just traveling to remote destinations. It also emphasizes educating visitors about local conditions and customs, as well as cultural heritage.
Topic 30 新丝绸之路
新丝绸之路(New Silk Road)是一条全长15 000多公里、贯通中亚的公路干线通道。建设新丝绸之路的初衷是通过这条连接亚欧两大陆、辐射30多个国家的大动脉( artery)促进国际贸易。随着经济全球化的快速发展，特别是中国经济的腾飞，中国与中亚国家、欧洲国家之间的往来在广度和深度上都有了空前的发展。新丝绸之路沿线国家已不满足于仅仅建设交通运输生命线，还要不断加深沿线区域经贸合作，形成新丝绸之路经济带。
The New Silk Road, more than 15 000 kilometers in length, is a main road passage running across Central Asia. The New Silk Road was intended to boost international trade through the artery that connects Asia and Europe, and radiates over 30 countries. With the rapid development of economic globalization, especially the rise of
Chinese economy, China has made unprecedented contact with Central Asian and European countries, both in breadth and in depth. Countries along the New Silk Road are not satisfied with building a lifeline of transportation. They also want to deepen economic and commercial cooperation with districts along the road to frame the new Silk Road Economic Belt.
Topic 31 中国快递企业
根据快递企业(express delivery enterprise)的性质及规模，可将我国快递企业分为四类。一是外资企业，外资快递企业具有丰富的经验、雄厚的资金和发达的全球网络；二是国有企业，国有快递企业依靠其背景优势和完善的国内网络在快递市场处于领先地位；三是大型民营企业，大型民营快递企业在局部市场站稳脚跟后，已逐步向全国扩张；四是小型民营企业，这类快递企业规模小、经营灵活但管理比较混乱，主要经营特定区域的同城快递(intra-city express delivery)和省内快递业务。
According to the nature and scale, express delivery enterprises in China can be divided into four kinds, including the foreign-funded enterprises, the state-owned enterprises, the large-sized private enterprises and the small-sized private enterprises. The foreign-funded express delivery enterprises have rich experience, sufficient fund and a developed global network; the state-owned enterprises lead the market due to their advantageous background and widespread domestic network; the large-sized private enterprises gain a foothold in local markets and have gradually expanded to the rest of the country; the small-sized private enterprises, characterized by small scale, flexible operation and messy management, specialize in intra-city and provincial express delivery in specific regions.
Topic 32 生物产业
生物产业是国家确定的一项战略性新兴产业。过去五年，中国生物产业的年均增速超过了20%。随着城镇化和工业化大幅推进，我国面临日趋严峻的人口老龄化、食品安全、能源短缺、生态环境恶化等挑战。为保障人口健康、粮食安全和推进节能减排，亟须加快新型药物、作物新品种、绿色种植技术、生物燃料(biofuel)和生物发电(bioelectrogenesis)、生物环保技术、生物基产品(bio-based product)等的开发培育和推广应用，因此，生物产业将继续呈现高增长态势。
Biological industry is an emerging industry of strategic importance designated by the state. During the past five years, the annual growth rate of China’s biological industry has been beyond 20% on average. With large-scale urbanization and industrialization, China is facing the worsening challenges such as the aging population, food safety, energy resources shortage and ecological environment deterioration. To ensure residents’ health, safety of food and the promotion of energy conservation and emissions reduction, the development and application of new drugs, new crop varieties, green planting technology, biofuel and bioelectrogenesis, biological environmental protection technology, and bio-based products, ect. are urgently needed to be accelerated. Therefore, biological industry will keep high growth.
Topic 33 矿产资源概述
中国拥有丰富的矿产资源，是世界上少有的矿产自给自足的国家之一，所有世界已知的矿产都能在这里找到。迄今为止，地质学家已经探明储量的矿物使中国在矿产总储量上位列世界第三。已经探明储量的能源包括煤、石油、天然气；放射性矿物包括铀(uranium)和钍(thorium)。中国可直接利用的煤炭主要分布在北方地区，尤以山西、内蒙古自治区、陕西和新疆储量最为丰富。石油资源主要分布在西北部、东北部以及东部地区的大陆架(continental shelf)。
China is rich in mineral resources, and all the world’s known minerals can be found here, which makes China one of the world’s few self-sufficient countries. To date, minerals whose reserves have been confirmed by the geologists make China rank third in the world in total reserves. Proven reserves of energy sources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas; and radioactive minerals include uranium and thorium. China’s coal reserves that can be directly used mainly distributed in north China, with Shanxi, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, Xinjiang taking the lead. Petroleum reserves are mainly in Northwest and Northeast China as well as
the continental shelves in East China.
Topic 34 中国矿产资源开发
中国是世界上最早开发利用矿产资源的国家之一。过去50 年，中国在矿产资源勘探（survey）开发方面取得了巨大的成就，这为中国经济的持续、快速、健康发展提供了重要保障。中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家，主要依靠本国的矿产资源来满足现代化建设（modernization program）的需要。同时，中国还不断努力引进国外资本和技术开发本国矿产资源。中国政府高度重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用，把可持续发展确定为国家战略，把保护资源列为可持续发展战略的重要内容。
China is one of the first countries in the world to develop and utilize mineral resources. Over the past five decades, China has made great achievements in the survey and exploitation of its mineral resources, which has provided an important guarantee for the sustained, rapid and sound development of Chinese economy. China is a developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources. It mainly depends on the exploitation of its own mineral resources
To meet the needs of its modernization program. Meanwhile, China has made constant efforts to introduce foreign capital and technology to exploit its own resources. The Chinese government attaches great importance to sustainable development and the rational utilization of mineral resources. It has made sustainable development a national strategy and the protection of resources an important part of this strategy.
Topic 35 中国高铁
我国地域辽阔、人口众多，要解决大规模人口流动问题，最安全可靠、最快速便捷、最经济环保的交通方式就是高速铁路（high-speed rail。高铁的诞生满足了现代社会人们生活、工作、出行节奏快的需求。自2007 年修建第一条高速铁路“京津”高铁开始，几十条高铁相继开通运营，中国高铁运营里程（operating mileage）已达1万多公里，位居世界首位。而随着中国高铁“走出去”步伐不断加快，中国高铁正成为一张让世界了解中国的新名片。
Considering China’s vast territory and large population, high-speed rail is the most secure and reliable transport to solve the mobility problem of the large-scale population. With the highest speed and greatest convenience, it is also the most economical and most environment-friendly The birth of high-speed rail meets the needs of modern people to live, work and go outdoors at a fast pace. Since 2007 when the first high-speed rail line “Beijing-Tianjin”line was built, dozens of lines have been built and operated successively, making China’s high-speed rail operating mileage reach over ten thousand kilometers, ranking first in the world. As China’s high-speed rail accelerates its pace to expand overseas, it is becoming a new business card for China to introduce itself to the world.
Topic 36 中国房地产
中国的房地产本质已经发生了极大的变化。十五年前，城市人口主要由国企工人构成，住房由国家统一安排分配。现在的年轻人则需要购买商品房，若没有房子，连对象都难找，然而，买房却并不容易。在中国，政府对资金调控极其严格，而炒股又有很大的风险性。这样一来，房子就成了具有保障性的投资商品。中国有13%的城市家庭至少拥有两套房。因此，中国房地产非常火爆。
The nature of real estate has changed greatly in China. Fifteen years ago, workers in state-owned enterprises, who then comprised a high proportion of the population in cities, were assigned accommodation by the government. But nowadays, young boys have to purchase commercial residential houses because they can hardly find a girlfriend if they do not have their own houses. Buying a house, however, is difficult. Because of the strict capital controls by government and the capricious stock market, the house has become a reassuring investment. Thirteen percent of urban households in China own two or more houses. That’s why China’s real estate has boomed.
Topic 37 中国经济发展成就
在党中央(the CPC Central Committee)的领导下，我国经济建设的各方面都取得了巨大成就。我们完成了诸
多造福百姓的工程，如西部大开发(Western Development)、南水北调(South-To-North Water Diversion Project)等。用水用电更加方便快捷，出行选择也多种多样。我国的国际地位不断提高，对世界经济发展产生了巨大影响。加人世界贸易组织后，我国的经济政策牵动着世界的一呼一吸；成功举办北京奥运会和上海世博会，赢得了世界的关注与尊重。总之，中国经济取得了辉煌成就，中国经济的明天一定更美好。Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee, we have made great economic accomplishments in all aspects. We have completed many projects bringing benefits to common people, such as Western Development and South-to-North Water Diversion Project. We have easier access to water and electric power, and we have more choices when traveling. Our country’s international status keeps on increasing, making great influence on the world economy. Joining the WTO enables our economic policies to affect the activities of the world. Successfully holding the Beijing Olympic Games and the Shanghai World Expo brings more attention and respect from the world. In a word, Chinese economy has made amazing achievements and will definitely have a brighter future.
Topic 38 中国的国际地位
随着经济的高速发展和综合国力的增强，中国在世界上的影响日益增大。2008 年北京举办奥运会，2010 年上海举办世博会，这意味着有几千年历史的中国，正以前所未有的广度和深度向世界各国开放，并从各个方面融人国际社会。在这样一个历史性的时刻，国际社会比过去任何时候都更加关注中国，各国朋友都迫切希望对中国文化有一种比过去更真实、更生动、更深入的认识。
With the rapid development of Chinese economy and comprehensive national strength, China’s international influence has been increasing. The 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 World Expo were respectively held in Beijing and Shanghai, which means China, a thousand-year-old country, is opening to the world with unprecedented breadth and depth, and being integrated into international community in various aspects. At this historic moment, international community is more focusing on China than ever before. People from all over the world are eager to have a realer, deeper, and more vivid understanding of Chinese culture than that in the past. Topic 39 西藏的发展
由于西藏地处“世界屋脊”(Roof of the World)，自然条件恶劣，也由于几百年落后的封建农奴制社会( feudal serfdom)形成的各种社会历史条件的限制，西藏在全国还属于欠发达地区。但是，过去60 年的发展已经极大地改变了其昔日贫穷落后的面貌，西藏人民生活水平大大提高。社会经济的发展极大地丰富了西藏人民的物质文化生活。2000 年，西藏全区各族人民已基本摆脱贫困，实现温饱。部分群众生活达到了小康水平。随着人民生活逐步富裕，冰箱、彩电、洗衣机等消费品进入了越来越多寻常百姓家。
Located on the Roof of the World, Tibet is still an underdeveloped area in China due to its harsh natural conditions and various social and historical restrictions formed by the backward feudal serfdom with a history of hundreds of years. However, the development in the past 60 years in Tibet has dramatically changed its former poverty and backwardness and the Tibetan people’s living standards have remarkably improved. People’s material life has been greatly enriched by the economic development. In 2000, people of various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty and had adequate food and clothes. Part of them began to live a well-off life. As people’s livelihood improves, consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TVs and washing machines have entered more and more ordinary people’s homes.
Topic 40 社区公益
社区公益(community public benefit)以公益机构为主体，为达成公益目的而鼓励社区发动居民积极参与各种公益服务或活动。近年来，越来越多的机构和企业投身到社会公益事业之中，或进行大额捐款，或成立慈善基金，力图在履行社会责任的同时，凸显企业的品牌和产品。显然，这是社会公益不成熟的一种表现，因为那些有着巨大社会需求的社区公益服务，由于需要长期默默无闻的服务和关怀，还没有得到更多的关注。
The community public benefit whose main body is public organizations encourages residents to take part in
various kinds of public services or activities to reach the goal of public benefit. In recent years, more and more organizations and enterprises devote themselves to public benefit by donating large amounts of money or establishing charitable funds to advertise their brands and products while fulfilling their social responsibilities. Obviously, it is a reflection of immature public benefit, because the community public benefit service with large social demand hasn’t been paid more attention to due to the need of long-term obscure service and care.
Topic 41 新型农村合作医疗制度
新型农村合作医疗制度(New Rural Cooperative Medical System)目的是为了解决农民的就医问题，减轻农民因疾病带来的经济负担，提高农民健康水平。新农合将逐渐发展成为较为完善的农村医疗保障制度。它的发展直接影响广大农民的健康问题。由于中国地区经济发展不平衡，各地新型农村合作医疗制度采取了不同的实施方案。自2010 年以来，新型农村合作医疗制度已基本覆盖农村居民。
The New Rural Cooperative Medical System (the NRCMS) aims to solve the rural residents’ medical problems, alleviate their financial burden of diseases, and improve their health. The NRCMS will gradually develop into a complete rural medical security system. The development of the NRCMS will directly influence the health of all the rural residents. Due to China’s unbalanced economic conditions among different areas, various implementation plans are adopted in the NRCMS from place to place. The NRCMS has basically covered all the rural residents since 2010.
Topic 42 绿色就业
绿色就业(green job)是在经济绿化的过程中产生和发展的，指的是从事绿色经济活动的就业。绿色经济是对产业结构、产品生产的技术和工艺、产品生产的组织方式进行“绿化”。绿色就业就是采用绿色技术、工艺和原材料进行生产的就业，就是从事绿色产品生产和服务的就业，就是从事环境和生态保护工作的就业。世界上很多国家看到了绿色产业蕴藏的巨大就业潜力，纷纷采取措施，开发绿色项目，刺激绿色消费，以创造更多的就业岗位。
A green job emerged and developed from green economy, which refers to work that is relevant to green economic activities. The industrial structure as well as the technologies, techniques and organization mode during production of green economy are “greened”. Green job adopts green technologies, techniques and raw materials to produce green products, offer green services and provide jobs in the environmental and ecological protection. Many countries in the world notice the huge employment potential of green economy and take measures in succession to develop green projects and stimulate green consumption so that more jobs will be created.
Topic 43 中国家庭结构的变化
改革开放以来，中国社会的家庭结构发生了巨大的变化。越来越多的传统大家庭模式被以核心家庭为主的多样化的小家庭模式所取代。与此相一致的是，越来越多的以父辈为权威的大家庭让位于以子女，特别是独生子女(only child)为中心的小家庭制度。人口老龄化(population aging)进程的加速与家庭制度的演变使养老问题的严峻性愈加凸显。大众传媒和各种娱乐设施极大地转移和丰富了人们的生活内容，人们已经不再把家庭作为唯一的娱乐场所。
The family structure in Chinese society has been undergoing dramatic changes since the reform and opening-up. More and more traditional extended families have been replaced by various small household patterns, especially nuclear families. Correspondingly, more and more extended families with the elders as authorities are giving place to smaller families with children, especially the only children, as the centers. The changes of family patterns, along with the acceleration of population aging, make the provision for the aged a increasingly severe problem. Mass media and various recreation facilities greatly distract people and enrich their life, so that families are no longer the only place to enjoy themselves.
Topic 44 互联网
网上交流活跃是中国互联网发展的一大特点，论坛帖文(forum post)、博客文章数量之大，在世界各国都
是难以想象的。中国的网站十分注重为网民(netizen)提供发表言论的服务，约80%的网站提供电子公告服务(Bulletin Board Service)。据抽样调查，每天人们通过论坛、新闻评论、博客等渠道发表的言论达300多万条，超过66%的中国网民经常在网上发表言论，就各种话题进行讨论，充分表达思想观点和利益诉求。中国网民踊跃参与网上信息传播和网上内容创造，大大丰富了互联网上的信息内容。
Vigorous online interaction is a major characteristic of China’s Internet development, and the huge quantity of forum posts and blog articles is far beyond that of other countries. China’s websites attach great importance to providing netizens with opinion expression services, among which about 80% provide Bulletin Board Service. According to a sample survey, each day people post over three million messages via forums, news commentary sites, blogs, etc. , and over 66%of Chinese netizens frequently post topics on various subjects to fully express their opinions and interests. Chinese netizens actively participate in online information communication and production, greatly enriching Internet contents.
Topic 45 网上银行
网上银行拥有许多优势。网上银行从不关门，每天24小时、每周7天全天候营业，而且只需轻点鼠标即可完成交易。当你的财务发生问题，而你附近又没有营业厅或自动取款机时，你可以马上登陆网上银行来处理你的财务。网上银行处理并确认交易的速度通常达到或者超过了自动取款机的运行速度。网上银行现在还提供账目总计、股票报价等先进的工具，以帮助你更有效地理财。
Online banking has a lot of advantages. It never closes, offering services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and all you need to do is just a slight click of the mouse. If your nearby banks or ATMs are not available when financial problems arise, you can immediately log on to your online banking and cope with your business. In terms of the speed of the execution and confirmation of transactions, online banking is generally no slower than ATMs. Online banking now offers advanced tools, including account aggregation, stock quotes and so on to help you manage your assets more effectively.
Topic 46 环境保护
当今世界，环境保护已经成为各国政府和各界人士共同关心的问题。过去10 年，海平面上升和森林砍伐的速度都是前所未有的；生态恶化、物种灭绝( extinction)、温室效应等一系列环境问题已经严重影响到人类的生存环境和健康。中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济与保护环境的双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化( modernization)的过程中，将环境保护视为一项基本国策，并在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和生态环境保护活动。
Nowadays, environmental protection has become an issue that the governments of all countries and people from all walks of life commonly care about. During the past ten years, the speed of sea level rise and deforestation has been unprecedented while a series of environmental problems, such as deterioration of ecosystem, extinction of bio-species, and the greenhouse effect, have posed a serious threat to human living conditions and health. As a developing country, China is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment. Based on its national conditions, China has, in the process of promoting overall modernization, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies, and carried out nationwide campaigns of pollution prevention and treatment as well as ecology and environment protection.
Topic 47 老龄化
联合国(United Nations)标准规定，当一个地区65岁及以上的老人占总人口的7%时，该地区就被视为进入老龄化社会(aging society)。老龄化会对国家财政造成巨大的影响，但老龄化的影响并不止于此。在老龄化社会里，劳动力市场、储蓄方式以及人口流动都会发生变化。中国社会保障制度并不健全，大多数老年人都依靠子女赡养。小家庭的增多和传统价值观的缺失都会使老龄化问题更加严重，从而对中小家庭造成沉重负担。
According to the standard of the United Nations, a society is considered an aging society when the proportion of people aged 65 and above is more than 7%. The impacts of aging society on state finance are huge. However,
the impacts are much wider. In an aging society, labor markets, saving patterns and migration movements will change. Social security system in China is weak, and most of the elderly are supported by their children. Declining family size and the erosion of traditional values magnify the challenge, which places a heavy burden on small and middle sized households.
Topic 48 妇女地位
在中国，妇女占了大约一半的人口，常被称为“半边天”(“Half the Sky”)。在过去的几十年里，中国妇女的社会地位经历了历史性的变化。社会主义社会不仅从法律上确立了男女平等，而且采取了经济手段来帮助妇女获得平等地位，缩小男女之间的社会差距。妇女在社会各界发挥着巨大的作用。但是，不平等现象仍然存在。比如，男女就业机会方面不平等，入学机会方面不平等，在某些农村地区，妇女生了女孩儿还会受到歧视。
In China, women account for nearly half the total population of the country and are often called “Half the Sky”. Over the past decades, the social status of Chinese women has experienced historic changes. The socialist society has not only established legal equality between men and women, but also adopted economic means to help women achieve gender equality and narrow the social gap between men and women. Women are playing an important role in all fields of life. However, inequality still exists. For example, men and women are unequal in the opportunity for employment and enrollment in schools. In some rural areas, women will be discriminated by others if they give birth to a female baby.
Topic 49 非物质文化遗产
保护和弘扬先人创造的优秀非物质文化遗产(intangible cultural heritage)，是全民族的共同责任，也是中国文化产业发展的重点。非物质文化遗产是中华传统文明的一部分，凝聚着中华民族文化的精华。截至2013 年底，我国已有38个项目列入联合国“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”，居世界第一。根据文化部公布的信息，我国共有87万个非遗项目，可以说历史有多悠久，民间艺术就有多悠久；文化有多灿烂，民间艺术就有多灿烂；生活有多美好，民间艺术就有多美好。
Protecting and promoting the excellent intangible cultural heritage created by our ancestors is the common responsibility of the whole Chinese nation and the emphasis of the development of China’s culture industry. Chinese intangible cultural heritage is a part of the traditional Chinese civilization, condensing the essence of Chinese national culture. By the end of 2013, China has 38projects listed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, ranking first in the world. According to the information released by the Ministry of Culture, there are 870 thousand intangible cultural projects in China. In a manner of speaking, the longer the history is, the more could be; the better the life is, the more beautiful the folk arts could be.
Topic 50 自主创业
自主创业( self-employed)的好处之一是盈利归自己所有，利润是对自己努力、能力和创造力的回报。自主创业的第二个好处是个人才智和能力能直接反映在收入上。自主创业的第三个优势是自己做老板能够控制自己的工作时间。但是创业并不是一帆风顺( go smoothly)的事。首先，做自己的老板把责任直接放到了个人的肩上。其次，自己做老板时，一单成功的生意可能会带来很大的盈利，而一单失败的生意可能会造成破产。第三个弊端是没有稳定的工资，收入浮动很大。
One of the advantages of being self-employed is that the profits that the business makes belong to the owner. The profits earned are the reward for the owner s effort, competence and creativity. Another advantage is that a person’s earnings directly reflect his intelligence and abilities. The third advantage of being self-employed is that a person as the boss can control his working hours. However, being self-employed does not always go smoothly. First, being one’s own boss means placing the responsibility directly on that individual’s shoulders. Second, though the self-employed can earn considerable profits with a successful business, losses can force them out of business. The third disadvantage is that self-employed people have no stable wage and their
Earnings can vary greatly.
2020年12月英语六级翻译真题及答案：中国工业升 级 2020年12月英语六级翻译真题及答案：中国工业升级 提示：考试采取"多题多卷"模式，试题顺序不统一，请依据试题 实行核对。 最近，中国政府决定将其工业升级。中国现在涉足建造高速列车，远洋船舶，机器人，甚至飞机。不久前，中国获得了在印度尼西亚建 造一条高铁的合同：中国还与马拉西亚签署了为其提供高速列车的合同。这证明人们信赖中国造产品。 中国造产品越来越受欢迎。中国为此付出了代价，但这确实有助 于消除贫困，同时还为世界各地的人们提供了就业机会。这是一件好事，值得称赞。下次你去商店时，可能想看一看你所购商品的出产国名。很有可能这件商品是中国造的。 译文一 The Chinese government has decided to upgrade the industrial structurerecently. The construction of high speed trains, ocean-goingvessels, robots and even airplanes have been involved in and acontract on the construction of high-speed rail has been signed byChina and Indonesia lately, which proved the fact that the productmade in China enjoys a high level of reliability. The “Madein China” ha ve been widely spread around the world at a heftycost. However,with the elimination of poverty and the job opportunities providedfor people around the world, the
2017年12月英语四六级翻译真题 英语四级翻译真题：泰山 泰山位于山东省西部。海拔1500余米，方圆约400平方公里。泰山不仅雄伟壮观，而且是一座历史文化名山，过去3000多年一直是人们前往朝拜的地方。据记载，共有72位帝王曾来此游览。许多作家到泰山获取灵感，写诗作文，艺术家也来此绘画。山上因此留下了许许多多的文物古迹。泰山如今已成为中国一处主要的旅游景点。 英语四级翻译真题：华山 华山位于华阴市，距西安120公里。华山是秦岭的一部分。秦岭不仅分割陕南与陕北，也分隔华南与华北。与从前人们常去朝拜的泰山不同。华山过去很少有人光临。因为上山的道路极其危险。然而，希望长寿的人却经常上山，因为山上生长着许多药草，特别是一些稀有的药草。自上世纪90年代安装缆车以来，参观人数大大增加。 英语四级翻译真题：黄山 黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特，尤以其日出和云海著称。要欣赏大山的宏伟壮丽，通常得向上看。但要欣赏黄山美景，就得向下看。黄山的湿润气候有利于茶树生长，是中国主要产茶地之一。这里还有许多温泉，其泉水有助于防治皮肤病。黄山是中国主要旅游目的地之一，也是摄影和传统国画最受欢迎的主题。 英语六级翻译真题：青海湖 青海湖位于海拔3205米、青海省省会西宁以西约100公里处。是中国最大的咸水湖，面积4317平方公里，最深处25.5米，有23条河注入湖中，其中大部分是季节性的。百分之八十的湖水源于五条主要河流。青海湖位于跨越亚洲的几条候鸟迁徙路线的交叉处。许多鸟类把青海湖作为迁徙过程中的暂息地，湖的西侧是著名的“鸟岛”，吸引着来自世界各地的观鸟者。每年夏天，游客们也来这里观看国际自行车比赛。 英语六级翻译真题：洞庭湖 洞庭湖位于湖南省东北部，面积很大，但湖水很浅。洞庭湖是长江的蓄洪池，湖的大小很大程度上取决于季节变化，湖北和湖南两省因其与湖的相对位置而得名，湖北意为“湖的北边”，而湖南则为“湖的南边”。洞庭湖作为龙舟赛的发源地，在中国文化中享有盛名。据说龙舟赛始于洞庭湖东岸。为的是搜寻楚国爱国诗人屈原的遗体。龙舟赛与洞庭湖及周边的美景，每年都吸引着成千上万来自全国和世界各地的游客。 英语六级翻译真题：太湖 太湖是中国东部的一个淡水湖，占地面积2250平方公里，是中国第三大淡水湖，仅次于鄱阳和洞庭，太湖约有90个岛屿，大小从几平方米到几平方公里不等。太湖以其独特的“太湖石”而闻名，太湖石常用于装饰中国传统园林。太湖也以高产的捕鱼业而闻名。自上世纪70年代后期以来，捕捞鱼蟹对沿湖的
卷一： 真题：中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化，有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如，土豪和大妈都是老词，但已获取了新的意义。 土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人，也就是说，土豪有钱，但是没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼，但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(OXford)英语词典，至今约有120中文加进了牛津英语词典，成了英语语言的一部分。 参考答案： The Chinese heated words usually reflect social changes and culture, some o f which are increasingly popular with foreign media. Tuhao and dama, forexa mple, are both old words, but they get differentmeanings now. The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spending money withoutlimits or those showing off all around. That is to say, tuhao owns money rather than taste. T heword dama is used to describe middle-aged women. However, it is regarde d as a special wordto call those Chinese women who rushed to purchase gol d when th e gold price decreasedsharply not long ago. Tuhao and dama may be included in the new Oxford dictionary. Up to now, ab out 120 Chinesewords have been added to it, becoming a part of English lang uage. 卷二： 最近中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Science )出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一 年展望的年度系列报告。系列报告包括三部分：科学发展报告，高技术发展报告，中国可持续战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现，诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计，以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍，并促进节能减排。 Chinese Academy of Science recently published an annual report about its latest scientific findings and the prospect of the next year. The report consists of three parts: science development, more advanced technology development and the sustainable strategy of China. The first one includes the latest findings of Chinese scientists, such as the research of new particle and the breakthrough in the study of H7N9 virus. Furthermore, it highlights some problems we need to focus in next few years. The second one announces some heated fields in applied science. For example, the 3-dimension print and the study of human organs. The third one suggests people enhance the top design in order to get rid of the structural obstacles in industrial upgrading and to promote the energy-saving and emission-reduction. 卷三： 北京计划未来三年投资7600亿元治理污染，从减少pm2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划
2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案 In China, variety of foods and dishes is needed in traditional ways of entertaining guests and makes them impossible to finish the dinner. Typical menus of Chinese banquetinclude cold dishes to start and the following hot ones. For example，meat, chicken, duck and vegetables. In most banquets, a whole fish dish is considered indispensable, unless various kinds of seafood have been served. Nowadays, Chinese people tend to mix Western specials with traditional Chinese cuisine. Thus, steak is not rare. Traditionally，although the Chinese do not eat any of theuncooked dishes，salads have also become popular. The banquet usually has at leasta bowl of soup that can be offered as the first or the final dish. Desserts and fruits usually mean the end of the feast. 城市化 2020年是中国城市化进程中的历史性时刻，其城市人口首次超过农村人口。在未来20年里，预计约有3.5亿农村人口将移居到城市。如此规模的城市发张对城市交通来说既是挑战，也是机遇。中国政府一直提倡“以人为本”的发张理念。强调人们以公交而不是私家车出行。它还号召建设“资源节约和环境友好型”社会。有了这个明确的目标，中国城市就能够更好地规划其发展，并把大量投资转向安全、清洁和经济型交通系统的发展上。 2020 was a historic moment in the process of urbanization in China as its population exceeded the rural population for the first time. In the next 20 years, about 350 million rural
四六级翻译真题及答 案
中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家，中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究，这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学，从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作，使创新成果商业化。与此同时，无论在产品还是商业模式上，中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋，以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。 译文一 China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to surpass developed countries on progressing and technology as soon as possible, China has sharply increased research and development fund. Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places, progressing commercialize their fruits of innovation.In the meantime , to adapt to the changing foreign and domestic market, and to satisfy the growing demand, Chinese entrepreneurs are also making pioneering efforts to innovate their products and business models(模式). 译文二（文都版） Innovation is progressing in an unprecedented speed in China. In order to catch up with those developed countries in the world as fast as it can in the science and technology field, China has increased funds for development research substantially in recent years. Universities and research institutions in China are actively carrying out innovation researches, which cover high-
2019年12月六级翻译真题答案第一套：度假（网友 版） ※ 2016年12月六级翻译真题答案第一套：度假（网友版） 翻译原文：随着生活水平的提升，度假在中国人生活中的作用越 来越重要。过去，中国人的时间主要花在谋生上，很少有机会外出旅游。不过，近年来中国旅游业发展迅速。经济的繁荣和富裕中产阶级 的出现，引发了一个前所未有的旅游热潮。中国人不但在国内旅游， 出国旅游业越来越普遍。2016年国庆假日期间，旅游消费总计超过 4000亿元，据世界贸易组织估计，2020年中国将成为世界上的旅游国，在未来几年里将成为出境旅游支出增长最快的国家。 参考译文：As the life quality improves, taking holiday is playing an increasingly important role in the life of Chinese people. In the past, much of Chinese people’s life was spent on making a living, so we were always denied the chances to go out for a vacation. Nevertheless, the rapid development in Chinese tourism as a result of a flourishing economy, which also leads to the rise of affluent middle class has seen an unprecedented boom in travelling. Chinese people not only choose to travel at home but also seek to embark on a foreign excursion. During the National Day period, the total tourism consumption reached over 40 billion yuan. It is estimated by the WTO that by 2020, China will be the largest tourism country which will witness a rapid increase in the outbound tourism expenditures. ※2016年12月英语六级成绩查询时间：
2011年12月 1. You shouldn't have run across the road without looking, you would have been knocked down by a car. (也许会被车撞到) 2 By no means does he regard himself as an expert, (他把自己当成专家) although he knows a lot about the field. 3 He doesn't appreciate the sacrifice his friends have made for him, however, he t akes it for granted.(把他们所做的视作理所应当) 4 Janet told me that she would rather her mother not have interfered with her marriage.(不干涉她的婚姻) 5 To keep up with the expanding frontiers of scholarship. Edward Wilson found himself always searching for information on the internet. (经常上网查信息) 2011年6月 82.Even though they were already late ,they would rather stop to enjoy the beautiful view (宁愿停下来欣赏美丽的景色)than just go on . 83.No agreement was reached in the discussion between the two parties ,as neither side would like to give up their position (任何一方都不放弃自己的立场). 84.The pills could have cured the cancer patient (本来可以治愈那位癌症病人的)，but he didn’t follow the doctor’s advice and take them regularly . 85.It is really very kind of you to give me so much help (你真好，给了我那么多帮助)；I really feel obliged to you . 86.The war left the family scattered all over the world ,and it was thirty years .before they were able to reunited (他们才得以重聚)。 2010年12月 82.There is no denying that can not be too careful (越仔细越好)in dealing with this matter. 83.Only when I reached my thirties did I realize that reading can not be neglected （我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的） 84.Much to the researchers’ surprise (使研究人员感到惊讶)，the outcome of the experiment was far better than they had expected.
四六级翻译真题及答案-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家，中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究，这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学，从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作，使创新成果商业化。与此同时，无论在产品还是商业模式上，中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋，以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。 译文一 China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to surpass developed countries on progressing and technology as soon as possible, China has sharply increased research and development fund. Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places, progressing commercialize their fruits of innovation.In the meantime , to adapt to the changing foreign and domestic market, and to satisfy the growing demand, Chinese entrepreneurs are also making pioneering efforts to innovate their products and business models(模式). 译文二（文都版） Innovation is progressing in an unprecedented speed in China. In order to catch up with those developed countries in the world as fast as it can in the science and technology field, China has increased funds for development research substantially in recent years. Universities and research institutions in China are actively carrying out innovation researches, which cover high-technology fields such as big data, biochemistry, new energy and robots, etc. They also cooperate with science park in various regions, commercializing the research results of innovation. Meanwhile, no matter in production and business model, entrepreneurs in China are
英语六级翻译及答案 题一：唐朝 唐朝始于618年，终于907年，是中国历史上最灿烂的时期。经过三百年的发展，唐代中国成为世界上最繁荣的强国，其首都长安是世界上最大的都市，这一时期，经济发达，商业繁荣，社会秩序稳定，甚至边境也对外开放，随着城市化的财富的增加，艺术和文学也繁荣起来。李白和杜甫是以作品简洁自然而著称的诗人。他们的诗歌打动了学者和普通人的心，即使在今天，他们的许多诗歌仍广为儿童及成人阅读背诵。 普通版： Tang Dynasty started in 618 and ended in 907. It was the most glorious time in Chinese history. After developing for 300 years, Tang became the most prosperous country in the world. Its capital, Chang’An, was the biggest city in the world. At this time, economy was developed. Commerce was prosperous. Social order was stable. Even the borders were open to other countries. With urbanization and growing wealth, art and literature also thrived. Li Bai and Du Fu were famous poets. They were famous for their concise and natural works. Their poems touched the hearts of scholars and ordinary people. Even today, many children and adults are still reading and reciting their poems. 进阶版： Initiated from AD 618 to AD 907, the Tang dynasty was regarded as the most glorious period of Chinese history. After developing for 300 years, China in Tang dynasty became the most prosperous country in the world, and its capital Chang’an the biggest metropolis. China in this period enjoyed a splendid era with overwhelmingly developed economy and commerce, and the social order also remained stable, even the borders were open to other countries. With the development of urbanization and the accumulation of wealth, art and literature also thrived. Famous poets like Li Bai and Du Fu were known for the concise and neat language in their
试题一：中秋节 中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿”(longevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The tradition of celebrating Mid-Autumn festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang dynasty. The lunar August 15 is a day for people worshiping the moon. On this day, under the dazzling bright moon, families reunite and enjoy the moon’s beauty. In 2006, Mid-Autumn festival was listed as one of China's cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was classified as a public holiday. Moon cakes, as indispensable delicious food of the festival, were gifts people sent to families and friends during the festival and usually eaten on family gatherings. There are characters of “longevity”,“good fortune”and “harmony” on the Traditional mo on cakes. 试题二：丝绸之路 闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路是古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和发挥这重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术传遍各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器也传遍各地，欧洲也是通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。 The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. The Silk Road represents the ancient Chinese silk trade. The Silk Road trade played an important role in China, South Asia, Europe and Africa. It was through the Silk Road that Chinese papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and the printing press spread all over the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread all
2015.12 英语六级翻译真题及答案 翻译真题一】 在帮助国际社会于2030 年前消除极端贫困过程中，中国正扮演着越来越重要的角色。 自20 世纪70 年代末实施改革开放以来，中国已使多达四亿人摆脱了贫困。在未来五年中，中国将向其他发展中国家在减少贫困、发展教育、农业现代化、环境保护和医疗保健等方面提供援助。 中国在减少贫困方面取得了显著进步，并在促进经济增长方面作出了不懈努力，这将鼓励其他贫困国家应对自身发展中的挑战。在寻求具有自身特色的发展道路时，这些国家可以借鉴中国的经验。2015.12 英语六级翻译真题及答案2015.12 英语六级翻译真题及答案。 参考答案： 第1 篇】 China is playing an increasingly important role in helping the international community in the process of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030. Since the implementation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China has helped as many as 400 million people out of poverty. In the next five years, China will provide assistance to other developing countries in poverty reduction, education development, agricultural modernization, environmental protection, health care and so on. China has made remarkable progress in poverty alleviation, and it has made unremitting efforts in promoting economic growth. This will encourage other poor countries to cope with their own development challenges. These countries can learn from China's experience in
1、参考翻译: It is a long-standing tradition in China that peoplelay much stress on education and show high respectfor the teacher.Since ancient times,the Chinesenation has put education in a veiy importantposition.All social classes will try by every means tohave their children go to school to receive education,even though they are not rich.The statusof the teacher depends on the importance attached to education.In ancient China,there weremany sayings about respecting the teacher.Respect for the teacher can be seen in all aspects ofsocial life.The teacher could be excused from etiquette when meeting the emperor,but officialsshould bow down when meeting the teacher.Nowadays,China has set September 10th eachyear as the Teachers，Day,in order to show respect for them. 1.尊师重教:可译为lay much stress on education and show high respect for the teacher。其中lay much stress on意为“重视，强调”，等同于attach great importance to。 2.想方设法:可译为try by every means to或do everything possible to。 3.地位:即“社会地位”，可译为social status或status。 4.免去礼节:可译为be excused from etiquette。其中“免去”译为be excused from 或be spared from,etiquette意为“礼节”。 5.躬身下拜:可译为bow down。 2、参考翻译: Western Development is an important policy of Chinaaiming at promoting economic development. SinceChina adopted the reform and opening-up policy,and especially since the special economic zones wereset up in the coastal cities in southeast China, theChinese economy has grown rapidly. However, owing to its remote location, backwardtransportation, and insufficient exchange with other regions, western China is lessdeveloped in its economy, culture and people's living standard. In order to tackle theimbalanced development among regions, China has launched the campaign of WesternDevelopment, offering preferential policies to the west in many aspects such as introduction oftalents and investment. Now the campaign of
12月英语六级翻译真题及答案：太湖 “考试采取“多题多卷”模式，试题顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。” 太湖是中国东部的一个淡水湖，占地面积2250平方公里，是中国第三大淡水湖，仅次于鄱阳和洞庭，太湖约有90个岛屿，大小从几平方米到几平方公里不等。太湖以其独特的“太湖石”而闻名，太湖石常用装饰中国传统园林。太湖也以高产的捕鱼业而闻名。自从上世纪70年代后期以来，捕捞鱼蟹对沿湖的居民来说极为重要，并对周边地区的经济作出了重大贡献。太湖地区是中国陶瓷业基地之一。其中宜兴的陶瓷厂家生产举世闻名的宜兴紫砂壶。 【过关版】 Lake Tai is a freshwater lake in east China, covering 2,250 square kilometres. It is the third-largest freshwater lake in China, after Lake Poyang and Lake Dongting. Lake Tai has about 90 islands, whose sizes range from a few square metres to several square kilometres. The lake is famous for its unique ‘Taihu stones’, which are often used to decorate traditional Chinese gardens. The lake is also known for its fishing industry. Since the late 1970s, the harvest of fish and crabs has been very important to the people who live around the lake and to the economy of the area around. The lake area is one of the major industrial bases for ceramics in China, where
2016年6月六级翻译真题及答案 2016年6月六级翻译真题及答案 翻译题目1： 深圳是中国广东省一座新开发的城市。在改革开放之前，深圳不过是一个小渔村。仅有三万多人。20世纪80年代，中国政府创立了深圳经济特区，作为实施社会主义市场经济的试验田。如今。，深圳人口已经超过1,000万，整个城市发生巨大的变化。 到2014年，深圳的经济实力而言，深圳居于中国顶尖城市之列。由于其独特的地位，深圳也是国内企业家创业人均GDP已经达
到25,000美元，相当于一些发达国家的水平。就综合的理想之地。 参考答案： Shenzhen, a newly-developing country in Guangdong Province, China, was only a fishing village with about 30 000 population before the Reform and Opening up. In 1980s, Chinese government made Shenzhen the special economic zone as the experimental field of the market-oriented economy. Now, Shenzhen, with population of over 100 million, has witnessed its own radical changes. In 2014, the per-capita GDP of Shenzhen has been 25,000 dollars, the level of some developed countries in the world. As for the comprehensive power, Shenzhen has been ranked the top among Chinese cities. Shenzhen’s unique geographic position brings both domestic and overseas entrepreneurs an ideal place to start their career.