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浙大版新编大学英语第四册课后答案

浙大版新编大学英语第四册课后答案
浙大版新编大学英语第四册课后答案

Unit 1

课内阅读参考译文

享受幽默——什么东西令人开怀?

1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心,古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么,到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢?

2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人,因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大,有来自拉丁美洲的,也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。

3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后,班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合,而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢?显然,有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且,我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话,而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话:“我喜欢笑话,但我讲不好,也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感,就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲,而且

讲了一个笑话,就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱,而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。

4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家,并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗,但却很喜欢布利茨恩——我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且,她们的这种好感是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母。当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时,布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室,并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去,一直逗得外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来,布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子,从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑,无疑是在说:“啊哈,你又上了我的当。”

5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫(即背景),接下来是

主干部分(即故事情节),随后便是妙语(即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾)。如果这

个妙语含有一定的幽默成分,这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分,而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言,则有助于增强效果。

6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式进行分析,从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说,最常见的幽默有以下几种,包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。

7 “滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当,常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士:“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的夫人是谁?”那位男士回答道:“那可不是什么夫人,那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位夫人,也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话,观众都知道要说什么,而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。

8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到,无论是在乡村的小舞台上,还是在北京最大的剧院里,抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。

9 “文字游戏”不像滑稽剧那样浅显,它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时,第一位绅士问道:“这是Wembley(温布利)吗?”“不,”第二位绅士说:“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是,”第三位说道,“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往

往耳背,因此会把Wembley(温布利)听成了Wednesday(星期三),把17hursday(星期

四)听成了thirsty(渴了),这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。

10著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位文字游戏大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中,一

位老师说:“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业?”那位年轻的学生回答道:“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里,一位生气

的父亲问道:“告诉我,l加2等于几?”儿子说:“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道:“比方说,你、你妈妈和我,我们加起来一共是几个,傻瓜?”儿子得意地回答道:“是三个傻瓜。”这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话,是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由

搭档的相声演员讲,都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事,因为它们贴近现实生活,而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。

11 双关语是一种更微妙的文字游戏。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不

同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默,但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧;然而,简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如,谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节,而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问:“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的?”另外一个人通常猜不出来,于是问道:“我不猜了。是什么呀?”出谜语的人回答:“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red (红色)”和“read(读)”的读音一样但意思完全不同,答案就很明显了。

12 D0UBLE ENTENDRES(法语中的“一语双关”)是双关语的特殊形式,其中的词或

短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同,一个比较恰当,另一个往往比较粗俗——但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说:“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声,她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚,于是补充说:“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子底下发生接吻这样的事了。”当然,这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话,反

而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。

13一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧,不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过

多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言,而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确,现在有些幽默令人震惊,但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的,它还会继续生存下去,只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到、听到这些有趣的事情,并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。

Post-Reading

Reading Comprehension

1.Understanding the Organization of the Text

Para.1-3

Humor is universa1,but people’s sense of humor varies.

Para.4.

Even animals have a sense of humor.The author’s dog is a good example.Para.5

The typical three parts of a joke:1)setup,2)body,3)punch line.

Para.6—12

Different forms of humor:1) slap-stick,2) Chinese cross-talk,3) a play on words,4)puns and double entendres

Para.13

Humor will persist even though some professional humorists think today’s humor is not very intelligent or sophisticated.

2.Understanding Specific Information

1)B 2)D 3)C 4)A 5)C 6)A 7)A 8)D 9)B 10)B

3.Explaining the Difference

I think there are several factors that lead to the different responses ,such as one’s personality, knowledge of the world,cultural backgrounds,etc.Some people are more sensitive to humor.They like to laugh,and they enjoy jokes.They are more imaginative.After heating a joke,they will use their imagination to make the joke more laughable.Some people,because of their limited cultural backgrounds,can’t understand the joke well.Or ,they don’t think it amusing because they don’t have the right knowledge.It’S not because they are not sensitive to humor, but because they don’t understand very well.Another barrier ,I think,is the language.Some —times when a foreign teacher tells a joke,the students cannot understand it because of some difficult words.

4.Analyzing Jokes

JOKE ONE:

【 One day a visitor from the city came to a small rural area to drive around on the country roads,see how the farms looked,and perhaps to see how farmers earned a living.(SETUP)】 [The city man saw a farmer in his yard,holding a pig up in his hands,and lifting it so that the pig could eat apples from an apple tree.The city man said to the farmer,‘‘I see that your pig likes apples,but isn’t that quite a waste of time?”(BODY)】【The farmer replied,“What’s time to a pig?”(PUNCH LINE)】JOKE TWO :

[One absent—minded professor approached the edge of a wide river,and far across on the other side he saw another absent—minded professor.(SETUP)】[The first man called out loudly,“Hello ! How do I get to the other side of the river?”(BODY)]【 The second man on the far side of the river shouted back,“Hello! You are already on the other side of the river.”(PUNCHUNE)】

5.Making Your Comments

Samples:

--I agree with it,because people enjoy laughter.Humorous people know that laughter is the best medicine.They don’t mind insults if you can make them laugh.In fact,this kind of insult is not insult in its real sense because when people are trying to make others laugh the focus is on the fun they Call enjoy,not on insulting them.People need self-mockery to survive,to let out anger, and to get out of difficult or embarrassing situations.I don’t mind being joked about.Life should be filled with laughter.How boring the world would be if every body was serious and humorless.--I don’t agree with it.Dignity is the most important thing.1 wouldn’t allow anyone to insult me even if they made me laugh.As a matter of fact, they wouldn’t be able to make me laugh if they are insulting me.When people are getting together,

friendliness and harmony are the priorities.How can people stay together if they are likely to be insulted or laughed at ? I enjoy jokes,but I think some jokes go too far and they hurt people.

Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining B.entertainment C.entertained D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable B.recognized C.recognition

3)A.tempting B.temptation C.tempt

4)A.reasoned B.reasoning C.reasonable D.reason

5)A.analyzed B.analytical C.analyst D.analysis

6)A.valuable B.valuation C.valued/values D.values

7)A.humorist B.humor C.humorous D.humorless

8) A.understandable B.understanding C.understand D.misunderstood 2.1)a sense of responsibility 2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority 4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm 6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame 8)a sense of helplessness

9) a sense of direction 10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3) diverse arguments 4)I asked my boss for clarification

5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement

7) made fun of him 8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint

9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4.1)certain/sure 2)involved 3)end 4)behavior 5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually 8)first 9)response 10)question

11)attempt 12)voice 13)directly 14)followed 15)trouble

After class reading

课外阅读参考译文

致命诱惑

1 英国离奇谋杀案小说的女皇,毫无疑问是阿加莎·克里斯蒂。虽然作者本人在20多年

前就去世了,但她创作的78部侦探小说还是非常畅销。它们已经被译成了100多种语言,销量超过了20亿册。

2 阿加莎的小说无论是在英国还是在其他国家,都如此受人喜爱并不难理解。她的每本

书都构思精巧。她创造的人物一眼就能辨认出,情节的发展非常规范、准确、流畅。但最

重要的是,她所有的故事都给读者一个谜团。

3 克里斯蒂的作品几乎都是以谋杀开场,迫使读者提出这样一个问题:“是谁干的?”,

而最后总是水落石出。读者的乐趣就在于根据故事里隐含的线索顺藤摸瓜,试图在作者揭

开谜底之前找到正确答案。这种模式吸引了人类最强烈的本能——好奇心——而人们对这

种模式欢迎的程度没有任何减弱的迹象。

4 很多离奇的案子都是由克里斯蒂笔下某个常常出场的侦探破解,例如那个非常自信的

比利时人埃居尔·波洛探长,或者是那个显然没有恶意的小老太太马普尔小姐。她同时也

为她的故事创造了一个特有的背景,这一背景,如同她创作的一些人物一样为人们所熟

知。那是处于两次世界大战之间的英国,那儿的小村庄里社区关系紧密,生活安静,或者

是城里的阔佬们在乡下的豪宅里度周末。

5 这个世界有着严格的社会等级制度。乡下宅子的主人,很可能是贵族成员,占据着社

会的顶层,然后是那些职业阶层:医生、律师和商人。处于底层的则是一般民众,在书中通常作为仆从、厨师和园丁出场。当谋杀案发生时,需要调查的嫌疑人不在少数。

6 阿加莎-克里斯蒂的世界不是一个完全真实的世界,这就是她的作品还没有过时的原因之一。这是一个安定、循规蹈矩的世界,然后谋杀案打乱了人们的正常生活。必须侦破案件,抓住杀人犯,恢复宁静的生活。

7 在阿加莎·克里斯蒂一生的大部分时问里,英国的杀人犯都被处以死刑。因此,她作品中的谋杀案一旦破获,找出了杀人犯,那么他或者她的末日也就到了。不会有未了结的事情,读者于是就可以高枕无忧了。

8 当然,在真实的世界里,事情并非完全如此。罪犯会逍遥法外,法律会伤及无辜,审判不公时有发生。简单地说,真实世界并不是一个安全的地方。正因为如此,才会有这么多的读者喜欢逃避现实,埋头于一本老式的、结局完全可预测的侦探小说。

9 阿加莎·克里斯蒂所著的侦探小说当然可谓风格陈旧。当代描写破案的作家几乎没人再写这样的作品了。现代的侦探小说在道德上和心理上都更趋复杂,经常在“是谁干的?”之外再加上“为什么这样干?”这个问题。现代作家更感兴趣的是了解罪犯的心理和杀人动机。他们所探讨的犯罪世界比阿加莎·克里斯蒂所能想象的要黑暗得多。当代的破案小说不仅不能给读者带来慰藉,反而使他们感到不安。

10但是对于这种美国人称之为“舒适型”的侦探小说流派,英国人依旧十分喜爱。谋杀故事仍被看作是一种消遣娱乐,而且电视节目表里也充斥着那些以杀人犯肯定被捕而告终的侦探剧。

11从酒店提供的“周末谋杀奇案”活动也可以看出侦探小说有多么流行。客人们扮演那些经典侦探小说中的嫌疑人,用一个周末的时间来找出他们中的哪一个是“杀人犯”。或者举办“谋杀案侦破晚宴”:一群朋友聚在一起,在餐桌上利用预先准备好的关于人物性格和行踪的线索破解一桩疑案。如果餐桌上的谋杀案提不起你的兴趣,还有各种各样的棋盘游戏和计算机游戏来测试你的侦探能力。

12但是有些人会沉迷于此无法自拔。 (例如,)所有小说里最有名的侦探也许是舍洛克·福尔摩斯,他的住所是“伦敦贝克街22lB号”。现在仍有信件寄到那里,要求他帮助解决各种各样的迷案。因为有如此多的信件寄给这位大侦探,现在使用该处的公司雇用了一个人,专门回复这些信件。

13只要人类还有好奇心,那么毫无疑问,各种各样的侦探小说就会继续发挥它致命的诱惑力。

Passage II

哇噢,真希望我也能那样

l 16岁的时候我开始喜欢上了杂耍。我在一个电视广告中看到两个人开始玩杂耍,把冻橘子汁罐头抛来抛去。

2 哇噢,我真希望自己也能那样做!我想象着自己在表演,面前的观众在鼓掌。

3 真是异想天开。即便我会杂耍,站在观众面前的时候我也会被吓死的。但是后来发生了一件奇妙的巧事,使人觉得自己的祈祷得到了回应——甚至在你还没有真正祈祷的时候就得到回应了。几天之后,我哥哥杰夫和我正在朋友那里作客,有个和我同岁的男孩说:“嘿,你该看看我哥哥学会的本事。”他带我到他哥哥的房间,他哥哥正在教杰夫怎么耍高尔夫球。

4 “我也想学,”我说。

5 没有多久我就着迷了。虽然最初我经常接不住球,但我很快就会了,连我自己都感到

惊讶。最初,我只能把一个球抛到空中,用另一只手去接住。然后我试着抛两个球,每只手抛出一个,让它们在空中交叉。

6 终于我可以抛三个球了。做法很简单:我右手拿两个高尔夫球,左手拿一个。我用右

手将一个球抛到空中,等它到达弧线的最高点,就把左手的球抛起来,以便这两个球互相交叉。在那只球落下之前,我把留在右手里的那只球抛到空中。我反反复复地接球,抛球。如果掉了一个球,我就重新开始。到了那天傍晚的时候,我就能抛10次而不掉一个球了。

7 这是一种挑战,我必须使自己的技术尽善尽美。第二天我找来三个网球,在车库里练

了起来,直到我可以连续抛球20次而不掉球。我拼命地练呀练呀。我想做得像电视里的人一样出色。

8 随着我技术的进步,我开始加上花样:抛球时让一个经过其他球的上方,或者经过其

他球的下方;或者我让一个球弹在我的头上或者臂肘上,并继续按原来的方式抛球。

9 可笑的是,我以为是我自己创造了那些花样。然而有一天我在图书馆发现了一本关于

杂耍的书,所有我玩的花样,里面都有!三个球的基本花样叫层叠,将球抛成一个圆圈叫

簇旋,将一只球抛得最高叫半簇旋。

10我买了一套杂耍棒,我的父母为我买了一套杂耍圈。我给家人和一些朋友表演,可是

我从没有把自己当作一个演员。那样的话就意味着在一群观众面前站起来。不可能!我可

做不到这一点。

1l五年之后,当我21岁时,在圣诞节期间的一天,母亲把我叫到一边说:“丹,你愿不愿意给今年的救世军聚餐会表演杂耍?”在过去的两年里母亲和她的老板一直在给一年一

度的聚餐会帮忙。

12 “还有其他节目呢,”她急忙补充了一句。“你只要在吃饭的时候,站在会堂的一边表演杂耍就行了。”

13圣诞节的前两天,当人群涌入会堂的时候,我就在那儿,在会堂一边的一个小舞台上

表演杂耍。我很紧张,但不知为什么,那紧张也给了我勇气。我开始耍花样,包括我刚刚掌握的:在我的背后去玩杂耍。然后我耍起了杂耍棒,最后耍起了一个保龄球和两个小

球。孩子们拥在舞台周围,哈哈大笑。人们鼓掌喝彩。

14突然间,我感受到了一种从未有过的得意洋洋的感觉。我在为观众表演,而且他们喜

欢看!

15我继续在家中练习。我开始耍雪茄盒、刀和火把。当我的一个叔叔把他的独轮车送给

我的时候,我学会了一边骑车一边杂耍。

16我开始考虑成为一个职业杂耍演员。我知道仅仅耍花样是不够的;我得能说会道,能

讲笑话等等。书上就是这么说的。于是我为之祈祷。当又在全家面前表演杂耍的时候,我加上了些笑话。我希望先在自己家人面前试试这一套,这样会让我在观众面前做同样事情

的时候更放松些。

17我的机会很快就来了。我被邀请到一个波利尼西亚主题的时装展示会上表演耍火把。

我光着脚,赤裸着上身,穿着傻乎乎的短裤,脸上画着黑色条纹。我正要上台,有人给了我一个写着通知的单子。“请在你的节目表演完之后念一下,”晚会的女主持人说。打退堂鼓已经来不及了。

18我从没这么紧张过!我有三次没有接住火把!可是我不想让观众看出我有多么紧张,

便尽量使我的失误看起来是节目安排的一部分。我发疯般地跳舞,在火把上跨来跨去,发出丛林里的声音,直到我可以把它们捡起来继续杂耍表演。人们鼓掌喝彩。他们喜欢我的

节目。我也总算念完了那些通知。

19过了一个月,我接到一个当地小学校长的电话。一个老演员请了病假,我能否接替他

表演,并且寓教于乐?“没问题,”我答道。

20三个星期后,我站在两百来个热切的孩子面前。我用自己学习杂耍的经历为例,给他

们讲道理。当我开始表演杂耍的时候,我故意把球掉在地上。我把它们捡起来,又让它们

落在地上。

21“开始的时候都是这样,”我说。可是,随着节目的进展,我的花样也变得越来越多。

我骑着独轮车耍球,我躺着耍球,慢慢站起来而又不让一个球掉下去。

22 45分钟以后,我给了孩子们一句忠告,作为节目的结束语:“不论是杂耍还是别的,如果你们想成功,就必须不断地努力。你们能做到,只是永远不能放弃。”

FURTHER 0IEVELOPMIENT

1.Enriching Your word Power

1)B 2)A 3)B 4)A 5)A 6)C 7)B 8)C 9)B 10)A 11)C 12)C

Racking Your Brains

L) Camel 2) Your age 3) A towel 4) A peacock

5) A candle 6) Have someone throw it to you.

Part four

Translation Practice

这位上了年纪而从未结过婚的英国女士,在1930年第一次出现在小说《牧师住宅的谋杀案》中时,年纪大约在65~070岁之间。在长达41年多的时间里,她出现在12部长篇小说、20篇短篇小说中——最后一次破案时她已经很老了。

从外表上看,马普尔小姐高高瘦瘦,面色红润而布满皱纹,有着一双淡蓝色的眼睛,

雪白的头发在头上盘成老式的发髻。她的外表看上去不会给任何人造成伤害。再加上她那

漫无边际的闲谈以及永远都在身边的毛线针,她常常会引起人们的误解,把她仅仅看成是

一位“犹犹豫豫的老女人”。那可真是小看了她。那些真正了解她的人都明白,她是敏锐

的人类本性观察者,而且“不可思议地总是正确的”。

虽然马普尔小姐一生都生活在看上去枯燥乏味的圣玛丽牧场,她却相当老到地明白并

接受“我们周围尽是邪恶”这个事实。就像她经常指出的那样,大城市能找到的人性特征

和邪恶,在她住的村子及周边也都能找到。于是,她的破案方式就是找出圣玛丽牧场和外

面世界在生活和人物方面的相似之处。

Writing

MY Favorite Pastime

Sample 1:

My favorite pastime is writing.You may not think it is a pastime.But to me it is,because it is a form of relaxation that takes my mind away from other things when I feel tired.

I began to like writing when 1 was a pupil in primary schoo1 .I was imaginative and created many interesting stories at that time.When I told my stories to my friends on our way home from school,they enjoyed them.Then telling a story 1 wrote on the way back home soon became my regular practice.That made me really happy.I had never thought of writing as entertainment before.Sometimes 1 wrote down my stories and passed them around among my classmates.

When 1 was in high school,I began to like poems.This was because of the influence of my best friend.She liked poems very much,so gradually I learned to appreciate

poems.When I am writing poems,I can concentrate for a long time,totally losing myself.No matter whether I am happy or sad I start writing poems to express myself. Let me tell you a little secret.Now I’m writing a science fiction about time travel.I’m sure it is original and interesting.However,writing definitely takes time,and how I wish I could have more time to pursue this hobby.I may not become a professional writer,but I will always enjoy writing.

(238words) Sample 2:

I usually spend my leisure time on various things such as watching TV,reading,swimming and playing table tennis.But if you ask me what’s my favorite pastime,

1 would definitely say that it is playing computer games.

I like computer games and surfing on the Internet.Many people believe playing computer games is harmful to one’s health,especially to the eyes.But I don’t quite agree.I think playing computer games benefits me.First,as a way of relaxation,it also gives me a sense of accomplishment.Secondly,I gain a lot of knowledge I cannot find in textbooks.For instance, when I played Civilization II,I began to realize the importance of science,because it was impossible to defeat the enemy in the game if you didn’t develop science.Finally and most importantly, I have to use an English—Chinese dictionary from time to time because most of the games are in English.So the more games I play,the greater progress I make in English.The games are entertaining and instructive.

I also like surfing on the Internet.There is a huge amount of information there.It has become more and more popular and important.It is said that those who control the Internet will conquer the world in the future.That is perhaps an illusion but I want to be a master of the future·

In a word,I like playing with my computer very much.It appeals to my curiosity and my desire to escape from the limited world of my room.

(255words) Sample 1:

Many people are often very busy with various things at work or at home so they have no time for entertainment.But this is really bad for one’S health.So we should make an effort to look form relaxation.A proverb says,“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.’’

People in different regions may have different forms of activities.In China one of the most popular activities is traveling,especially going to the remote areas which are not seriously polluted. These isolated locations appeal to travelers who want to get close tO nature because they are tired of stressful city life.

Other people who can afford neither the time nor the money for travel will stay at home,watching TV , going to the movies or concerts,or inviting some friends over for a party·Children like to go to the park,play computer games,and participate in sports.Young women like to go shopping while young men prefer to stay at home,watching TV and drinking tea.

The popularity of pastimes varies according to age,sex,personality and financial

situations. Whatever one’s pastime is。I’m sure that after it he or she will feel relaxed,more refreshed and ready to start a new day’s work.Pastimes offer a way to take one's mind away from the stresses of everyday life.

(220words) Sample 2:

Nowadays leisure activities are popular not only with wealthy people but also with people with low incomes.There are entertainment pages in the newspapers that give information on how you can spend your leisure time.Different people prefer different types of entertainment depending on the season,theft personality and income.Some people like to spend their leisure time relaxing indoors,pursuing their hobbies.Others look for outdoor relaxation.

In the spring when it is warm,nature becomes more and more beautiful with trees and grass turning green and flowers blossoming.It is a good time for people to go sightseeing,boating,and picnicking.In summer,it is too hot outdoors,SO they like to stay at home,enjoying cold watermelon or ice cream.

People who like reading will go to the library instead of visiting scenic spots.For them,books are everything.They’d like to bury their heads in books,ignoring everything else.Contrary to these people,there are always individuals who require more exciting activities like rock climbing,bungee jumping,ballooning and SO on.These attractions appeal to the sense of adventure that is typical of them. (190 words) Unit 2

课内阅读参考译文

便笺的力量

l 我当体育编辑,最早是为蒙彼利埃(俄亥俄州)的((企业导报》工作,当时我很少收

到体育迷的来信。因此,一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。

2 打开来信,我看到了下面的话:“关于老虎队的述评很不错,再接再厉。”签名的是体

育编辑堂·沃尔夫。当时我只有十几岁(为每一竖栏写一英寸文字,稿酬总计达15美

分),因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里,后来它的边角都卷

起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时,重温一下堂的便笺,就又会树起信心来。

3 后来,我逐渐对堂有所了解,知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成

的习惯。他告诉我说:“当我使别人充满信心时,自己也感觉好极了。”

4 因此毫不奇怪,他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了,享年75岁。

电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社,都来自于曾经得到过他激励(文字)的人们。

5 多年来,我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友,他们关心别人,常写一些鼓舞人心的话

语,因为我觉得,他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上,

这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励,大家知道几行赞扬的话会

改变一个人的一天,甚至一生。

6 那么,这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢?我猜想很多人回避写,是因为

他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解,怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有,写也要花时间,远不如打电话方便。

7 当然打电话的缺点是:说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍

贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西,而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读,细细品味并珍藏

起来。

8 尽管写便笺会多花一些时间,但一些非常忙的人也在这么做,其中包括乔治·布什。

有人说,他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事

呢?在他整个职业生涯中,每次与人们接触之后,他几乎都随后写封信,内容亲切——一

句赞美之辞,一行表扬的话,或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事,还写给萍水相逢的

人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人,后来收到他热情的赞扬信,感到很惊

讶。

9 那些通常做作的公司高层经理们,其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。

甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心,且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德·彼得森,福特公司

的前主席,把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在20世纪80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话,然后传递出去,”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间,就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。”

10“太多的时候,”他说,“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多

的时候,我们会以为,我并没有说过什么批评的话,为什么非得去说好话呢?我们忘了,

人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上,我们靠这个取得进步,获得成功!”

ll怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢?只需要我们愿意表达我们的赏识。写这种

便笺的高手都具有我所谓的“4 S”技巧。

12 1)真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。

13 2)简短(shon)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思,你很可能过火了,写得太长。

14 3)具体(specmc)。赞扬一位业务伙伴“演讲精彩”太笼统含糊;告诉他“关于沃伦·

巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。

15 4)自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气,洋溢着热情,并使读者的心灵长久地

感受这种生气和热情。

16当你非得到处找写信用品时,写出来的东西就难以自然,因此我总是把纸、信封和邮

票放在手边,甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨,重要的是要表达的思想。

17那么,你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢?一位邻居?为你服务的那位图

书馆管理员?一位亲戚?你的市长?你的伙伴?一位教师?你的医生?你不必富有诗意。

如果你需要一个写的理由,就找一个生活中的重要事件,例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事

件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如,过去的25年里,我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡,而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围,就一年来

所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。

18不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表

达法使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词与现实相比稍稍超前了一点也没关系,记住,

梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。

19今天,我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼·文森特·皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这

张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句,这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义,但是,对我而言确实如此。正如我的

朋友堂·沃尔夫所说的:使别人充满信心,也就使自己感觉很好。

Post——Reading

◇Reading Comprehension

1.Recognizing the Organization of the Text

1)The significance of Don Wolfe’S notes:

--By writing encouraging words Don Wolfe made people,including the author,feel good about themselves.

一Don Wolfe’S uplifting notes made the author confident and many others feel good.

3)Some very busy people write notes and benefit from this practice,for example,George Bush and some top corporate managers like Donald Peterson.

5)Conclusion:An uplifting note makes both the receiver and the sender feel good.2.1) F 2)F 3)T 4)F 5)T 6)F 7)T 8)F 9)T 10)T 11)F 12)T 13)F 14)T 3.Writing Notes

Samples:

Situation 1:It’S not the end of the world.I’m sure you’11 get good results in the final.I once failed two courses.

Situation2:I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother died.I am sure she was a wonderful person.

Situation 3:Happy Birthday! You are the sweetest person in the world.I miss your company.

Situation 4:You are always the best in my eye.Time Can cure everything.Be brave! Situation 5:Congratulations I What a good beginning.1 wish you success.Vocabulary

1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE

┏━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃ ColumnA ┃ ColumnB ┃ The Compound Words Created ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ through ┃ day ┃ throughout ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ up ┃ man ┃ upbeat,uplift ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ draw ┃ eared ┃ drawback ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ teen ┃ ready ┃ teenage ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ hand ┃ conscious ┃ handout handwritten ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ birth ┃ back ┃ birthday,birthstone ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ chaff ┃ distance ┃ chairman ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ rag ┃ beat ┃ rag—eared ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ ever ┃ lift ┃ ever-ready ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ over ┃ age ┃ overdue,overage ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ long ┃ due ┃ long—distance,long-eared ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ self ┃ stone ┃ self-conscious ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ mile ┃ out ┃ mileage,milestone ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ type ┃ wishing ┃ typewriter,typewritten ┃

┣━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫

┃ well ┃ writ~1wfitten ┃ well-wishing , well-written ┃

┗━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

◇STEP TWO

1)long—distance 2)upbeat 3)ever-ready 4)overdue 5)typewriter

6)milestone 7)handwritten 8)uplifted 9)self-conscious 10)rag—eared

11)birthday 12)throughout 13)drawbacks 14)chairman 15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued:(V.)interest

B.intrigue:(n.)the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining:(v.)try very hard to do something using a11 your physical or mental strength

B.strain:(n.)a force that stretches,pulls or puts pressure on something 3)A.savor:(,z.)taste;flavor

B.savored:(V.)enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure:(V.)treat something as being very special,important,or valuable B.treasure:m.)a store of gold,silver,jewels,etc.

5)A.credited:(V.)consider…as having achieved something or being the reason for it

B.credit:(v.)trust;faith

6)A.boost:(n.)an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost:(v.) make someone feel more confident and less worried

7)A.note:(n.)a short,usually informal,letter

B.noted:(v.)notice or pay careful attention to something

8)A.signed:(v.)write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it,agreed with it

B.sign:(n.)gesture used to express one’S meaning,idea,etc.

9)A.totaled:(v.)come to a certain amount

B.total:(n.)the whole amount

10)A.stuffed:(v.) fill something with a substance

B.stuff:(n.)substance or material

11)A.count:(n.)the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count:(V.)be important

1 2)A.1ast:(v.) manage to remain in the same situation

B.1ast:(n.)the remaining part of something

l 3)A.complimented:(v.) express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment:(n.)an expression of praise,admiration,approval,etc.

14)A.flood:(n.)a large number or amount

B.flooding:(v.) arrive in large numbers

1 5)A.contact:(n.)communication with a person,organization,country,etc.

B.contact:(v.)reach (someone) by message,telephone,etc.

3. 1) thrives 2) strategy 3) annual 4、deserve 5)spontaneous

6)sincere 7、investments 8)enterprise 9)follow up 1 0)characterized 1 1)lingered 12)acknowledged

4.column:1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C

tough:l、D 2.B 3.E 4.F 5.C 6.A

5.1)A.complementary B.complimentary C.complimentary

complimentary:1)expressing admiration,praise,etc..

2)given free Of charge

complementary:making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion

2)A.stationery B.stationary C.stationary

stationary:not moving;or not changing

stationery:writing materials(已.g.paper,envelopes,etc.)

3)A.typist B.typewriter C.typist

typewriter:a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of Paper

typist:a person who types,especially one employed to do SO

4) A.vulgar B.vague C.vague

vague:1)not clearly expressed,known,described or decided

2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen

vulgar:not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated

5)A.pad B.pat C.pad

pad:1)several sheets of paper fastened together,used for writmg,drawing,etc. 2) a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body,give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own B.owed C.owes D.owned

owe:1)have to pay for something already done or given

2)feel grateful

own:1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else

2)V.possess(something),especially by lawful fight

6.1)searched 2)clever 3)solution 4)wasted 5)tolerate 6)hidden

7)dumb 8)subject 9)noise 10)extra 11)purchased 12)replaced

13)appreciation 14)hurried 15)warrant 16)strange

After Class Reading

课外阅读参考译文

美言尽在其中

1 我当时在明尼苏达州莫里斯市的圣玛丽学校任教,马克·埃克隆是我教的三年级一班

的学生。全班34个学生都和我很亲密,但马克确是百里挑一。他衣冠整洁,一副乐天派的样子,即便偶尔调皮一下,也显得那么可爱。

2 马克上课时还会说个不停。我只得一次次提醒他,未经允许讲话是不可以的。然而,

每次我不得不纠正他的捣乱行为时,他的反应总是那么真诚,这给我留下了深刻的印象。

“谢谢您纠正我的行为,好老师!”起初我不明白他的话到底什么意思,可是不久我就习惯了,每天都听他这么说好多遍。

3 一天上午,当马克又在不停地说话时,我没了耐心,而且犯了一个见习教师常犯的错误。我看着马克说道:“如果你再说一个字,我就用胶带把你的嘴封住!”

4 不到十秒钟就听见查克突然嚷起来:“马克又说话了。”我并没有让任何学生帮我看着马克,可是既然我已经在全班面前讲了我的惩罚办法,就要说到做到。

5 我还记得那时的情景,就好像是今天上午才发生的。我当时走到自己的桌前,不慌不忙地拉开抽屉,拿出一卷遮蔽胶带,接着一言不发地走到马克桌前,撕下两条胶带,在他的嘴上贴成一个大大的叉。然后我又回到教室的前面。

6 当我瞥了马克一眼想看看他的反应时,他对我眨了眨眼。他得逞了!我笑了起来。我

回到马克的桌旁,撕掉了贴在他嘴上的胶带,无可奈何地耸了耸肩,这时全班都欢呼起来。撕掉胶带后他说的第一句话是:“谢谢您纠正我的行为,好老师。”

7 那年年底的时候我被安排去教初中数学。时光飞逝,不知不觉中马克又坐在了我的教室里。他比过去更英俊了,而且还是那么彬彬有礼。因为不得不仔细听我讲解“新数学”,九年级的马克不再像在三年级时那么爱讲话了。

8 有个星期五,情况使人感到有点不对头。整整一周我们都在学习一个新概念。我感觉到学生们开始泄气了,而且彼此之间变得急躁易怒。我得改变一下班级的气氛以免情况失控。于是我让他们把班上其他同学的名字列在两张纸上,在名字之间留出些空间。然后我让他们想出有关每个同学的最好的评价,并把它写下来。

9 那堂课剩下的时间全花在了完成这项工作上。但是当学生们离开教室的时候,每人都把他们写好的两张纸递给我。查克面带微笑。马克对我说:“谢谢您教我,好老师。祝您周末愉快。”

10那个星期六,我把每个学生的名字分别写在一张纸上,然后把其他人说的关于那个人

的话都一一列在上面。星期一,我把这些纸发给每个学生自己。有的有两页之多。没多久,全班都在微笑。“真的吗?”我听见有人轻声说。“我从没想到会有人看重那件事。”“我没想到别人会这么喜欢我!”

ll没有人在班上再提起那些纸。我也不知道他们是否在课后或与他们的父母谈论过那些(列在纸上的)事,可是那并不重要。这次活动已经达到了它的目的。学生们又感到快乐了,相互之间又愉快相处了。

12那一拨学生接着该去哪儿去哪儿了。几年后,我度假回来,父母到机场接我。开车回

家的路上,母亲问了些关于旅行的事,都是老一套:天气怎么样以及大体的旅行经历。然后谈话中有点儿冷场。母亲瞟了父亲一眼,简捷地说:“她爸?”于是父亲清了清喉咙,就像通常他要说些重要的事情之前做的那样。“埃克隆夫妇昨晚打电话来了,”他开始说道。13“真的?”我说。“我已经好几年没和他们联系了,不知道马克怎么样了。”

14爸爸平静地回答我。“马克死在越南了,”他说。“明天举行葬礼。他父母希望你能参加。”直到今天我还清清楚楚地记得父亲是在494号州际公路的哪个地方告诉我马克的事的。

15我以前从没见过躺在军用棺材里的军人。马克看上去是那么英俊,那么成熟。那一时刻,我的脑海里只有这么一句话:马克,只要你能和我说句话,我愿意付出一切。

16葬礼过后,马克的大多数同学到查克的农舍去吃午饭。马克的父母在那儿,他们显然

在等我。“我们想给你看样东西,”马克的爸爸边说边从口袋里拿出一个皮夹。“这是马克牺牲后他们在他身上发现的。我们想你也许能认得这个。”

17他把皮夹打开,小心翼翼地拿出两张破旧的笔记本纸。很明显,那纸已经用胶带粘贴,反反复复地折叠过。我不用看就知道是什么纸,我在那上面列出了每个同学说过的马克的

优点。“真是感谢你做了这样的事,”马克的妈妈说。“你能看得出,马克很珍视它。”

18马克的同学纷纷围住了我们。查理十分腼腆地笑着说:“我还留着我的那份呢。放在我

家书桌最顶层的抽屉里。”查克的妻子说:“查克让我把他的那份放在我们的结婚像册里。”“我那份也留着呢,”玛里琳说。“夹在我的日记里。”另一个同学维姬伸手到她的皮包里,拿出了她的皮夹,把她那张破旧不堪的纸给大家看。“我一直把它带在身上,”维姬毫不犹豫地说。“我想我们都留着自己的这些(优点)单子。”

19就在那个时候,我终于坐下来,哭了,为马克,也为所有永远不能再见到他的那些朋

友而流泪。’

母语

l 我是个作家。顾名思义,我是那种一直喜爱语言的人。我对日常生活中的语言着迷。

我用大量的时间来思考语言的力量——它是如何唤起情感、描绘视觉图像、阐述复杂的观

点或者展示简单的事实的。语言是我的谋生工具。我使用所有的英语——在我成长过程中接触过的各种英语。

2 最近, (有件事)使我强烈地意识到我确实在使用各种各样的英语。当时,我正在给

一大群人演说,该演说我已给其他听众作过六次。演说的中心内容是关于我的创作、我的生活、以及我的书((喜福会》。演说进行得很顺利,直到我想起了这次演说与以往的演说

有一个极大的不同,这使得整个演说听起来不对劲。我母亲在演说厅里。这也许是她第一次听我长篇大论,用的是我从未在她面前用过的那种英语——演讲中满是精心构造的、合乎语法的词组,大量名词化结构,过去完成时,条件短语(这些我似乎是突然发现的)。

所有这些我在学校和书本中学到的标准语言结构,都不是我在家里和母亲交谈时使用的英语形式。

3 就在上个星期,我和我母亲一起走在街上,我发现自己又一次注意到了我所用的英

语,也就是我和母亲交谈时所说的英语。我们当时正在谈论新旧家具的价格,我听见自己在说:“不那样浪费钱。(Not waste money that way.)”我丈夫也和我们在一起,他并没有注

意到我英语的变化。随即我就想到了这是为什么。这是因为在我们朝夕相处的20年里,我经常在他面前说这种英语,有时候甚至他也用这种英语和我交谈。这已经成了我们的私人语言,一种只和家人交谈时使用的特殊英语,一种伴随我成长的语言。

4 要知道,我母亲的英语表达能力并不能反映她实际上对英语的理解能力。她看财务报告,听“华尔街周”(一个有关金融新闻的电视节目),每天和她的股票经纪人谈话,而且能轻松地阅读多种书籍。可是我有些朋友跟我说他们只能听懂我母亲50%的话。有些说他们能懂80%到90%。有些说他们一点儿也听不懂,就好像她讲的是纯粹的中文。但是对我而言,我母亲的英语是再清楚、再自然不过的了。这是我的母语。在我听来,她的语言生动、直接,富有洞察力和意象。就是这样的语言帮助我形成了我看问题、表达思想、认识世界的方式。

5 最近,我对于我母亲说的那种英语思考得更多了。跟其他人一样,在他人面前,我一

直把它称作“蹩脚”英语。可是每当我这么说的时候就会因痛苦而畏缩。让我一直不安的是,除了用“蹩脚”一词,我想不出别的方式来形容它,就好像母亲说的英语有缺陷,需要修补,就好像它缺乏某种整体性和完整性。我听说过其他的说法,例如,“有限的英语”。但是这样说听起来也一样不合适,就好像什么都是有限的,就连人们对于说“有限的英语”的人的认识也是有限的。

6 我知道事情的确是这样,因为在我成长的过程中,我母亲“有限的”英语限制了我对

她的了解。我曾为她说的英语而羞愧。我曾以为她的英语反映了她要说的话的质量。也就

是说,因为她表达得不够完善,她的思想也不够完善。而且我有很多实证来支持我的观点:百货公司、银行和饭店里的工作人员不把她当回事,不为她提供优质的服务,假装听不懂她的话,或者甚至假装没听见她讲话。

7 我母亲也早就意识到她说的英语不怎么样。当我15岁的时候,她老让我假装成她给人打电话。我不得不假借她的名义进行咨询,或者甚至是向那些曾对她无礼的家伙抱怨并大喊大叫。有一次是给她在纽约的股票经纪人打电话。她已把一小笔股票投资组合卖掉,而我们刚好要在下个星期到纽约去,那是我们第一次离开加利福尼亚。我只好拿起电话用难以令人相信的、少年的嗓音说:“我是谭夫人。”

8 我母亲就站在我身后悄声说:“为什么他不寄我支票,已经两个星期晚了。很生气他对我撒谎,损失了我的钱。”

9 然后我用标准的英语说:“是的,我对此非常担忧。两个星期之前你就答应把支票寄过来,但是支票仍未寄到。”

10然后母亲的嗓门开始加大:“他想要什么,我到纽约来,当他老板的面说,你欺骗我?”我一边尽力使她平静下来,让她小点声,并同时告诉那个股票经纪人:“我无法再容忍任何借口。如果我没有立刻收到支票,我将在下个星期到纽约的时候和你的经理面谈。”

ll为什么在美国文学中没有更多的亚裔美国人涌现呢?为什么亚裔美国人学习创作性写

作这一课程的人数会如此之少?为什么有如此之多的中国学生学习工科?这些都是我无法

回答的广义上的社会学问题。但是从社会调查中我已经注意到,就整体而言,亚裔学生数学考试的成绩大大好于英语成绩。这使我想到或许还会有别的亚裔美国学生,他们在家里说的英语也可以被说成是“蹩脚的”或者“有限的”。也许也会有老师试图引导他们放弃

写作,学习数学和理科,就如同我当年那样。幸好,我生性叛逆,乐于证明人们对我的看法是错误的,我喜欢这种挑战。在我被录取为医学预科生之后,我在大学的第一年就成了一名英语专业的学生。

P a r t T h r e e

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

Enriching Your Word Power

1)C 2)A 3)C 4)B 5)B 6)A 7)C 8)A 9)A 10)A

P a r t F 0 U r

WRITING AND TRANSLATlON

Translation Practice

1)另一方面,打电话更快捷,所以当你需要很快得到一个答复时,电话更合适些。

2)一些最精彩的信是灵感突现时写的,所以要把文具放在你能坐几分钟、很快给朋友

写短信的地方。

3)一封手写的信,装在一个不是账单的信封中,在我们的朋友劳累了一天疲惫地回家

的时候等候在她的路上,信中的话将帮助她消除一天的辛劳。这是一份多么美好的礼物啊。

4)有时你无法记住说过的全部议论,因为电话里说的话是转瞬即逝的,而且不能像珍

藏的信件那样,可以保存起来以备以后阅读。

5)很多成年人一直保留着多年前他们还是孩子时收到的几页纸,他们中的一些人还不

管走到哪里都随身带着。是什么促使他们这么做的呢?答案就是欣赏。

6)利用一切机会表扬别人,因为这会使他们更自信,激发他们的积极性。这还会使你

成为一个在他们的人生中有重要影响的人。

Writing

Is writing Better than Calling

Sample 1:

The conventional way of sending messages is writing a letter.Though it takes a lot of time, it is one of the most commonly used ways of communication.With the development of science and technology, the telephone emerged and it becomes SO popular that it is indispensable in our daily life..

It is difficult to say which is better.Every means of communication has its advantages and disadvantages.Writing a letter is not only a means of communication,but also a kind of pleasure. What is more,me letters can be kept and read again and again.Sometimes they are inspiring,and sometimes they are encouraging.You can write a lot of things in a letter and it does not cost you much to mail it.But it is slow,and you have to wait a long time to get a response from your friends.On the other hand,making telephone calls is much faster,SO they are more appropriate when you need a quick reply.They also enable you to hear your friends’voice,which gives you a wonderful feeling.It is so easy just to pick up the phone and call whereas writing takes more energy.But telephoning is expensive,and sometimes you cannot remember all the comments that are made because calls are transient,and cannot be kept for reading later like treasured letters.

So it is very hard to say which is better.The only thing we can do is to make a wise choice between writing and calling according to the situation.

(258words) Sample 2:

Are letters better than telephone calls? My answer is yes.

My first reason is mat letters can be kept for a long time.I treasure all the letter。from my friends and reread them in my spare time.To me they are the symbols of friendship. Every time I feel exhausted or lonely,they give me encouragement and strength.Letters are an inspiring source of courage.

My second reason is that the words in the letters are written after rumination,while calls are not.When you write a letter you have enough time to think about how to express your ideas, so you won’t say anything that shouldn’t be said.But when you are talking on the phone,sometimes you say something unconsciously that you may regret,or you may make a comment misunderstood or that hurts your friend.

For some cases,such as love letters,writing is more romantic·Words on a page seem more

expressive.Sometimes you feel more confident writing your feelings than conveying them over the phone.

(172 words) Words I Will Never Forget

Whenever I listen to the inspiring song“Cordial Hero”,I escape into the past.I think about many extraordinary days 1 went through.In those days when 1 was pessimistic,overwhelmed with difficulties,the song would summon up my courage and uplift me.Then,I could feel that my strength was reinforced and that my body had a renewed source of energy.1 would be more confident and ready to handle everything. The following words gave me great encouragement:‘‘How can we see a rainbow without a storm? No one can succeed without effort.”When 1 was worried about tests.when

1 was misunderstood or criticized by others,or when things went against my expectations,the song seemed to say to me:Listen,life isn’t a wide smooth road,there will be some muddy paths ahead.No one can avoid this.Instead we should be grateful to difficulties because they enable US to mature.With each challenge being overcome we learn to get over our problems more easily.

Many years have flown by,and many things have passed.But this beautiful song and its expressive words are always around me and encouraging me to brave the storm. (195words) Sample 2:

1 was raised in the countryside by my grandmother.She was a very courageous and inspiring woman and was very beautiful,too.In comparison with her and some of my classmates,I always felt that 1 was not pretty.In fact,when 1 was in middle school,I thought 1 was ugly and because of these negative feelings 1 was not very confident.I often felt self-conscious.

One day when 1 was walking with my grandmother,we met one of her friends.We talked for a few minutes.Just as my grandmother’S friend was about to leave,she turned to me and said,“Xiaowen,you look very beautiful today in that green dress.’’ No one had ever made a comment like that to me before.It was so encouraging.Suddenly I felt confident and happy.I couldn’t believe that some one would describe me as beautiful.It’S true that those words turned my life around.And I admit that I treasured that green dress for a long time.

(171 words) Unit 3

从文化角度看性别角色

l 在过去的几十年里,已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实:构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴

柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的

过程中,每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止,数量之多数以百计,这一切都带有文化的烙

印,成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说,别人教孩子如

何恰如其分地行事,男有男的规矩,女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的,因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样

各不相同。

2 例如,最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示,在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱

的文化偏见。据研究人员反映,这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的,但它确实存在,并每年

都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱,戴维·赛德克博士

和迈拉·赛德克博士,夫妇两个录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示,许多自

认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现,从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生

课程,都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响,因为总的来说,那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心,并能在今后取得

更大的成就。事实上,在20世纪60年代末期,当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后,教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论,而女生积极参与的程度

则明显下降。近年来,在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况:与男生相比女生

处于次要的地位。

3 赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示,教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子布

置不同的任务,这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如,有位教

师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时,不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”,而让女孩子只是做一些安置材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面,这些

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4 美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是,男孩擅长数学和自然科学,这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”,而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题,而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前

一直比男孩强,但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特

征是文化造成的,而非遗传原因。例如,在德国,读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性

的”,于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本,由于早期教育似乎不分性别,女

孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。

5 在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如,有一项研究显示了这样一种

情况:让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片,然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远,这时男

孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多,女孩指出的范围很有限,而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩

那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力,这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的;对女孩的

教育使她们对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧,而且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩

加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是,在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更

依赖教师,更注重的是作业的形式和整洁而不是内容,更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正

确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子

除睡眠以外的大部分时间,社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观,并按其传统的、

期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。

Post-Reading

◇Reading Comprehension

1.Understanding the Organization of the 1'ext

1)Introduction (para.1)

It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity and culture.

2)There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls.(para.2—4) Supporting evidence:

A.Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students.(para.2) i、Its consequence:This has a tremendous impact on the learning process. ii, the reason for this:Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement.

iii)Two examples:

a.In many of the former all—women’S colleges,the boys were “taking over”the classroom discussions and active participate by women students had diminished noticeably.

b.A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.

B.Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles. (para.3)

i) Its consequence:This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.

ii、An example:A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific‘‘experiment”

while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away.

C.Gender-biased education is also reflected in the typical American teacher’s assumption. (para.4)

i)The assumption:Boys will do better in the “hard”, “masculine”, subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills. ii)Three examples:

a.American boys do develop reading problems,while girls,who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine,fall behind from then on.

b.In Germany,all students are considered “masculine”, and it is girls who develop reading problems.

C.In Japan,where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girla and biys do equally well in reading.

3、The educational bias begins at home.(para.5)

A.Supporting evidence:

i)Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much wider area than girl preschoolers.

ii)Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills,while girls are filled with fears of world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of their “goodness” and obedience to rules.

B.The consequence when these lessons carry over from the home to the classroom:Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its content, and more anxious about being “right” in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original.

C.Conclusion:Through the educational process that occupies most of the child’s waking hours,society reinforces its established values and turns out each sex in its traditional and expected mold.

2.Understanding Specific Information

1)C 2)B 3)D 4)B 5)C 6)D

3.Questions for Group Discussion

Samples:

1)一Yes,I think so.As far as I know, most boy students in China do better in math and science.It is fully demonstrated by the number of boy students who have won prizes in the Olympic Science Contests and by the ratio of boy students to girl students in science departments in colleges and universities.

--I don’t think I can answer the question by a simple“yes”or“no”.

With more girls receiving higher education and going to graduate school,it won’t be difficult to find girls who are really good in math and science courses.As we can see in our university,there are quite a few female math professors and also female professors specialized in science and engineering.Besides,many boys are found to have developed excellent language and reading skills.However it’s true that science and engineering departments have more boy students while departments of humanities have more girls.Anyway if we look at and compare the current numbers of boys and girls in these departments with the numbers in the past.we can find the fiend is

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Unit 1 Personality V ocabulary 1. 1) self-conscious 2) self-confidence 3) self-esteem 4) self-destructive 5) self-worth 6) self-concept 7) Self-awareness 8) self-assurance/self-confidence 2. 1)B 2)I 3)L 4)A 5)H 6)D 7)E 8)N 9)J 10)M 11)C 12)F 13)G 14)K 3. 1) profound 2) jealousy 3) numerous 4) overweight 5) overcome 6) eventually 7) slim 8) compliments 9) diminish 10) reassurance 11) detrimental 12) isolated 13) self-esteem 14) accented 4. 1) reflected 2) concerned/worried 3) profound effect/influence 4) viewed/regarded 5)sensitive 6) respond/react 7)eliminated 8)overcome my fear 9) concentrate on 10) made no comment Translation 1) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) In general children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) When the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life. 5) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father. 6) He finally failed to live up to his parents’expectations. 7) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. Part Four Writing and Translation 2. Translation Practice

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Unit(1) 1.The doctor’s discovery will have a ( profound深度的;知识渊博的) influence on mankind. 2.She was overwhelmed with ( jealousy妒忌) when she heard that he had been given a promotion. 3.I went to the beach ( numerous 很多的) times last summer. 4.You are ( overweight 超重的) and so you should eat less. 5.When you learn a second language you have many difficulties to ( overcome战胜;克服). 6.If you keep practicing ,you might ( eventually最后,终于) become a good dancer. 7.Exercising is one of the ways of keeping ( slim苗条的). 8.She asked us all what we thought of her new hairstyle ,but she was only looking for ( compliments赞美;恭维). 9.The amount of water in the pond will ( diminish减少;减弱) as the dry season continues. 10.Mary’s comforting words provided the ( reassurance恢复自信) I needed . 11.They are worried that their decision might prove to be ( detrimental影响) to the future of the company. 12.When a person has an infectious disease ,he is usually ( isolated孤独;隔绝的) from other people. 13.This type of unsympathetic无同情心的approach can destroy a child’s confidence and ( self-esteem自尊;自负) . 14.Throughout his speech ,he(accented口音;强调) the seriousness of the situation. Unit(3) 1.We are ( constantly不间断的) reminded of his success. 2.The change in leadership will have a huge ( impact影响;作用) on government policy. 3.The financial ( burden重负) will be more evenly shared. 4.( Candidly坦率地;自然的) ,David, I think you’re being unreasonable. 5.Seeing my work completed successfully gives me a strong sense of ( fulfillment完成;履行;实现). 6.The company had 143 ( salaried领薪水的) staff, most of whom it could no longer afford to keep. 7.She expressed ( resentment埋怨;不满) at being interviewed by a social worker. 8.He’s been running the company with the ( assistance帮助) of his son. 9.She needs to ( perfect完美的) her Arabic before going to work in Cairo. 10.Harry could scarcely ( suppress禁止,隐瞒) a smile. Unit(4) 1.I have got the Key ( in case也许;免得) we want to go inside. 2.( Every so often有时;偶尔),she spends a weekend in London. 3.His punishing累人的work schedule had made him ( resort to诉诸于;采取) drugs. 4.Let's(talk over说服;讨论;商量)the problem with our teacher. 5.Maybe we can forget what has happened and (start over重新开始). 6.They were claiming record profits when, (in reality事实上),the company was close to bankruptcy. 7.If we lose the contract, hundreds of jobs are (at stake危险). 8.He(seized on抓住)the suggestions as a way of getting out of his financial difficulties. 9.The bank has offered a reward for any information ( leading to领到) the arrest of the man. 10.After two years spent teaching abroad ,she returned home for a month to (take stock of估计;观察)her life. Unit 5 1.The soldiers(renewed更新的;重建的)the attack after stopping for a little while. 2.The rules of safe driving ( apply运用;申请) to everyone. 3.It's no use being sorry if you (persist坚持)in doing it. 4.The cold winter was (succeeded)by a stormy spring. 5.I can't just (drop使落下;放弃)everything to receive casual visitors. 6.The details of the policy have not been(revealed显示;透露)yet. 7.The sight of the Great Wall filled the visitors with (wonder对……感到疑惑).

新编大学英语4(第二版)Unit 1-Unit 6单元 课文翻译及课后答案详解

课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4) Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀? 1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心,古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么,到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢? 2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人,因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大,有来自拉丁美洲的,也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。 3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后,班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合,而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢?显然,有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且,我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话,而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话:―我喜欢笑话,但我讲不好,也总是记不住。‖有些人比别人更有幽默感,就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲,而且讲了一个笑话,就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱,而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。 4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家,并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗,但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且,她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母,当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时,布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室,并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去,一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来,布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子,从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑,无疑是在说:―啊哈,你又上了我的当。‖ 5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫(即背景),接下来是主干部分(即故事情节),随后便是妙语(即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾)。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分,这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分,而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言,则有助于增强效果。 6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式,进行分析,从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说,最常见的幽默有以下几种,包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。 7 ―滑稽剧‖是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当,常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士:―昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁?‖那位男士回答道:―那可不是什么贵妇,那是我老婆。‖这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇,也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话,观众都知道要说什么,而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。 8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到,无论是在乡村的小舞台上,还是在北京最大的剧院里,抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。 9 ―俏皮话‖不像滑稽剧那样浅显,它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时,第一位绅士问道:―这是Wembley (温布利)吗?‖―不,‖第二位绅士说:―是Thursday (星期四)。‖―我也是,‖第三位说道,―让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。‖我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背,因此会把Wembley(温布利)听成了Wednesday(星期三),把Thursday(星期四)听成了thirsty(渴了),这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。 10 著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏 皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中,一位老师说: ―你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业?‖那位年轻的 学生回答道:―我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的 名字改成自己的了。‖在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里, 一位生气的父亲问道:―告诉我,1加2等于几?‖ 儿子说:―我不知道。‖这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道: ―比方说,你、你妈妈和我,我们加起来一共是几个, 傻瓜?‖儿子得意地回答道:―是三个傻瓜。‖ 这些 故事无论是漫画还是笑话,是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演 员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲,都为各地人们所喜 爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事,因为它们贴近现实 生活,而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。 11 双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧 是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些 批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默,但我不同意这 种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细 微、更巧妙的语言技巧;然而,简单的双关语甚至 很小的孩子也能利用。例如,谜语或脑筋急转弯问 题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节,而且更多 地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。 记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人 问:―什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的?‖另外 一个人通常猜不出来,于是问道:―我不猜了。是什 么呀?‖出谜语的人回答:―是报纸。‖如果你知道在 英语中―red(红色)‖和―read(读)‖的读音一样但 意思完全不同,答案就很明显了。 12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES (法语中的―一语双 关‖)是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重 意思。两个意思往往很不相同,一个比较恰当,另 一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个 关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场 上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教 师对学生们说;―我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场 上接吻。‖听到笑声,她意识到她没有把意思表达清 楚,于是补充说:―我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子 下面发生接吻这样的事了。‖当然,这个解释并没有 纠正她的第一句话,反而使这个笑话的双重含义变 得更加好笑。 13 一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏 智慧,不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有 色情意味或粗俗的语言,而且觉得大多数幽默家缺 乏创造性。的确,现在有些幽默令人震惊,但我认 为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的,它 还会继续生存下去,只因为每天都有有趣的事情发 生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事 情,并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故 事。 V ocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1)certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 1 我当体育编辑,最早是为蒙比利埃(俄亥俄州) 的《企业导报》工作,当时我很少收到体育迷的来 信。因此,一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸 引住了。 2 打开来信,我看到了下面的话:―关于老虎队的 述评很不错,再接再厉。‖签名的是体育编辑堂?沃 尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子(为每一竖 栏写一英寸文字,稿酬总计达15美分),因此他的 话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉 里,后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不 是当作家的料时,重温一下堂的便笺,就又会树起 信心来。 3 后来,我逐渐对堂有所了解,知道给各行各业 的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他 告诉我说:―当我使别人充满信心时,我也感觉好极 了。‖ 4 因此毫不奇怪,他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利 湖那么大。去年他去世了,享年75岁。电话与悼 函像潮水般涌向报社,都来自于曾经得到过他激励 (文字)的人们。 5 多年来,我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友,他 们关心别人,常写一些鼓舞人心的话语,因为我觉 得,他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷 漠、无动于衷的世界上,这种便笺给人们带来了温 暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励,大家知道几 行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天,甚至一生。 6 那么,这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若 晨星呢?我猜想很多人回避写,是因为他们太看重 人们的看法。他们担心会被误解,怕别人觉得他们 自作多情或者言不由衷。还有,写也要花时间,远 不如打电话方便。 7 当然打电话的缺点是:说过的话留不住。而一 张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白 纸黑字记录在案的东西,而且我们写下的字可以反 复阅读,细细品味并珍藏起来。 8 尽管写便笺会多花一些时间,但一些非常忙的 人也在这么做,其中包括乔治?布什。有人说,他政 治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备 写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢?在他整个职业生涯 中,每次与人们接触之后,他几乎都随后写封信, 内容亲切——一句赞美之辞,一行表扬的话,或一 段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事,还写给萍水相 逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他 的人,后来收到他热情的赞扬信,感到很惊讶。 9 那些通常做作的公司高层经理们,其领导作风 只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人 也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心,且从中获益匪浅。 唐纳德?彼得森,福特公司的前主席,把每天写便笺 鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时 走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。―我只不过匆匆 地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话,然后 传递出去,‖他说道。―每天最重要的一段时间,就 是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。‖ 10 ―太多的时候,‖他发表自己的看法说,―那些 我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们 的。太多的时候,我们会以为,我并没有说过什么 批评的话,为什么非得去说好话呢?我们忘了,人 类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上,我们靠这个 取得进步,获得成功!‖ 11 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢?只 要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的 高手都具有我所谓的―4S‖技巧。 12 1)真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。 13 2)简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你 的意思,你很可能过火了,写得太长。 14 3)具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴―演讲

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