英語應用文寫作之便條寫法
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：184 更新時間：2007-2-26
便條是一種簡單的書信。雖然內容簡單，但卻有其獨特的風格。主要目的是為了儘快的吧最新的資訊、通知、要求或者活動的時間、地點轉告給對方。常見的便條有收條、欠條、留言和請假條等。
便條可以有題目，也可以省略題目。
便條開篇須有稱呼語，但稱呼可以比較隨便。
日期部分可寫在便條的右上角。
日期的簽署通常只需寫星期幾或星期幾的上午、下午，也可只寫上午或下午和具體時間。只寫日期也可以。
便條結尾須署上留條人的姓名，位置在正文的右下角。
便條的形式和內容簡潔，故可以用幾句話概括。
文內語言儘量通俗口語化，簡單扼要，直截了當，無需使用客套語言。
便條雖簡單，但中心務必突出，更要註明活動的時間及地點。
便條不需郵寄，不用信封。通常請人代為轉交。有時可寫在留言板和留言簿上。
基本寫作格式
便條內容和類型不盡相同，可以靈活變通。但各類便條必須包括以下幾個基本要素；1）Date：便條日期2）Salutation：稱呼3）Body：正文4）Signature：署名
樣例
收條：即收到錢物之後，給交錢或送物人寫張字據，說明已經收到某物，可留作證據。條據上需寫明錢物名稱和數量、立據人及日期。不得塗改。
Jan.23rd,2003Received from Student, Wang Zihao one hundred yuan only for this months tuition fee.
Li ManFor the Finance Office ofForeign Language Institute
欠條；留下字據，表示欠某人某物。條據上需寫明錢物名稱和數量、立據人及日期。不得塗改。
Sept. 16th, 2002Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows:A copy of History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu WeirenA copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang YaoxinA copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen
Wu Zhuo
For the Office of
Social Science Department
留言；用書面留下要說的話。留言涉及的方面很多，包括約會，通知，請求等任何可用便條留下的口信。
TuesdayDear Li,As the Spring Festival is drawing near, Im very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours. Im sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly.Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m. today, to Room 6 of Lijing Hotel?
Yours always, Jiayang
請假條：往往指由於生病或特殊情況不能親自當面請假，用假條的形式告假。所以，請假條大多是病假條。可以自寫，也可請他人代寫。寫假條最重要的是說明原因和請假的期限。
Jan. 10thDear Ms. Jiang,I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this mornings two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever. Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days. I will go back to school as soon as I recover.
Yours respectfully,Tian Ye
常用句子I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.如您方便，請早日來電，我將不勝感激。
Delighted!Will call at 2 p.m. tomorrow.來條收悉，定於明天下午兩點拜訪。
Encl.: Doctors Certificate of Advice.附；醫生證明I shall be bery happy to call at your house at 6:30 this everying. Until then,...我定於今晚6：30去你家，望等候。
Upon receiving this note, please come to my office.見條後，請立即來我辦公室。
Mr. Li stands in urgent need of your service.李先生急需你的幫助。
I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan.我因有急事，需要200元。
Yours note with an admission ticket enclosed is much appreciated.留言和一張入場券均已收到，不勝感激。
Im very grateful to you for your kind invitation, and Im sure to come to see your concert.承蒙邀請觀看你們的音樂會，我一定按時到場。
Please accept this little figt as a small token of my esteen for you.奉上這小小的禮物，以表達我對您的崇高敬意。
結束語I trust my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience.望我的缺席不會給你帶來太大的不便。
Please favor me with an early reply.敬請早復。
Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.希望能及早處理此事。
Please give an extension of leave for three days.請准予續假三天為盼。
Thesis Statement
作者：崔淑珍副教授來源：未知點擊數：497 更新時間：2007-2-18
What is a thesis statement?
A thesis statement is a single declarative sentence that contains the main points, or controlling ideas, of what you are to write. It governs the development of a whole composition just as a topic sentence governs the organization of a paragraph. It can never be a phrase, or a dependent clause, or a question. A good thesis should be clear and specific. It must show clearly what you want to tell your readers; it must be on a particular aspect of the topic.
Besides, it must reveal your attitude toward the topic.
Here are the features of an effective thesis statement:
1. It is the most important statement –the writer?s attitude or opinion on the subject – in the introduction.
2. It is expressed in clear and specific terms.
3. It may indicate the pattern of organization.
4. It often contains controlling ideas or subdivisions that will be used in the topic sentences of the essay.
5. It can never be in a question; it must be a complete declarative sentence.
Exercises:
Work out at least three theses for each of the following topics:
1. The importance of a family
2. The significance of learning English
3. The skills of job hunting
4. Today?s television commercials
5. Honesty and friends-making
6. An Exciting Trip I?ve Experienced
7. My Favorite Teacher at College
8. The Most Unforgettable Day in My Life
9. On Friendship
10. On the Teacher-Student Relationship
11. My Opinion on Having a Part-time Job
12. My Opinion on the Present Examination System
13. The Role of Women in Modern China
14. Work and Play
15. Smoking and Health
16. No Pains, No Gains
17. Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way
語寫作－－對立法（1）
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：234 更新時間：2006-7-22
文章開頭首先引出人們對要討論的問題的不同看法，然後提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那個看法。對立法的句型多用於有爭議性的主題。
1 When asked about..., the vast / overwhelming majority of
most / many / quite a few people say
think
believe
answer
1 that.... But other people regard / view / see / think of.. . as....
I think /view quite / a bit differently.
1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology.
當問起世界上現在最大的問題是什麼，許多人說是嚴重的能源危機。他們擔心人類不久會用完石油、發生食品短缺！但有些人則持樂觀的看法。他們把能源危機看成是經濟發展的自然結果，而且只有隨著經濟和技術的進一步發展才能得以解決。
1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, most college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a comfortable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials.
當問起畢業後幹什麼，大多數大學生說，他們會找一個能給他們帶來許多錢和舒適生活的工作。在一家大銀行或大的公司裏工作是他們所嚮往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要選擇一個能夠發揮我的才能的職業。
2 When It comes to..., some people think/believe that....
Others argue /claim that
The/2 opposite /reverse are true. There Is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but....
2.1 When it comes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game, some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contest encourage false national pride and lead in misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood.
當說到國際體育比賽，諸如奧林匹克運動會和世界盃足球賽，有些人認為它能增進國與國之間的友善。如果許多國家在一起比賽交流，他們就會知道怎麼一起生活。但另一些人則持相反的觀點。他們認為國際體育競賽只會造成虛假的民族自豪感，導致相互間的誤解和仇恨。這兩種觀點可能都有點道理，但是從最近幾年的奧林匹克運動會來看，很少能證明體育運動可以增進國與國之間的友好感情。
2.2 In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the life of the terminally ill, some people, including some doctors, say that the quality of life is as important as
life itself, and that people should in be forced to go on living when the conditions of life have become unbearable. They argue that people should be allowed to die with dignity and decide when they want to die. However those who are in favor of life-extending measures argue that life under any circumstances is better than death and that the duty of doctors is always to extend life as long as possible. There is probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamors for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia seem increasingly strong.
在最近幾十年，醫學技術的進步使得人類有可能比過去活得長了。但是當論及延長一個無可挽救、瀕臨死亡的人的生命是否必要時，有些人，包括有些醫生認為生命的品質和生命本身同樣重要；當病情已變得不堪忍受了，就不應迫使這些人再活下去。他們堅持說應允許一個人尊嚴地死去，允許他們決定什麼時候死。但是贊成採取延長生命的方法的人認為在任何情況下生總比死好；一個醫生的責任就是盡可能延長一個人的生命。或許雙方都有點道理，但是最近公眾要求對自願安樂死合法化的呼聲似乎越來越高。
英語寫作－－觀點法（1）
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：171 更新時間：2006-7-22
文章開門見山，直截了當提出作者對文章要討論的問題的觀點，也即文章的中心思想。以下就是常用的句型。
25 Nothing / Few things
No idea / opinion belief / view / attitude is
are more / as foolish
dangerous
untrue
undesirable
basic
important
essential
25 than
as ... (which is widely
commonly
generally held by...).
25.1 Nothing, we have been told these years, is more educative than participating in or listening to an exchange of opinion. The seminar, the conference, the lecture, the panel discussion on the radio ------ how fine, how liberating, how instructive they are to us all, to the participants and to those at their receiving sets. They can not only acquaint one with many facts, but help deepen one's understanding of social phenomena and relationships, and broaden one's outlook.
這些年來我們都感到沒有什麼比參加一個討論或聽聽別人的思想交流更有教育意義的
了。大型討論會，大型會議講座以及電臺直播室的討論對我們所有人，對參加者或是聽眾都是那麼美妙，那麼有意義，有啟迪作用。這些討論不僅使我們了解了許多事實，而且有助於加深對各種社會現象和關係的理解，開闊眼界。
25.2 Few things seem to stir up more fear among today's young people than the prospect of a military draft. Feelings of patriotism are articulated much more freely now, but there seems little enthusiasm for military conscription, and no one wants to spend several years in the armed forces engaged in activities which have nothing to do with their future work.
似乎沒有什麼比要服兵役更使青年人擔心了。現在到處洋溢著愛國主義的情感，但對服兵役卻沒什麼熱情，沒有人想在部隊裏待幾年，去從事與他未來的工作沒什麼關係的活動。
25.3 Perhaps no issue in this world is as basic to individual and national survival as food. But China in recent years has experienced a serious waste of food in one way or another. Especially in many big cities, this waste has become habitual and traditional, to the extent that people are seldom aware of it in their daily life.
可能在這個世界上沒有什麼問題比糧食對一個人乃至整個國家的生存更為重要的了。但在中國，近年來各種各樣嚴重浪費糧食的現象比比皆是。尤其在許多大城市裏，這種浪費已成為習慣性和傳統性了，以致人們在日常生活中已習以為常了。
26 Never
Nowhere in history
the world
China has the issue
change
idea of .... been more
as visible
evident
popular than ...
as ...
26.1 Nowhere in the world has the issue of birth control been more evident than in China. The nation is faced with such serious situation as the one in which its population is increasing much faster than the supply of food and available resources.
世界上沒有一個地方比中國的計劃生育問題更突出的了。這個國家正面臨著十分嚴峻的形勢，其人口增長的速度正大大超過糧食供應的速度和自然資源供應的速度。
26.2 Nowhere has the great principle of equality been so thoroughly put in practice as in China, and nowhere have such persistent efforts been made to improve the legal status of women. In spite of this, however, women in many places are still denied the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.
世界上沒有一個地方比中國把平等這個偉大的原則更徹底地貫徹到實踐中去，沒有像中國作出如此堅持不懈的努力來提高婦女的法律地位。儘管如此，在許多地方中國的婦女還是沒有權利和男子在同等條件下競爭工作，沒有平等的機會得到晉陞。
26.3 Never in the nation's history have the stakes involving our education been higher than rim. From energy crises to air pollution, and from the improvement of the standard of living to space exploration, the approaching world of the 21st century bristles with challenges whose resolution, for better or worse, will depend largely on the quality of education.
在這個國家的歷史上教育從來沒有像現在這樣對我們如此利害攸關。從能源危機到環境污染，從生活水準的提高到空間探索，即將到來的21世紀充滿了種種挑戰。要戰勝那些挑戰，不論怎麼樣，在很大程度上取決於教育的品質。
英語寫作－－引用法（2）
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：150 更新時間：2006-7-22
34 "...." That's how one college student
official
housewife
father described
commented
complained
criticized ...
34 He / She is hardly alone in the experience
Many people have shared the experience like this
34.1 "All I have learnt in college is junk. " That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed into useful job skills.
“我在大學器學的都是廢物。”這是一位大學畢業生在說起自己在尋找工作中不斷受挫時所發的怨言。他的經歷不只是個別的，有無數大學畢業生抱怨他們拿到的學位在找一份適宜的工作時起不了什麼作用，學校裏學到的知識不能轉變為有用的工作技能。
34.2 "It's like being bitten to death by ducks." That's how one mother described her constant squabbles with her fourteen-year-old daughter. And she is hardly alone in the experience. According to a poll, the relations between parents and teenagers are frequently marked by squabbling, naming and arguing despite considerable love between them. What causes this verbal behavior, and which party is at fault: the adolescent or the adult?
“就像一隻鴨子似的把我吵死了！”這是一位母親在形容她和自己14歲的女兒時常爭吵時說的話。這種情況不止她遇到。根據一項民意調查，儘管父母親和他們的未成年的孩子都互相非常愛對方，但在日常生活中他們卻經常吵嘴，責罵不休。怎麼會造成這些相互間的爭執？誰對，誰錯，是大人抑或未成年的孩子？
35 "...." The same idea
complaint
attitude is voiced
echoed
shared by....
35.1 "Spendable money is better off spent. The cast of living is going up so fast, it is better to spend money now on things we would normally put off buying. "That's how my neighbor, a steel worker complained of soaring inflation. His view is now echoed by more and more working people who buy more things that they don't really need than put money into savings accounts that pay interests far below the pace of inflation.
“能用的錢最好還是用光。現在生活費上漲很快，與其是推遲買的，不如現在就買下來。”這是我的一個在鋼鐵廠工作的鄰居在抱怨物價飛漲時說的。他的觀點已得到越來越多的工人的贊同。人們爭相買東西，甚至買些並不十分需要的東西，而並不把錢存入銀行。這是因為存銀行所得的利息遠遠不及通貨膨脹的速度。
35.2 "Lei Feng died already," said by sane people whenever they deplored the fact that nowadays no one in the street will come to a person's assistance when he is in trouble or in danger. The same view is voiced by many people who complain about the decline in the moral standards in recent years and hope the spirit of Lei Feng (1939---1962), a model soldier who devoted his short life to the public good will stay with us.
“雷鋒早已死了。”每當有些人看到現在一個人在街上遇險或碰到困難而無人相助時，不禁發出的如此感嘆。許多人都持這種觀點，他們抱怨近幾年道德水準日趨下降，他們希望雷鋒（1939－1962）——這個把自己短暫的一生都用來為人民服務的模範戰士的精神還活在人們中間。
36 "...." How often we hear
We are used to hearing
Many people have heard (such) statement
words
complaint like
as this
those.
36.1 "Social attitude toward women has changed a lot." How often these days we hear the statement like this. Twenty or thirty years ago it was believed that a women must either many young or risk becoming a spinster. And a woman who did not marry was thought to be inferior and abnormal. However, today's woman has numerous options open to her besides early marriage. Most important, a single woamn is no longer looked down upon by society.
“社會對婦女的態度有了很大的變化。”最近我們常常聽到這樣的說法。二三十年前，人們普遍認為一個女人要麼早早結婚，要麼很可能成為一個老處女。而一個不結婚的女人會被視為不正常或低人一等。然而今天的婦女除了趁年輕結婚外還有許多出路。最重要的是一個單身女子再也不會受社會歧視。
36.2 In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints as this "I've got too much work to do and not enough time to rest" or "the work is too demanding and too exhausting, I wish the others would do it". Don't be misled by the complaint; and don't be deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy. Complaining is just part of working, and it is a manifestation of the pride they take in their unique capacity to conquer the tough job.
現在我們常常聽到那些老一套的怨言：“我要做的事太多了，簡直沒有時間去休息”，“這工作太難了，太累了，真想讓別人去幹。”不要被這些怨言所迷惑，不要誤認為人們不願化力氣。發牢騷正是工作的一部分，它反映了人們對自己處理棘手工作的出眾能力的自豪感。
英語寫作－－比較法（1）
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：226 更新時間：2006-7-22
比較法句型主要用於通過對過去與現在兩種不同傾向、態度和觀點的比較，引出文章要討論的主題。
37 For years
Until recently ... had been
was seen
viewed
regarded as.... But that is changing now.
people are taking a fresh look at it.
37 With the growing
mounting demand for
interest in
concern over ... people....
37.1 For years, offsprings, especially sons had been expected to remain at home permanently, bringing their spouses home to the big, extended family when they got married. But that's changing now. With growing demand for independence and the improved living standard, more and more young people seek to leave the parental family to establish their own households.
多少年來，子女，尤其是兒子一直被希冀永遠待在家裏。當他們結婚後，應把配偶帶回家來，組成大家庭。但現在這已起了變化。由於生活水準的提高和對獨立生活的要求，越來越多的青年追求搬出父母家，建立自己的家庭。
37.2 Until recently the general attitude toward daydreaming remained hostile. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now sane people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. They think it may contribute to intellectual growth and lead to the attainment of actual goals.
不久前人們對白日做夢一般還是持批評的態度，認為它浪費時間，是逃避現實生活及其責任的一種不健康的傾向。但現在有人對此持一種新的看法。他們認為白日做夢有助於智力
的發展，能引導人們實現要達到的目標。
37.3 Until recently, discoveries in science and technology had been thought of as the result of dramatic accidents. But the view is changing now. Contrary to the notion of "instant" scientific discoveries, distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years.
以前，科學技術的發現一直是被看成帶有戲劇性的偶然結果。現在這種觀點正在改變。與這種“瞬息”的科學發明的看法相反，偉大的科學成就不僅僅是機會，而且是長年累月換而不捨、孜孜不倦的結果。
38 People used to think
It was once thought that.... In the past
old days .... But things are quite different.
few people now share this view.
38.1 People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days. Children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things are quite different. Our youngsters have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member. When people get seriously sick, they are often transferred to a hospital, where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit terminally ill patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death, an experience very important to one's life.
人們過去生在家裏，死在家裏。過去，生與死作為生活一部分孩子們是經常看到的和聽到的。但現在情況大不相同了。我們年輕人從來看不到嬰兒的降臨，也體驗不到一個家人的死去。當人患了重病，他們常被送往醫院，而孩子們通常在醫院是不受歡迎的，是
不允許探視臨終的病人的。這就剝奪了孩子對死亡的體會，而這個體會對人生來說是十分重要的。
38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a greenhouse effect, and raising the world's average temperature.
過去人們認為大氣污染只影響工廠密集、交通繁忙的大城市周圍地區。現在我們懂得雖然這些地區空氣污染最嚴重，但這一問題實際上卻是全球性的。燃燒煤和油使大氣裏的二氧化碳成份增加，這就帶來了溫室效應，使世界平均氣溫上升。
英文書信寫作指南
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：282 更新時間：2006-7-22
英文書信和中文書信的寫作有那些不同呢？
信封(Envelop)
與中文信封相反，英文信封上收信人的地址和姓名寫在信封的中間，發信人的地址和姓名寫在信封的左上角，或信封背面。
英文書信的地址應從小寫到大，先寫門牌號碼，再寫街道、城鎮、省或州及郵政編碼，最後是國家名稱。國家名稱的每一個字母都要大寫。
信頭/個人信頭(Letterhead/Personal Letterhead)
公司信紙上一般都印有其名稱、地址和聯繫號碼，這就是通常所說的信頭。在沒有信頭的普通信紙上寫信，作者就需要寫明回郵地址和聯繫號碼。
封內日期(Date Line)
封內日期是寫信或打字時的日期。封內日期寫在信頭或作者地址的下兩行。
封內地址(Inside Address)
封內地址是收信人的地址，包括姓名，職務(如適用)，公司名稱(如適用)，街道名稱或信箱號，城市，州或省，郵政編碼和國家。
封內地址通常寫在左手邊，在日期線和稱呼之間。
稱呼(Salutation)
稱呼是一封信開頭對收信人的稱呼，寫在封內地址或提示句下兩三行。稱呼後可以寫冒號或逗號。
在商業信函或其他正式書信中，用冒號。
在非正式書信中，稱呼後用逗號。(注意：儘量避免使用“To Whom It May Concern”或“Dear Sir or Madam”,因為這種稱呼已經過時，並且不很友好。改進方法是爭取確定收信人的姓名，或使用“Dear Human Resources Manager”，“Dear Friends”這樣的稱呼。在給律師或外交領事寫信時，可以使用“Esquire”或“Esq.”這樣的頭銜，但它們不應出現在稱呼中。同樣，如果收信人的姓名後面有“Jr.”或“Sr.”，如“George Bush, Jr.”也不能把它們包含在稱呼中。)
頭銜(Titles)
除非寫信人與收信人熟到可以直呼其名，通常要在收信人名字前加上“Mr.”，“Professor”等表示禮貌的頭銜。
提示句(選擇性)Attention Line(optional)
提示句的用途是指明把信送給某個具體的人或部門處理，儘管信是寫給這個組織的。另外，在指明的收信人不在時，它也允許組織中其他人查看信的內容。提示句通常寫在封內地址的下兩行或封內地址的上面。
主題句(選擇性)Subject Line(optional)
主題句簡要說明信的內容。通常寫在封內地址和稱呼之間。如果寫信人不知道收信人的姓名，也可以用主題句代替稱呼。為了收到最佳效果，可以給主題句加下劃線，或大寫主題句。
正文(Body of the Letter)
正文的格式多種多樣。商業信函最好使用齊頭式。而私人信件通常不用齊頭式。在齊頭式書信中，全部內容包括日期和信尾問候語，都從左側頂格開始。段落開頭不空格，各段之間空兩行。
修正齊頭式，是使用最為廣泛的一種格式，商業和私人信件都可以使用，儘管在私人信件中不一定要寫回郵地址和封內地址。使用沒有印刷信頭的普通信紙時，這種格式最合適。與齊頭式不同，發信人地址、日期，信尾問候語和簽名都從中間開始寫。其餘部分從左邊開始。
寫信人簽名(Writer's Identification/ Signture)
寫信人的簽名、名字和頭銜(如果適用)，寫在信尾問候語同側三四行以下的位置。
附注(Notions)
附注寫在寫信人簽名下兩行的位置，附注包括參考縮寫，附件的數目和內容以及將收到這封信副本的人員名單。附注寫在左側。
信尾問候語(Complimentary Closing)
信尾問候語是寫在信尾的告別話語，例如“Sincerely”，“Sincerely yours”。通常位於正文兩三行以下。第一個單詞的第一個字母要大寫，最後以逗號結尾。
附言(Postscript PS or P.S.)
附言用來說明沒有包括在信中的想法和內容。通常在附注下兩三行的地方，從左側頂格寫起。在促銷和私人信件中，附言也可以用來強調寫信人請求收信人採取的行動和做出的考慮。
How to Write Great emails
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：239 更新時間：2006-7-22
All job-hunting correspondence is important, and the application letter to a long-waited job is especially critical. It is your chance to paint a clear but brief picture of your ideal, perfect job. The aim of this topic is to tell you how to make the content of an application letter really readable to the employers and rewarding to you. Now, let?s begin~
1. Preparatory steps.
Employers are cautious about hiring people because companies can't return employees easily who fail on the job. They have to terminate them and start over, both of which are costly. And so you have to do some preparing job for your writing.
Find out something about the company. Significant data include the size, product or service offered, future plans, and so forth. Use personal contacts if you know someone who works for the company. You may also call the Personnel Office of the company you are interested in and ask for information. Sometimes this works, and sometimes it doesn't, but it is often worth trying. Know what you want to ask before you call---write out questions if that will help you remember when you're nervous. Base your first questions on the job advertisement, and follow up with more general questions. Keep notes of what you found out, and where you found it.
Now you are in a position to start a draft of the letter. You might begin by making two short lists that answer the following questions:
? What do I have to offer them?
? What do they have to offer me?
Don't be alarmed if all you have to offer is a moderately good grade-point average from a decent university in the right major, and all they have to offer is a reasonable salary ---but try to describe the job that offers you more than that: experience in an area of your field that you are interested in or you just want to work for a company that you already know and respect.
2. How to title.
The writing begins since the preparative things have been well done. It is good if you know the interviewer?s surname and gender and if not you may just start the letter this way: “Dear manager…”
3. Information source.
Tell how you get the information, “I learned from the newspaper that …” for example. This will make the letter smooth and natural and also will help the company do its calculating job.
4. Make your application clear.
Here is an example for y our reference. “In applying for the position of sales manager I offer my qualifications, which I believe will meet your demanding requirements.”
And also you may include the reason for applying this position. This may contains two reasons, why leave the present employer and why want the new job. If you do explain the first why please
remember not to over criticize your former boss.
5. Main statement.
This is the most important part of the letter, and here you will have to persuade the employer to hire you.
Get together the necessary information to make a clear statement on your past life. This includes dates, names and locations of companies you have worked for, organizations you have belonged to, colleges and universities you have attended, special honors or scholarships for academic achievement or merit, and so forth. You may want to include other categories, but if you do, don't call them ``others''---that makes them sound unimportant. You can call the category ``Skills'' or the like.
If no resume is enclosed, you can be as specific and detailed as the preceding part. But remember that you needn't tell your whole life story in the letter---the people who read these read many, many of them, and they appreciate people who stick to the point and only write about relevant topics. Unless they relate directly to the job, your hobbies are best left out.
Do organize it in reverse chronological order. Educational history goes into reverse chronological order, as well as job history. Afterwards you should edit your letter to make sure that the content fits the job you want and your personal skills and abilities that are relevant to that job. For example, you may have relevant experiences from a previous job that you want to describe in more detail.
If a resume be added to your letter do cut those unrelated abilities, certificates, qualifications and so on. Just try your best to make it brief and clear.
6. Resolution and contemplation.
Tell them you will work hard and try to be a high-efficiency worker. It is an effective way to move the employer and make them decide to use you.
7. Salary.
It is difficult for one to say what compensation one deserves but some employer may request one to do so. If it is a must you have to make wise judgment and give the for-you-satisfactory base salary. For example:
(1) While I am serving my apprenticeship, I should consider 800RMB per month.
(2) I should require a salary of 2,000RMB a month to begin with.
Use gentle words will be better. But do not show too much humility and apology kind sentiment, do not ask for their advice and do state a definite salary.
For a newly-graduated student he has to know that it is to his profit to get an ordinary job with great chance for promotion than one only with high salary. And there are a lot you may not do well actually for your deficiency of experience, relationship, tact and so on. So do not utter an unpractical and fearful number.
8. Ask for an interview.
Remember that in a job letter you are asking for an interview even only a reply, not for a job. Normally no one will hire you sight unseen, on the basis of a letter and r岢sum岢.
To make it sure that you receive a reply you?d better provide your living address, postal code, email box, phone number and other ways they can conveniently reach you.
There are several examples to follow:
(1) I should appreciate the privilege of a personal interview. I maybe reached by letter at the
address given below.
(2) If my application has convinced you of my ability to satisfy you, I should welcome the opportunity to talk with you, so that you may judge my personal qualifications further.
(3) May I have the opportunity to discuss this matter further with you? My telephone is xxxxxxx. You can reach me between xx and xx o…clock during the day.
9. Say “Thank you”.
Whether or not your application being considered, the reality is that you add trouble to the company and so it is polite for you to say thanks. Thank them for reading your letter and considering the interview with you. Tell them you may call sometime to check whether your letter reached into their hands and the arrangement of the interview. Even they tell you in the phone a not desired result it is better to wait a phone never ring.
10. Attachment.
It depends on the actual case. If a detailed resume or any materials are requested just enclose it within your letter. But do remember to state it clearly. For example：
(1) Materials Enclosed. Please find a resume, a photo and an autobiography.
(2) A copy of my transcript is enclosed.
PS
Your letter is meant to persuade your prospective employer to grant you an interview. These are some rules your letter should conform to:
1. It should be neat.
The letter must be pleasing to the eye---not cramped and crowded-looking. It must be easy and quick to read. The simplest solution to the low return rate is careful word-processing. When you've completed this working draft, set it aside for a few hours and do something else---leaving it overnight is best, if possible. The next day, look it over. You will probably find some things you want to change; perhaps you may have thought of things you want to add. Make these changes and additions right on your working draft. When typed, your letter should fit comfortably on one page.
2. It should sound confident, but not arrogant or shamefaced.
How do you set a confident tone in your writing? Briefly, give information about yourself in a brisk, straightforward way, without a lot of qualification: that is, do say things like, ``I believe my education and experience suit me for the position,'' but not ``I feel I probably meet the qualifications for the position,'' and not, ``I am the one and only candidate for the job.''
Bear in mind that there is no standard formula about the content of an application letter but a range of problems and possibilities, depending on the job you are applying for and your own background and experience. If really want to get a desired and decent job the first thing you have to do is enrich yourself and only under this condition dare I promise you a promising future! Best wishes for you!
怎樣寫好一篇大學英語四級作文
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：69 更新時間：2007-2-24
大學英語作文是衡量學生英語綜合水準和應用能力的一個重要指標，也是大學四級考試的一個重要內容。在整個四級卷面（滿分為100分）中佔15分，考生在這一部分的得分直接決定其四級成績。近年來國家教委又明確規定，四級考試中，如果學生作文得零分，那麼即使前面得了滿分（即85分），其總成績仍將視為不及格。因此寫好一篇文章對參加四級考試的學生來說可謂至關重要，不容輕視。
作文不理想的原因很多，總的看來主要有以下幾個方面的問題：
第一、英語底子太薄。底子太薄主要表現為對語法知識掌握不牢及對基本詞彙記憶不清。它包括定冠詞和不定冠詞的濫用，主謂不一致，單複數搞不清楚（例如：a people等），時態和語態混亂及詞語的各種形式掌握不牢。有的學生文章寫得很長，字跡也很工整，但是讀完之後只覺得思路紊亂，支離破碎，沒有一個完整的句子，所以也就只能得兩三分以慰勞苦。
第二、詞彙量太小，且對已學詞彙記憶不清。除了底子太薄這個歷史原因之外，學生詞彙量太小也是一個不容忽視的原因。有的學生漢語功底很好，用漢語作文，他們就會思如泉涌，下筆千言，但是一到用英語作文就好像被縛住了手腳，不知如何下手。比如99年1月的作文，題目是”Don't Hesitate to Say No”, 大部分學生能夠領會題意並能按給出的漢語提綱作文，但有的學生連Hesitate是什麼意思都不知道，更不用說在此基礎上再作發揮了。另外有的學生雖然對題目及要求非常清楚，但是因為自己所掌握的詞彙所限，無法用一些合適的詞來表達自己的思想，於是只有繞著題目翻來覆去亂說一氣，再加上這次出的作文提綱就象一道繞口令：
1、別人請求幫助時，在什麼情況下我們會說“不”；
2、為什麼有些人在該說“不”的時候不說“不”；
3、該說“不”時不說“不”的壞處。
所以在說過一個又一個的”No”再加幾個”Yes”之後，閱卷老師也給搞得雲裏霧裏，頭腦發脹，最後也只得酌情給個兩三分罷了。還有的一寫到紙上就是錯字別字滿篇，有些詞彙的用法也走了樣。其中最典型的就是for example寫成example for , for instance寫成for a instance, illegal 寫成unlegle, 而such as, in spite of 等許多短語則是亂用一氣。詞彙的有限導致許多學生有口難言，欲說不能，對他們來說，用英語作文實在是一件很頭疼的事情。
第三、缺乏思想，深度不夠。99年1月的考試中很大一部分學生不能得高分還有一個重要的原因，就是他們的作文缺乏思想，深度不夠。很多學生雖然已是大二的學生，甚至是大三大四的學生，但是他們在作文當中所表現出的智力水準與閱歷似乎只相當於一個初高中生。寫出的文章著眼點低，視野狹窄。作為學生，作文著眼於學生之間的關係，反映學生之間的幫忙，這並不為過，但是這種幫忙不能僅僅限於在考試當中的幫忙，而且對這種幫忙都是一
句話”Don't hesitate to say 'No'”。更有相當一部分學生在文章中寫幫忙就是這一次四級考試當中的幫忙。與在校考生比較起來，社會考生應該多了許多社會閱歷，也多了一些見解，但是舉出來的例子也是範圍太窄，大多是講老闆或領導讓幹的事只能答”Yes”而不能回答”No”。其實除了這些，可舉的例子很多，關鍵是要抓住實質。
第四、缺乏應試技巧。缺乏應試技巧，主要表現為有些學生在篇首或篇尾有喊口號傾向（如Dear Friends, let's not hesitate to say”No”）,或畫蛇添足,本來文章該結束
了卻偏要羅囉嗦嗦再來兩句多餘的話；另外一些學生字數把握不準，不是寫得太短就是寫得太長，寫得太短的會因為字數不夠而失分，太長的又因為閱卷老師任務繁重，時間窘迫，不能因為一篇文章亂了整個閱卷節奏。還有一些學生的筆跡（尤其是用純藍墨水鋼筆和出水太淺的圓珠筆寫的），讓閱卷老師怎麼也看不清楚。
以上是四級英語考試中常見的幾個問題，更是我們平時英語作文當中應該注意的幾個方面。要寫好一篇英語文章，關鍵要在平時下功夫，打好牢固的基礎，但是如果這一功夫在使用的時候不講技巧，不但不能事半功倍地發揮出最高技巧，取得最佳成績，甚至可能出現與實際水準相去甚遠的低成績。因此，上面講到的四個問題應該是相輔相成，缺一不可的，做到了這幾點，寫出一篇好的大學英語四級作文應該是不難的。
四六級英語寫作類型
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：69 更新時間：2007-2-24
1．體裁：說明文，議論文
最近幾年的四六級作文的體裁以說明文和議論文為主。
說明文如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview （2000，12，四級）, How I Finance My College Education（2000，1 四級）, Practice Makes Perfect，Haste Makes Waste（97，1 六級）
議論文如：Don't Hesitate to Say "NO"（99，1 四級和六級）, Can Money Buy Happiness（95，1 四級）, Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？（2000，6 四級）Reading Selectively or Extensively? (99，6六級)，Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck? (98,6 四級和六級)
2．段落類型：比較/對比，列舉，程式等
說明和議論文章所採用的文章擴展模式一般以比較/對照，舉例、列舉、因果、程式等者居多。如：Don't Hesitate to Say "NO", Reading Selectively or Extensively等很多四六級寫作中都涉及到兩種觀點的對比，整體的段落類型為對照型。Practice Makes Perfect, Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可採用因果行的段落結構模式，也可以採用舉例說明的結構模式。Advantages of a Job Interview則應採用列舉的段落擴展模式。
3．出題方式：提綱式寫作，中文提綱，一般為三句或兩句。
如：99年1月份考題
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don't Hesitate to Say "NO". You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.
1. 別人請求幫助時，在什麼情況下我們會說“不"。
2. 為什麼有些人在該說"不"的時候不說"不"。
3. 該說"不"時不說"不"的壞處。
再如：98年一月分考題
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.
1. 目前社會上有不少假冒偽劣商品(fake commodities)。為什麼會有這種情況
2. 舉例說明假冒偽劣商品對消費者個人、社會等的危害。
英文寫作守則(Principles of Writing)
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：65 更新時間：2007-2-24
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c617379667.html,anize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm, make an outline, etc. 下筆前整合思緒：腦力激蕩，寫出綱要等。
2.Write clearly. Be concise. Avoid wordiness. 寫作清晰，務必精簡，避免贅言。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c617379667.html,e good grammar and write complete sentences. 使用好的文法，寫出完整句子。
4.Write simple sentences. Avoid a fancy style. 嘗試簡單句，避免花俏的句法。
5.Avoid slang, cliche and informal words. 避免俚語、陳腔濫調和非正式用字。
6.Avoid use of the first person (i.e. I/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece.除非必要，避免使用第一人稱：如「我/我的」。
7.Writing naturally. Read it aloud. Does it sound natural? Does it flow? 自然揮灑，大聲朗誦。整篇文章聽起來自然嗎？通順嗎？
8.Move logically from one idea to the next. Don't skip steps. 上下句意要合乎邏輯。別毫無章法亂跳。
英語寫作－－比較法（3）
作者：未知來源：未知點擊數：104 更新時間：2006-7-22
41 It is a traditional way
custom
practice to.... But now the pendulum has swung to another direction.
in the opposite direction.
the other way.
41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954. Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children?
中國的老人和他們的子女和子孫住在一起是一個傳統的習慣。年輕人以此來表示對老人的尊敬，表達對父輩養育之恩的報答。但最近一二十年，鐘擺轉到相反的方向去了。根據1994年一項調查，52％的老人獨住自己家，或住進大城市的養老院，而在1954年則基本沒有這種情況。為什麼越來越多的老人和他們的於女分開住呢？
41.2 Traditionally, young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers, financial success, the accumulation of possessions and conformable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counterculture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles ------ creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and husband.
傳統上來說，青年人關心的是職業、成功、積累財富以及舒適的生活。但現在鐘擺似乎轉到另一方向去了。根據1994年的調查，許多反文化的觀念已進入了主流文化。許多人衡量成功的標誌不再是物質方面，而是創造、自主、快樂、參與、冒險、刺激和愛情。許多人對社會提供的工作和支付的報酬發生了疑問，並且不滿足於丈夫和妻子的傳統社會屬性。
42 In recent years, there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of
general / growing / healthy tendency to
upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward ...
42 According to a poll
study