中文原文：
单片机介绍
单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作。单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。
单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机，和计算机
相比，单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。
单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块，比如CPU，内存，并行总线，还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件，不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多，不过价钱也是低的，一般不超过10元即可......用它来做一些控制电器一类不是很复杂的工作足矣了。我们现在用的全自动滚筒洗衣机、排烟罩、VCD等等的家电里面都可以看到它的身影。......它主要是作为控制部分的核心部件。
它是一种在线式实时控制计算机，在线式就是现场控制，需要的是有较强的抗干扰能力，较低的成本，这也是和离线式计算机的（比如家用PC）的主要区别。
单片机芯片
单片机是靠程序运行的，并且可以修改。通过不同的程序实现不同的功能，尤其是一些特殊的功能，这是别的器件需要费很大力气才能做到的，有些则是花大力气也很难做到的。一个不是很复杂的功能要是用美国50年代开发的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列这些纯硬件来搞定的话，电路一定是一块大PCB板。但是如果要是用美国70年代成功投放市场的系列单片机，结果就会有天壤之别。只因为单片机的通过你编写的程序可以实现高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性。
由于单片机对成本是敏感的，所以目前占统治地位的软件还是最低级汇编语言，它是除了二进制机器码以上最低级的语言了，既然这么低级为什么还要用呢？很多高级的语言已经达到了可视化编程的水平为什么不用呢？原因很简单，就是单片机没有家用计算机那样的CPU，也没有像硬盘那样的海量存储设备。一个可视化高级语言编写的小程序里面即使只有一个按钮，也会达到几十K的尺寸。对于家用PC的硬盘来讲没什么，可是对于单片机来讲是不能接受的。单片机在硬件资源方面的利用率必须很高才行，所以汇编虽然原始却还是在大量使用。一样的道理，如果把巨型计算机上的操作系统和应用软件拿到家用PC上来运行，家用PC的也是承受不了的。
可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机。它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算和控制。因为它体积小，通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑的作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛，如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机，就能起到使产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣机等。现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。
单片机历史
单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末，经历了SCM、MCU、SoC三大阶段。起初模型
1.SCM即单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。
2.MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。
Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。
嵌入式系统
单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决；因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SoC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SoC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。
单片机的应用领域
目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡，民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。
单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分如下几个范畴：
1.在智能仪器仪表上的应用
单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。
2.在工业控制中的应用
用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管
3.在家用电器中的应用
可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。
4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用
现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。
5.单片机在医用设备领域中的应用
单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。
6.在各种大型电器中的模块化应用
某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。
在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。
7.单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用
单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛，例如汽车中的发动机控制器，基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器，GPS导航系统，abs防抱死系统，制动系统等等。
此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
学习应用六大重要部分
单片机学习应用的六大重要部分
一、总线：
我们知道，一个电路总是由元器件通过电线连接而成的，在模拟电路中，连线并不成为一个问题，因为各器件间一般是串行关系，各器件之间的连线并不很多，但计算机电路却不一样，它是以微处理器为核心，各器件都要与微处理器相连，各器件之间的工作必须相互协调，所以需要的连线就很多了，如果仍如同模拟电路一样，在各微处理器和各器件间单独连线，则线的数量将多得惊人，所以在微处理机中引入了总线的概念，各个
器件共同享用连线，所有器件的8根数据线全部接到8根公用的线上，即相当于各个器件并联起来，但仅这样还不行，如果有两个器件同时送出数据，一个为0，一个为1，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢？这种情况是不允许的，所以要通过控制线进行控制，使器件分时工作，任何时候只能有一个器件发送数据（可以有多个器件同时接收）。器件的数据线也就被称为数据总线，器件所有的控制线被称为控制总线。在单片机内部或者外部存储器及其它器件中有存储单元，这些存储单元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址当然也是以电信号的形式给出的，由于存储单元比较多，所以，用于地址分配的线也较多，这些线被称为地址总线。
二、数据、地址、指令：
之所以将这三者放在一起，是因为这三者的本质都是一样的——数字，或者说都是一串…0?和…1?组成的序列。换言之，地址、指令也都是数据。指令：由单片机芯片的设计者规定的一种数字，它与我们常用的指令助记符有着严格的一一对应关系，不可以由单片机的开发者更改。地址：是寻找单片机内部、外部的存储单元、输入输出口的依据，内部单元的地址值已由芯片设计者规定好，不可更改，外部的单元可以由单片机开发者自行决定，但有一些地址单元是一定要有的（详见程序的执行过程）。
三、P0口、P2口和P3的第二功能用法：
初学时往往对P0口、P2口和P3口的第二功能用法迷惑不解，认为第二功能和原功能之间要有一个切换的过程，或者说要有一条指令，事实上，各端口的第二功能完全是自动的，不需要用指令来转换。如P3.6、P3.7分别是WR、RD信号，当微片理机外接RAM或有外部I/O口时，它们被用作第二功能，不能作为通用I/O口使用，只要一微处理机一执行到MOVX 指令，就会有相应的信号从P3.6或P3.7送出，不需要事先用指令说明。事实上…不能作为通用I/O口使用?也并不是…不能?而是（使用者）…不会?将其作为通用I/O口使用。你完全可以在指令中按排一条SETB P3.7的指令，并且当单片机执行到这条指令时，也会使P3.7变为高电平，但使用者不会这么去做，因为这通常会导致系统的崩溃。
四、程序的执行过程：
单片机在通电复位后8051内的程序计数器（PC）中的值为…0000?，所以程序总是从…0000?单元开始执行，也就是说：在系统的ROM中一定要存在…0000?这个单元，并且在…0000?单元中存放的一定是一条指令。
五、堆栈：
堆栈是一个区域，是用来存放数据的，这个区域本身没有任何特殊之处，就是内部RAM的一部份，特殊的是它存放和取用数据的方式，即所谓的…先进后出，后进先出?，并且堆栈有特殊的数据传输指令，即…PUSH?和…POP?，有一个特殊的专为其服务的单元，即堆栈指针SP，每当执一次PUSH 指令时，SP就（在原来值的基础上）自动加1，每当执行一次POP指令，SP就（在原来值的基础上）自动减1。由于SP中的值可以用指令加以改变，所以只要在程序开始阶段更改了SP的值，就可以把堆栈设置在规定的内存单元中，如在程序开始时，用一条MOV SP，#5FH指令，就时把堆栈设置在从内存单元60H开始的单元中。一般程序的开头总有这么一条设置堆栈指针的指令，因为开机时，SP的初始值为07H，这样就使堆栈从08H单元开始往后，而08H到1FH这个区域正是8031的第二、三、四工作寄存器区，经常要被使用，这会造成数据的混乱。不同作者编写程序时，初始化堆栈指令也不完全相同，这是作者的习惯问题。当设置好堆栈区后，并不意味着该区域成为一种专用内存，它还是可以象普通内存区域一样使用，只是一般情况下编程者不会把它当成普通内存用了。
英文翻译：
MCU Description
SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL's Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.
Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90's dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.
SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances,
electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings
Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice.
SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core components
It is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.
Single chip
MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the
result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!
As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.
Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent," such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.
SCM history
SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages. First model
1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.
2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation.
Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.
Embedded Systems
Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SoC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.
MCU applications
SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument
control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.
SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:
1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments
SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).
2. In the industrial control application
With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control
3. In Household Appliances
Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.
4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications
MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications
between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc..
5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications
SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.
6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications
Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card).
In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.
7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment
SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..
In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.
Application of six important part of learning
MCU learning an important part of the six applications
1, Bus:
We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between the , but
the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus 概念Zhong Each device Gongtong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Device's data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus.
Second, data, address, command:
The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of '0 'and '1' form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can not be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip designer is good, can not be changed, the external unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must (see procedures for the implementation of the process).
Third, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use:
Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port The second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal,
when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I / O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I / O port used, so long as a A microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a corresponding signal sent from the P3.6 or P3.7, no prior use of commands. In fact 'not as a general-purpose I / O port use' is also not a 'no' but (user) 'not' as a general-purpose I / O port to use. You can arrange the order of a SETB P3.7's instructions, and when the MCU execution to the instruction, the also make P3.7 into a high, but users will not do so because this is usually will cause the system to collapse.
Fourth, the program's implementation:
Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 ', the process is always from the 0000' units started, that is: the system must exist in ROM 0000 'this unit , and in 0000 'unit must be stored in a single instruction.
5, the stack:
Stack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called 'advanced post out backward first out ', and the stack has a special data transmission instructions that' PUSH 'and' POP ', has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution, SP on (in the Based on the original value) automatically add 1, whenever the implementation of a POP instruction, SP will (on the basis of the original value) automatically by 1. As the SP values can be changed with the instructions, so long as the beginning of the process to change the value of the SP, you can set the stack memory unit required, such as the program begins, with an MOV SP, # 5FH instructions When set on the stack starting from the memory unit 60H unit. There is always the beginning of the general procedure with such a directive to set the stack pointer, because boot, SP initial value of 07H, 08H This unit from the beginning to stack next, and 08H to 1FH 8031 is the second in the region, three or four working register area, often used, this will lead to confusion of data. Different authors when writing programs, initialize the stack is not exactly the same directive, which is the author's habit. When set up the
stack zone, does not mean that the region become a special memory, it can still use the same memory region as normal, but generally the programmer does not regard it as an ordinary memory used.
苏州经贸职业技术学院 2009-2010学年第二学期 《单片机原理及应用》期终试卷（A） 班级：姓名：学号：成绩： 一﹑填空题(将正确答案填在题干的空白处。1分×35=35分) 1、十进制数－47用8位二进制补码表示为：11010001B。 2、89C51含4KB Flash ROM，128B的RAM，在物理上有4个独立的存储器 空间。 3、若8031单片机的晶振频率fosc＝12MHz，则振荡周期为1/12us ，状态周期为1/6us ，机器周期为1us ，执行MUL AB指令需要时间为4us 。 4、假定A=85H，R0=20H，（20H）=0AFH。执行指令：ADD A，＠R0后，累加器 A的内容34H ，CY的内容1 ，AC的内容1 ，OV的内容1 。 5、假定DPTR的内容为8100H，累加器A的内容为40H，执行下列指令： MOVC A，@A+DPTR 后，送入A的是程序存储器8140H 单元的内容。 6、PSW中RS1 RS0=10H时，R2的地址为12H 。 7、ROM在物理上分为片内ROM 和片外ROM ，在逻辑上两者统一编址。 8、MCS-51单片机当EA=1时，首先使用的是片内程序存储器，存储容量超过4KB时开始使用外部程序存储器；EA=0时，则仅仅使用片外程序存储器。 9、MCS—51单片机访问片外存储器时，利用ALE 信号锁存来自P0 口的低8位地址信号。 10、欲使P1口的高4位输出1，而低4位不变，应执行一条ORL P1，#0F0H指令。 11、12根地址线可选4KB个存储单元，32KB存储单元需要15 根地址线。 12、设80C51 fosc=12MHz，定时器工作在方式0，则最大定时时间为8192μs。 13、异步串行数据通讯有单工、半双工和全双工共三种传送方式。 14、51单片机的中断系统最多可以有 2 个嵌套。 15、8031单片机指令MOV是访问内RAM ，最大范围为256B ，MOVX是访问外RAM ，最大范围为64KB，MOVC是访问ROM ，最大范围为64KB 。 二、单项选择（1分×15=15分） 1、MCS-51上电复位后，SP的内容是（B） （A）00H （B）07H （C）60H （D）70H 2、80C51是（C）
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第 第第 第6 66 6章 章章 章 单片机的定时器 单片机的定时器单片机的定时器 单片机的定时器/ // /计数器 计数器计数器 计数器 习题 习题习题 习题 1．MCS-51系列的8051单片机内有几个定时/计数器？每个定时/计数器有几种 工作方式？如何选择？ 答：MCS-51系列的8051单片机内有2个定时/计数器，即T0和T1，每个都可以编程为定时器或计数器，T0有四种工作方式(方式0—13位、方式1—16位、方 式2-可自动装入初值的8位、方式3-两个8位)，T1有三种工作方式(与T0相 同的前三种)，通过对TMOD的设置选择，其高四位选择T1，低四位选择T0。2．如果采用的晶振频率为3MHz，定时/计数器TO分别工作在方式0、1和2下，其最大的定时时间各为多少？ 答：如果采用的晶振频率为3MHz，机器周期为12×1/(3*106)=4us，由于定时/ 计数器TO工作在方式0、1和2时，其最大的计数次数为8192、65536和256 所以，其最大定时时间分别是：方式0为8192×4us＝32.768ms、方式1为65536 ×4us＝262.144ms、方式2为256×4us＝1024us。 3．定时/计数器TO作为计数器使用时，其计数频率不能超过晶振频率的多少？答：由于定时/计数器TO作为计数器使用时，是对外部引脚输入的脉冲进行计数，CPU在每个机器周期采样一次引脚，当前一次采样为高电平，后一次采样为低电平，则为一次有效计数脉冲，所以如果晶振频率为fosc，则其采样频率fosc/12，两次采样才能决定一次计数有效，所以计数频率不能超过fosc/24。 4．简单说明定时/计数器在不同工作模式下的特点。 答：方式0为13位的定时/计数器，由THx的8位和TLx的低5位构成、方式1 为16位的定时/计数器,由THx的8位和TLx的8位构成，方式2为8位的定时/ 计数器，TLx为加1计数器，THx为计数初值寄存器。方式3只能用于T0，是将 T0的低8位用作一个独立的定时/计数器，而高8位的TH0用作一个独立的定时
https://www.doczj.com/doc/cf17280381.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
中国石油大学（北京）远程教育学院期末考核 《单片原理及应用》 说明：共100分，每题20分，在下题中任选5题。 1.MCS-51的时钟周期、机器周期、指令周期是如何分配的？当振荡频率为10MHz时，一 个机器周期为多少毫秒？ 参考第二章第四节。MCS-51典型的指令周期为一个机器周期，每个机器周期由6个状态周期组成，每个状态周期由2个时钟周期（振荡周期）组成。一个机器周期=6×一个状 态周期=12×一个时钟周期=12× 答： 为使单片机能够完成取指、译码、执行指令等操作，需要为单片机提供时钟信号以产生必要的时序。单片机振荡电路中的振荡信号对应的周期叫振荡周期（时钟周期）。对振荡周期12分频后得到的信号周期叫做机器周期，即12个时钟周期，是1个机器周期。一个机器周期宽度为6个状态周期，并依次表示为S1~S6。每个状态周期由2个时钟周期（振荡周期）组成。Mcs51单片机的111条指令，执行时，所花费的时间，称为指令周期。 一个机器周期=6×一个状态周期=12×一个时钟周期=12×=12×1/10=1.2 us=0.0012ms 2.指出下列指令中画线的操作数的寻址方式？ MOV R0, #55H ；立即寻址 MOV A, 2AH ；直接寻址 MOV A, @R1 ；寄存器间接寻址 MOV @R0, A ；寄存器寻址 ADD A, R7 ；寄存器寻址 MOVX A, @DPTR ；寄存器间接寻址 MOV DPTR, #0123H ；立即寻址 MOVC A, @A+DPTR ；基址加变址寻址 INC DPTR；寄存器寻址 参考第三章第二节指令寻址方式 3.外部RAM中从1000H到10FFH有一个数据区，现在将它传送到外部RAM中2500H单元 开始的区域中，编程完成上述功能。 参考第三章第三节数据传送类指令和第六章第二节外部存储器扩展 START: MOV R0，#00H MOV DPTR，#1000H LOOP: MOVX A，@DPTR MOV DPH，#25H MOVX @DPTR，A MOV DPH，#10H
第一章： 1. 给出下列有符号数的原码、反码和补码(假设计算机字长为8位)。 +45 -89 -6 +112 答：【+45】原=00101101，【+45】反=00101101，【+45】补=00101101 【-89】原=11011001，【-89】反=10100110，【-89】补=10100111 【-6】原=10000110，【-6】反=11111001，【-6】补=11111010 【+112】原=01110000，【+112】反=01110000，【+112】补=01110000 2. 指明下列字符在计算机内部的表示形式。 AsENdfJFmdsv120 答:41H 73H 45H 4EH 64H 66H 4AH 46H 6DH 64H 73H 76H 31H 32H 30H 3．何谓微型计算机硬件？它由哪几部分组成？并简述各部分的作用。 答:微型计算机硬件由中央处理器、存储器、输入/输出设备和系统总线等组成，中央处理器由运算器和控制器组成，是微型计算机运算和控制中心。存储器是用来存放程序和数据的记忆装置。输人设备是向计算机输人原始数据和程序的装置。输出设备是计算机向外界输出信息的装置。I/O接口电路是外部设备和微型机之间传送信息的部件。总线是连接多个设备或功能部件的一簇公共信号线，它是计算机各组成部件之间信息交换的通道。微型计算机的各大功能部件通过总线相连。 4．简述8086CPU的内部结构。 答:8086微处理器的内部分为两个部分：执行单元(EU)和总线接口单元(BIU)。执行部件由运算器（ALU）、通用寄存器、标志寄存器和EU控制系统等组成。EU从BIU的指令队列中获得指令，然后执行该指令，完成指今所规定的操作。总线接口部件BIU由段寄存器、指令指针寄存器、地址形成逻辑、总线控制逻辑和指令队列等组成。总线接口部件负责从内部存储器的指定区域中取出指令送到指令队列中去排队。 5．何谓总线？总线按功能可分为哪几种？ 答:总线是连接多个设备或功能部件的一簇公共信号线，它是计算机各组成部件之间信息交换的通道。总线功能来划分又可分为地址总线（Address Bus）、数据总线（Date Bus）和控制总线（Control Bus）三类。 6．内部存储器由哪几部分组成? 答:包括随机存储器（RAM）和只读存储器（ROM）。 7．简述8086中的存储器管理？ 答:8086把1M空间分成若干块（称为“逻辑段”），各个逻辑段之间可在实际存储空间中完全分开，也可以部分重叠，甚至可以完全重叠。每个逻辑段容量不超过64K字节，这样就可用16位寄存器提供地址访问。一个存储单元的地址可由段基址和偏移地址组成，这个地址我们称为逻辑地址，一般表示为“段基址：偏移地址”。而1M存储空间中的20位地址称为物理地址。逻辑地址是程序中使用的地址，物理地址是访问存储器的实际地址。 物理地址=段基址×16 + 段内偏移地址 8．什么是接口电路？接口电路有何功能？ 答:I/O接口电路是外部设备和微型机之间传送信息的部件。接口电路主要功能。(1) 数据的寄存和缓冲功能。(2) 信号转换功能。(3) 设备选择功能。(4) 外设的控制和监测功能。(5) 中断或DMA管理功能。(6) 可编程功能。 9．外部设备与CPU之间的数据传送方式常见有几种？各有什么特点？ 答:外部设备与微机之间的信息传送传送方式一般有无条件传送方式、查询传送方式、中断控制方式等。无条件传送方式是指CPU直接和外部设备之间进行数据传送。查询传送方式又称为条件传送方式，是指CPU通过查询I/O设备的状态决定是否进行数据传输的方式。中断是一种使CPU暂停正在执行的程序而转去处理特殊事件的操作。即当外设的输入数据准备好，或输出设备可以接收数据时，便主动向CPU发出中断请求，CPU可中断正在执行的程序，转去执行为外设服务的操作，服务完毕，CPU再继续执行原来的程序。 10．什么是单片机？ 答：单片机是把微型计算机中的微处理器、存储器、I/O接口、定时器/计数器、串行接口、中断系统等电路集成到一个集成电路芯片上形成的微型计算机。因而被称为单片微型计算机，简称为单片机。 11．和一般微型计算机相比，单片机有何特点？ 答：主要特点如下： 1) 在存储器结构上，单片机的存储器采用哈佛(Harvard)结构 2) 在芯片引脚上，大部分采用分时复用技术 3) 在内部资源访问上，采用特殊功能寄存器(SFR)的形式
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the
《传感器原理及应用》课程简介 传感器是获取自然科学领域信息的主要途径和手段。在现代测控系统中，作为关键环节的传感器处于连接被测控对象和测控系统的接口位置，该课程涉及机械、动力、物理、化学、光学、材料、电子、生物、半导体、信息处理等众多学科领域，应用领域十分广泛，与当前多学科交叉融合的趋势相一致，在专业课程体系中起到重要的承上启下作用，从本课程开始奠定工程设计与应用思想、创新实践能力和创新思维能力基础，在现代高素质专业人才培养中所起的重要作用是不言而喻的。通过本课程的学习学生应掌握以下几方面的知识: （1)测量的基本知识。 （2)各种常用传感器的结构,原理,特性及应用。 （3)工程检测中常用的测量电路及工作原理。 （4)传感器的静,动态特性及其标定方法。 《单片机实用系统设计》课程简介 《单片机实用系统设计》是电子科学与技术专业、电子信息工程技术专业和电气自动化技术专业的一门专业课，是现代电子工程领域一门飞速发展的技术，其在教学及产业界的技术推广仍然是当今科学技术发展的热点。学习单片机并掌握其设计应用技术已经成为电子类学生必须掌握的一门技术，也是现代工科学生就业的一个基本条件。它的后续课程是各专业课如：计算机控制、智能化仪器仪表、数控机床、课程设计、毕业设计，一般都要应用到单片机系统的应用。它可以充分体现学生利用自己所掌握的知识解决实际工程问题的能力。单片机知识在电子类专业整个课程体系中处于承上启下的核心地位。 通过本课程的学习，使学生能更深刻地领会和掌握单片机应用系统设计的基本理论、基本知识与基本技能，掌握单片机应用系统各主要资源的设计、单片机C语言编程方法和调试方法，了解单片机在测量、控制等电子技术应用领域的应用。利用所学知识，独立设计电路、布局印刷电路板、设计应用软件和系统软件、亲自焊接元器件、亲自调试系统。培养学生实
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
一、选择题 从下列各题4个备选答案中选出一个或二个正确答案 并将其代号写在题干后面的括号内。 1、8051基本型单片机内部程序存储器容量为 C 。 A、16KB B、8KB C、4KB D、128B 2、8051基本型单片机内部RAM容量为D。 A、16KB B、8KB C、4KB D、128B 3、当优先级的设置相同时 若以下几个中断同时发生 A 中断优先响应。 A、外部中断0 B、T1 C、串口 D、T0 4、在80C51单片机应用系统中 可以作为时钟输出的是 C 引脚。 A、EA B、RST C、ALE D、PSEN 5、当CPU响应外部中断1 的中断请求后 将自动转向 B 。 A、0003H B、0013H C、000BH D、001BH 6、为了能够使MCS-51单片机在正常工作中及时服务于多个外设 以下传送方式最适用的是 D 。 A、异步 查询 传送 B、同步 无条件 传送 C、DMA传送 D、中断传送 7、已知1只共阴极LED显示器 其中a笔段为字形代码的最低位 若需显示数字1 它的字形代码应为(A )。A、06H B、0F9H C、30H D、0CFH 8、已知1只共阳极LED显示器 其中a笔段为字形代码的最低位 若需显示小数点“.” 它的字形码应为(A)。A、7FH B、0F9H C、30H D、80H 9、已知1只共阴极LED显示器 其中a笔段为字形代码的最低位 若需显示小数点“.”共阳极 它的字形码应为(A )。A、80H B、0F9H C、30H D、7FH 10、下列数据字定义的数表中 (C、D)是错误的。 A、DW “AA” B、DW “A” C、DW “OABC” D、DW 1ABC2H 11、若P1口接有一个4×4的行列键盘 则P1口一定有 C、D 。 A、8位输入口 B、8位输出口 C、4位输入口 D、4位输出口 12、以下指令中能够产生WR信号的是 B、D 。 A、MOV @R0,A B、MOVX @R0,A C、MOVX A @DPTR D、MOVX @DPTR,A 13、8031单片机的定时器T1用作定时方式时是 A、B 。 A、以内部时钟频率为定时基准 12个时钟周期加1 B、以内部时钟频率为定时基准 1个机器周期加1 C、以外部脉冲为定时基准 12个脉冲加1 D、以外部脉冲为定时基准 每个脉冲加1 14、DAC0832在单片机系统中是一种 B、D 器件。 A、输入 B、输出 C、将数字量转换成模拟量 D、将模拟量转换成数字量 15、家用电器中使用的单片机应属于计算机的 B 。 A、辅助设计应用B.测量、控制应用C.数值计算应用 D.数据处理应用 16、对程序存储器的读操作 只能使用 D 。 A MOV指令 B. PUSH指令 C. MOVX指令 D. MOVC指令 17、若82C55的PC口接有一个4×4的行列键盘 则PC口一定有 C、D 。 A、8位输入口 B、8位输出口 C、4位输入口 D、4位输出口 18、下列说法正确的是 A、B 。 A、立即数寻址方式是操作数本身就在指令中 而不是它的地址在指令中。
《单片机原理与应用技术》教学大纲 一、课程名称 单片机原理与应用技术 二、先修课程 电子技术类基础课程和微机应用类基础课程 三、课程性质与任务 课程性质： 本课程是高职高专电子类相关专业的的一门专业课程。本大纲可作为（高中后大专、对口单招、五年制高职）层次学生的教学参考。 课程的任务： 它以MCS-51单片机为例，详细介绍片内结构、工作原理、接口技术和单片机在各领域中的应用。为学生进一步学习微机在智能仪表、工业控制领域中的应用技术奠定必要的基础。 四、课程教学目标 1、知识目标 （1）熟练掌握单片机内部硬件结构、工作原理及指令系统，掌握程序的设计基本方法，能够较熟练地设计常用的汇编语言源程序； （2）掌握单片机的接口技术，熟悉常用的外围接口芯片及典型电路。 （3）熟悉设计、调试单片机的应用系统的一般方法，具有初步的软、硬件设计能力。 （4）能够熟练地掌握一种单片机开发系统的使用方法。 2、能力目标 初步具备应用单片机进行设备技术改造、产品开发的能力。 五、教学内容 第一章微机基础知识 (一)教学目的 熟悉微处理器、微型机和单片机的概念及组成。掌握计算中常用数制及数制间的转换，了解BCD码和ASCII码。熟悉数据在计算机中的表示方法。 （二）教学重点与难点 重点：
计算中常用数制及数制间的转换。 难点： 微处理器、微型机和单片机的概念及组成，微机的工作过程 （三）教学内容 1、微处理器、微机和单片机的概念； 2、微机的工作过程。 （四）本章小结 1、数制有二进制、十进制、十六进制等。 2、计算机系统中常包含有地址总线、数据总线、控制总线 3、微处理器是由运算器、控制器两部组成 4、单片机是由输入、输出、接口电路、时钟电路、存储器、运算器、控 制器几部分组成 （五）思考题 1、试用计算机汇编语言指令完成12*34+56÷7-8的计算步骤？ 第二章 MCS-51单片机的结构和原理 （一）教学目的 熟悉MCS- 51单片机内部结构、引脚功能以及单片机执行指令的时序；掌握单片机存储器结构和输入/输出端口结构特点。掌握堆栈的使用。 （二）教学重点与难点 重点： 1、8051的存储器配置及特点； 2、21个特殊功能寄存器（SFR）的功能； 3、堆栈的概念； 4、复位电路。 难点： 1、MCS- 51单片机内部结构； 2、CPU时序。 （三）教学内容
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of