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漫谈外文诗歌翻译的注意事项

漫谈外文诗歌翻译的注意事项
漫谈外文诗歌翻译的注意事项

漫谈外文诗歌翻译的注意事项

《莎士比亚十四行诗》第19首。原文:

Devouring time,blunt thou the lion's paws, A

And make the earth devour her own sweet brood; B

Pluck the keen teeth from the fierce tiger's jaws, A

And burn the long-lived phoenix in her blood; B

Make glad and sorry seasons as thou fleet'st C

And do whate'er thou wilt,swift-footed time, D

To the wide world and all her fading sweets; C

But I forbid thee one most heinous crime, D

O carve not with thy hours my love's fair brow, E

Nor draw no lines there with thine antique pen. F

Him in thy course untainted do allow, E

For beauty's pattern to succeeding men. F

Yet do thy worst,old time;despite thy wrong, G

My love shall in my verse ever live young. G

这首诗说的是时间和美的矛盾。时间可以使美毁灭,但作者相信他的诗可以把所爱者的美永远保存下来。现在看看它的诗歌形式。

英语属于印欧语,它有力度鲜明的重音(即“力重音”),非重音音节围绕着数目较少的重音音节,构成语流的节奏。它常见的格律形式是“音节-重音诗”。这种诗体的节奏形式是:由两个或三个音节形成节奏单位(metre),重音在每个节奏单位中只有一个,位置是固定的。“音节一重音诗”的这种节奏单位,叫做“音步”(foot)。音步的不同形式,叫做“格”。两个音节的音步,不是“轻重”就是“重轻”;三个音节的音步,就有“重轻轻”“轻重轻”和“轻轻重”三种(虽然有的书上忽视“轻重轻”这种形式,但像苏格兰诗人彭斯的《的心在那高原》这样的名作,用的就是“轻重轻”格)。在一般情况下,同一首诗里所用的格是不变的。比如用“轻重”格,就一直“轻重,轻重……”下去。以上这首诗用的就是“轻重”格,每行五个音步。例如它的第一行,按音步划分开来就是:

Devou/ring time,/ blunt thou / the li/on's paws,

轻重/轻重/轻重/轻重/轻重

这里还有一个值得注意的问题,就是“音节一重音诗”的音步和诗歌文字的单词起讫完全是两回事。也就是说,音步是对诗行的文字进行“硬性的切割”。

此外,诗歌还要押韵。印欧语诗歌的韵,也是以重音音节为核心,例如第一行末尾的paws,就和第三行末尾的jaws相押。押韵还要讲究“韵式”。西洋诗一般用的是“复韵”,就是同时使用不止一个韵。比如四行的“诗节”,就有“交韵”(1、3行押,2、4行押,即ABAB)、“抱韵”(1、4行押,2、3行押,即ABBA)和“随韵”(1、2行押,3、4行押,即AABB,实际上等于两行一韵)三种。

另外,还有一个诗歌结构问题。一般诗歌的结构比较自由,十四行诗就严格了。除了诗行数目必须是十四行之外,还按不同的规定把这种诗分为意大利体(彼特拉克体)和英国体(莎士比亚体或伊丽莎白体)。这里光说第二种:这14行分为“4行+4行+4行+2行”的4个诗节,前3个诗节都用交韵。至于每行的长度,莎士比亚十四行诗是5个音步一行。

要把语言放进这样一个复杂的框架里,可真是要费一番功夫呀!为什么诗人愿意费这番功夫呢?这是为了形成诗歌语言的美感。听现在一些诗歌界人士谈诗歌语言,往往只说词句内容。其实所谓诗歌语言,既包括内容方面,也包括形式方面。之所以不厌其烦地重复教科书上的这些基本知识,就是因为有些朋友不爱向读者介绍这些知识,把人弄得云里雾里。

首先,中国诗歌最讲究的是押韵。可是它一贯用的是“单韵”。拿每首四句的绝句来说吧,必须押韵的是第2、4句,有时第1句也可以用韵;至于第3句,就是“非韵句”,始终不用韵。遇到西洋的“四行诗节”,是照搬原来的复韵,还是改用中国的单韵?

还有,中国古典诗歌的韵字必须声调相同,而且非韵句末尾还要使用和韵字不同平仄的字,这是因为汉语是有声调的语言。用这种语言来译没有声调的西方诗歌,韵脚怎么处理呢?

更成问题的是诗歌的节奏。汉语没有印欧语那样的力重音,古汉语单音词多,每个字(每个音节)念得都比较饱满,诗歌的口头表达就采用悠长的吟诵方式。后来轻读和半轻读的音节逐渐增加,《诗经》已经有个别不纳入四言句式的虚字,楚辞更是多缀虚词。以后唐诗宋词继承了不用轻音音节的传统,而使用轻音音节的楚辞传统就为各种骈体作品(从赋到对联)所继承(至于元曲的衬字,由于一次可以多到二十来字,就只能算作脱离音乐的文字了)。以上这两种节奏传统,还影响到现代的戏曲、曲艺和民歌。现代白话诗歌作品中,这两种节奏都可以看到,而使用轻音音节的节奏就更为常见。古典诗歌虽然有明显的节奏单位,但它的语音表达方式是悠长的吟诵,所以历来不重视节奏单位分析。白话诗歌已经不采用吟诵而采用朗读方式,确定节奏单位的规范就成为当务之急了。

西洋诗的“音步”是对文字进行硬性切割,而中国诗歌的节奏单位却和词语的起讫基本一致,这也是一个很重要的问题,说明“音步”这个术语完全不符合中国诗歌的特点。人后来从古典诗歌的诵读技巧中找到了“顿”的说法,用来取代“音步”或“音尺”,作为中国格律诗(包括白话格律诗)节奏单位的名称。而作为白话格律诗节奏单位的术语,“顿”其实也不合适:如果说它是标示停顿,白话诗的诵读中并没有那么多停顿;如果说它是标示词语的起讫,二者也常有不一致的地方。比如:“/万众/ 一心,/冒着/敌人的/炮火,/前进!”这里的“万众一心”是一个四字成语,算成两个节奏单位;“敌人的”是两个词,却算成一个节奏单位。而且白话格律诗的节奏单位划分方法,也应该和古典诗歌的节奏单位划分方法保持一致,因为古典诗歌形式对白话诗歌有很大的影响,特别是对民间诗歌影响更大。

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但群星却不为所动。 I cannot, now I see them, say 现在我仰望群星,却难以启齿 I missed one terribly all day. 说我整日疯狂思念其中一颗星 Were all stars to disappear or die 倘若所有的星星消失或者陨落, I should learn to look at an empty sky 我应该学会仰望空无的夜空, And feel its total dark sublime 感受那全然黑暗的庄严, Though this might take me a little time. 即使这可能需要一点时间。

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