刘炳善英国文学简史复习提纲汇编

A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE1. the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were three tribes from Northern Europe.2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.3.Features of Beowulf 贝奥武普: the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration头韵.（definition）In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.4. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(the Norman Conquest)5. The Romance 罗曼司---the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a adventures of a noble hero.Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table6. The Class Nature of the RomanceThe theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance , as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.7.the Ballads 民谣The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song; usually in 4-line, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.8. The Robin Hood Ballad --- the various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood.绿林好汉罗宾汉的故事9. The founder of English poetry is Geoffrey Chaucer. 乔叟The Canterbury Tales ---(1) a collection of 24 stories (2)close links---stories are closely connected to each other (3)stories into groups on different subjects -- story-tellers, from ranks, professions, religions (4)variation in form三大著名教堂：Westminster Cathedral 西敏寺大教堂Saint Pail’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Canterbury Cathedral 坎特布雷大教堂10.The Renaissance and HumanismThe rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It spang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Old manuscripts were dug out. There arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors. While people learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. So the love of classics was but an expression of the generation dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. According to the humanists, both man and world are hindered onlyby external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.11.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞The poet’s poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.The Faerie Queene : nationalism, humanism , puritanismThe Faerie Queene (definition)i s written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet(an alexandrine), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.12.Drama 戏剧: the Miracle Play 奇迹剧, The Morality Play 道德剧, The Interlude 幕间剧, The Classical Drama 古典剧12.Marlowe（马洛）’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine 帖木耳(1587), The Jes of Malta马耳他的犹太人(1592), and Doctor Faustus浮士德博士(1588).13.Social significance of Marlowe’s Plays:These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie , its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable, appetite for power whether that be won by military might, knowledge, or gold.In Tamburlaine, it is ambition; in Doctor Faustus, desire for knowledge; in The Jew of Malta, greed for wealth. They were typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital.14.William Shakespeare莎士比亚was born on April 23, 1564, died on April 23, the anniversary of his birth, in 1616.A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays: 四大悲剧Hamlet 哈姆雷特,Macbeth麦克白,Othello 奥赛罗,King Lear 李尔王.The reasons of the Melancholy（忧郁）of Hamlet: (1)he seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him.(2)he does not want to include the Britain into the chaos.(3)the crisis of humanism---the root of the murder is the political system.ton米尔顿--Paradise Lost 失乐园，Samson Agonistes 力士参孙16.Bunyan 班扬---the Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程17.Metaphysical玄学派PoetsThe works of the Metaphysical Poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.John DonneAnother school of poetry prevailing in the period was that of Cavalier Poets.18.The Enlightenment 启蒙运动in Europe:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place al branches of science at the service of mankind by by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.Steele and The Tatler闲话者Addison and The Spectator观察家To sum up Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:1. Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie/2. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.3. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story -telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.19.Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特---Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记Pamphlets on Ireland 关于爱尔兰问题的小册子--A Modest Proposal 一个温柔的建议20.Richardson--he was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.Pamela:Pamela was a new thing in three ways,firstly,it discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. Secondly,its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings.22. Fielding 菲尔丁---Joseph Andrews(a parody 戏仿to Pamela)23.（约翰逊）Johnson’s Dictionary:(1)it marked an epoch in the study of the English language.(2)also marked the end of English writers’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.24.Sentimentalism感伤主义: it came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. The representatives of Sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed st the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the huamn heart.”25.Blake 布莱克----Songs of Innocence contains poems which were apparently written for children, using a language which even little babies can learn by heart, and in Songs of Experience, a much maturer work,entirely different themes are to be found, for in this collection of poems the poet drew pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable.The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is of great significance. It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook on life.26.Burns 彭斯peasant poet 农民诗人（前浪漫主义诗人）27.Romanticism 浪漫主义prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in social and political attitudes, they split into two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. The “”merry Old England,”as their ideal, or “frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns of industry, they were turning to nature of protection.”These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also benne called the Lake Poets because they had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared acommunity of literary and social outlook in their work. Other expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger generation of romanticists and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.So the general feature if the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Sometimes they resort to symbolic methods. With the active romanticists, symbolic pictures represent a vague idea of some future society, while with the escapist romanticists, these often take on a mystic color. In contrast to the rationalism of the enlighteners and classicists in the 18th century, the romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature, often personified, also plays an important role in their works. The passions of man and the beauties of nature appealed strongly to the imagination of the Romantic writer, and the glory of the lakes and mountains, the little joys or sorrows of children, the weal and woe of ordinary, uncultured peasants, the wonder of the fairy world, and the splendor of the Greek art all because the fountain-heads of the writer’s inspiration. Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. In fact, all the romanticists mentioned above were poets. The Romantic Period was one of poetical revival.28.Wordsworth: in 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads. The publication marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e. With classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”His “Lucy” poems are a series of short pathetic lyrics on the theme of harmony between humanity and nature.29.Shelley 雪莱: Queen Mab 麦布女王The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰暴动Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯30.Keats济慈: ode 颂Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn 古瓮颂, Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂An Analysis of Jane EyreThe novel is rich in poetry, symbolism and metaphor. It does not fit easily into a definite pattern, being neither a novel of "manners" in the tradition of Austen, or a straightforward Gothic Romance in the style of Mrs Radcliffe. What Charlotte Bronte did was to create a work which cleverly blends elements of the two styles, and which remains uniquely independent of them at the same time, since it addresses issues which were at the time rather controversial.The novel is written in the first person, and thus magnifies the central character - the reader enters the world of Jane Eyre and is transported through her experiences at first hand. This at once makes the work subjective, especially since we know that Charlottes Brontes own life and experiences were so closely interwoven with the heroine's. As well as this we learn only at the end of the novel that the events are being related to us ten years after the reconciliation with Rochester - thus the narrative is RETROSPECTIVE (looking back). CB is clever in blending the narrative so that at times Jane seems to be speaking as an adult with adult hindsight , while at others she she is "in the middle" of them, as a child or young woman. The indecision which is a central issue in the book, is heightened by this device. We never know, as readers, whether to be entirely trustful of Janes actions and thoughts, because we are never sure wheher she is speaking impulsively or maturely.This intensifies the readers dilemma as to what is "right" and "wrong" in the dramatic relationships which are part of JE's life. Can we believe what the heroine says, or is she deceiving herself? The novel is primarily a love story and a "romance" where wishes come true but only after trials and suffering. The supernatural has its place, as do dreams, portents and prophesies. The heroine begins poor and lonely and ends up rich and loved; the orphan finds a good family to replace the wicked one; all the basic ingredients of classic romantic fairytale are present.The romantic element is present in two forms in Jane Eyre; the "family" aspect is dealt with in the Gateshead, Lowood and Moor House episodes, which involve the exchanging of the wicked Reed family for the benevolent Rivers one; and the Love romance is dealt with in the Thornfield and Ferndean episodes. Both aspects are, of course linked and interwoven throughout the novel.There is also a strong element of realism in the novel, which, married to the romantic aspect, enhances the novel's strength.The sense of place is very strong; we are able to experience both exterior and interior settings with startling clarity throughout the story, in a series of vivid deive passages. The central characters are also realistic and their confrontations and sufferings change them in a believable way.Even the unlikely is made plausible, with a unique blend of high drama and perceptive low comedy (the attack on Mason, for instance)The more fantastic romantic aspects; the coincidences; the secrets; the supernatural occurrences, are balanced by the realism, and this is of course a major strength.The Gothic influence cannot be ignored, although CB has refined the technique considerably from the "authentic" Gothic of the 1790's. In the original genre, the heroine would typically be abductedand threatened with seduction, or worse!. There would be a lover - a respectable, well-bred young man - who would endeavor to rescue the heroine and would succeed after many trial. the seducer would be a brigand "Know that I adore Corsairs!" and he would lock the girl up in a remote castle.There was little freedom for middle class women during the period of the Gothic novel, and this was still the case in the time of CB. Marriage especially was often a bargain, whereby fortunes were secured by using the female as a pawn. A woman's value largely depended therefore on her sexual purity and she was guarded and secured as a result. Men, on the contrary, were potent and free; lovers and mistresses were common. Ironically the women who provided their services were social outcasts as a result.In Jane Eyre we see elements of the Gothic romance, in that Thornfield Hall and Rochester are described very much in the brigand/castle style BUT Jane Eyre is not abducted by R. On the contrary she chooses to go there of her own free will. AND she is clear in her determination to have Rochester as a husband. Neither is there a gentleman rescuer; St John Rivers may look like a Greek God, but he is neither kind nor benevolent; driving Jane back to Ferndean, not rescuing her from it.The trials which the hero is supposed to undergo in a Gothic romance are in fact undergone by the heroine in Jane Eyre. The bandit Rochester is only skin-deep. Underneath the brooding exterior is a sensitive soul, which a WOMAN frees. In this way we see that CB created rather a daring departure from conventional fiction, although there are still many aspects of the novel which remain true to Victorian convention.!3. The Joys of Writing (by Winston Churchill)【导读】温斯顿·丘吉尔(Winston Churchill), 英国首相、保守党领袖。

英国文学简史英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴）Metaphysical poetry （玄学派诗歌）Classism （古典主义)Enlightenment （启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄）Aestheticism(美学主义）Stream of consciousness （意识流）the Age of Realism (现实主义时期) Naturalism （自然主义）Local Colorist （乡土文学)Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）Surrealism （超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代）Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批评主义)Feminism（女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero （海明威式英雄）Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity （后现代主义）Realism （现实主义）Allegory （寓言)Romance （传奇）epic(史诗）Blank Verse （无韵诗）Essay （随笔)Masques or Masks （假面剧）Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Three Unities （三一。

原则）Meter （格律)Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)Elegy （挽歌）. Action/plot (情节）Atmosphere （基调) Epigram (警句）The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句）Sentimentalism （感伤主义文学)Aside （旁白）Denouement （戏剧结局）parable (寓言）Genre （流派)Irony （反讽）Satire （讽刺)Lyric (抒情诗）Ode （颂歌)Pastoral （田园诗) Canto (诗章）Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image （意象）Dramatic monologue(戏剧独白）Psychological novel （心理小说)Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism （象征主义) Existentialism （存在主义）Anti—hero (反面人物）Rhyme (押韵）Round Character （丰满的人物）Flat character （平淡的人物)Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步）Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend （传说)Myth (神话) Pessimism （悲观主义）Tragicomedy (悲喜剧）Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography （传记）Foot （脚注）Protagonist （正面人物）Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)repeated initial(开头的)一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer）―英国诗歌之父(Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser）《仙后》(The Faerie Queene）•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》(Essays)•克里斯托弗·马洛(Christopher Marlowe）《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine)《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr。

英国⽂学复习资料Pre-Renaissance periodBeowulf : the first English national epicI. The position of the Beowulf:the first English national epicII.The story: (to simply narrate it )Beowulf←→ Grendel and his motherBeowulf←→ Fire dragonIII. Its artistic features1. I t’s a 3183-line verse written in true epic style and in Old English;2. the most evident feature: the use of alliteration; (refer to the history of literature By Liu Bingshan,)3. to use compound-words to serve as metaphors;4. the use of understatements: the impression and a color of humor.△5. the mixing of pagan elements with Christian colouring.Geoffrey ChaucerI. life :1. He was born in a wine merchant family in 1340;2. His early life as a page and his marriage acquainted him with knowledge about upper class;3.he was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.II. His Work: The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury TalesThe General Prologue...The PrioressThere was also a Nun, a Prioress,Whose name was gentle and full of guilelessness. “By St. Loy!” was the worst oath she would say. She sang mass well, in a becoming way,Intoning through her nose the words divine,And she was known as Madam Eglantine.She spoke good French, as taught at Stratford-Bow For the Parisian French she did not know.She was schooled to eat so primly and so well That from her lips no morsel ever fell.She wet her fingers lightly in the dishOf sauce, for courtesy was her first wish.With every bite she did her skillful bestTo see that no drop fell upon her breast.She always wiped her upper lip so cleanThat in her cup was never to be seenA hint of grease when she had drunk her share, She reached out for her meat with comely air. She was a great delight, and always triedTo imitate court ways, and had her pride,Both amiable and gracious in her dealings.As for her charity and tender feelings,She melted at whatever was piteous.She would weep if she but came upon a mouse Caught in a trap, if it were dead of bleeding. Some little dogs that took pleasure feedingOn roasted meat or milk or good wheat breadShe had, but how she wept to find one deadOr yelping from a blow that made it smart,And all was sympathy and loving heart.Neat was her wimple in its every plait,Her nose well formed, her eyes as gray as slate.Her mouth was very small and soft and red.She had so wide a brow I think her headWas nearly a span broad, for certainlyShe was not undergrown, as all could see.She wore her cloak with dignity and charm,And had her rosary about her arm,The small beads coral and the larger green,And from them hung a brooch of golden sheen,On it a large A and a crown above;Beneath, “all things are subject unto love.”I.Questions for discussion:1.What is the tone of the setting? How did the author achieve such setting of thetales?2.Summarize the character of the Prioress in this Prologue.3.To analyze Chaucer’s ways of characterization in this Prologue and the languagestyle of the selected part.II. To illustrate the terms.Heroic couplet: A two-line section of a poem, which rhymes and has five feet each in iambic meter(also termed as iambic pentameter ), and which has a meaning complete within itself.Example: The vein s are bathed in li quor of such powerAs brings about the engen dering of the flower,(抑抑扬)ATT: For the convenience of the interpretation for the foot, some words are detached.Foot: A group of syllables forming a unit of verse, usually one foot contains at least one stressed word, or contains one stressed word and one or more than one unstressed words.III. Social significance of The Canterbury Tales (also function as a simple analysis) 1.The Canterbury is not only a collection of stories strung by loose thread.(1) To affirm men and women’s right to pursue their happiness;(2) To oppose the dogma of asceticism;(3) To praise man’s energy, intellect and love of life.2.This work exposed the evil of time(1) the degeneration of the noble;(2) the heartless of judge;(3) the corruption of churchIV. Chaucer’s achievements in and contribution to English literature1.He is one of the earliest literary talents who embody humanism.2.Father of English poetry(1)the first great poet who wrote in English language;(2)introduced rhymed five accents in iambic meter to English poetry (heroiccouplet)3.Founder of English realismThe prologue supplies a miniature of then English society (ways of narrating the stories and different social status of these pilgrims).4.His excellent works contribute a lot to establish English as the literary language ofthe country. (set an example for the poets of later generation )5.He made London dialect as the standard for the modern English speech.Renaissance PeriodWilliam ShakespeareI. Life1. born of trader family in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564, and his family got into financial troubles;2. Fail to finish formal schooling for the reason of financial difficulties, he left for London.II. Shakespeare the dramatistHis plays are poetical dramas, most of which are written in blank verse which was created one of the famous university wits, Christopher Marlow.His career as a dramatist may be divided into three (or four) periods: (to be lectured later)Hamlet●The Monologue：To be: to exist, to live, to passively accept, to suffer;Not to be: to die, to take action to fight against fate.That is the question: this shows Hamlet confronted with both body and moral dilemma: whether to suffer passively or to take action to fight.◆three reasons for his dilemma:1.He receives Stoic philosophy: Forbearance is the noblest(顺从是最⾼的美德). Ciceronian philosophy: Duty is most important.These two views of philosophy are quite contradictory for Hamlet. (to interpret in depth )2.Religious reason: fear of after-life. (as obviously shown in this monologue: to die, to sleep)3. Odepus complex (commonly called mother complex): this view was put forward by some critic, which conducted a psychological analysis based on the Freudian philosophy. (to simply narrate the origin of this complex.)Points worthy of notice and interpretation in the monologuethe slings and arrows (a metaphor, ): attackTo die, to sleep (analogy)no more: to exist no moreheartache: spiritual painnatural shocks: physical pain and sufferingconsummation: final settlementdevoutly to be wished : to be passionately wishedperchance: perhapsay: yesrub: difficultyshuffled off: get rid ofmortal coil: trouble of mortal life, coil: bodypause: hinderrespect: consideration, thinkingwhips and scorns of time: the beat and sneer in the word we live in.wrong: ill treatmentContumely: despisingPangs: sharp painspurns that patient merit of th’unworthy takes: kicks that a person of merit takes from the unworthy.Fardels: (archaic word) burdensA weary life: a burdensome lifeBut that : unlessConscience: reflection, consciousnessIs sicklied over :is covered withPale cast: sickly cover, sickly colorThought: anxious thought or melancholy thoughtEnterprise: the great causePith and moment: importanceWith this regard: on this account, for this reasonTheir current turn awry: change the directionAction: here refers to “take arms against the fate”Questions for discussion:Give thorough consideration to the whole play and the monologue we have covered, and answer these questions:1.What is the use of the spirit of Hamlet’s father in the development of dramaticplot ?2.What is the use of his father’s spirit in the development of Hamlet’scharacter?3.To analyze Hamlet’s character?4.To analyze the change of Hamlet’s attitude for Ophellia, what are the reasonsfor the change?◆Any other question concerning this play you want to put forward and explain. Welcome to speak your mind!III. Shakespeare the poet1. His sonnet (a general introduction about all 154 sonnets):Sonnet XVIIIPre-reading task:1. To contrast the tone of the 1st and 2nd stanza with the one of the 3rd, try to find the difference.2. What are denotation of such images as “summer’s day”, “buds of May”and “rough wind”?Notes:thee: youSummer’s day: warmth and beauty (best season for Shakespeare)Thou art: you areTemperate: mildRough winds do shake the darling buds of May: beauty is short-lived.And every fair from fair sometimes decline (a inverted line): And every fairsometimes decline from fair.By chance, or nature’s changing course untrimm’d (a inverted line): untrimm’d By chance, or nature’s changing course. Trim: dress Questions and task for sonnet 181. Consider the relationship among four stanzas to identify the special poetic pattern of Shakespearian sonnet.2. what is the theme of this sonnet?Edmund SpenserI.Spenser the man1. born of a poor merchant’s family;2. Educated at Merchant Tailor’s schoolIn this school, a teacher with humanism conveyed the idea of education as follows: “It’s not a mind, nor a body, that we have to educate, but a man, we can not divide him”.3. Studying in Cambridge University, he was under the influence of Platonism (one aspect: the inner beauty is more important than the beauty of appearance.) This may be found in his poetry; and he also got much influence from Phillip Sidney, this influence is of importance for his creation of sonnet.II. Spenser the poet (mainly his poem)1. Amoretti (爱情⼩唱)：a sequence of 88 poems, in which sonnet 54 and sonnet 75 are most famous.Pre-reading Questions for sonnet 54:1.What is the tone of this poem?2.Who is the speaker?3. Could you describe the changes of the speaker’s inner world, esp. hisemotional changes?Sonnet 54Of this worlds theatre in which we stay,My love like the spectator ydly sitsBeholding me that all the pageants play,Disguysing diversly my troubled wits.Sometimes I joy when glad occasion fitsAnd mask in myrth lyke to a comedy:Sonne after when my joy to sorrow flits,I wane and make my woes a tragedy.Yet she, beholding me with constant eye,Delights not in my mirth nor rues my smart:But when I laugh she mocks, and when I cryShe laughs and hardens evermore her heart.What then can move her? If nor merth nor mone,She is no woman, but a sencelesse stone.Question for discussion: What is the theme of this sonnet?Sonnet 75One day I wrote her name upon the strand,But came the waves and washed it away:Agayne I wrote it with a second hand,But came the tyde, and made my payne his pray.“Vayne man,” sayd she, “that doest in vaine assay,A mortall thing so to immortalize,For I my selve shall lyke to this decay,And eek my name bee wyped out lykewize.”“Not so,” quod I, “ let baser things devize,To dy in dust, but you shall live by fame:My verse your vertues rare shall eternize,And in the heavens wryte your glorious name,Where whenas death shall all the world subdew,Our love shall live, and later life renew.”Questions for sonnet 751. What are the connotations of such images in this sonnet as “wave”, “name” and “heaven”?Could you find some instances of comparison the poet used in this poem?2. In this sonnet, Spenser conveyed the idea of “our love shall live, and later liferenew.”But, how can “our love live, and later life renew”?3. What is the theme of this sonnet?Connotation of some images in this sonnet:Term:Alliteration: Alliteration is a kind of rhyme with the initial sounds identical, identical sounds closely connects two or more words both in sounds and in meaning.2. The Shepherds’ Calendar（牧童的⽉历）(1) A pastoral poem(⽥园诗，牧歌体诗) consisting 12 eclogues，one for each month, these eclogues are written in different meters;（2）The shepherd represents the poet and his friend;Most part of this poem are written in dialogue form, esp. the dialogue between the shepherd and his friend;（3）The dominant theme is love, and the theme of religion is also discussed.3. The Faire Queen(1) Spenser’s masterpiece;an epic written in a special verse form (Spenserian Stanza);(2) Planned in 12 books, but only 6 books and two cantos(诗章) of the 7th were finished;(3) hero and heroin: king Arthur and Gloriana;(4) the story: (adventures of 12 knights). It’s a vivid narrative of knightly adventures,it also involved moral, religion and political allegories, and all sorts of supernatural beings;(5) Each knight stands for a virtue: Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy, these virtues were acquired in the course of adventures.(6) thought of this poem: nationalism, humanism and puritanism.Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞体): A special verse form consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine). Remark: 斯宾塞体即五⾳步⼀⾏的⼋⾏加上六⾳步⼀⾏⽽形成的九⾏体。

Lesson1 topic1.Hurricane Katrina2.My experience of an earthquake(or a flood, or a typhoon, or a bad accident, etc)Lesson3 topicDescribe and comment on one of the three characters in the text.Write an essay titled Reflections on “Blackmail” with300 words in English.You can approach the essay from the following perspectives.•The characterization of the three characters.•The preparation for the climax of the story.•The morality or immorality of the Duchess.Lesson41.William Jennings Bryan and the fundamentalist movement in the 1920s2.the effects of the Scopes ”Monkey Trial”Lesson61.Mark Twain’s life2.My favorite book by Mark Twain3.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn(or Tom Sawyer)Lesson71.Alice Walker and her workpare the two sisters Dee and Maggiement on the character of Mrs.Johnson•Vocabulary Test•Lesson 1 book 11.The crew had been mustered to______the hatches.a. batten down 板条钉住b. sit outc. come byd. trail away•The crew had been mustered to batten down the hatches.•所有船员被集合起来进行封舱以防暴风雨袭击.2. If clouds______along, they move quickly and smoothly through the sky.Scramble爬 b. clutch抓住 c. scud疾行 d. perish死亡•If clouds scud along, they move quickly and smoothly through the sky.•(云彩)掠过3. He received a_______of her hand on his cheek.a. swathb. lash 抽打c. slashd. pitch•He received a lash of her hand on his cheek.•他突然被她打了一记耳光.4. The thief was pushed and________ by an angry crowd.a.raged 动怒b. lapped包围c. cowered畏缩d. pummeled击打The thief was pushed and pummeled by an angry crowd.一群人推搡并痛打小偷。

英国文学史知识点 Revised by BETTY on December 25,2020一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims arepeople from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

第二部分，作家作品背景
第三部分作品容和主要人物
冰冷的环境，冷酷的事实。

肉体上的伤害，精神上的创伤。

作者以第一人称即一位美国军人的身份描写自己在意大利米兰的经历。

他没有正面描写战争而是单刀直入地描写战争与人的关系更为密切的另一个侧面。

一个远离故土跑到异国他乡的军人负伤后每天得去医院进行治疗。

秋风吹来，他感到冷飕飕的，自然会着眼于那些几乎与自己同命运的被别人猎来挂在屋檐下任凭寒风与落雪肆意蹂躏的猎物。

读者不难看出，作者不是单纯地写这些猎物。

而是在着意刻画自己心深处的颤栗。

对于军人们来说，奖章和证书应该是一种荣耀。

但在海明威的笔下，它们却是一些无所谓的东西。

我们都有同样的勋章。

如果读者骤然没有看出这句话的深层含义，那么那个脸色苍白本来要做个律师的大个子男孩曾经是亚迪蒂的一位中尉。

他有三枚勋章，而我们只有其中的一枚。

他在死亡线上挣扎了很久。

现在对一切都有些无所谓了。

这句话就把这些年轻军人对奖章的冷漠态度交代得再清楚不过了。

更何况作者还加了一句：我们都有些无所谓了。

作者对意大利少校的描写是整个故事的高潮。

前面提到他长着一只像婴儿的手一样小的手，后来，读者才意识到这只不过是这台战争机器擦破他的一点儿皮，而它对他真正的伤害却是它毁灭了他的家庭，从而给他的心理上造成了永远无法医治的创伤。

A SHORT STORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE英国文学简史刘炳善河南人民出版社Lecture OnePart OneEarly English Literature (Angle-Saxon Literature)•Early English Literature(Anglo-Saxon Literature) •Historical Background•①The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were Britons, a tribe of Celts. Today most Celts lived in Scotland and Wales. •②From 55 B.C. to 410 A. D. Romans conquered the Great Britain.The Roman army was led by Julius Caesar, who was a very famous figure in ancient Rome.•C onsequence ofRoman conquest:1. a network of highways;2. scores of towns, including London;3. Roman lifestyle4. Christianity was introduced.•③English Conquest•Shortly after Romans’ retreat, the Britain was invaded by Anglos, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century Old English emerged. •Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.•With the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain, the history of English literature began.•Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon Literature•Anglo-Saxon literature, that is, the Old English literature is at mostexclusively a verse literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Its creator for themost part is unknown. It was only given a written form long after its composition.•Beowulf— National epic of English people•Pick out the characters in this story and make sure the place of the story.•What are the three adventures mentioned in the story? •What are the values conveyed in this story?•A rti stic features of “Beowulf”•1. Using alliteration•Alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）.• ing metaphor (kenning) andunderstatementKenning: A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry; for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle. understatement: expressing something in a controlled wayPart Two Medieval English Literature•H istorical BackgroundThe Danish Invasion:•King Alfred the Great, who succeeded in driving the Danes off withforce, conceived “ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”, also organized andsupervised the writing process of the book.•T he Norman Conquest:•It marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. ) •The Influence of the Norman Conquest upon English Language and literature.•The prevailing form of literature in the feudal England was the Romance .•By the end of the 14th century, the Middle English emerged.•Conditions in the Feudal England•The chief feature of the society was distinct division into two classes: landlords and peasants.•The miseries of the peasants•The rising of 1381•T he Romance (骑士文学)•Romance: a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. •Knight--central character of romances•It is a special group of people existed in the Middle Age in Europe.Nearly all nobles were knights. However, nobody was born a knight. One nobleman must experience hard training and then the king will give him knighthood.•3.The great majority of the romances fall into three groups: •matters of France : Charlemagne, a very great French emperor. 查理曼大帝•matters of Rome: Alexander the Great, a very great emperor in ancient Greece. 亚历山大大帝matters of Britain: The Romance of King Arthur and his Round Table knights,亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士，is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature, espe cially the works called “SirGawain and the Green Knight”.格温爵士和绿衣骑士．•Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur•It is a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.•Who is King Arthur?•The legends of King Arthur are the foundation of Le Morte D' Arthur. • A masterpiece in the 15th English literature.“Piers the Plowman”（农夫皮尔斯）– William Langland“Piers the Plowman” is one of the greatest of English poems.The poem sets forth a series of wonderful dreams, through which we can seea picture of feudal England, esp. the corruption of the Court and theChurch, in contrast with the hard life of the poor peasants.•Piers the Plowman• 1. The exposure of the ruling classes• 2. The story of the Cat and Rats• 3. The marriage of Lady Meed• 4. The condition of the peasants• 5. The search for truth• 6. The class nature of PiersLimitations: conservatismSocial significance: kindling the toiling people’s sense of human dignity and equality before God and playing a part in arousing their revolutionarysentiment.•Artistic feature of the production:•1.One of the greatest of English poems, written in the form of a dream vision.•2.the usage of allegory（寓言）, personification（拟人）, symbolism（象征主义), and alliterationThe English BalladsA ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second andfourth lines rhymed.Features?•Robin Hood ---partly historical and partly legendary character •“The character of Robin Hood is many—sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. He is a man with a twinkle in his eye, a man fond of a very joke and a hearty laugh.But the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the crueloppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden.”Social Significance:showing the fighting spirit, courage and revolutionary energy of English peasantry.examplifying the views of the exploited classes of feudal society •C haucer—the founder of English poetry•three periods of creation• 1.French: Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇• 2.Italian: Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德• 3.British: The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集•T roilus and Criseyde• a poem of more than 8000 lines, is Chaucer‘s major work besides The Canterbury Tales.•It is Chaucer's longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.•It is the tragic story of the Trojan prince Troilus and his beloved, Criseyde.•Plot•More than a romance•T he Canterbury Tales－Chaucer’ masterpieceThe story opens with a general prologue, telling that on a spring evening, 29 pilgrims, and the poet on the way to Canterbury,stopped at an inn. At the proposal of the host of the Inn, each was to tell4 stories on the way to and back from Cant. Host would be the judge, thebest teller would get a free supper at the cost of all the rest upon theirreturn to the inn. There should be 120 stories altogether. but only 24 tales were written due to the author’s death in 1400.•T he Prologue•It was considered the best part of the whole work, which supplies an artistic group of people from all walks of life in the medieval England. So from the prologue, we know at once how people lived in that era. That is why Chaucer has been called “ the founder of English realism. •The Wife of Bath---巴斯夫人The story of the married life of a woman of the middle class. We may see a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’sday.•S ocial significance:•affirm man’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposes asceticism 禁欲说•praise m an’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life; (the forerunner of humanism)•expose and satirize the social evils•H is Contribution•He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to replace the Old English alliterative verse.•He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. •The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part TwoThe English Renaissance•The Renaissance,which means “rebirth” or “revival”, is actually an intellectual movement with a thirsting curiosity for classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.BackgroundInformation:----the rise of the bourgeoisie1. The New MonarchyHenry VII founded the Tudor Dynasty, a centralized monarchy which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.2. ReformationResult of the religious reformation--the guise for the bourgeoisie class for power* Protestantism was founded.* English Bible emerged•The Authorized V ersion of the English Bible was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I, so also called the King James Bible, which has had a great influence on English language and literature.3. Economical Development:* The Enclosure Movement* The Commercial Expansion* The War with SpainAt this time, the English bourgeoisie came to the fore in the arena of history.•The Renaissance•An intellectual movement•The rebirth of letters•Sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.•Two striking features•Features of Renaissance• 1. Curiosity for the classical literature;• 2. Keen interest in the activities of humanity.•Humanism: Key-note of the Renaissance, and the very weapon for the bourgeoisie to use in its fight against feudalism restrictions and thedominating influence of the church, which had ruled men’s minds for centuries.•The Renaissance•Renaissance in England:•The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Era•William Caxton•The first English printer•The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy, translated from French, is the first book printed in English in 1475.•By his rendering French books into English, he contributed to the development of style of 15th century English prose, fixing a national language in England, and to the development of English culture as a whole.•T homas More 托马斯·莫尔----The greatest English humanist•Utopia 《乌托邦》---- the masterpiece of Thomas More•It was written in the form of a conversation, in which More gave a profound and truthful picture of the social conditions of England, esp. the people’s sufferings, and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.•M ore ’s Limitations:•no revolutionary wish or movement；•Class exploitation still retains；•Never find the means by which socialism could be realized.The Flowering Time of the RenaissanceThe Elizabethan Period•H istorical Background•The Elizabeth Age (1558-1603): England enjoyed peaceful development under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I, who maintained a balance of between the Protestants and the Catholics.•In 1588, English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, which accelerated the awakening English people’s national consciousness;•Sonnet and blank verse were introduced to England •Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambicpentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. •Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.•Sir Philip Sidney----a poet and critic of poetry •Works:• 1.“Astrophel and Stella”:a collection of love sonnets• 2.“Apology for Poetry"(1595) :one of the earliest English literary essaysrepresent the spirit of literary criticism of the Renaissance •Walter Raleigh (1552?-1618)• A versatile man•Discovery of Guiana, an account of exploration•History of the World•1.The Shepherd’s Calendar•Introduction• A pastoral consisting of twelve books—corresponding to the 12months of the year, each of which is a dialogue between a shepherd and ashepherdess on love, religion, nature, or rural life. The significance lies in that it marks the appearance to the first national poet in almost twohundred years after the death of Chaucer, the real start of the outburst of great Elizabethan poetry.•2. The Faerie Queen•The Faerie Queen is Spenser’s greatest wor k. He almost spent 20 years of his life projecting twelve books, of which only six and a part of seventhcompleted.writing aim:to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.•Edmund Spenser---the "Poet's poet"•The greatest poet of the Elizabethan Age.•The Faerie Queen holds a feast of 12 days, and on each day a stranger appears. A knight is assigned to each guest, and the 12 books were to describe the 12 adventures. Each knight represent a virtue. The knights as a whole symbolize England, and the evil figures stand for herenemies.•T he dominating thoughtsof the poem are nationalism, humanism, and Puritanism, all typical of the poet's age. However his poetry lacks two essential qualities: power and unity. His verse is sometimes too sweet.The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form called the Spenserian Stanza.Spenserian stanza: A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter.•J ohn Lyly•His work “Euphues” was written in a peculiar style known as“Euphuism”, which consists in the use of balanced sentences and words alliterating, riming or identical. •Francis Bacon (1561—1626)The most important prose writer of the Elizabethan Age is Francis Bacon, who is not only the first English essayist, but also the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon's work“Advancement of Learning”“New Instrument”“Essays”•P urpose:Essays is intended for the ambitious youth of upper class to tell them how to be efficient and make their way in public life. •Drama---The highest glory of the English Renaissance •Miracle plays, morality plays, interludes and classical plays—such were the forms of drama prevailing until the reign of Elizabeth. •Other Factors Concerned with the development of the Drama: •The development of Theatres•London: the center of English drama•The audience:•both the gentlemen and the common people (dominant force)•The Playwrights:•Who are“The University Wits”?•They are a group of young men, almost all of them studied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge, and then set up as professionalwriters, selling their learning and their “wits” to London public ofplaygoers, and to the reading public as well.•The University Wits: Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Green, Lodge and Nash. •Christopher Marlowe•THE MOST GIFTED OF THE “ UNIVERSITY WITS”•R epresentative works:•Tamburlaine (1587-88), desire for power•Doctor Faustus (1589), desire for knowledge and happiness •The Jew of Malta (1590) desire for money•T amburlaine《帖木儿大帝》•Marlowe wrote about an conqueror, Tamburlaine. Part I is a play of conquest, dealing with Tamburlaine's rise to power from an obscureshepherd chieftain. In Part II his conquests were further extended. The play reflects the widespread fascination in the Renaissance with the reach and limits of the human will's desire for dominion.The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta is a study of the lust for wealth. •D octor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.The heroes of his plays are generally distinguished by a resolute character, a scorn of orthodox creeds, and an overpowering passion: inTamburlaine, it is ambition; in D octor Faustus, desire for knowledge, in the Jew of M alta, greed for wealth. They were typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital.•S ocial Significance ofMarlowe’s plays1. These plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eagercuriosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable appetite for power whether that be won by military might , knowledge, or gold. •Social Significance ofMarlowe’s plays• 2. The theme of Marlowe's plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the convicton of theboundless possibility of the human efforts in conquering the universe. •Man's reason and power is everything.• 3. The heroes in Marlowe's plays are merely individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.Marlowe’sAchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He is the first person who used the blank verse in drama. The blank verse in his hand developed an unprecedented intensity.William Shakespeare•William Shakespeare“He was not of an age, but for all time.”----Jonson• a great humanist,• a most popular playwright of his time,• a great poet,• a dramatic genius,• a master of language•As the Greatest English Poet and DramatistHe left us a great wealth of 154 sonnets, 37 plays, including 14 comedies, 12 tragedies, and 11 historical plays, as well as two long poems.•The First Period----Early Period•Henry VI, Part II享利六世•Henry VI, Part III•Henry VI, Part I•Richard III理查三世•The Comedy of Errors错误的喜剧•Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯•The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记•The Two Gentlemen from V erona维洛那二绅士•Love’s Labor’s Lost爱的徒劳•Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶•Romeo and Juliet---The Earliest Success in Tragedy•a play of youth and love•a tragic situation with comedy and gaiety•nothing of pessimism in it•lyrical and optimistic in spirit •Features:•1. The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment•2. Shakespeare showed an increasing insight into character and mind, andfinally gained a good command of characterization in “Romeo and Juliet”and “Richard III”.•3. The First Period shows a general tendency of the gradual diminishingand disappearance of rhyme as the principal impediment in Shakespeare’ s dramatic composition.•T he Second Period---Mature Period •Richard II理查二世• A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦•King John约翰王•The Merchant of V enice威尼斯商人•Henry IV, Part I享利四世•Henry IV, Part II•Much Ado about Nothing无事生非•Henry V享利五世•The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘儿们•Julius Caesar尤利克斯、凯撒•As You Like It终成眷属•Twelfth Night第十二夜•Features:•1.The general spirit in comedies is optimism, but a little pessimistic feeling appears.•2.There is a great lift in characterization. Most notable is the heroines ofthe comedies and many vivid characters appear in the historical plays. •The Third Period•Hamlet哈姆莱特•Troilus and Cressida特洛伊罗德与克锐西达•All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜•Measure for Measure一报还一报•Othello奥赛罗•King Lear李尔王•Macbeth迈克白•Antony and Claopatra安东尼与克利奥佩拉•Cariolanus克丽奥兰拉斯•Timon of Athens雅典的泰门•Features:•1. Many complicated social contradictions are mercilessly exposed inhis works. There are scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime in his great tragedies.•give somber pictures of the world.•The Fourth Period•Pericles泰尔亲王佩利克里斯•Cymbeline辛白林•The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事•The Tempest暴风雨•Henry VIII享利八世•Features:•1. The tone of calm and reconciliation appear in the plays; •2. Shakespeare’s hopes and aspirations with the future of mankind.•Shakespeare’s first theatrical success was his historical play “Henry VI”in three parts. With the performance of “Henry VIII”, endedShakespeare’s dramatic career.•The first period made Shakespeare famous, but it is the second periodthat Shakespeare’s position was secur ed as a mature and highlysuccessful dramatist and poet, admired, praised and revered by everyone. •W illiam Shakespeare's Writing Features•2. Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.•3. Several threads running through the play.•4. Combination of tragic and comic elements.The Great Comedies1. A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream2. The Merchant of V enice3. As You Like It• 4. Twelfth Night The Mature Histories •Shakespeare's histories include ten historical plays and the principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one king. •In the historical plays, Shakespeare's treatment of real English kings is extremely critical and there is only one ideal king--Henry V. •The Mature Histories•Henry IV•It is one of the most remarkable historical plays of Shakespeare and contains two parts.•The Image of Henry V•Henry V is the symbol of Shakespeare's ideal kingship, who represents the upsurging patriotism of the time.•Henry V represents Shakespeare's ideal of a good king and his aspiration for the national unity of England under a powerful and efficientmonarchy.•The Image of Sir John Falstaff•The Great Tragedies•1.Hamlet•2. King Lear•3. Macbeth•4. Othello•The Later Comedies•Pericles•Cymberline•The Winter's Tale•The Tempest•Owing to their tragi-comic nature, these plays are sometimes called Shakespeare's "romances".•Features?•T he Poetry•Features of Shakespeare's Drama• 1. Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism tocapitalism, Shakespeare faithfully and vividly reflects, through a host of typical characters in his plays, the major social contradictions of his time. •Features of Shakespeare's Drama• 2. Shakespeare's dramatic creation often used the method of adoption. • 3. Shakespeare's long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.•Features of Shakespeare's Drama• 4. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse.• 5. Shakespeare is a great master of the English language.Ben Jonson本·琼森The most well-known successor of Shakespeare •His works:•Roman Tragedies:• 1.Sejanus 《席阶纳斯》• 2. Catiline 《克琳蒂》•Comedies:• 1. Every Man in His Humour《人人高兴》• 2. V olpone/ The Fox《狐狸》• 3. The Alchemist《炼金术士》• 4. Bartholomew Fair《巴托罗缪市集》•E very Man in His Humour《人人高兴》•the story of a jealous husband, a credulous young wife and a boastingcoward soldier.Volpone/ The Fox《狐狸》to expose the greedy social conductThe Alchemist《炼金术士》a satire on alchemy and mockery of both tricksters and dupes Bartholomew Fair《巴托罗缪市集》portraying a picture of old London life•Jonson: a poet and a critic•Works (poems)•Timber or Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter (prose work) •the "literary king" of his time•the Poet Laureate of James I•An advocate of classic drama, a forerunner of classicism in English literaturePart ThreeThe Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution •Political Background•The Stuart dynasty•James I (1603-1625)•Charles I (1625-1649)• 1. There were more and more quarrels of James I and Charles I with their Parliaments.• 2. Severe persecutions hit the capitalist class as a whole. Thus arose the demand for a new government on the part of the English boureoisie.• 3. 1642 the outbreak of the Civil War/Bourgeois Revolution“1649 beheading Charles I”4. The English CommonwealthIt is founded by Oliver Cromwell and the parliament army. • 5. The Split within the Revolutionary Camp •Independents vs Presbyterians•The Levellers•the Movement of the Diggers6. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the RestorationCharles II (1660-1685)James II (1685-1688)•7. The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution•The English Revolution was sometimes called the Puritan Revolution.•John Milton •Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth, the ideals of the Revolution with his pen. •Literary Career:--- three periods•The First Period :•He wrote a considerable quantity of verse in Latin and English: •1. On the Morning of Chr ist’s Nativity¡¶在基督诞生的早晨¡·•2. the twin lyrical poemsL’Allegro ¡¶欢乐的人¡·II Penseroso ¡¶沉思的人¡·•3. Comus:a masque ¡¶科马斯¡·•4. Lycidas: an elegy ¡¶黎西达斯¡·•T he Second Period•In this period, he devoted himself to the revolutionary work. He wrote little verse but produced a large quantity of prose, and pamphlets. •1. pamphlets to urge the necessity of thorough religious reform. •Of Reformation in England•2. pamphlets on marriage and divorce•3. Areopagitica：a prose work in which Milton appealed for the freedomof the press. This is also the speech addressed to the House of Parliament .¡¶论出版自由¡·•4. a pamphlet to express the spirit of getting rid of a tyrant. •5. Defence of the English People《为英国人民声辩¡·•6. Second Defence of the English People ¡¶再为英国人民辩护¡·•7. On His Deceased Wife: a love poem, a sonnet•8. The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth•The Third Period•It is the greatest in his literary life, though he is totally blind and under severe persecution.•1. Paradise Lost¡¶失乐园¡·•2. Paradise Regained¡¶复乐园¡·•3. Samson Agonistes¡¶力士参孙¡·•Paradise Lost¡¶失乐园¡·--- Milton’ s masterpiece•It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament.•T he Image of Satan:•P. 108•In the Bible, Satan was described as an evil, while in Paradise Lost it was described as a hero.•B rief Summary of Milton•P. 111•Samson Agonistes• A poetical drama modelled on the Greek tragedies•Plot•The similarity between Samson and Milton•Brief Summary of Milton•Milton was political in both his life and his art.•Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature.•Milton is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.•Milton is a great stylist.•Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.•John Bunyan•The Pilgrim’s Progress¡¶天路历程¡·•“The Pilgrim’s Progress” is a religious allegory.•“The Vanity Fair” is a well-known section of The Pilgrim’s Progress. •The Vanity Fair allegorically refers to the real world where people havelost the sense of honor, uprightness and conscience. In a word, they are spiritually lost.•M etaphysical Poetsand Cavalier Poets玄学派诗人与骑士派诗人•The Metaphysical Poets •Metaphysical is a school of poetry appeared about the beginning of the 17th century.•Generally speaking, the works of the Metaphysical poets arecharacterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. •玄学派一般指１７世纪出现的一个诗歌流派。

I.Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (30 points inall, 1.5 point for each)1. ( ) Edmund Spenser A. Women In Love2. ( ) Oliver Goldsmith B. Sense and Sensibility;3. ( ) Laurence Sterne C. Queen Mab4. ( ) Daniel Defoe D. Young Goodman Brown5. ( ) Henry Fielding E. The Portrait of A Lady6. ( ) George Gordon Byron F. The Sound and the Fury7. ( ) Percy Bysshe Shelley G. The Great Gatsby8. ( ) Jane Austen H. For Whom the Bell Tolls9. ( ) Sir Walter Scott I. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage10. ( ) Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell J. The Faerie Queene11. ( ) George Eliot K. Ivanhoe12. ( ) John Galsworthy L. Mary Barton13. ( ) William Shakespeare M. The Forsyte Saga14. ( ) Nathaniel Hawthorne N. Robinson Crusoe15. ( ) Henry James O. Tom Jones16. ( ) Theodore Dreiser P. The Vicar of Wakefield17. ( ) Scott Fitzgerald Q. A Sentimental Journey18. ( ) Ernest Hemingway R. American Tragedy19. ( ) William Faulkner S. Middlemarch20. ( ) David Herbert Lawrence T. Othello1-10 JPQNO ICBKL 11-20 SMTDE RGHFAplete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the ______, who migrated to the British Islesabout 600 B.C. .2.The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people before they accepted ______.3.After the Norman conquest, Latin and ______ were the languages of the upper class,spoken at courts and used in churches and schools.4.______ in the 14th century claimed the lives of one third of the whole population in Europe.5.The House of Lancaster and the House of York fought the Thirty Years’ War from 1455 to1485, the House of York using ______ as its emblem.6.The Elizabethan spectators paid a penny to stand throughout the performance in the pitwere called ______.7.Sonnets was first written by the Italian poet ______ who wrote them to a lady named Laura.8.As a philosopher Bacon is praised by Marx as “______” because he stressed the importanceof experience, or experiment.9.Pope translated the entire “______”and half of the “Odyssey”, the other half beingtranslated by two Cambridge scholars.10.The Rape of the Lock is a brilliant satire written in the form of a ______ poem.1. the Celts2. Christianity3. French4. Black Death5. a white rose6. groundlings7. Petrarch8. the progenitor of English materialism9. Iliad10. mock-heroicIII.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，whichone of the following is NOT such an event?A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture .B. England’s domestic rest.C. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.2._________ is the successful religious allegory in the English language.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanD. The Holy War3.Generally，the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries，its essence is _________A. scienceB. philosophyC. artsD. humanism4.Among the representatives of the Enlightenment，who was the first to introduce rationalismto England?A. John BunyanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexander PopeD. Jonathan Swift5.It is _________ alone who，for the first time in English literature，presented to us acomprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from ail walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Martin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gower6.In A Tale of Two Cities, the "two cities" refer to London and _________.A. DublinB. ParisC. New YorkD. Vienna7.The Lyrical Ballads written by Wordsworth and Coleridge was published in ________.A. 1789B. 1798C. 1829D. 19038._______ is the representative of Aestheticism and Decadence in English literature.A. R. L. StevensonB. Oscar WildeC. Samuel ButlerD. Charles Dickens9.Which of the following novels does not belong to the "stream of consciousness" school ofnovel writing?A. UlyssesB. Mrs. DallowayC. The RainbowD. To the Lighthouse10.The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existenceon a lonely island reflects _________A. man’s desire to return to natureB. the author’s criticism of the colonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD. the aristocrat s’disillusionment of the harsh social reality1-5 BADCA 6-10 DABCCIV.Explain the following literary terms. (12 points in all, 4 points for each)1.Renaissance2.The War of Roses3.Morality PlayV.Chose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (15 points in all,1.5 points for each)A. Find out the author and his work.1.( ) Thomas More a. Gorge Green2.( ) Edmund Spencer b. Eupheus3.( ) John Lyly c. The Fairy Queene4.( ) Christopher Marlowe d. Utopia5.( ) Robert Greene e. The Jew of MaltaB. Find out the work from column on the left and its content from column on theright.6.( ) Il Penseroso a. attack on the censorship7.( ) Lycidas b. defense of the Revolution8.( ) Defense for the English People c. about dear friend9.( ) Areopagitica d. Satan against God10.( ) Paradise Lost e. meditationA. Find out the author and his work.1-5 d c b e aB. Find out the work from column on the left and its content from column on theright.6-10 e c b a dVI.Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets. (15 points in all, 1.5 points for each)1.( ) The author of The Song of Beowulf is Cynwulf.2.( ) The setting of The Song of Beowulf is in Scotland.3.( ) Alfred the Great compiles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.4.( ) Venerable Bede wrote The Ecclesiastic History of the English people.5.( ) The author of Paraphrase is Caedmon.6.( ) Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to the literature of English renaissance.7.( ) Being specially fond of the great writer Boccaccio, Chaucer composes a longnarrative poem Filostrato based upon Boccaccio’s poem Troilus and Cressie.8.( ) The 32 pilgrims, according to Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that ofBo ccaccio’s Decameron.9.( ) The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of Romantic portrayal, the first of itskind in the history of English literature.10.( ) The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century ofEngland.1-10 F F T T T T F T F Fplete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)11.The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the ______, who migrated to the BritishIsles about 600 B.C. .12.Geoffrey Chaucer, the “______”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England,was born in London in about the year 1340.13.The ______ provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and itcomprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.14.In contradiction to the _______ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose themetrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.15.The House of Lancaster and the House of York fought the Thirty Years’War from1455 to 1485, the House of York using ______ as its emblem.16.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of ______ relations andthe establishing of the foundations of capitalism.17.Sonnets was first written by the Italian poet ______ who wrote them to a lady namedLaura.18.As a philosopher Bacon is praised by Marx as “______”because he stressed theimportance of experience, or experiment.19.______ is often referred to as “the poets’ poet”.20.The Rape of the Lock is a brilliant satire written in the form of a ______ poem.21.Celts 2. Father of English Poetry 3. Prologue 4. Alliterative 5. a white rose 6.feudal7.Petrarch8.the progenitor of English materialism9.Edmund Spencer10. mock-heroicVIII.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.About Edmund Spencer which of the following statements is not true?A. He was educated in Cambridge.B. His father was the Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.C. He interacted with Philip Sidney.D. He wrote “Epithalamion” to his love affair with Elizabeth Boyle2.About the Renaissance humanists which of the following statements is true?A. They thought money and social status was the measure of all things.B. They emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the presentlife.C. They couldn't see the human values in their works.D. They thought people were largely subordinated to the ruling class without anyfreedom and independence.3.In his tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare eulogizes _____.A. the faithfulness of loveB. the spirit of pursuing happinessC. the heroine's great beauty, wit and loyaltyD. both a and b4.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethan time is _____.A. the flourishing of the dramaB. the popularity of the realistic novelC. the domination of the classical poetryD. the close-down of all the theatres5.Which of the following is not John Milton's works?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Othello6.Tempest is a typical example of Shakespeare______ view of life towards human lifeand society in his late years.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. satiricalD. none of the above7.______ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England, while ______ brought in blankverse, ie. The unrhymed iambic pentameter line.A. Wyatt…SurreyB. Wyatt…SidneyC. Surrey…SidneyD. Sidney…Spencer8.Christopher Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the ______ andmade it the principal medium of English drama.A. blank verseB. free verseC. sonnetD. alliteration9.Christian is the character in ______.A. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanB. The Pilgrim’s ProgressC. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersD. None of the above10.The significance of The Canterbury Tales excludes:A. A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.B. The dramatic structure of the poem.C. Chaucer’s humour.D. “Round” characters.11.The ceremony of May Day comes from the tradition of _______.A. The CeltsB. The SaxonsC. The NormansD. The Angles1-5 BBBAD 6-10 AABDAII. Definitions of literary terms (1’×10=10’):1. A group of dramatists active in the 1950s, who believed that human life was meaningless andabsurd and that the world was irrational _____________.[A] the angry young men [B] the beat generation[C] the theatre of the absurd [D] dramatist of black humour2.A long narrative poem about the deeds of some national hero(es) ____________.[A] a lyric [B] an epic[C] a sonnet [D] a satirical poem3. A poem describing the life and love of shepherds and shepherdesses__________.[A] an eclogue [B] a pastoral poem[C] a lyric poem [D] a narrative poem4. The unconscious tendency of a son to be attached to his mother and hostile toward his father_______[A] psychoanalysis [B] Oedipus complex[C] inferiority complex [D] interpretation of dreams5. Works in prose or poetry meant to ridicule and correct the follies and vices of the society and of the individuals ___________.[A] sentimentalism [B] Neo-classicism[C] allegory [D] satire6. Traditionally a song that tells a story which became a form of poetry later __________[A] a folk song [B] a sonnet[C] a ballad [D] romance7. A long piece of poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight _________.[A] romance [B] epic[C] ballad [D] narrative poem or prose8.Two lines of poetry in iambic pentameter rhymed aa ____________.[A] sonnet [B] ballad[C] ode [D] heroic couplet9. Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter ____________.[A] free verse [B] blank verse[C] sonnet [D] heroic couplet10. A story in verse or prose with a double meaning, a surface meaning and an under-the-surface meaning ________[A] allegory [B] romance[C] satire [D] ballad1 C2 B 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.A1. The technique to describe various thoughts and feelings that pass through the mind _____________.[A] the angry young men [B] stream of consciousness[C] the theatre of the absurd [D] black humour2. Poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight ____________.[A] a romance [B] an epic[C] a sonnet [D] a satirical poem3. A poem describing the life and love of shepherds and shepherdesses__________.[A] a pastoral [B] an eclogue[C] a lyric poem [D] a narrative poem4. The unconscious tendency of a son to be attached to his mother and hostile toward his father_______[A] psychoanalysis [B] Oedipus complex[C] inferiority complex [D] interpretation of dreams5. Works in prose or poetry meant to ridicule and correct the follies and vices of the society and of the individuals ___________.[A] sentimentalism [B] Neo-classicism[C] allegory [D] satire6. Traditionally a song that tells a story which became a form of poetry later __________[A] a ballad [B] a sonnet[C] a folk song [D] romance7. A long piece of poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight _________.[A] romance [B] epic[C] ballad [D] narrative poem or prose8.Two lines of poetry in iambic pentameter rhymed aa ____________.[A] sonnet [B] ballad[C] ode [D] heroic couplet9. Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter ____________.[A] free verse [B] blank verse[C] sonnet [D] heroic couplet10. A story in verse or prose with a double meaning, a surface meaning and an under-the-surface meaning ________[A] ballad [B] romance[C] satire [D] allegory1 B2 .A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.DIII. Matching authors with corresponding works(1’×20=20’)1.Thomas More a. Sons and Lovers2.Geoffrey Chaucer b. Mrs. Dalloway3. Edmund Spenser c. Tess of the D’Urbervilles4. Christopher Marlowe d. Pride and Prejudice5.George Bernard Shaw e. The Pickwick Papers6.Ben Jonson f. Ivanhoe7. John Milton g.Vanity Fair8. Jonathan Swift h.Don Juan9. James Joyce i.Ode to the West Wind10. Richard B. Sheridan j. V olpone11.William Wordsworth k.Samson Agonistes12.George Gordon Byron l.Finnegans Wake13.Percy Bysshe Shelley m.The School for Scandal14.Walter Scott n. Lyrical Ballads15.Charles Dickens o.Widowers’ Houses16. W. M. Thackeray p.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus17.Jane Austen q.Faerie Queene18.Thomas Hardy r.The Canterbury Tales19.D. H. Lawrence s. Utopia20. Virginia Woolf t.Gulliver’s Travels1.s2.r3.q4.p5.o6.j7.k8.t9.l 10.m11.n 12.h 13.i 14.f 15.e 16.g 17.d 18.c 19.a 20.b1.William Shakepeare2.Samuel Johnson3. John Keats4. Christopher Marlowe5.George Bernard Shaw6.Ben Jonson7. John Milton 8.Daniel Defoe9. James Joyce 10. Richard B. Sheridan11.Geofrey Chaucer 12.George Gordon Byron13.Percy Bysshe Shelley 14.Walter Scott15.George Bernard Shaw 16. William Makepeace Thackeray17.Jane Austen 18.Thomas Hardy19.D. H. Lawrence 20. Virginia Woolfa. Tamburlaine the Greatb.A Dictionary of the English Languagec. King Leard. Major Barbarae. Pride and Prejudicef. Ivanhoeg.Vanity Fair h.Don Juani.Promethus Unbound j. V olponek.Samson Agonistes l.Finnegans Wakem.The School for Scandal n. Robinson Crusoeo..Widowers’ Houses p.Sons and Loversq.To the Lighthouse r.Tess of the D’Urbervilless.Ode to the Nightingale t.The Canterbury Tales1.c2.b3.s4.a5.o6.j7.k8.n9.l 10.m 11.t 12.h 13.i 14.f 15.d 16.g 17.e 18.r 19.p 20.qIV Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (2’×10=20’)12.About Edmund Spencer which of the following statements is not true?A. He was educated in Cambridge.B. His father was the Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.C. He interacted with Philip Sidney.D. He wrote “Epithalamion” to his love affair with Elizabeth Boyle13.About the Renaissance humanists which of the following statements is true?A. They thought money and social status was the measure of all things.B. They emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the presentlife.C. They couldn't see the human values in their works.D. They thought people were largely subordinated to the ruling class without anyfreedom and independence.14.In his tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare eulogizes _____.A. the faithfulness of loveB. the spirit of pursuing happinessC. the heroine's great beauty, wit and loyaltyD. both a and b15.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethan time is _____.A. the flourishing of the dramaB. the popularity of the realistic novelC. the domination of the classical poetryD. the close-down of all the theatres16.Which of the following is not John Milton's works?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Othello1-5 BBBAD6．In A Tale of Two Cities, the "two cities" refer to London and _________.A. DublinB. ParisC. New YorkD. Vienna7．The Lyrical Ballads written by Wordsworth and Coleridge was published in ________.A. 1789B. 1798C. 1829D. 19038．_______ is the representative of Aestheticism and Decadence in English literature.A. R. L. StevensonB. Oscar WildeC. Samuel ButlerD. Charles Dickens9．Which of the following novels does not belong to the "stream of consciousness" school of novel writing?A. UlyssesB. Mrs. DallowayC. The RainbowD. To the Lighthouse10．The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existence on a lonely island reflects _________A. man’s desire to return to natureB. the author’s criticism of the colonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD. the aristocrats’disillusionment of the harsh social reality6-10 DABCCV. Essay Questions (30%; choose only ONE of the following five topics and write a short essay of at least 200 words.)1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Victorian period?pare any two periods in the history of English literature with reference to ideological tendencies and literary trends (Find out their similarities and differences by using major writers as examples).3.Describe how your knowledge of English literature is improved after taking this course.4.Analyze why in English literature Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright or why Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist.5. Why is Thomas Hardy often regarded as a transitional writer?6．How much do you know about Romanticism?7. How much do you know about the Enlightenment Movement and Neoclassicism?8. Analyze the characteristics of the Renaissance period and the Victorian age.9. Discuss why Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist in English Literature10.Through Hamlet in Hamlet, please analyze the theme of this novel.11. What is Utopia about?12.What is the social significance of The Canterbury TalExplain the following literary terms. (18 points in all, 6 points for each)4.The Rising of 13815.John Locke6.Humanism。

Chapter 8The age of Romanticism:1.From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832, a new movement appeared on the literary arena. The essence of this new movement is the glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world.2.The political and social factors that gave rise to the romantic movement were the three revolution: American and French Revolution; national liberation movements; democratic movements.3.And Industrial Revolution: brought great wealth to the rich and worsened the living condition of the poor; Workers organized themselves andgave voice to their distress by breaking machines, which is called Machine breaking movement(Luddite movement)4.The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18h century.5.Rousseau: the father of Romanticism. He rejects the worship of reason. He maintains in the really vital problems of life, it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preachesthat civilized man should return to nature, praised the natural man as the noble savage and attacks the civilized man as the depraved animals.6.Edmund Burke: As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France. He distinguished between two kinds of beauty- the sublime and the beautiful.7.Thomas Paine: He published The Rights of Man in 1791 to answer to Burke's Reflection. The Rights of Man asserts that man has no property in man and justifies the radical actions of French people in the revolution, claiming that it is the right of people to overthrown a government that opposes humanity.8.Characteristic features of the romantic movement:1)Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which express the poets mind.The interest of romantic poets is not objective world or the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experience of the poets themselves.2)Spontaneity: Wordsworth defines poetry as the spontaneous overflow of feelings. Romanticism is an assertion of independence, a departure from the neo-classis rules.3)Singularity4)Worship of nature5)Simplicity6)Melancholy7)It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions. Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form.9.Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between 1798 and 1832. Wordsworth:1.From 1799 to his death he was politically very conservative and lived in retirement at Grasmere in the Lake district in the company of his sister Dorothy Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge. In 1843 after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate.2.The most representative poet of English Romanticism.3.In 1798, the publication of Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18 th century and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. It is a declaration of romanticism and an important piece of literary criticism in English literature.Coleridge:1.3 Lake poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.2.Married the sister of Southey s wife.3.Representative work:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written in ballad form. The theme is about sin and its expiation.4.Kubla Khan: total imagination. Collected in Lyrical Ballads.5.His only play that was on the stage waRemorse6.His lectures on Shakespeareare still considered valuable Shakespeareancritical materials.Byron:1.The long satirical epic, Don Juan, is generally considered as his masterpiece. As a leading Romanticist, Bryon' s chief contribution is his creation of Byronic Hero.2.Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage made him famous overnight.3.Don Juan: It is about the romantic adventure of a legendary Spanish youth who has many love affairs with various woman. The real significance of this poem lies in its vivid description of the lives and manners of many lands. Byron ' s fiery passion for the liberation of the Greek people and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relationship of his time.4.The Isles of Greece: a song sung by a singer at the wedding ceremony between Don Juan and Haidee, in which the singer(Byron) contrast the past glory of the Greek people with their present state of enslavement by the Turks. Shelley:1.His first important poem is Queen Mab, an allegorical poem in which through the mouth of Queen Mab, the fairy queen, he attacks kings, priests, and statesmenand human institutions such as marriage, commerce, and religion.2.He met Godwin in 1814 and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother was Mary Wollstonecraft, a champion for women s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.3.On the death of Keats, he wrote a elegiac poem Adonais.4.His lyrics are best known among the English poets.5.The most well-known is the Ode to the West Wind6.Song to the Men of England: political lyrics in protest against the government s barbarous action and calling the working people to rise up to overthrown the rule of idle class.7.An ode: In ancient time, an ode is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; In modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event. John Keats1.Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.2.In 1817, he abandoned his profession in surgeon and published his first collection of poems.3.His best were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time of his death.4.On First Looking into Chapman' s Homer5.Ode to a Nightingale.6.Negative Capability: Firstly used by Keats to critique those who sought to categorize all experience and phenomena and turn them into a theory of knowledge. This put Keats at the front of Romantic Movement.Lamb:mb was important in English literature for his contribution to the Familiar Essay, a type of essay which dates back to those of the French essayist and was later developed by Addison and Steele.2.With his sister, they wrote Tales from Shakespeare.3.Recollection and nostalgia play an important role in his essays.4.His essays are full of long and curious words and are interrupted by frequent exclamations and parentheses.mb's most well-known literary work is Tales from Shakespeare.They were stories retold from the plays of Shakespeare.Chapter 9The Victorian Age:1.The English people were proud of the two queens: Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victorian. During their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.2.Capitalism first took its shape during the reign of Queen E. And the small country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.3.During the reign of Queen Victoria, England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became he workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.4.During this period, literature flourished.5.Three period of The Victorian Age:1) a time of social unrest2)The middle period: a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy.3)The last period: a period of decay of Victorian values.6.The first period:1)The passing of the first reform bill made it possible for the industrial capitalists to gain their power in Parliament.2)The Reform of Bill of 1832 extend the right to vote to all men owning property worth ten pounds or more.3)The second accomplishment of Reform of Bill was to eliminate the rotten boroughs and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities.4)This bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party. Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessman, came into power.5)The Chartist Movement reached its peak in 1838, 1842 and 1848.6)The most influential philosophy of this period: the philosophy of Utilitarianism.7)Corn laws:1815-1846: forbade in importing any grain from foreign countries when the price of wheat dropped to a certain price.7.The mid-Victorian period:1)In 1846, the Corn Laws was replaced and the price of labour lowered.2)By the early seventies England became the workshop of the world and the world' s banker.3)It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism.4)In the fifties and sixties even the conditions of the working people were improved.5)In Crystal Palace, the Great Exhibition was held.6)In 1857 and following years, the economy was hit by crises from time to time.7)Darwin published the origin of species in 1859. Science came to the forefront in the debate against church. Darwin s discovery conflicted the Bible and was applied in social science.8.The last period:1)England continued to grow in strength in this period. By 1890 the British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth and was called the empire on which the sun never sets2)To many Victorians this was a period of serenity and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.3)In the nineties, melancholy became the spirit of the time and the intellectuals were tainted by a feeling of fin-desiecle.9.The Victorian novelists:1)1832 witnessed the end of poetry boom.2)Most of the romantic poets died, the romantic movement came to an end as a movement.10.The rise of the novel:1)The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public.2)The Education Acts, which came into effect in 1870, made a certain measure of education compulsory. Thus, there was a fairly large reading public in the Vic age.3)With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of book dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications.4)Writing had become a profession, which made it possible for the writers to male a living by writing.5)With the ascendancy of the industrial capitalists, the majority of whom lived an idle life in interests, there was a large idle class who needed recreation and entertainment. Novels met their desires.6)The conditions of the time and the dire poverty on the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular form to explore human relations rather than sermons given in the church.7)The feminist movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.mon features of Vic novel:1)The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.2)The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels3)Most of the Vic novel were first published in serial form, that is, by installment, before they were fully published in a single book.4)Tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Vic age.5)Characterized by their moral purpose.6)Some Chinese scholars called them critical realistic novelists.Bronte sisters1.Charlotte/Emily/Ann2.Some critics said that the Bronte sisters inherited their strong emotion from their parents.1) A Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for spiritual integrity.2)Another factors was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society.3)The third factor that explains their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by romantic poets.3.The works of Charlotte and Emily are different from those of other Victorian writers in the aspects below:1)their works are marked by strong romantic elements.2)The role pf nature plays are significant in their work.3)Marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate feelings.4.Wuthering Heights: Emily portrays the conflicts between the privileged and the hire hand.5.When they published book, they used pseudonyms, pretending they were male writers. Currer Bell for Charlotte; Ellis Bell for Emily; Acton Bell for Ann.6.In Jane Eyre, Jane s rebelliousness, her dislike for servility and her insistence o equality that make the book unique. Jane Eyre is the first ENG novel, even the most powerful and popular novel, which represents the modern view of women' s position in society.Hardy:1.Wessex novel2.The last important novelist of the Victorian Age.3.His philosophy was that everything in the universe is determined by the Immanent Will, which is present in allparts of the universe and its impartially hostile towards human beings' desire for joy and happiness.4.The dominate theme of his novel is the futility of man ' s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate. Chance and circumstance, which are all predestined by Immanent Will.5.The prevailing mood in his novel is tragic6.Wrote epic-dramaTennyson:1.Some historians even called the period from 1832 to the death of Tennyson the age of Tennyson2.1850, Tennyson published In Memoriam and succeeded Wordsworth the Poet Laureate.3.His first collection of poems was P oem by Two Brothers, on which he collaborate with his brother.4.His first important work Poems was a collection of his early poems.5.It was two volumes of Poemssecured his position as the leading poet of the time.6.Buried in Westminster Abbey.7.Break, Break, Break: elegy, Tennyson wrote in memory of his friend Arthur Hallam.Browning:1.He is noteworthy for the dramatic monologue, in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.2.His first poem: Pauline, written under the influence of Shelley.3.Was bold and unconventional in matter and style.4.Optimistic5.Look boldly at the evils in human beings without losing faith.Arnold:1. A professor of poetry at Oxford.2.Both a poet and a literary critic.3.An important figure in the intellectual field of 19 century England.4.In his poetry, he reflects on the doubt of his age, and the conflict between science and religion.5.The most important one of his literary criticism: Essays in Criticism and Culture and Anarchy. As a literary critic, he attacked the barbarians, a term used to refer to the aristocrats. He also attacked philistines, a term referring to middle class, whom he regarded as narrow-minded and self-conceited people.6.In his opinion, poetry should be a criticism of life and was destined to take the place of religion as mans principal moral guide.7.He believed culture should be antidote to anarchy and that through culture and liberal education modern man could avoid anarchy without abandoning liberty to some coercive external authority.Chapter 10The twentieth century1.~ marked by two World Wars.2.Modernism came into being between 1910 and the early years after the WWII.3.The two World War were the direct result of the conflict between rival imperialist countries and their ambition to dominate the world.4.The development of ENG literature can be divided into two stages: literature between WWs and literature after WW II.5.Three main trend of literature are worth our attention: Modernism; The Angry Young Men; and The Threat of the Absurd.6.Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.7.Modernism means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.8.The ENG intellectuals were very much influenced by the psychology of Freud.9.The characteristics of modernists:1)Complexity and obscurity2)The use of symbols3)Allusion4)IronyEliot:1.1921, the waste land, established Elidts status in modern literature.2.London, represented as arid, waste land. The central symbol are drought and flood, representing the death and rebirth.3.He said he was classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion.4.Also wrote many essays and much literary criticism. His essays are praised for their lucidity and precision. Heaney:1.Belfast group soon came into being and played an important role in changing the previously discouraging literary atmosphere of the city.2.He was awarded the Noble Prize for literature in1995, on the occasion he made the famous Noblelecture,Crediting Poetry.3.His poetry consists of two genres: the observed and recollected facts pf his early rural experience and psychological meditation on the violence in Northern Ireland arising from religious and political conflicts.4.The public and political them as reflected in North and in particular the so-called bog poems'。

《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。

主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。

文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。

选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。

二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。

三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。

Part 1 English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, theyear of ______.A. Old----RenaissanceB. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of EnglandC. Middle ---- RenaissanceD. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the______ century.A. mid-13thB. mid-14thC. mid-15thD.mid-16th3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as thenational ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.A. sonnetB. essayC. epicD. novel4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. William Langland5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______.A. Geoffrey Chaucer----witsB. William Shakespeare----witsC. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanityD. WilliamShakespeare----humanity6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.A. Old English, Greek, LatinB. Old English, French, LatinC. Old English, Greek, FrenchD. English, Greek, French7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.A. coupletB. blank verseC. heroic coupletD. epic8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.A. spiritual----heroB. natural----leaderC. spiritual----godD. natural----monster9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.A. manB. theoryC. doctrineD. era10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.A. rhymedB. alliterativeC. socialD. visionary2. Explain the following literal terms.1). Romance2). Heroic Couplet3). Epic3. Answer the following questions.1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?Chapter1. The Renaissance Period一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：Renaissance Period1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. loyal2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity---- William ShakespeareB. Humanism-----Francis BaconC. Humanity---- Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism----William Shakespeare4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.A. novel--- Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry----Francis BaconC. drama----Ben JonsonD. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.A. Roman ---- moralB. French---- reasonC. Roman---- manD. French---- God6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Anglo-Saxon7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama----freeB. sonnet----blankC. terzarima----blankD. couplet----free8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science inEngland.A. Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson2. Explain the following literal terms.1). the Renaissance Period2). blank verse3). Humanism3. Answer the following questions.1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.2). Make a comment on humanism3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?文艺复兴时期的主要作家。