法国饮食文化
French cuisine is extremely diverse, with only the Chinese having similar variety in their food. This variety is supported by the French passion for good food in all its forms, France's extraordinary range of different geographies and climates which support the local production of all types of ingredients, and France's long and varied history. In many ways, an understanding of the culture of French food is an understanding of France itself.
Meals range from the very basic, such as the traditional baguette plus cheese plus inexpensive wine, to very elaborate affairs that can involve a dozen courses and different wines consumed over several hours. Obviously, the latter type of dining is exceptional for most people. However, it is this more sophisticated dining which is typically found in "French restaurants" outside France, giving many foreigners the mistaken impression that French food is heavy and complicated. In fact, much of the French cuisine is fairly simple, relying on high quality fresh ingredients and loving preparation rather than complex recipes.
It is common in much of France to take a two hour break for lunch, with many working parents (particularly in villages and smaller towns) returning home for lunch. In some areas, mainly in the south of France, even longer lunch breaks are taken. Due to the long lunch break, businesses which close for this period typically reopen around 2PM or so and then stay open until about 7PM.
Regional influences on French food
Almost all the famous French dishes are regional specialities, some of which have become popular throughout France (such as Coq au Vin and Foie Gras) while others are mainly enjoyed in the regions in which they originate. Although regional specialities are often offered throughout France, the quality of ingredients and preparation is often superior in their region of origin.
Each region, in addition to boasting local specialities, also has a general style of cooking and choice of ingredients. For example, in Provence the food typically features olive oil, herbs and tomatoes. The evolution of regional cooking styles has been influenced by:
Local availability
The French, a nation of gourmets, know that the best food is made from local ingredients, which are fresher and of better quality than items which have been transported long distances. Consequently, coastal regions (such as Brittany and Normandy, on the northwest coast of France) will favour sea fish and will use it more often and in more varied ways than inland areas. Likewise, areas where fruit or herbs grow easily, will incorporate these into their local cuisine.
Neighbouring countries and immigration
Areas of France which border on other countries have incorporated some of the cuisine of their neighbours. It is not surprising to find Italian dishes near the Italian border. More notably, the French region of Alsace is similar to Germany in its food (sauerkraut is popular) and wine, partly due to it currently bordering on Germany and partly due to it having been part of Germany at various points in its history (the border has moved back and forth with various wars). In parts of the south which have a large North African immigrant population one can enjoy the cuisine which they have imported from their original countries.
History and economic conditions
The culture, lifestyle and economic conditions over a long period of time have formed the development of local food traditions. The rich meat dishes and cream sauces of Burgundy are not only due to Burgundian excellence in raising cattle, but in large part to the economic prosperity of this region over several centuries. On the other hand, mountain regions excel in firm cheeses, which allow food to be preserved over the long and difficult winters, and can be produced from mountain livestock which historically were the main means of support for many families in economically limited areas.
In all parts of France one will find a range of dishes, both in restaurants and in homes, which extends far beyond the regional specialities. However, in much of France the regional influences in terms of ingredients and cooking are marked. The most available food and the best cooking tend to be those produced from local ingredients and using local recipes. Therefore, the decision of where to visit or live in France tends to influence which types of food one will enjoy.
The French Mediterranean uses olive oil, herbs and tomatoes in many of its dishes. The cuisine of northwest France uses butter, soured cream (crème fraiche) and apples. The cuisine of northeast France (Alsace, and to a lesser extent Lorraine) has a strong German influence which includes beer and sauerkraut. Throughout the south in general there tends to be more use of vegetables and fruit (in part due to the favourable climate). Near the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean there is a greater consumption of sea food, while inland areas favoured by rivers (e.g. the Loire valley) use more fresh water fish.
The Italian connection
Any discussion of the influences on French cuisine would be incomplete without recognising the historical contribution of Italy to the development of French cooking. In 1533, Catherine De Medicis (a Florentine princess) married Henry duc d'Orleans (who became King Henry II or France). At this point, France was not know for its food or food culture. Catherine brought an entourage of Italian chefs with her to France, who introduced to France a variety of dishes, food preparation and dining practices. Although France and Italy obviously have evolved very different food cultures, both before and since this contribution, much of France's current food culture can be traced back to this time.
Cooking styles
Every region of France has its own distinctive traditions in terms of ingredients and preparation (see France Regions for further information). On top of this, there are three general approaches which compete with each other:
Classical French cuisine (also known in France as cuisine bourgeoise).
This includes all the classical French dishes which were at one time regional, but are no longer specifically regional. Food is rich and filling, with many dishes using cream-based sauces.
Haute cuisine
It is classical French cuisine taken to its most sophisticated and extreme. Food is elegant, elaborate and generally rich. Meals tend to be heavy, especially due to the use of cream and either large portions or many smaller portions. There is a strong emphasis on presentation (in particular, vegetables tend to be cut with compulsive precision and uniformity). The finest ingredients are used, and the meal is correspondingly expensive.
Cuisine Nouvelle.
This style developed in the 1970s, as a reaction against the classical school of cooking. The food is simpler and lighter. Portions are smaller and less rich; the heavy cream sauces of the classical approach are particularly avoided. Cooking is less elaborate and quicker, with more emphasis on local and seasonal ingredients.
Cuisine du terroir.
This focuses on regional specialities and is somewhat more rustic in nature. Local produce and food traditions are the main focus.
Each of these three traditions are strongly represented in France, with each having its supporters and specialist restaurants. At the moment, Cuisine Nouvelle is less popular than it was, while Cuisine du terroir has grown in popularity in recent years.
Wine and cheese
Aside from bread and water, the most common accompaniments to a French meal are wine and cheese. Unlike other countries, in France wine is considered a standard part of everyday meals, and is neither expensive nor reserved for special occasions. With everyday meals, ordinary wines are served, although it is expected that the style of wine match the style of food.
In addition to its use in cooking, cheese is often served as a course in itself. In this case, it is served after the main meal but before dessert. This typically consists of a platter with three or four different cheeses, from which guests can slice pieces according to their preferences. Sliced bread (e.g. slices of a baguette) are typically provided at the same time.
Restaurant guides
The most famous and successful restaurant guide in France is the Michelin Guide Rouge, which has approximately 50% market share. It has enormous influence; the award of a single star by the Guide Rouge to a restaurant can add 25% to its turnover and the loss of a star can mean financial ruin for a restaurant.
The Guide Rouge is both a restaurant guide and a hotel guide, although its better known for the former. For the towns in the Guide Rouge there is a list of the main tourist attractions and for the larger towns there is a map. In addition to having one in the house it is handy to have one in the car (e.g. if you are unexpectedly delayed on a journey and need to find a good local restaurant).
Although the Guide Rouge does not provide exact details on the criteria they use for rating restaurants, there are a number of factors beside the quality of food: service, atmosphere and value are some of the other considerations. This perhaps explains our experience that not all restaurants with the same overall rating have the same quality of food, one restaurant may have tremendous atmosphere and average food while another with the same rating may have exceptional food but little atmosphere. The Guide Rouge sometimes makes a few comments under a recommended restaurant; these are worth reading as they give an indication of what aspect of the restaurant impressed the reviewer. The comments sometimes note specialities of the house, which are often the best items on the menu.
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法国的美食是非常多样的，只有中国有与之匹敌的食品种类。这些品种依附于法国人对所有形式美食的强烈爱好。法国不寻常的各种不同地理和气候条件，支撑着当地所有类型原料的生产和法国悠久多样化的历史。在许多方面上，对法国饮食文化的了解即是对法国自身的了解。
进餐类型可从最基本的如传统面包加奶酪加上低廉的葡萄酒，一直延伸到花费几个小时包括十几道菜和各种葡萄酒的复杂进餐。显然，后者餐饮类型对大多数人来说是少见的。不过，这是一种非常复杂的进餐，在法国以外的“法国餐厅”都能找到它。这种餐饮给许多外国人错误印象认为法国食品是浓重和复杂的。在事实上，大部分的法国烹饪是相当简单，它依靠高质量的新鲜食品材料和爱好制作成而不是靠复杂的食谱。
许多法国人花一两个小时吃午餐是很普遍的，许多外出工作的父母（尤其是在乡村和小城镇）都会回家吃午饭。在一些地区，主要集中在法国南部，甚至要花更长的午餐休息时间。由于长时间的午餐休息，这期间企业停业直到下午二点左右重开直到晚上七点左右停业。
区域对法国食品的影响
几乎所有著名的法国菜肴是区域特产，其中一些在整个法国流行（如红酒烩鸡和鹅肝），另一些则主要是在它们原产地受欢迎。尽管整个法国都能提供地区特产，但往往原产地的原料
质量和制作更好。
每个区域，除吹嘘当地特产外，都会有特色的烹饪风格和原料选择。例如，普罗旺斯食物通常的特点是橄榄油，草药和西红柿。区域烹调方式演变主要受以下因素影响：
本地供货
法国是一个美食民族，它知道最好的食物是由本地原料制成的，因为它们要比那些经过长距离运输的材料有着更好的新鲜度和质量。因此，海岸地区（如布列塔尼和诺曼底，在法国西北海岸）就要比内陆地区更偏爱咸水鱼，食用次数及加工方法也会比内陆地区更多些。同样，容易生长水果或草药的地区，人们将会把它们纳入到当地的日常饮食中去。
邻国和移民
与其他国家边境相接的法国地区，把一些邻国的菜谱并入到当地菜谱中，在意大利边境地区找到意大利菜是不足为奇的。更值得注意的是，法国阿尔萨斯地区其食品（酸菜很受欢迎）和葡萄酒类似于德国，一部分原因是它目前接壤德国，一部分原因是在历史上争议它一直是德国的一部分（在战争中来回移动）。在南部地区有大量的北非移民喜欢从他们原来国家带来的菜谱。
历史和经济条件
长时间的文化、生活方式和经济条件形成发展了当地的饮食传统。丰富的肉类菜肴，勃艮第的奶油酱汁不仅归因于勃艮第养牛的卓越，大部份还归因于该地区几个世纪以来经济的繁荣。在另一方面，山区有利于制作坚硬的奶酪，这些奶酪能让食物保存较长时间和度过艰难的冬天，这些奶酪能用山区牲畜做成，在历史上这些牲畜是经济有限区域大多数家庭的主要谋生手段。
在整个法国，你会发现一系列的菜肴，不论是在餐馆和在家庭，远远超出了区域特产的范围。然而，大部分法国地区的原料及烹饪都有着自己显著的特色。最受用食品和最佳烹调术往往是那些利用当地原料和烹饪技法做成的。因此，决定在法国何处参观或居住，往往会影响到人们将享用哪些种类的食物。
法国地中海地区在其许多的菜谱中使用橄榄油，草药和西红柿。法国西北地区菜谱中使用黄油，酸奶油和苹果，法国东北菜谱（阿尔萨斯，洛林较小范围内）受到德国很强的影响，这包括啤酒和酸菜。在整个南部地区，一般往往会更多地利用蔬菜和水果（部分归因于有利的气候）。大西洋海岸附近和地中海地区对海鲜食品有很大的消耗量，而靠近河流的内陆地区（如卢瓦尔河谷）则更多食用淡水鱼。
与意大利的联系
任何关于法国烹饪所受影响的讨论若没有涉及意大利对法国烹饪发展的历史贡献都将是不完整的。1533年，凯瑟琳梅第奇（佛罗伦萨的公主）与奥尔良亨利公爵结婚（后成为国王亨利二世）此时，法国的食品和饮食文化还不为人知。凯瑟琳随行带来的一位意大利厨师给法国引进了各种菜肴、食品制备及用餐方法。尽管在这一贡献前后所有时间里，法国和意大利明显地演变成了非常不同的饮食文化，但法国目前很多饮食文化皆可追溯到这个时期。
烹调方式
法国每一个地区在配料和制作方面都有自己独特的传统，其中，有3个互相竞争的通用方法：
Classical French cuisine (在法国也称作cuisine bourgeoise)
这包括所有的古典法式菜肴，这些菜肴曾经具有地区性，但现在已不再具有具体区域性。食品味道浓厚且充满馅料，许多菜肴都会使用奶基酱汁。
Haute cuisine
Haute cuisine算是法国古典中最复杂和极端的了。高雅、精致而且通常有着浓厚的味道。餐食味道往往很重，主要是由于奶油的使用及大体积或体积稍小但数量较多的配份。其特别注重外观（尤其是蔬菜，都要进行精确均匀地削减）。由于使用了最好的原材料，因此其相应的价格也很昂贵。
Cuisine Nouvelle
这种风格在20世纪70年代发展起来，作为对古典的烹饪学派的改革。这种食品比较简单和清淡。其配份较小，味道也不是很重; 特别避免了古典方法中浓重的奶油酱汁的使用。这种烹饪没那么精细，所以比较快捷，其更侧重于本地及季节性原材料。
Cuisine du terroir
它侧重于区域特色，且做工有些粗糙,本地产品和食品传统是其重点。
在法国,这三种传统美食中的每一种都具有很强的代表性，并有各自的支持者和专门餐厅。目前，Cuisine Nouvelle没有以前那么流行,而Cuisine du terroir近来快速增长。
葡萄酒与干酪
除了面包和水，法国佐餐最常见的搭配物是葡萄酒和奶酪。与其他国家不同，在法国，葡萄酒被认为是每天佐餐基本的一部分，它既不昂贵，也不会留作一些特别场合。虽然期望葡萄酒的风格会与食品的风格相匹配，但日常膳食都会食用普通葡萄酒。
除可用于烹饪外，奶酪本身也经常作为一道菜。在这种情况下，它是在主食之前而甜心之后吃的。它通常是由一个盛有三个或四个不同奶酪的盘组成，客人可以根据他们的喜好切成小片。与此同时，还会提供切片面包（如长棒面包切片）。
餐馆指南
在法国最有名的和最成功的餐馆指南是米其林胭脂指南，拥有大约50％的市场份额。它有巨大的影响力;胭脂指南每争取到一位明星到餐厅就可以增加25％的营业额，损失一位明星对餐厅来说意味着财政损失。
胭脂指南既是餐厅指南也是酒店指南，虽然其是以前者出名。对于小城镇，胭脂指南有主要旅游景点的清单，较大的城镇会有一个地图。除了在家里放一本，随身携带一本在车上也将会很便利（例如，如果你因为一些非预期的意外而耽误了旅程并需要找一个较好的当地餐厅）。
虽然指南胭脂并没有提供他们划分餐厅等级所使用标准的具体内容，但除食品质量外还有着
许多因素：服务，气氛，价值是一些其他会考虑的因素。这也给我们的经验常识给出了解释：并非所有有着相同等级的餐厅都有相同的食品质量，一个餐厅可能会有强大的环境氛围和很一般的食物，而另一家相同等级的餐厅则可能会有较好的食物但却很一般的环境氛围。指南胭脂有时会在所推荐餐厅下面给出一些评论;这些都是值得一读的，因为它们给出了一个餐厅哪方面给评论家留下了深刻印象的指示。评论有时会备注餐厅的特色，这往往都是目录上最好的条目。
Chinese Food Culture 1.Characteristics of cuisines in southern part of China Chinese cuisine has a number of different genres, but the most influential and typical known by the public are the 'Eight Cuisines'. These are as follows: Shandong Cuisine, Guangdong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine, Jiangsu Cuisine, Zhejiang Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine and Anhui Cuisine. We have roughly separated Chinese cuisine into two genres. They are Cuisines of the north part and the southern part. Cuisines of the southern part of China are really featured. They have various differences with northern cuisine. Firstly, abundant rain drops and sunlight in South China provide favorable conditions for the growth of millet and rice. Compared with people in North China who have to spend much time in cold weather, people in South China are less preferable to meat diet, which contains lots of fat and protein. Southern Chinese prefer plant diet quite a lot. Many people are accustomed to drink soup both before and after the meal. Guangdong Soup(老火靓汤) Secondly, South China is one of the most developed areas in China. It welcomes people from the entire world. As a result, Southern Cuisine, especially Guangdong Cuisine, emphasizes a flavor which is clear but not light, refreshing but not common, tender but not crude. Thirdly,People in South China tend to be more careful and sensitive than northern people. As a result, their dishes as well as appearance are really cute and attractive. Just like dim sum(点心), which means “touch the heart”, is one of the most famous Cantonese meal. It consists of a variety of delicacies and is usually served for breakfast or dinner. Spicy-hot Fish麻辣鱼Mapo Tofu (Stir-Fried Tofu in Hot Sauce)麻婆豆腐Pork Rips排骨)Penaeus orientalis对虾 2.Characteristics of cuisines in northern part of China Cuisines of the north part of China have several characteristics. people in the north tend to eat cooked wheaten food. Or in other words, people eat more food made of flour. This is because the climate here is temperate continental climate, which means there are less rain drops and sunlight. And this climate provides favorable conditions for the growth of wheat. First,When it comes to cooked wheaten food, there is a place many people are familiar with. That is Shanxi(山西). As the saying goes, “east or west, Shanxi cooked wheaten food is best”. Shanxi is famous for its diverse and delicious cooked wheaten food. With a history of 2000years, Shanxi cooked wheaten food is gaining more and more popularity at home and even abroad. Cooked wheaten food in Shanxi,there are round 280 kinds of cooked wheaten food, among which the sliced noodles is the most renowned one. Apart from the sliced noodles刀削面, boiled food also includes hand-pulled noodles拉面, He lao饸饹）Tijian,剔尖Maoerduo猫耳朵, Jiupian(揪片) ，which are all delicious and tasty. As for the cooked food, it includes fried cake(炸糕)、Yi wo su(一窝酥)、fried dough twist （麻花）,Shuai bing(甩饼) and so on. Other steamed wheaten food includes steamed bun、You mian kao lao（莜面栲栳）、Gao liang mian yu（高粱面鱼）. Second, food in the north is often more salty and greasy than that in the south.
浅谈法国的饮食文化 在谈及法国饮食文化，我们先看一下法国的历史地理概况吧：法国先后经历过墨洛温王朝、加洛林王朝、卡佩王朝、瓦卢瓦王朝、波旁王朝以及第一、第二、第三、第四共和国，现在是法兰西第五共和国，在历届共和国期间法国爆发过很多次的革命，也涌现出了很多的历史名人像拿破仑等等。法国位于欧洲西部，与比利时、卢森堡、德国、瑞士、意大利、摩纳哥、安道尔和西班牙接壤，隔英吉利海峡与英国隔海相望。 法国是一个气候温和，土地肥沃，物产丰富，加之经济发达，给烹饪的发展提供了十分有利的物质基础。“法国人是为吃而生存”，这句话将法国人讲究吃的艺术形容得入木三分。那么法国的饮食到底具有什么样的特点呢？ 第一讲究调料：法国菜十分讲究调料，常用的香料有：百里香、迷迭香、月桂（香叶）、欧芹、龙蒿、肉豆蔻、藏红花、丁香花蕾等十多种。法国菜中胡椒最为常见，几乎每菜必用，但不用味精，极少用芫荽。调味汁多达百种以上，既讲究味道的细微差别，还考虑色泽的不同，百汁百味百色，使食用者回味无穷，并给人以美的享受。法国菜具有选料广泛、用料新鲜、装盘美观、品种繁多的特点。菜肴一般较生，还有吃生菜的习惯。在调味上，用酒较重，并讲究什么原料用什么酒。他们的口味肥浓、鲜嫩而忌辣。猪肉、牛肉、羊肉(肥嫩的)、鸡、鱼、虾、鸡蛋和各种烧卤肠子、素菜、水果是他们喜爱的食品，尤其爱吃菠萝。进餐时，冷盘为整块肉，边切边吃。法国餐在对菜的配料、火候的讲究、菜肴的搭配、选料的新鲜、不同地区的多元化菜肴以及菜肴烹调的细腻、合理性和艺术性都在其它西餐之上。法国美食在整体上包括：面包、糕点、冷食、熟食、肉制品、奶
酪和酒。 第二最求情调：法国人还特别追求进餐时的情调，比如精美的餐具、幽幽的烛光、典雅的环境等等。大一点的餐厅大都布置得富丽堂皇。有的店里还存有16世纪的路易十四时期的豪华家具，精致的银餐具、水晶杯子等昂贵、华丽的餐具。还有的餐馆把艺术收藏品作为店里的主打。墙上的名画是真正的珍品。绝不是牵强的装点门面的一般艺术挂画。也有的餐馆还将自己的收藏爱好放到店里与客人共享收藏乐趣，如果饭店的历史很短，他们也能想办法摆满各式鲜花。与品尝美味是绝好的情景交融。法国人将饮食还赋予哲学的意义，认为个人饮食应符合各自的教养与社会地位并将同桌共餐视为一种联络感情、广交朋友的高雅乐趣和享受。有一位被称为“世界级膳食家”的人曾说：“感受餐桌上的就餐气氛，就可以判断这个国家国民的整体个性”。看看法国人的美味佳肴以及用餐方式，不由得会让人想起克莱德曼手指下流淌出来的串串音符，浪漫而隽永，让你充分领略法式大菜散发馨香的艺术情调。 第三菜单简单：法国餐的菜单很简单，主莱不过10来种，但都制作精美，点菜的顺序是：头道菜一般是凉莱或汤，尽管菜单上有多个品种的“头道菜”供你选择，但只能选择一种，在上菜之前会有一道面包上来，吃完了以后服务员帮你撤掉盘子再上第2道菜。第2道是汤，美味的法式汤类，有浓浓的肉汤、清淡的蔬菜汤和鲜美的海鲜汤。第3道菜是一顿饭中的正菜，这是法式菜中最为发挥的一道菜。往往做得细腻、考究，令食客难忘。正餐里最多的是各种“排”一鸡排、鱼排、牛排、猪排。这所谓的排是剔除骨头和刺的净肉，再浇上配制独特的汁，味道鲜美，吃起来也方便。法菜中颇为有名的洋葱汤就是用低廉的洋葱加奶酪和面包片熬制的浓汤。法国的奶酪在世界上享有盛誉，它是由牛奶、羊奶混合加工而成，并有半凝固态、凝固态以及干块状的，又由于其颜色、味道的不同，可有上百种不同的奶酪。在就
法国饮食文化的代表有哪些 提到饮食文化,真正能与中国相比的也许只有法国了。所以，下面就不妨和一起来了解下法国饮食文化的代表，希望对各位有帮助! 法国大餐的盛名远扬海外，除了中国人之外，再也没有哪个国家的人像法国人那样享受美食的乐趣了。 法国菜注重新鲜、原味。法国菜选料广泛，主要偏好牛肉、禽类、海鲜、蔬菜等，特别是蜗牛、松露菌、蘑菇、龙虾、鹅肝、鱼子酱;在配料上，酒、橄榄油、鲜奶油以及各式香料是他们的最爱。 一顿标准式法国式大餐的上菜顺序主要为冷盘菜、汤类、主菜和甜品。第一道菜是冷盘菜，一般是沙丁鱼、火腿、奶酪、鹅肝酱和沙拉等，用于开胃。第二道菜是汤类，汤大致分为清汤、蔬菜汤、肉汤、海鲜汤，一般要配面包一起食用。第三道是主菜，一般先上鱼类再上肉类，鱼类包括淡海水鱼、贝类以及软体动物类。肉类有牛羊肉、家禽等，其中牛排是主菜的主打，常用的烹调方式有烤、煎、铁扒等。用完主菜后，便到甜品了。法国人爱好甜食是出了名的，蛋糕、冰淇淋、馅饼、酥饼、布丁等等，种类口味多样。 当然，整顿大餐中，葡萄酒是不可缺少的。吃开胃菜有开胃酒;用餐中也要有酒。 法国饮食文化的代表第一、菜肴文化 讲究的调料搭配简单的菜样。法餐对菜的配料，火候的讲究，菜
肴的搭配，选料的新鲜，不同地区的多元化菜肴及菜肴烹饪的细腻，合理性和艺术性都在其他西餐之上。常用的香料有：百里香，迷迭香，月桂，欧芹，龙蒿，肉豆寇，藏红花，丁香花雷，调味汁达百种，既讲究味道的细微差别，还考虑色泽的不同。相对于种类繁多的配料，菜的类别不过十来种，点餐的顺序是：头道菜是凉菜或汤，尽管菜单上有多种“头道菜”，但只能选一种，在上菜之前会有一道面包，吃完以后服务员帮你撤掉盘子再上第2道，第2道是汤，美味的法式汤类，有浓浓的肉汤，清淡的蔬菜汤和鲜美的海鲜汤。第3道是一顿饭中的正菜，正菜最多的是各种“排”，鸡排，鱼排，牛排，猪排。这所谓的排是剔除骨头和刺的净肉，再浇上配制独特的汁，味道鲜美，吃起来很方便。接着便是餐后甜点，可以是水果，咖啡，蛋糕或冰淇淋。法国的特色菜肴有马赛的“普罗旺斯鱼汤”，鹅肝，巴黎龙虾，红酒山鸡，鸡肝牛排，焗蜗牛等。 第二、就餐文化 法国人十分注重用餐的礼仪，餐具的摆放是饮食文化的内容之一，在法国，最简单的摆放方法是盘子在面前正中位置，餐巾放于盘内，盘子左边放餐叉，右边放餐刀和汤匙。盘子的正前方从左至右依次是水杯，红酒杯和白酒杯。法国人不仅注重用餐礼仪，还特别追求进餐的情调，法国人甚至将饮食赋予哲学的意义，将同桌进餐视为一种联络感情，广交朋友的高雅乐趣和享受。一位世界级的膳食家曾说过：“感受餐桌上的就餐气氛，就可以判断出这个国家国民的整体个性。”因此，法国人对于食物绝不只是停留于填饱肚子的阶段而已，
法国大餐- 名称 法式菜肴的名菜有：马赛鱼羹、鹅肝排、巴黎龙虾、红酒山鸡、沙福罗鸡、鸡肝牛排等。 法国菜肴：法式茶烙饼 ·红汁黄瓜 ·冰冻茄丁 ·巴黎卷心菜 ·酸辣肚丝 ·核桃鸡汤 ·中法双松 ·鸡肉丸于汤 ·法国荞麦煎饼 ·猪肉冻子 ·中法双松 ·酸甜莴笋 ·面壳肠子 ·菠萝莴 笋 ·桔香法式吐司 ·法式蘑菇蛋卷 ·菠菜乳酪焗生蚝 ·芦笋浓汤 ·鹅肝温沙拉 ·瓤馅鸡肉 饼 ·法式蜗牛 ·法式拌菜花 ·法式火焰薄饼 ·法国白酒田螺 ·法国荞麦煎饼 ·法式洋葱 汤 ·法国鹅肝酱煎鲜贝 ·法式鱼卷 ·面壳肠子 ·鸡肉丸子汤 ·中法双松 ·槟榔排骨锅 ·海带芥末沙司 ·马乃司拌莴笋 ·白菜薄荷 ·束法鸡 ·芥末拌黄瓜 ·猪肉冻子 ·红汁黄瓜 ·洞房喜汤 ·白酒法国田螺 ·草莓黄瓜 ·韩氏鳀鱼炒香菇 ·炖小牛肉 ·咸蛋挞 ·菊莴苣色拉 ·奶油牛肉丁番茄汤 ·冷烤鸡 ·菠菜沙拉 ·黄瓜粉皮 ·巴黎卷心菜 ·卷心菜包肉 ·牛肉丸子汤 ·翡翠肉汤 ·冰冻茄丁 ·奶汁海带 ·法式洋葱汤 ·素菜泥汤 ·烤羊肉 ·茄子沙拉 ·西红柿花双 拼 ·多味鱼汤 ·鸡肉沙拉 ·鳄梨生鲑鱼 ·马背上的魔鬼 ·洋葱汤 ·蒸鸡蛋肉卷 ·法式烩土 豆 ·茭白虾冻 ·鸡蛋番茄沙拉 ·酸辣肚丝 ·海鳗汤 ·鹅肝酱煎鲜贝 ·法式鱼卷 ·芦笋浓 汤 ·蟹黄活虾 ·红烩肉杂拌 ·咖喱油烟虾段 ·法式火焰薄饼 ·酸甜莴笋 ·煎龙虾肉 ·香脂醋风味烤鸡 ·西红柿百里香鳕鱼 ·烘焙芦笋 ·鲑鱼奶油冻 ·生耗鱼汤 法国各地的特色美食： 马赛--"普罗旺斯鱼汤" 阿尔萨斯--"四喜炖肉" 布列塔尼--"油煎鸡蛋薄饼" 图卢兹--"什锦砂锅" 勃艮第--"牛肉" 阿登--火腿 里昂--香肠 萨瓦--干酪 诺曼底--卡芒贝尔干酪
2012届本科毕业论文 中西方饮食文化差异 姓名： 系别： 专业： 学号： 指导教师： 2012年5月
The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West Shangqiu Normal University May 2012
摘要 饮食是人们生存的根本，中西方都不例外。饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分。随着21世纪全球化进程，跨文化交际日益频繁，其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同，中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。由于饮食文化的不同，中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异，以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。 关键词：饮食；饮食文化；差异
Abstract Diet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners. Key words: diet；dietary culture; difference
China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。当然，还有其他很多着名的地方菜系，例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重汤品。清汤清澈新鲜，而油汤外观厚重，味道浓重。济南菜系擅长炸，烤，煎，炒，而胶东菜系则以其烹饪海鲜的鲜淡而闻名。Shandong is the birthplace of many famous ancient scholars such as Confucious and Mencius. And much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucious himself, making it the oldest existing major cuisine in China. But don't expect to gain more wisdom from a fortune cookie at a Shandong restaurant in the West since fortune cookies aren't even indigenous to China. 山东是许多着名学者的故乡，例如孔夫子和孟子。许多山东菜的历史和孔夫子一样悠久，使得山东菜系成为中国现存的最古老的主要菜系之一。但是不要期望在西方国家的山东菜馆里从签饼(中国餐馆的折叠形小饼,内藏有预测运气话语的纸条)获得更多的好运气，因为签饼在中国也不是本土的。 Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea to the East and the Yellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the Sweat and Sour Carp. A truly authentic Sweet and Sour Carp must come from the Yellow River. But with the current amount of pollution in the Yellow River, you would be better off if the carp was from elsewhere. Shandong dishes are mainly quick-fried, roasted, stir-fried or deep-fried. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer 山东是个巨大的被向东流去的大海环绕的半岛，黄河曲折的流经其中部。因此海鲜是山东菜系的主要构成。山东最着名的菜肴是糖醋鲤鱼。正宗的糖醋鲤鱼必须打捞自黄河。但是因为现在黄河的众多污染，其他地方的鲤鱼更好一些。山东菜主要是速炸，烧烤，炒或深炸。菜肴清新肥美，搭配山东本地的着名啤酒——青岛啤酒就完美了。 Sichuan Cuisine 四川菜系 Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil,
French cuisine is extremely diverse, with only the Chinese having similar variety in their food. This variety is supported by the French passion for good food in all its forms, France's extraordinary range of different geographies and climates which support the local production of all types of ingredients, and France's long and varied history. In many ways, an understanding of the culture of French food is an understanding of France itself. Meals range from the very basic, such as the traditional baguette plus cheese plus inexpensive wine, to very elaborate affairs that can involve a dozen courses and different wines consumed over several hours. Obviously, the latter type of dining is exceptional for most people. However, it is this more sophisticated dining which is typically found in "French restaurants" outside France, giving many foreigners the mistaken impression that French food is heavy and complicated. In fact, much of the French cuisine is fairly simple, relying on high quality fresh ingredients and loving preparation rather than complex recipes. It is common in much of France to take a two hour break for lunch, with many working parents (particularly in villages and smaller towns) returning home for lunch. In some areas, mainly in the south of France, even longer lunch breaks are taken. Due to the long lunch break, businesses which close for this period typically reopen around 2PM or so and then stay open until about 7PM. Regional influences on French food Almost all the famous French dishes are regional specialities, some of which have become popular throughout France (such as Coq au Vin and Foie Gras) while others are mainly enjoyed in the regions in which they originate. Although regional specialities are often offered throughout France, the quality of ingredients and preparation is often superior in their region of origin. Each region, in addition to boasting local specialities, also has a general style of cooking and choice of ingredients. For example, in Provence the food typically features olive oil, herbs and tomatoes. The evolution of regional cooking styles has been influenced by: Local availability The French, a nation of gourmets, know that the best food is made from local ingredients, which are fresher and of better quality than items which have been transported long distances. Consequently, coastal regions (such as Brittany and Normandy, on the northwest coast of France) will favour sea fish and will use it more often and in more varied ways than inland areas. Likewise, areas where fruit or herbs grow easily, will incorporate these into their local cuisine. Neighbouring countries and immigration Areas of France which border on other countries have incorporated some of the cuisine of their neighbours. It is not surprising to find Italian dishes near the Italian border. More notably, the French region of Alsace is similar to Germany in its food (sauerkraut is
法国饮食文化 李子杰 电子科学与工程学院电子科学与技术 B14020317 摘要：法国的饮食文化是欧洲饮食文化的一个不可或缺的组成部分，法国 饮食文化体现法国人对精致生活的态度。在这个浪漫的国度里，讲究的美食背后体现了法国社会的人文气息、历史文化传统，同时法国民族独特的生存环境、历史发展轨迹等诸多因素都深刻影响着法国饮食文化的形成。 关键词：法国，饮食文化，饮食特色 时装、香水、美食，是法国形象的三大象征。在这个浪漫而艺术的国度，饮食早已不仅仅是生存的必需，它更是一种生活的哲学、生活的艺术，是创造的源泉。如果说这个世界上还有哪个国家的人会像中国那样对美食倾注全部身心并乐此不疲，那就是法国人。有人形象地说：如果中国大餐像是一首混声大合唱，那法国大餐就像是一支浪漫的小夜曲。 温和的气候、肥沃的土地、丰富的物产，以及发达的经济，都给法国的饮食文化提供了非常有利的发展基础。欧洲人认为法国菜是世界上最高级的菜，其选材广泛、用料新鲜、装盘美观、品类繁多，渗透着很深的文化内涵。在中国有“民以食为天”的饮食观点，类似的“法国人是为了吃而生存”，这句话入木三分地画出法国人对饮食的讲究已经上升到了艺术的层面。法国人除了对食物讲究色香味及营养外，还特别追求进餐时的情调，法国人甚至将饮食赋予哲学的意义，将同桌共餐视为一种联络感情、广交朋友的高雅乐趣和享受。 一、菜肴文化 法国菜在欧洲负有盛名，在欧洲的一流饭店或者餐馆所雇佣的大厨大多是法国人，由此奠定了法国菜在世界上的烹饪地位。法国人对精致生活的追求态度在饮食方面体现得淋漓尽致。早在十七世纪，法兰西王公贵族因引领着当时的烹饪技术的潮流。精致的法餐主要包括三大因素：食材上等、厨艺精湛的主厨、高雅的用餐环境。在烹调时，火候占了非常重要的一环，比如牛肉通常是烹制成六至七成熟，而海鲜不可过熟。法餐对火候的讲究，“艺术”般的菜肴搭配，选料的多样，加之不同地区的多元化菜肴和细腻的烹饪，这无不使得法餐在合理性、艺术性方面都优胜于其他西餐。另外，法国菜十分注重调料，可以说调料的使用是法国菜的精髓。常用是香料有：胡椒、香叶、龙蒿、欧芹、肉豆蔻、藏红花、丁香花等等。调味汁更是多达几百种以上，不仅讲究味道的细微之别，而且要考虑到色泽的不同，可谓是“色香味俱全”，刺激着人的每个感官，完全调动了舌头的每个味蕾细胞，令人回味无穷。在调味方面，法国人比较善于用酒，对酒与菜的搭配很是讲究。通常在餐前，他们会饮用较淡的开胃酒；在食用沙拉、汤、海鲜时，他们会搭配着白葡萄酒或者玫瑰酒；当法餐选材特别，在这里不食用肉类时，他们则会饮用红酒。 二、特色美食
关于中西方美食文化差异的英语 关于中西方美食文化差异的英语 Eating Custom and Practice American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork, and it appears that holding a knife in one's right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners. 饮食的风俗和习惯 美国人的饮食习惯很有趣。他们吃所有东西都用叉子。好像用右手拿刀几秒钟就被认为与好的桌上进餐礼仪相违背。 The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife, people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down, transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is considered good manners. 这种用法就是如果绝对需要用刀的话，人们就用左手拿叉，按平常的方法切下移小块肉和者其它的东西。然后他们把刀放下，把叉转到右手，只有这时他们才把食物送入口中。这显然很滑稽，但却是被认为是好的礼仪。
法国独特的饮食文化介绍 法国料理(法语:Cuisinefran?aise,IPA:[k?i.zinf?ɑ?.s?z])是 一种源于法国并在全世界广为流传的烹饪系统，法国君主具有较强 的王权，在路易十四时达到顶峰，宫廷奢华风气在饮食上十分讲究，各种烹饪方法通过效仿的贵族流入民间。法国烹饪重视烹饪方法和 就餐礼仪，法国盛产葡萄酒(法语：vin)和奶酪(fromage)，成为法 国烹饪必不可少的调料，法国各地大约出产450多种不同风味的奶酪，每一种奶酪以最先发明其做法的村镇名命名，有的村镇如Camembert在任何普通地图中都找不到，但在任何一本法语词典甚 至英语词典中都能找到这个代表奶酪名称的词。 法国烹饪在各地区根据其特产也具有不同的特色，南方沿海多使用橄榄油，南方和西方沿海多水产，北方和东方则多肉食，总的说 法国人不太喜欢素食。 法国比较具有特色的食品有：青蛙腿(grenouille)、炖鸡(coqauvin)、法式田螺(escargot);主食主要是面包，具有法国特色 的面包有牛角包(croissant)和棍式面包(baguette)。 法国人就餐非常讲究礼仪，一般用长条型餐桌，男女主人各坐餐桌两头，家中其他成员或客人在餐桌两旁按从女主人一侧向男主人 一侧重要程度递减方式排列，餐具使用各种不同形状的餐刀、叉子 和勺子，用餐盘就餐，桌面上只能存在一道菜，撤去前一道才能上 第二道，但餐具根据本次用餐情况全部摆放到就餐人餐盘两侧，从 外到里使用。一般第一道菜是开胃浓汤(soupe)，然后是冷盘(hors-d’?uvre)，接着才是主菜(platderésistance)，最后是甜点(dessert)，面包随时取用，比英美人消耗多。餐前喝利口酒，餐中 水产和禽类菜配干白葡萄酒。肉类菜配干红葡萄酒，法国人消耗葡 萄酒较多，几乎每餐必备，和英美法律也不同，未成年人也允许饮 用葡萄酒。法国人的就餐礼仪已经成为西方宴会的经典模式。
法国饮食文化历史_法国人用餐习惯介绍 法国是一个有着古老文明的民族,法国的文化艺术也是数一数二的,独具特色的法国菜更是享誉世界!下面就和一起来了解下法国饮食的历史来源吧! 法国饮食的历史来源法国菜的文化渊原流长，相传16世纪意大利女子Catherine嫁给法兰西国王亨利二世以后，把意大利文艺复兴时期盛行的牛肝脏，黑菌(黑松露)，嫩牛排，奶酪等烹饪方法带到法国，路易十四还曾发起烹饪比赛，即现今流行的Corden Bleu奖。曾任英皇乔治四世和帝俄沙皇亚历山大一世首席厨师的安东尼.凯莱梅写了一本饮食大字典，成为古典法国菜式的基础。17世纪后，法国菜不断的精益求精，并将以往的古典菜肴推向所谓的新菜烹调法(NouvelleCuisine)，并相互运用，调制的方式讲究风味、天然性、技巧性、装饰和颜色的配合。法国菜因地理位置的不同，而含有许多地域性菜肴的特法国北部畜牧业盛行，各式奶油和乳酪让人食指大动。南部则盛产橄榄、海鲜、大蒜、蔬果和香料。 法国菜在材料的选用较偏好牛肉(bœuf)、小牛肉(veau)、羊肉(agneau)、家禽(volaille)、海鲜(fruits de mer)、蔬菜(légume)、蜗牛(escargot)、松露(truffe)、鹅肝(foie gras)及鱼子酱(caviar);而在配料方面采用大量的酒、牛油、鲜奶油及各式香料;在烹调时，火候占了非常重要的一环，如牛、羊肉通常烹调至
六、七分熟即可;海鲜烹调时须熟度适当，不可过熟，尤其在酱料(Sauce)的制作上，更特别费功夫，其使用的材料很广泛，无论是高汤(Stock)、酒、鲜奶油、牛油或各式香料、水果等，都运用的非常灵活。 法国是世界上引以为傲的葡萄酒、香槟和白兰地的产地之一，因此，法国人对于酒在餐饮上的搭配使用非常讲究。如在饭前饮用较淡的开味酒;食用沙拉、汤及海鲜时，饮用白酒或玻瑰酒;食用肉类时饮用红酒;而饭后则饮用少许白兰地或甜酒类。另外，香槟酒惯用于庆典时较多，如结婚、生子、庆功等。 法国的起司(Fromage)也是非常有名，种类繁多。依型态分有新鲜而硬的、半硬的、硬的、蓝莓的和烟熏的五大类;通常食用起司时会附带面包、干果(例如核桃等)、葡萄等。另外，法国菜在享用时非常注重餐具的使用，无论是刀、叉、盘或是酒杯，因为这些均可衬托出法国菜高贵之气质。2012年，法国受经济不景气的冲击及年轻人饮食习惯的改变，传统昂贵而精致的美食(Gastronomie)整体的价格及水准上皆有日益下滑的趋势。越来越少的法国人愿意花天文数字般的价格只为了吃一餐。法国的两大权威美食评论宝典《米其林》(Michelin)以及《高特米优》(Gaultmillau)自年前开始倡导物美价廉的新饮食文化，很多过去高不可攀的餐厅都试着大幅降价以吸引更多的食客前往。 法国的饮食文化特点第一讲究调料：法国菜十分讲究调料，常用的香料有：百里香、迷迭香、月桂(香叶)、欧芹、龙蒿、肉豆蔻、藏
意大利饮食文化 【摘要】意大利一个美丽、神奇的国度。本文重点介绍的是意大利的饮食文化，主要是分析不同区域意大利的饮食文化特点，同时又以意大利的象征——披萨为重中之重，具体进行讲解体会意大利饮食文化特点。 【关键字】意大利、饮食文化、披萨 一、意大利饮食文化概述 意大利地处欧洲南部的亚平宁半岛，约有人口7600多万。自公元前753年罗马城兴建以来，罗马帝国在吸取了古希腊文明精华的基础上，发展出先进的古罗马文明，从而成为当时欧洲的政治、经济和文化中心。意大利美食是典型的文化交流融合的产物，早年的游牧民族作风，后来的宗教习惯，群居文明的螺旋上升，古希腊、罗马、诺曼底和阿拉伯饮食风俗的影响——意大利美食在身后的历史积蕴和亚平宁温暖潮湿的海风共同培育下成为现代西方饮食的鼻祖。公元前753年罗马城兴建，罗马帝国继承了以爱琴海文明为核心的古希腊文明，在巨人的肩膀上发展出更加璀璨的古罗马文明，成为当时的欧洲王都。正如宋朝的偏安景象催生了煊赫一时的川菜一样，天鹅绒一般的弗洛伦萨让所有的王公贵族们有更好的条件来追求生活的艺术、品味的极致。上层的精英们以手艺高妙的“易牙”为镇宅之宝、社交重器，而布衣平头如果能够掌握甚或发明上乘的烹调技艺，就等于掌握了登龙术。 从阿尔卑斯山到地中海，氤氤氲氲的烟火气简直要成为意大利的另外一个天主教，而且它对于现世的改良意义更加明显，意大利人以举国之力将餐饮业推向了空前绝后的巅峰。公元1533年，意大利公主凯瑟琳.狄.麦迪奇嫁给法国王储亨利二世时，她的嫁妆中最令别国眼热的不是别的，正是30位炉火纯青的意大利厨师。正因为这30名远道而来的厨师，法国人才有可能真正在美食上确立自己的世界观和方法论。不仅仅是对包括法国之内的欧美饮食格局的深远影响，在15世纪，意大利人还正式发明了双尖餐叉，进一步奠定了自己“欧洲烹饪鼻祖”的江湖地位。 意大利美食包含了多种多样的文化和历史，然后又反哺给了整个世界，但就是如此开放的世界级美食系统却具备自己鲜明的民族特色，北意、南意、中意、小岛，每一个区域都有自己高贵的特色，甚至十里之内都会各有各的精彩。高度区域化强