托福阅读 29-3 The History of Waterpower

2019年托福阅读长难句分析：释放水动能They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (TPO29, 48)blade /bled/ n. (刀﹑剑﹑凿等的)刃;(划水桨﹑螺旋桨﹑锹﹑铲﹑板球击球板等的)扁宽平面部分kinetic /k'netk/ adj. 运动的，运动引起的大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of itskinetic energy).(TPO29, 48)托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子主干就是：They revealed output powers and confirmed that宾语从句的主干：the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed中文：水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走修饰一：(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60)，非谓语动词中文：输出功率范围是从1马力到水轮可能输出的60马力修饰二：(for the largest wheels)，介词短语中文：对于水轮修饰三：(for maximum efficiency)，介词短语中文：为了达到效率修饰四：(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy)，非谓语动词中文：释放水的几乎所有动能托福阅读长难句参考翻译：它们(调查)显示输出功率范围是从1马力到水轮可能输出的60马力;它们也确定了要达到效率，水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走，释放水的几乎所有动能。

托福模拟试卷29(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：S I need to buy a pass for the university swimming pool. Can I do that here?E You sure can. Have you ever had a pass before?S No, I’m a freshman. This is actually my first semester at the university.E OK. Well, I’m going to need to see your student ID card and the passes are twenty-five dollars a month. We accept cash, credit cards, and personal checks. How would you like to pay?S Nothing fancy, I’m afraid. I’ve only got regular old money. But, that seems sort of expensive. How often can I use the pass in one month? Every day?E The pool is closed to the public on Tuesdays, because that’s when the swim team uses it for training. We call those purple days. And there are some other times when access is restricted to certain members of the university community.S Oh. How do I know when I can use the pool?E See the calendar over there on the wall? The pool is open to the public on all the days marked in blue. Any day that’s marked in red means that the university faculty can use the pool for free, but everyone else still has to pay.S What about the days that are yellow?I can see a few of those, too.E Yellow means that the pool is closed for maintenance and cleaning. No one can swim on those days. But there are only one or two of those a month, so it’s never really been a problem.S The calendar seems to be full of blue days, so I guess the pass is a good idea. I can get a lot of use out of it. But, is it possible to just pay each time I go? Maybe that will be cheaper.E You can buy single-entry passes, but they are almost five dollars each. So, if you plan on going more than five times a month, it’s better to get the monthly pass.S I’ll probably try to go swimming at least three times a week. Thanks for your help.In this part of the section, you will hear 1 conversation and 2 lectures. You must answer each question. After you answer, click the Next icon. Then click the OK icon to confirm your answer and go on to the next question. After you click the OK icon, you will not be able to return to previous questions. You will now begin this part of the Listening section. You will have 10 minutes to answer the questions.1．What does the student want to do?A．Purchase a pass.B．Pay tuition fees.C．Check times and dates.D．Sign up for classes.正确答案：A解析：目的题学生说的第一句话是”我要办一张校游泳馆的游泳卡”。

小编为托福考生们准备了托福综合写作TPO29,希望各位考生们在TPO写作真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。

综合写作 Reading Part:Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits onAlaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arcticclimate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, theenvironment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during thewinter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did thedinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of themost common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur(Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitableregions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis.Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plantsgrowing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that theedmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to moretemperate zones to find food.Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site.This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratoryanimals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Movingin herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmonotsaurslived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances.To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.综合写作 Listening Part:The hypothesis that the edmontosaur migrated every winter is notconvincing.First, the edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. One hundred million years ago the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember in arctic regions like the North Slope the sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer, the warm temperatures and the extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditions for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during in the winter.Second, just because edmontosaur lived in herds doesn’t mean they migrated. Animals lived in herds for many other reasons. Living in herds, for example, provides animals extra protection from predators. Having extra protection is useful even for the animals that live in the same area the whole year round. A modern example of this is the Roosevelt elk, a large plant-eater. Roosevelt elks live in the forests of western United States, they live in herds, but they do not migrate.。

托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Groundwater为了帮助大家备考托福。

提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Groundwater，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读原文【1】Most of the world’s potable water—freshwater suitable for drinking is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface. Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.Aquifers, Porosity and Permeability【2】Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water—storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flowaround and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.【3】Sediment sorting and compaction influence permeability and porosity. The more poorly sorted or the more tightly compacted a sediment is, the lower its porosity and permeability. Sedimentary rocks—the most common rock type near the surface—are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water. Sandstones generally make good aquifers, while finer-grained mudstones are typically impermeable. Impermeable rocks are referred to as aquicludes. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are more compact, commonly crystalline, and rarely contain spaces between grains. However, even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as groundwater reservoirs if extensive fracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnected.The Water Table【4】The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reaches Earth’s surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. Typically, though, the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. Above the water table is the vadose zone, through which rainwater percolates. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water.【5】Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls with topography, groundwater is affectedby gravity in the same fashion as surface water. Groundwater flows downhill to topographic lows. If the water table intersects the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, weather to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage. Groundwater commonly collects in stream drainages but may remain entirely beneath the surface of dry stream-beds in arid regions. In particularly wet years, short stretches of an otherwise dry stream-bed may have flowing water because the water table rises to intersect the land surface.[Glossary]Sediment: materials (such as sand or small rocks) that are deposited by water, wind, or glacial ice.Topography: the shape of a surf ace such as Earth’s, including the rise and fall of such features as mountains and valleys.托福阅读试题1.In paragraph 1, why does the author mention "the pressure of the overlying rock"?A.To show how water can be forced deep under Earth's surface.B.To show why groundwater is more plentiful than surface freshwater.C.To correct a commonly made error about the location of groundwater.D.To explain why most groundwater lies near Earth's surface.2.According to paragraph 1, groundwater differs from the water in riversand lakes in terms of itsA.portability.efulness.C.abundance.D.cost.3.The word "extracted" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toed.B.poured.C.removed.D.kept out.4.The word "termed" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.considered.B.called.C.limited to.D.caused by.5.According to paragraph 2, what does porosity determine?A.The rate at which the aquifer's water overcomes resistance to flow.B.The amount of water that the aquifer can hold.C.The likelihood that fractures and joints will occur in the aquifer.D.The depth underground at which the aquifer lies.6.According to paragraph 2, what is the relationship between permeability and porosity?A.The more pores a rock has, the higher its porosity but the lower its permeability.B.Rocks with many internal spaces that are not connected with each other will have high porosity but low permeability.C.If water flows through a rock easily, it has high permeability but low porosity.D.Rocks that have high permeability have high porosity and vice versa.7.The word "compacted" in the passage(paragraphy 3)is closest in meaning toA.hard.pressed.C.heavy.D.deeply buried.8.According to paragraph 3, when can igneous rock serve as an aquifer?A.When it has many connected fractures.B.When it lies next to metamorphic rock.C.When it lies relatively near the surface.D.When it is crystalline.9.The word "coating" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.stream.B.barrier.C.amount.yer.10.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the rootsof plants?A.They prevent water from reaching the vadose zone.B.They mark the boundary between the vadose zone and the water tableC.They do not typically get their water from the water table.D.They help keep the water table from dropping farther.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 5 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Groundwater only flows out of the ground if the watertable intersects the land surface.B.If the land surface and the water table intersect, groundwater can flow underground.C.Groundwater may be drained if springs occur where the water table intersects the land surface.D.Where the water table meets the land surface, groundwater flows out through surface springs.12.Paragraph 5 implies which of the following about the level of the waterA.It may rise or fall from year to year, depending on annual rainfall.B.It does not vary in arid regions.C.It rarely intersects the land surface of most regions.D.It is unrelated to the rate at which groundwater flows.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? This is a consequence of the slow rate of movement of the groundwater, which often prevents the water table from attaining a flat (horizontal) level.The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracksand pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reaches Earth's surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. ■【A】Typically,though,the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. ■【B】The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. ■【C】Above the water table is the vadose zone, through which rainwater percolates. ■【D】Water in the vadosezone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water onmineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface withwater.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Most of the world's potable water is stored as groundwater in the poresand fractures of underground rock, much of it at depths of less than 1,000 meters.A.Sedimentary rock may make poor aquifers because of tightly compacted sediment, which reduces porosity and permeability.B.Porosity is a measure of the empty space within rock while permeability measures the degree to which water can flow freely through rock.C.In arid regions, the water tables remain at a constant level far below the surface, preventing stream-beds from filling up even during wet years.D.Groundwater reservoirs are characterized by the porosity and permeability of the rock in which they lie, and these factors vary according to the type of rock.E.The vadose zone is typically dry because water does not stay in it, but instead percolates down to aquifers below or drains out through springs and streams.F.Although the water table usually follows the contours of the land surface, its level may vary from year to year and may intersect to the surface in places.托福阅读答案1.在高亮部分的描写之后，本段的最后一句出现了，therefore。

托福-练习二十九(总分26,考试时间90分钟)Passage 11. LIFE EXPECTANCY1 The greatest demographic story of the twentieth century was the enormous increase in life expectancy, the average number of years a person can expect to live. In most modern societies, life expectancy rose dramatically, from about 47 years in 1900 to about 76 years in 2000. This does not mean, however, that people suddenly died on their forty- seventh birthday in 1900. It means that if half of the people born in 1900 died in childhood and the rest lived 95 years, the average age at death was around 47. The data for 1900 reflect high infant and childhood mortality rates. At that time, surviving the first fifteen years of life was the key to living to old age. Over the century, several factors increased life expectancy, most notably improvements in public health, such as pasteurized milk, sewers, and indoor plumbing. Advances in medical practice, including the use of antibiotics and vaccinations for childhood illnesses, made it increasingly likely that infants would reach adulthood.2 On the one hand, increased life expectancy is a sign of societal well being; on the other hand, an aging population poses its own set of problems. Large numbers of elderly, many with chronic diseases, become a burden on the health care system and on their families. In societies where care of the elderly is a family responsibility, adult children caring for aging parents experience great personal and financial stress.1. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A. Around half of the population died on their forty-seventh birthday in 1900.B. The average number of years a person could expect to live rose from 47 to 76 in only a century.C. The leading causes of death in 1900 were epidemic diseases.D. Mortality rate is the number of deaths in a period as a proportion of the entire population.E. Improvements in public health and medical practices significantly raised life expectancy.F. An aging population increases the stress on a society's health care system and on families.A B C D E F BEFKey information: ...life expectancy, the average number of years a person can expect to live.., rose dramatically, from about 47years in 1900 to about 76years in 2000; ...several factors increased life expectancy, most notably improvements in public health...Advances in medical practice...; Large numbers of elderly, many with chronic diseases, become a burden on the health care system and on their families. Answer (A) is inaccurate; answers (C) and (D) are not mentioned.1. LIFE EXPECTANCY1 The greatest demographic story of the twentieth century was the enormous increase in life expectancy, the average number of years a person can expect to live. In most modern societies, life expectancy rose dramatically, from about 47 years in 1900 to about 76 years in 2000. This does not mean, however, that people suddenly died on their forty- seventh birthday in 1900. It means that if half of the people born in 1900 died in childhood and the rest lived 95 years, the average age at death was around 47. The data for 1900 reflect high infant and childhood mortality rates. At that time, surviving the first fifteen years of life was the key to living to old age. Over the century, several factors increased life expectancy, most notably improvements in public health, such as pasteurized milk, sewers, and indoor plumbing. Advances in medical practice, including the use of antibiotics and vaccinations for childhood illnesses, made it increasingly likely that infants would reach adulthood.2 On the one hand, increased life expectancy is a sign of societal well being; on the other hand, an aging population poses its own set of problems. Large numbers of elderly, many with chronic diseases, become a burden on the health care system and on their families. In societies where care of the elderly is a family responsibility, adult children caring for aging parents experience great personal and financial stress.1. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A. Around half of the population died on their forty-seventh birthday in 1900.B. The average number of years a person could expect to live rose from 47 to 76 in only a century.C. The leading causes of death in 1900 were epidemic diseases.D. Mortality rate is the number of deaths in a period as a proportion of the entire population.E. Improvements in public health and medical practices significantly raised life expectancy.F. An aging population increases the stress on a society's health care system and on families.2. ARTISTS' USE OF OIL AND ACRYLIC PAINTS1 The oil technique for painting on canvas is superior to other methods mainly because of its great flexibility and ease of manipulation, as well as the wide range of effects that can be produced. Colors do not change to any great extent on drying, which means that the color the artist puts down is, with only slight variation, the color desired in the finished work. The artist is free to combine transparent and opaque effects in the same painting. However, the principal defect of oil painting is the darkening of the oil over time, but this may be reduced by using the highest quality materials.2 The most widely used artists' colors based on the synthetic resins are made by dispersing pigment in acrylic emulsion. Acrylic paints are thinned with water, but when they dry, the resin particles coalesce to form a tough film that is impervious to water. Acrylic colors may be made mat or glossy and can imitate most of the effects of other water-based colors. They are a boon to painters with a high rate of production because a painting can be completed in one session that might have taken days in oil because of the drying time required between layers of paint.3 Acrylic colors are not a complete substitute for oil paints, and artists whose stylesrequire the special manipulative properties of oil colors--including delicacy in handling or smoothly blended tones--find that these possibilities are the exclusive properties of oils. Although painting in acrylics has certain advantages over painting in oils, the latter remains the standard because the majority of painters find that its advantages outweigh its defects and that in optical quality oil paints surpass all others.2. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the type of paint that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. They appear transparent on paper.B. The colors can be thinned with water.C. They allow for smoothly blended tones.D. The paints are applied to wet plaster.E. They are the preferred paints among artists.F. They have a relatively fast drying time.G. The colors will eventually darken.WORLD CLIMATIC PA TTERNS1 Climate is the general pattern of atmospheric conditions, seasonal variations, and weather extremes in a region over a period of decades. One major factor determining the uneven patterns of world climates is the variation in the amount of solar energy striking different parts of the earth. The amount of incoming solar energy reaching the earth's surface varies with latitude, the distance north or south from the equator. Air in the troposphere is heated more at the equator (zero latitude), where the sun is almost directly overhead, than at the high-latitude poles, where the sun is lower in the sky and strikes the earth at a low angle.2 The large input of heat at and near the equator warms large masses of air. These warm masses rise and spread northward and southward, carrying heat from the equator toward the poles. At the poles, the warm air becomes cool and falls to the earth. These cool air masses then flow back toward the equator near ground level to fill the space left by rising warm air masses. This general air circulation pattern in the troposphere results in warm average temperatures near the equator, cold average temperatures near the poles, and moderate average temperatures at the middle latitudes.3 The larger input of solar energy near the equator evaporates huge amounts of water from the earth's surface into the troposphere. As the warm, humid air rises, it cools rapidly and loses most of its moisture as rain near the equator. The abundant rainfall and the constant warm temperatures near the equator create the world's tropical rain forests.4 Two major factors cause seasonal changes in climate. One is the earth's annual orbit around the sun; the other is the earth's daily rotation around its tilted axis, the imaginary line connecting the two poles. When the North Pole leans toward the sun, the sun's rays strike the Northern Hemisphere more directly per unit of area, bringing summer to the northern half of the earth. At the same time, the South Pole is tilted away from the sun; thus, winter conditions prevail throughout the Southern Hemisphere. As the earth makes its annual rotation around the sun, these conditions shift and cause a change of seasons.5 As the earth spins around its axis, the general air circulation pattern between the equator and each pole breaks into three separate belts of moving air, or prevailing surface winds, which affect the distribution of precipitation over the earth.3. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the location that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. Solar energy strikes the earth at a low angle.B. Average annual temperatures are moderate.C. The large input of solar energy heats great masses of air.D. A large quantity of water evaporates into the atmosphere.E. Warm air cools and sinks to the earth's surface.F.The sun is almost directly overhead.G. There are three belts of prevailing surface winds.4. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A. The variation in the amount of solar energy reaching different parts of the earth has a great influence on global climate.B. Warm air flows from the equator toward both poles, where it cools and then flows back toward the equator, creating a general air circulation.C. The moisture-holding capacity of air, humidity, increases when air is warmed and decreases when it is cooled.D. The consistently warm temperatures and heavy rainfall near the equator result in tropical rain forests.E. The earth's annual circling of the sun and its daily spinning around its axis cause its seasonal changes in climate.F. The chemical content of the troposphere is another factor determining the earth's average temperatures and thus its climates.Passage 2BLACK HOLES1 Nothing in the history of modern astronomy has excited as much speculation as the object, or event, known as a black hole. Black holes have provided endless imaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endless theoretical fodder for astrophysicists. They are one of the more exotic manifestations of the theory of general relativity, and their fascination lies in the way their tremendous gravity affects nearby space and time.2 A black hole is very simple in structure: it has a surface--the event horizon--and a center--the singularity. Everything else is gravity. The standard model for the formation of a black hole involves the collapse of a large star. The imaginary spherical surface surrounding the collapsed star is the event horizon--an artificial boundary in space that marks a point of no return. Outside the event horizon, gravity is strong but finite, and it is possible for objects to break free ofits pull. However, once within the event horizon, an object would need to travel faster than light to escape.3 For extremely massive stars, the exclusion principle--the resistance between the molecular particles within the star as they **pressed--will not be strong enough to offset the gravity generated by the star's own mass. The star's increasing density will overwhelm the exclusion principle. What follows is runaway gravitational collapse. With no internal force to stop it, the star will simply continue to collapse in on itself. Once a collapsing star has contracted through its event horizon, nothing can stop it from collapsing further until its entire mass is crushed down to a single point--a point of infinite density and zero volume--the singularity.4 The star now disappears from the perceivable universe, like a cartoon character that jumps into a hole and pulls the hole in after him. What this process leaves behind is a different kind of hole--a profound disturbance in space-time, a region where gravity is so intense that nothing can escape from it. Any object falling within the boundary of a black hole has no choice but to move inward toward the singularity and disappear from our universe forever. Moreover, a black hole can never be plugged up or filled in with matter; the more matter that is poured into a black hole, the bigger it gets.5 What would happen to objects, such as astronauts, as they vanished into a black hole? Physicists have been amusing themselves with this question for years, and most believe that the intense gravitational forces would rip apart the astronauts long before they were crushed at the singularity. Theoretically, any astronauts who managed to survive the passage would encounter some very strange things. For instance, they would experience acute time distortion, which would enable them to know, in a few brief seconds, the entire future of the universe.6 Inside a black hole, space and time are so warped that the distance from the event horizon to the singularity is not a distance in space in the normal sense that we can measure in kilometers. Instead, it becomes a distance in time. The time it takes to reach the singularity from the event horizon--as measured by someone falling in--is proportional to the mass of the black hole.7 The only way that astronauts would know whether they had crossed the event horizon would be if they tried to halt their fall and climb out again by firing their engines enough to push themselves back from the center of the hole. However, because of the time warp, if the astronauts tried to do this, they would reach the singularity faster than if they had left their engines off. Moreover, since they could get no farther once they had reached the singularity, this point would mark the end of time itself.5. The word fodder in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA. material B. stories C. support D. problems6. The word finite in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA. increasing B. beautiful C. mysterious D. limited7. What happens to an object that falls within the event horizon of a black hole?A. The object changes shape until it is spherical. B. The object is pushed from the hole at the speed of light. C. The object cannot escape the black hole's gravity. D. The object explodes into particles that drift into space.8. The opposing force between the molecular particles inside a star is calledA. general relativity B. the exclusion principle C. infinite density D. the singularity9. The word runaway in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA. frequent B. long-term C. uncontrolled D. slow-paced10. Why does the author mention a cartoon character in paragraph 4?A. To illustrate **plete disappearance of a collapsing star B. To warn of the danger of being sucked into a black hole C. To point out a humorous phenomenon in astrophysics D. To announce the creation of a cartoon about black holes11. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4?A. The collapse of a star creates a black hole, a distortion of space and time with gravity strong enough to pull in any nearby object. B. Several different kinds of black holes exist, but the most powerful are those that result in an interchange of space and time. C. Behind every black hole is a different type of hole that is even more disturbing to our current beliefs about gravity, space, and time. D. The process of black hole formation occurs only in regions of space where gravity is the predominant physical force.12. Astronauts who fell into a black hole would probably experience all of the following EXCEPTA. distortion of and time space B. traveling faster than light C. knowledge of the universe D. strong gravitational forces13. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the distance between the event horizon and the singularity?A. The distance increases and decreases continuously. B. The distance is more than several trillion kilometers. C. The distance cannot be traveled in less than a year. D. The distance is related to the size of the black hole.14. Look at the four squares,,,, and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?A few believe that the astronauts would explode in a flash of gamma rays as they approached the singularity.What would happen to objects, such as astronauts, as they vanished into a black hole? Physicists have been amusing themselves with this question for years, and most believe that the intense gravitational forces would rip apart the astronauts long before they were crushed at the singularity. Theoretically, any astronauts who managed to survive the passage would encounter some very strange things. For instance, they would experience acute time distortion, which would enable them to know, in a few brief seconds, the entire future of the universe.15. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A. Black holes are thought to form when a large star collapses inward on itself to a point ofinfinite density and zero volume. B. Both scientists and science fiction writers have developed theories and written accounts of black holes. C. A black hole consists of a surface called the event horizon, a strong gravitational force, and a center called the singularity. D. Depending on a star's mass, it may evolve into a white dwarf, collapse into a black hole, or explode as a supernova. E. Astronauts can escape a black hole only if they fire their engines before they get too close to the singularity. F. An object falling within the event horizon will be pulled inward and experience a time warp as it approaches the singularity.THEORIES OF EXPERIENCE AND EDUCATION1 Two American philosophers, William James and John Dewey, developed very influential theories about how we think and learn. Both believed that the truth of any idea is a function of its usefulness and that experience is central to learning.2 William James (1842-1910) was a philosopher and psychologist who believed that truth is not absolute and unchangeable; rather, it is made in actual, real-life events. In a person's life, there are experiences that have meaning and truth for that person. Truth cannot be separated from experience, and in order to understand truth, we have to study experience itself. Thus, for James, human experience should be the primary subject of study, and he called upon thinkers to concentrate on experience instead of essences, abstractions, or universal laws.3 James focused on what he called the "stream" of experience, the sequential course of events in our lives. He believed that human consciousness is a stream of thoughts and feelings, and that this stream of consciousness is always going on, whether we are awake or asleep. The stream consists of **plex waves of bodily sensations, desires and aversions, memories of past experiences, and determinations of the will. One wave dissolves into another gradually, like the ripples of water in a river.4 In James's theory, thought and experience are connected. Incoming waves of thought flow in next to outgoing waves of previous experience and thus become associated with each other. An incoming thought is "workable" only if it is meaningful and can be associated with something already in the person's mind. James's theory supports later theories of associative learning, which assert that new learning involves activating previous learning to find "hooks" on which to hang new information.5 The theories of John Dewey (1859-1952), philosopher and educator, have had a tremendous impact on generations of thinkers. Dewey viewed life as a continuously reconstructive process, with experience and knowledge building on each other. He believed that learning is more than the amassing and retention of information; learning is learning how to think. Thinking is not something abstract; it is a living process that starts when old habits meet new situations.6 For Dewey, experience cannot be separated from nature because all experience is rooted in nature. Nature is what we experience: air, stones, plants, diseases, pleasure, and suffering. Dewey believed that experience is an interaction between what a person already knows and the person's present situation. Previous knowledge of nature interacts with the present environment, and together they lead to new knowledge that in turn will influence future experience.7 Dewey asserted that experience is central to education; however, experience cannot be equated with education because all experiences are not necessarily educative. Experience is educative only when it contributes to the growth of the individual. It can be miseducative if itdistorts the growth of further experience. It is the quality of experience that matters. Thus, productive experience is both the means and the goal of education.8 Dewey felt that education should be problem-centered and interdisciplinary rather than subject-centered and fragmented. The methods and curricula of education must make the child's growth the central concern. Furthermore, truly progressive education must involve the participation of the learner in directing the learning experience.16. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2?A. We **prehend what truth is only if we separate truth from experience and study each individually. B. The truth of any experience cannot be understood unless it is compared with past experiences. C. It is more important to learn from personal experience than to study philosophy to understand truth. D. We must study experience to know the meaning of truth because the two are necessarily connected.17. The word sequential in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA. continuous B. apparent C. conscious D. interesting18. Why does the author mention a river in paragraph 3?A. To describe how thoughts and feelings flow into each other B. To compare the processes of falling asleep and waking up C. To emphasize **plexity of bodily sensations D. To show that truth is not absolute and unchangeable19. The word "workable" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA. difficult to understand B. large enough to measure C. capable of being learned D. likely to be rejected20. The word reconstructive in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA. exciting B. creative C. unifying D. aimless21. According to John Dewey, the interplay between a person's previous knowledge and present situation isA. truth B. consciousness C. education D. experience22. All of the following ideas are part of Dewey's theory of experience and education EXCEPT:A. Knowledge and experience interact. B. Present experience affects future experience. C. Every experience is educative. D. Experience should develop the individual.23. According to Dewey, progressive education should includeA. both positive and negative experiences B. an emphasis on specific core subjects C. complete rejection of traditional methods D. the active participation of the student24. It can be inferred from the passage that William James and John Dewey would probably agree on which of the following statements?A. The truth of an idea is something that all people can agree upon. B. Our life experiences are a very important part of our education. C. To be truly educated, we must have our own theory of experience. D. The quantity of experience is more important than the quality.25. Look at the four squares, ,,, and , which indicate where the following sentence could be addedto the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?The incoming thoughts **e to resemble the outgoing thoughts, even though the two have never been experienced together before.In James's theory, thought and experience are connected. Incoming waves of thought flow in next to outgoing waves of previous experience and thus become associated with each other. An incoming thought is "workable" only if it is meaningful and can be associated with something already in the person's mind. James's theory supports later theories of associative learning, which assert that new learning involves activating previous learning to find "hooks" on which to hang new information.26. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the correct philosopher. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. Learning is not merely the storing of information; it is learning how to think. B. Truth is absolute and unchangeable because it is based on universal laws of nature. C. Human consciousness is a stream of experiences, sensations, thoughts, and feelings. D. Education should be problem-centered and interdisciplinary, and it should provide productive experience. E. A new thought is workable when it is associated with previous experience or learning. F. Experience and knowledge grow upon and influence each other in an ongoing process G. The goal of education should be the development of the child's ability to think abstractly.。

智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO29-2(上)-智课教育旗下智课教育本文和大家分享的是托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO29-2（上），正在准备托福阅读的学生可以一起来看看这份tpo阅读事实信息题的集合，希望能给大家的托福考试准备带来帮助。

托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。

本文带来的是TPO29-2的事实信息题(上)，一起来看看吧。

TPO29-2 CompetitionParagraph 1:When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (interspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.2.According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competition among individuals of different species?O It results in the eventual elimination of the resource for which they are competing.O It leads to competition among individuals of the same species.It encourages new species to immigrate to an area.O It controls the number of individuals in the competing populations.解题：通过competition among individuals of different species 定位到红色标注句子，但这句并没提到任何一个选项，继续往后看，下一句的主语是代词it，指代intraspecies competition，因此后面也是对物种间竞争的描述。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO26ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO26ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Energy and the Industrial Revolution¡¡¡¡PARAGRAPH 1¡¡¡¡For years historians have sought to identify crucialelements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry,technology,and economic power Known as theIndustrial Revolution,and many give prominence tothe problem of energy.Until the eighteenth century,people relied on energy derived from plants as well asanimal and human muscle to provide powerIncreased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping,milling,or sailing.However,by the eighteenth century,Great Britain in particular was experiencing anenergy shortage.Wood,the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used inthe iron industry as processed charcoal,was diminishing in supply.Great Britain had largeamounts of coal;however,there were not yet efficient means by which to producemechanical energy or to power machinery.This was to occur with progress in thedevelopment of the steam engine.¡¡¡¡PARAGRAPH 2¡¡¡¡In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam enginethat was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use.The enginehelped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the productionof coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere.A rotary engine attached to the steam engineenabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven,resulting in mills using steam power tospin and weave cotton.Since the steam engine was fired by coal,the large mills did not needto be located by rivers,as had mills that used water-driven machines.The shift to increasedmechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale ofcotton goods.Between 1760 and 1850,the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230times.Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold,and cotton cloth became GreatBritain's most important product,accounting for one-half of all exports.The success of thesteam engine resulted in increased demands for coal,and the M consequent increase in coalproduction was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.¡¡¡¡PARAGRAPH 3¡¡¡¡The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated thetransformation of the iron industry.Charcoal,made from wood and thus in limited supply,was replaced with coal-derived coke(substance left after coal is heated)assteam-drivenbellows came into use for producing of raw iron.Impurities were burnt away with the use ofcoke,producing a high-quality refined iron.Reduced cost was also instrumental indeveloping steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapesand sizes.The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by morethan 170 times between 1740 and 1840,and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing moretons of iron than the rest of the world combined.The developments in the iron industry were inpart a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.¡¡¡¡PARAGRAPH 4¡¡¡¡Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport,which in turn had furtherimplications.Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred,but shipping heavyfreight over land remained expensive,even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible.Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads,but horses werestill the primary source of power.However,the arrival of the steam engine initiated acomplete transformation in rail transportation,entrenching and expanding the IndustrialRevolution.As transportation improved,distant and larger markets within the nation could bereached,thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasingsales.Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that couldbe reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity,or to seekalternative investment opportunities.Also,the availability of jobs in railway Jj constructionattracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment.Whenthe work was completed,many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in citiesand towns,where they became part of an expanding working class.¡¡¡¡PARAGRAPH 1¡¡¡¡For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise inindustry,technology,and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution,and many giveprominence to the problem of energy.Until the eighteenth century,people relied on energyderived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiencyin the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping,milling,or sailing.However,by the eighteenth century,Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage.Wood,the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industryas processed charcoal,was diminishing in supply.Great Britain had large amounts of coal;however,there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or topower machinery.This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO26ÔĶÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º。

托福TPO29综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。

雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。

就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！TPO29 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingLarge numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold,arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable,especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis.Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration.The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.ListeningNow listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.ProfessorThe hypothesis that the Edmontosaur migrated every winter is not convincing.First, the Edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. One hundred million years ago, the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember, in arctic regions like the North Slope, the Sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer. The warm temperatures and extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditions for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The Edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during the winter.Second, just because Edmontosaurs lived in herds doesn’t mean they migrated.Animals live in herds for many other reasons. Living in herds, for example, provides animals with extra protection from predators. Having extra protection is useful even for the animals that live in the same area the whole year round. A modern example of this is the Roosevelt elk—a large plant-eater. Roosevelt elks live in the forests of the western United States. They live in herds but they do not migrate.Third, although adult Edmontosaurs were capable of migrating long distances, what about Edmontosaurs that were not yet adults? Juvenile Edmontosaurs were not physically capable of travelling the great distances required to reach warmer territories and would have slowed the herd so much that the herd never would have made it to its destination. The herd could not have left the juveniles behind because the juveniles would not have survived on their own. So the whole herd had to stay where they were and survive on the cold North Slope.由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。

托福og阅读文本Powering the Industrial RevolutionIn Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in theeighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This "atmospheric engine," invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possibledeeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised toeliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.。

托福TPO8阅读真题文本及参考答案Part3TPO对于我们的托福备考非常有用，大家还在苦于找不到资料吗？下面小编给大家带来托福TPO8阅读真题文本及参考答案Part3，希望可以帮助到你们。

托福TPO8阅读真题文本Part3Running Water on MarsPhotographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems-sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length-of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of thechannels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta-a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin's rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonaterock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet's polar caps.Paragraph 1: Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems-sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length-of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid waterwidespread.托福TPO8阅读真题题目Part31. The word "merge" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ expa nd○ separate○ straighten out○ combine2. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars? ○The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.○Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.○The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth's.○The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.3. The word "relics" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ remains○ sites○ requirements○ sources4. The word "miniature" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ temporary○ small○ multiple○ familiar5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second?○To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars' outflow channels ○To indicate data used by sc ientists to estimate how long ago Mars' outflow channels were formed○To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped "islands" to form○To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:○They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.○They are found only on certain pa rts of the Martian surface.○They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.○They are thought to have carried water northward from theequatorial regions.Paragraph 3: Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta-a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin's rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.7. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:○What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?○Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?○Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?○During what period of Mars' history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?8. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars' surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that○ the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now○ a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water○ deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape○ the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over timeParagraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.○But detract ors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.Paragraph 5: Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet's polar caps.11. The word "hints" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ clues○ features○ arguments○ effectsParagraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. ■They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. ■Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. ■The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. ■Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.There is much debate concerning whether Mars once had water.●●●Answer choices○Mars' runoff and outflow channels are large-scale, distinctive features that suggest that large quantities of liquid water once flowed on Mars.○Although some researchers claim that Mars may once have had oceans, others dispute this, pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of evidence.○Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.○The runoff and outflow channels of Mars apparently carried a higher volume of water and formed more extensive networks than do Earth's river systems.○There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars today, and it is assumed that all the water that once existed on the planet is frozen beneath its surface.○While numerous gullies have been discovered on Mars since 2000, many astronomers dismiss them as evidence that Mars once had liquid water托福TPO8阅读真题答案Part3参考答案：1. ○42. ○23. ○14. ○25. ○16. ○37. ○38.○29. ○210. ○211. ○112. ○113. Mars' runoff and outflow channelsAlthough some researchers claimThere is very little evidence of托福TPO8阅读真题翻译：Part3参考翻译：火星上的流水来自照片的证据显示在火星的表面曾有过大量的液态水。

托福阅读tpo29R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (6)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)原文Characteristics of Roman Pottery①The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways. The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing. Most Roman pottery is light and smooth to touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. Withhandmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same design and occasional minor blemishes (flaws). But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.②This is not just an aesthetic consideration but also a practical one. These vessels are solid (brittle, but not fragile), they are pleasant and easy to handle (being light and smooth), and, with their hard and sometimes glossy (smooth and shiny) surfaces, they hold liquids well and are easy to wash. Furthermore, their regular and standardized shapes would have made them simple to stack and store. When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot and, in particular, are allowed to handle it, they often comment on how modern it looks and feels, and they need to be convinced of its true age.③As impressive as the quality of Roman pottery is its sheer massive quantity. When considering quantities, we would ideally like to have some estimates for overall production from particular sites of pottery manufacture and for overall consumption at specific settlements. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence, which is almost invariable only a sample of what once existed, that such figures will always be elusive. However, no one who has ever worked in the field would question the abundance of Roman pottery, particularly in theMediterranean region. This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.④Only rarely can we derive any “real” quantities from deposits of broken pots. However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. It is made up entirely of broken oil amphorae, mainly of the second and third centuries A.D. It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which around 6,000million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas, imports into imperial Rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional----but the size of the operations at Monte Testaccio, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress. This was a society with similarities to modern one----moving goods on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.⑤Roman pottery was transported not only in large quantities but also over substantial distances. Many Roman pots, in particular amphorae and the fine wares designed for use at tables, could travel hundreds of miles----all over the Mediterranean and also further afield. But maps that show the various spots where Roman pottery of a particular type has been found tell only part of the story. What is more significant than any geographical spread is the access that different levels of society had to good-quality products. In all but the remotest regions of the empire, Roman pottery of a high standard is common at the sites of humble villages and isolated farmsteads.译文罗马的陶器特征①古罗马的陶器在诸多方面成就惊人。

托福TPO29综合写作阅读听力文本TPO 29Task1ReadingLarge numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis. Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migratinglong distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.ListeningThe hypothesis that the edmontosaur migrated every winter is not convincing.First, the edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. One hundred million years ago the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember in arctic regions like the North Slope the sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer, the warm temperatures and the extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditions for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during in the winter.Second, just because edmontosaur lived in herds doesn’t mean they migrated. Animals lived in herds for many other reasons. Living in herds, for example, provides animals extra protection from predators. Having extra protection is useful even for the animals that live in the same area the whole year round.A modern example of thisis the Roosevelt elk, a large plant-eater. Roosevelt elks live in the forests of western United States, they live in herds, but theydo not migrate.Third, although adult edmontosaur were capable of migrating in long distances. What about edmontosaur that were not yet adults, juvenile edmontosaur were not physically capable of travelling in great distances required to reach warmer territories and would have slowed the herds so much that the herd never would have made to its destination. The herd could not have left the juveniles behind because the juveniles would not have survived on their own. So the whole herd had to stay where they were and survive on the cold North Slope.Task2Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。

GroundwaterMost of the world’s potable water-freshwater suitable for drinking is accounted for bygroundwater, which is stored in the pores andfractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times asmuch freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface.Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greaterdepths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks toclose,reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depthof about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.世界上绝大部分饮用水----可以饮用的淡水----都是地下水，它们储藏在岩石孔隙和裂缝中。

储藏于地下的淡水是地表淡水河流和湖泊中总水量的50 倍。

大约50%的地下水存在于地下深1000m 以内的地层中。

随深度增加，上覆岩层压力使岩石孔隙和裂缝闭合，减少了水的储存空间，而超过10 公里深的地下孔隙几乎全部闭合。

因此绝大部分水储存于接近地表的地层中。

托福阅读真题第197篇Water...Water Management in Early AgricultureParagraph 1：As the first cities formed in Mesopotamia in the Middle East, probably around 3000 B.C., it became necessarily to provide food for larger populations, and thus to find ways of increasing agricultural production. This, in turn, led to the problem of obtaining sufficient water.Paragraph 2：Irrigation must have started on a small scale with rather simple constructions, but as its value became apparent, more effort was invested in new construction to divert more water into the canals and to extend the canal system to reach greater areas of potential farmland. Because of changing water levels and clogging by waterborne particles, canals and their intakes required additional labor to maintain, besides the normal labor required to guide water from field to field. Beyond this, some personnel had to be devoted to making decisions about the allocation of available water among the users and ensuring that these directions were carried out. With irrigation water also came potential problems, the most obvious being the susceptibility of low-lying farmlands to disastrous flooding and the longer-term problem of salinization (elevated levels of salt in the soil). To combat flooding from rivers, people from early historic times until today have constructed protective levees (raised barriers of earth) between the river and the settlement or fields to be protected. This, of course, is effective up to a certain level of flooding but changes the basic water patterns of the area and can multiply the damage when the flood level exceeds the height of the levee.1. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 asoperations involved in the Mesopotamian irrigation system EXCEPTO determining how much irrigation water should be distributed to various farmersO widening existing canals so they could hold more water O removing undesirable materials from the intakes of irrigation canalsO building new canals so irrigation water could be transported to distant areas2. According to paragraph 2, protective levees can have which of the following disadvantages?O They can greatly increase the destruction caused by floodwaters when floodwaters are higher than the levee.O They can fail even when the flood level remains below the height of the levee.O They can lead over time to a serious salinization problem.O They can cause damaging floods to occur more frequently by changing basic water patterns.3. Paragraph 2 suggests that irrigation increased the likelihood of destructive floods becauseO irrigated fields were often in locations that tended to flood naturallyO the canal intakes for irrigation water often did not work O most irrigation canals were too narrow and thus overflowedO levees built to protect irrigation systems required maintenanceParagraph 3：Salinization is caused by an accumulation of salt in the soil near its surface. This salt is carried by river water from the sedimentary rocks in the mountains and deposited onthe Mesopotamian fields during natural flooding or purposeful irrigation. Evaporation of water sitting on the surface in hot climates is rapid, concentrating the salts in the remaining water that then descends through the soil to the underlying water table. In southern Mesopotamia, for example, the natural water table comes to within roughly six feet of the surface. Conditions of excessive irrigation bring the water table to eighteen inches, and water can rise further to the root zone, where the high concentration of salts would kill most plants.4. According to paragraph 3, excessive irrigation can destroy crops byO raising salty water to the level of the rootsO forcing the roots of plants to grow close to the surfaceO taking the place of some natural floodingO creating salt deposits on the surface of the soilParagraph 4：Solutions for salinization were not as straightforward as for flooding, but even in ancient times it was understood that the deleterious effects of salinization could be minimized by removing harmful elements through leaching the fields with additional fresh water, digging deep wells to lower the water table, or instituting a system of leaving fields uncultivated. The first two cures would have required considerable labor, and the third solution would have led to diminished productivity, not often viewed as a likely decision in periods of growing population. An effective irrigation system laid the foundation for many of the world’s early civilizations, but it also required a great deal of labor input.5. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the more-likely-used solutions to the problem of salinization?O They resulted in a decrease in the amount of food that wasproduced.O They succeeded only on areas where the natural water table was especially low.O They often demanded much time and effort on the part of their users.O They often led to other technological advances.Paragraph 5：Growing agrarian societies often tried to meet their food-producing needs by farming less-desirable hill slopes surrounding the favored low-lying valley bottoms. Since bringing irrigation water to a hill slope is usually impractical, the key is effective utilization of rainfall. Rainfall either soaks into the soil or runs off of it due to gravity. A soil that is deep, well-structured, and covered by protective vegetation and mulch will normally absorb almost all of the rain that falls on it, provided that the slope is not too steep. However, soils that have lost their vegetative cover and surface mulch will absorb much less, with almost half the water being carried away by runoff in more extreme conditions. This runoff carries with it topsoil particles, nutrients, and humus (decayed vegetable matter) that are concentrated in the topsoil. The loss of this material reduces the thickness of the rooting zone and its capacity to absorb moisture for crop needs.6. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was the main challenge faced by early agricultural societies that wanted to grow crops on hill slopes?O Getting enough irrigation water to the hill slopeO Growing crops without disturbing the natural vegetative coverO Retaining rainwater and thus preventing excessive runoff O Identifying crops that do not need a thick rooting zone7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O However, soils that are unable to absorb much water experience massive runoff during heavy rains.O However, where neither protective vegetation nor mulch covers the soil, much rainwater can be lost to runoff.O However, on extremely steep slopes there is no vegetative cover or mulch to prevent runoff.O However, in more extreme conditions water that runs off can carry away the vegetative cover and the surface mulch.Paragraph 6：The most direct solution to this problem of slope runoff was to lay lines of stones along the contours of the slope and hence, perpendicular to the probable flow of water and sediment. These stones could then act as small dams, slowing the downhill flow of water and allowing more water to infiltrate and soil particles to collect behind the dam. This provided a buildup of sediments for plants and improved the landscape’s water-retention properties.8. Which of the following best describes how paragraph 6 relates to paragraph 5?O Paragraph 6 describes how the solution to a problem identified in paragraph 5 created unexpected benefits.O Paragraph 6 compares two possible solutions to a problem described in paragraph 5.O Paragraph 6 explains how the attempt to solve a problem introduced in paragraph 5 led to more difficult problems.O Paragraph 6 explains one way in which a difficulty described in paragraph 5 was resolved.Paragraph 3：Salinization is caused by an accumulation of salt in the soil near its surface. ■ This salt is carried by river water from the sedimentary rocks in the mountains and deposited on the Mesopotamian fields during natural flooding or purposeful irrigation. Evaporation of water sitting on the surface in hot climates is rapid, concentrating the salts in the remaining water that then descends through the soil to the underlying water table. ■ In southern Mesopotamia, for example, the natural water table comes to within rou ghly six feet of the surface. ■ Conditions of excessive irrigation bring the water table to eighteen inches, and water can rise further to the root zone, where the high concentration of salts would kill most plants.■9. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Natural flooding, however, does not raise the water table nearly as much and thus does not have these sorts of consequences.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.As cities emerged and populations grew in Mesopotamia, more water had to be provided to increase agricultural production.Answer ChoicesO Early on, irrigation was recognized as a valuable practice, even though it was labor-intensive and brought with it problems of salinization and damaging floods.O Levees were the major means of protection against flooding, while leaching with added water and lowering the water table helped to control salinization.O Because of the enormous amount of labor involved in irrigating fields, farming was increasingly moved to hill slopes, where irrigation systems required less labor.O The mountain water that was used to irrigate farmland in Mesopotamia was exceptionally high in salt, causing rapid salinization of the soil.O The practice of leaving fields uncultivated periodically was used primarily by societies lacking a large labor force.O As cultivation was extended to hill slopes, methods were developed to better retain water from rainfall for crops growing on hillsides.。

TPO 29-R-1Q1 Paragraph 1 indicates which of the following about Roman pottery?A.Roman amphorae were of much higherquality overall than other Roman pottery.B.Roman pottery can best be appreciatedwhen actual pieces are handled.C.Roman pottery declined slightly in qualitywhen the use of fast wheels and kilns was introduced.D.Roman practical tableware spread morerapidly across the Mediterranean than amphorae did.Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow>Q2 All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as characteristics of Roman pottery EXCEPT:A.It was usually made with high-quality clay.B.It generally did not weigh much.C.It did not break as easily as other ancientpottery.D.It sometimes had imperfections. Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow>Characteristics of Roman Pottery>The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways. The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of table ware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae(the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawings. Most Roman pottery is light and smooth to the touch and very tough,although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface.It is generall made with carefully selected and porified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln(pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. With handmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same desigh and occasional minor blemishe(flaws).But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.Q3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true of Roman vessels?A.They were good containers for liquids.B.Their shapes allowed for easy stacking andstoring.C.They sometimes had shiny surfaces.D.Their true age is immediately apparent. Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow>Q4 The author mentions the work of archaelogists in paragraph 3 in order toA.Support the idea that pottery wasproduces in large quantities by the RomansB.illustrate how hard it is for archaeologiststo fine complete pieces of Roman pottery C.contrast archaeological sites in Romanurban areas with other sites in the MediterraneanD.explain why the quantities of potteryfound vary significantly from one site to anotherParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow> >This is not just an aesthetic consideration but also a practical one. These vessels are solid(brittle, but not fragile), they are pleasant and easy to handle(being light and smooth), and, with their hard and sometimes glassy(smooth and shiny)surfaces, they hold liquids well and are easy to wash. Furthermore, their regular and standardized shapes would have made them simple to stack and store. When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot and, in particular, are allowed to handle it, they often comment on how modern it looks and feels, and they need to be convinced of its true age.>As impressive as the quality of Roman pottery is its sheer massive quantity. When considering quantities, we would ideally like to have some estimates for overall production from particular sites of pottery manufacture and for overall consumption at specific settlements. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence, which is almost in variably only a sample of what once existed, that such figures will always be elusive. However, no one who has ever worked in the field would quenstion the abundance of Roman pottery, particularly in the Mediterranean region. This abundance is notable in Roman settlements(especially urban sites)where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation.Q5 The word “substantial”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.protectedB.man-madergeD.famousQ6 According to paragraph 4, Monte Testaccil is particularly important for archaeologists because archaeologists were able toA.conclude how amphorae manufacturingincreased rapidly after the second centuryA..D.B.find the locations where most of theamphorae in the Roman Empire were producedC.obtain relatively acccurate calculations ofthe quantities of amphorae used over time in that placeD.discover that the Roman state hadsupported amphorae production Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow>Q7 The word “entirely”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.apparentlypletelyC.basicallyD.mostlyQ8 Paragraph 4 indicates which of the following about the port on the Tiber River near Monte Testaccil?A.It was built around the third century A.D.B.It was close to areas where largequantities of oil were produced.C.It was in use only for a very short period oftime.D.It had an impressive level of commercialactivity.Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow> >■Only rarely can we derive any “real”quantities from deposits of broken pots.■However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. ■On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio.■It is made up entirely of broke oil amphorae,mainly of the second and third centuries A.D. It has been estimated that Monte Testaccil contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which aroud 6,000 million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas. Imports into imperial Rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional—but the size of the operations at Monte Testaccil, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress.This was a society with similarities to modern ones—moving good s on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.Q9 The statement in paragraph 4 that amphorae delivered to the port near Monte Testaccil were occasionally discarded supports which of the following?A.Traders at the port were often careless.B.The quality of the amphorae used at theport was not very good.C.The scale of the trade made it possible towaste quality amphorae sometimes.D.The importing of oil from overseasgradually declined, reducing the need for pottery.Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow>Q10 The statement that maps “show the various spots where Roman pottery of a particular type has been found tell only part of the story” makes the point thatA.Maps indicate where specific potterystyles have been found, but they do not indicate where these styles originatedB.Maps show the geographical spread ofRoman pottery but not the people who had access to itC.Maps do not usually include pottery stylesfound in the remotest regions of the Roman EmpireD.Archaeologists studying Roman potteryneed to use a range of techniques in their investigationsQ11 The word “humble”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ruralB.distant Roman pottery was transported not only in large quantities but also over substantial distances. Many Roman pots, in particular amphorae and the fine wares designed for use at tables, could travel hundreds of miles—all over theMediterranean and also further afield. But maps that show the various spots where Roman pottery of a particular type has been found tell only part of the story. What is more significant than any geographical spread is the access that different levels of society had to good-quality products. In all but remotest regions of the empire, Roman pottery of a high standard is common at the sites of humble villages and isolated farmsteads.C.ancientD.modestQ12 The word “particular”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.specificmonC.ancientD.superiorQ13 Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.That is because residents of a city did not usually used pottery at the same site over a long period of time .Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Q14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT.The pottery of the ancient Roman Empire is remarkable.A.Roman pottery is considered to be practicaland of consistently high quality.B.People are not familiar with the wholerange of pottery the Romans created because most of the available pieces represent only a limited number of styles and shapes.C.Even though the exact quantity of potteryprocuced by the Romans is almost impossible to calculate, it is certain that it was produced in large quantities.D.Archaeologists looking for the remains ofRoman pottery concentrate on urban sites because that is where the oldest pieces of kitchenware and amphorae have been found.E.Roman pottery was transported over longdistandes, and different levels of society had access to quality pottery.F.It is still unclear to archaeologists what therole of the Roman state in the commercial success of Roman pottery was.。

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托福阅读长难句：湖泊蓄水层的储量原文：Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.参考翻译：估计表明：蓄水层包含充足的水去填满Huron湖。

但很不幸，在目前这个地区半干旱气候条件下，蓄水层的补水率很小，总计大约一年50毫米。

词汇讲解：aquifer /'?kw?f?/ n. 含水土层semiarid /?sem(a)?'?r?d/ adj. 半干旱的结构划分：Estimates indicate (that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron), but unfortunately, (under the semiarid climatic conditions) (that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, (amounting to about half a centimeter a year.)解析：修饰一：(under the semiarid climatic conditions)，介词短语，修饰后面红色主干部分中文：在半干旱气候条件下修饰二：(that presently exist in the region)，从句，修饰conditions中文：现在存在于这个地区修饰三：(amounting to about half a centimeter a year. ) ，非谓语动词，修饰前面红色主干中文：总计大约一年50毫米主干：rates ofaddition to the aquifer are minimal中文：蓄水层的补水率很小托福阅读长难句：甘薯的来源考据原文：As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.翻译：正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的，甘薯并不是南美人用筏运来的，而是通过已经去过南美西海岸的玻利尼西亚返航者很方便就带来了。

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▉托福TPO6阅读Passage1原文文本： Powering the Industrial Revolution In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power. The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption. Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned outmore iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials. By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century. ▉托福TPO6阅读Passage1题目： Question 1 of 13 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven. B. The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places. C. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland. D. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the。