PROTOCOL ON THE ACCESSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Preamble
The World Trade Organization （"WTO"）, pursuant to the approval of the Ministerial Conference of the WTO accorded under Article XII of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization （"WTO Agreement"）, and the People's Republic of China （"China"）,
Recalling that China was an original contracting party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947,
Taking note that China is a signatory to the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations,
Taking note of the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China in document WT/ACC/CHN/49 （"Working Party Report"）,
Having regard to the results of the negotiations concerning China's membership in the WTO,
Agree as follows：
Part I - General Provisions
1. General
1. Upon accession, China accedes to the WTO Agreement pursuant to Article XII of that Agreement and thereby becomes a Member of the WTO.
2. The WTO Agreement to which China accedes shall be the WTO Agreement as rectified, amended or otherwise modified by such legal instruments as may have entered into force before the date of accession. This Protocol, which shall include the commitments referred to in paragraph 342 of the Working Party Report, shall be an integral part of the WTO Agreement.
3. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, those obligations in the Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed to the WTO Agreement that are to be implemented over a period of time starting with entry into force of that Agreement shall be implemented by China as if it had accepted that Agreement on the date of its entry into force.
4. China may maintain a measure inconsistent with paragraph 1of Article II of the General Agreement on Trade in Services （"GATS"）provided that such a measure is recorded in the List of Article II Exemptions annexed to this Protocol and meets the conditions of the Annex to the GATS on Article II Exemptions.
2. Administration of the Trade Regime
（A）Uniform Administration
1. The provisions of the WTO Agreement and this Protocol shall apply to the entire customs territory of China, including border trade regions and minority autonomous areas, Special Economic Zones, open coastal cities, economic and technical development zones and other areas where special regimes for tariffs,
taxes and regulations are established （collectively referred to as "special economic areas"）.
2. China shall apply and administer in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner all its laws, regulations and other measures of the central government as well as local regulations, rules and other measures issued or applied at the sub-national level （collectively referred to as "laws, regulations and other measures"）pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights （"TRIPS"）or the control of foreign exchange.
3. China's local regulations, rules and other measures of local governments at the sub-national level shall conform to the obligations undertaken in the WTO Agreement and this Protocol.
4. China shall establish a mechanism under which individuals and enterprises can bring to the attention of the national authorities cases of
non-uniform application of the trade regime.
（B）Special Economic Areas
1. China shall notify to the WTO all the relevant laws, regulations and other measures relating to its special economic areas, listing these areas by name and indicating the geographic boundaries that define them. China shall notify the WTO promptly, but in any case within 60 days, of any additions or modifications to its special economic areas, including notification of the laws, regulations and other measures relating thereto.
2. China shall apply to imported products, including physically incorporated components, introduced into the other parts of China's customs territory from the special economic areas, all taxes, charges and measures affecting imports, including import restrictions and customs and tariff charges, that are normally applied to imports into the other parts of China's customs territory.
3. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, in providing preferential arrangements for enterprises within such special economic areas, WTO provisions on non-discrimination and national treatment shall be fully observed.
（C）Transparency
1. China undertakes that only those laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange that are published and readily available to other WTO Members, individuals and enterprises, shall be enforced. In addition, China shall make available to WTO Members, upon request, all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange before such measures are implemented or enforced. In emergency situations, laws, regulations and other measures shall be made available at the latest when they are implemented or enforced.
2. China shall establish or designate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange and, after publication of its laws, regulations or other measures in such journal, shall provide a reasonable period for comment to the appropriate authorities before
such measures are implemented, except for those laws, regulations and other measures involving national security, specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or monetary policy and other measures the publication of which would impede law enforcement. China shall publish this journal on a regular basis and make copies of all issues of this journal readily available to individuals and enterprises.
3. China shall establish or designate an enquiry point where, upon request of any individual, enterprise or WTO Member all information relating to the measures required to be published under paragraph 2（C）1 of this Protocol may be obtained. Replies to requests for information shall generally be provided within 30 days after receipt of a request. In exceptional cases, replies may be provided within 45 days after receipt of a request. Notice of the delay and the reasons therefor shall be provided in writing to the interested party. Replies to WTO Members shall be complete and shall represent the authoritative view of the Chinese government. Accurate and reliable information shall be provided to individuals and enterprises.
（D）Judicial Review
1. China shall establish, or designate, and maintain tribunals, contact points and procedures for the prompt review of all administrative actions relating to the implementation of laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application referred to in Article X：1 of the GATT 1994, Article VI of the GATS and the relevant provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. Such tribunals shall be impartial and independent of the agency entrusted with
administrative enforcement and shall not have any substantial interest in the outcome of the matter.
2. Review procedures shall include the opportunity for appeal, without penalty, by individuals or enterprises affected by any administrative action subject to review. If the initial right of appeal is to an administrative body, there shall in all cases be the opportunity to choose to appeal the decision to a judicial body. Notice of the decision on appeal shall be given to the appellant and the reasons for such decision shall be provided in writing. The appellant shall also be informed of any right to further appeal.
3. Non-discrimination
Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of：（a）the procurement of inputs and goods and services necessary for production and the conditions under which their goods are produced, marketed or sold, in the domestic market and for export；and
（b）the prices and availability of goods and services supplied by national and sub-national authorities and public or state enterprises, in areas including transportation, energy, basic telecommunications, other utilities and factors of production.
4. Special Trade Arrangements
Upon accession, China shall eliminate or bring into conformity with the WTO Agreement all special trade arrangements, including barter trade arrangements, with third countries and separate customs territories, which are not in conformity with the WTO Agreement.
5. Right to Trade
1. Without prejudice to China's right to regulate trade in a manner consistent with the WTO Agreement, China shall progressively liberalize the availability and scope of the right to trade, so that, within three years after accession, all enterprises in China shall have the right to trade in all goods throughout the customs territory of China, except for those goods listed in Annex 2A which continue to be subject to state trading in accordance with this Protocol. Such right to trade shall be the right to import and export goods. All such goods shall be accorded national treatment under Article III of the GATT 1994, especially paragraph 4 thereof, in respect of their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use, including their direct access to end-users. For those goods listed in Annex 2B, China shall phase out limitation on the grant of trading rights pursuant to the schedule in that Annex. China shall complete all necessary legislative procedures to implement these provisions during the transition period.
2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, all foreign individuals and enterprises, including those not invested or registered in China, shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to enterprises in China with respect to the right to trade.
6. State Trading
1. China shall ensure that import purchasing procedures of state trading enterprises are fully transparent, and in compliance with the WTO Agreement, and shall refrain from taking any measure to influence or direct state trading enterprises as to the quantity, value, or country of origin of goods purchased or sold, except in accordance with the WTO Agreement.
2. As part of China's notification under the GATT 1994 and the Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII of the GATT 1994, China shall also provide full information on the pricing mechanisms of its state trading enterprises for exported goods.
7. Non-Tariff Measures
1. China shall implement the schedule for phased elimination of the measures contained in Annex 3. During the periods specified in Annex 3, the protection afforded by the measures listed in that Annex shall not be increased or expanded in size, scope or duration, nor shall any new measures be applied, unless in conformity with the provisions of the WTO Agreement.
2. In implementing the provisions of Articles III and XI of the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Agriculture, China shall eliminate and shall not introduce, re-introduce or apply non-tariff measures that cannot be justified under the provisions of the WTO Agreement. For all non-tariff measures, whether or not referred to in Annex 3, that are applied after the date of accession, consistent with the WTO Agreement or this Protocol, China shall allocate and otherwise
administer such measures in strict conformity with the provisions of the WTO Agreement, including GATT 1994 and Article XIII thereof, and the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, including notification requirements.
3. China shall, upon accession, comply with the TRIMs Agreement, without recourse to the provisions of Article 5 of the TRIMs Agreement. China shall eliminate and cease to enforce trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, local content and export or performance requirements made effective through laws, regulations or other measures. Moreover, China will not enforce provisions of contracts imposing such requirements. Without prejudice to the relevant provisions of this Protocol, China shall ensure that the distribution of import licences, quotas, tariff？rate quotas, or any other means of approval for importation, the right of importation or investment by national and sub？national authorities, is not conditioned on：whether competing domestic suppliers of such products exist；or performance requirements of any kind, such as local content, offsets, the transfer of technology, export performance or the conduct of research and development in China.
4. Import and export prohibitions and restrictions, and licensing requirements affecting imports and exports shall only be imposed and enforced by the national authorities or by sub-national authorities with authorization from the national authorities. Such measures which are not imposed by the national authorities or by sub-national authorities with authorization from the national authorities, shall not be implemented or enforced.
8. Import and Export Licensing
1. In implementing the WTO Agreement and provisions of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, China shall undertake the following measures to facilitate compliance with these agreements：
（a）China shall publish on a regular basis the following in the official journal referred to in paragraph 2（C）2 of this Protocol：
每by product, the list of all organizations, including those organizations delegated such authority by the national authorities, that are responsible for authorizing or approving imports or exports, whether through grant of licence or other approval；
每procedures and criteria for obtaining such import or export licences or other approvals, and the conditions for deciding whether they should be granted；
每a list of all products, by tariff number, that are subject to tendering requirements, including information on products subject to such tendering requirements and any changes, pursuant to the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures；
每a list of all goods and technologies whose import or export are restricted or prohibited；these goods shall also be notified to the Committee on Import Licensing；
每any changes to the list of goods and technologies whose import and export are restricted or prohibited.
Copies of these submissions in one or more official languages of the WTO shall be forwarded to the WTO for circulation to WTO Members and for submission to the Committee on Import Licensing within 75 days of each publication.
（b）China shall notify the WTO of all licensing and quota requirements remaining in effect after accession, listed separately by HS tariff line and with the quantities associated with the restriction, if any, and the justification for maintaining the restriction or its scheduled date of termination.
（c）China shall submit the notification of its import licensing procedures to the Committee on Import Licensing. China shall report annually to the Committee on Import Licensing on its automatic import licensing procedures, explaining the circumstances which give rise to these requirements and justifying the need for their continuation. This report shall also provide the information listed in Article 3 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures.
（d）China shall issue import licences for a minimum duration of validity of six months, except where exceptional circumstances make this impossible. In such cases, China shall promptly notify the Committee on Import Licensing of the exceptional circumstances requiring the shorter period of licence validity.
2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of the distribution of import and export licences and quotas.
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion. 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year. 饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。 Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels”theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.” 针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。 Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a
中国饮食文化英文介绍 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：中国饮食文化——英文版 China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China’s local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。当然，
还有其他很多著名的地方菜系，例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重
中国茶文化英语演讲稿3篇 英语演讲，是指以英语为载体，针对某个话题发表自己的意见和看法，以此来影响、感染听众，达到一种宣传目的的交际活动。小编为大家整理了中国茶文化英语演讲稿3篇，欢迎大家阅读。 中国茶文化英语演讲稿篇1 The practice of drinking and serving tea has been part of China's cultural identity for centuries. China used to be the world's sole provider of tea. Today, tea is the world's most widely consumed beverage after water, and famous Chinese teas are still highly prized. Tea experts estimate that top-quality Longjing will sell for 40,000 to 50,000 yuan per 500 grams this year, about 25 percent higher than last year. The price of common Longjing will be around 4,000 yuan per 500 grams this year. Though quality tea is highly pursued at home, it seems that it has not secured a strong position in the global market. Li Shiwei is the board chairman of Tianfu Group, a flagship tea enterprise based in Fujian Province, a major production region of oolong tea in China. He says a major problem for today's private tea enterprises is that they do not have enough money to operate on a large scale, let alone undertake promotions overseas.
教育学为什么没有诞生在中国 教育学作为一门学科在中国的出现，是西学东渐的结果，教育学在中国一开始就被打上了“全球化”的烙印。这与中国的社会性质和时代背景、文化发展有关。 <1>就封建社会时期，对与中国，欧洲的封建主义与中国的封建主义是根本不同的。欧洲的封建主义是贵族式的封建主义：农民受骑士主人统治，骑士又隶属于贵族，国王则统治一切。中国的封建主义与此大不相同，人民称其为官僚封建主义，早期促进着中国科技的发展，早后期严重妨碍科学进一步发展，尤其是妨碍出现欧洲那样的重大突破。封建主义社会的特点： （1）帝国主义通过野蛮的侵略战争，强迫中国签订不平等条约，从政治、经济、文化等各方面控制、操纵中国，最终从中国获得最大的经济利益。 （2）政治上，西方列强践踏中国的神圣主权。经济上，帝国主义牢牢掌握了中国的经济命脉。文化上，实施文化侵略政策，麻醉中国人民的精神，培养为他们侵略政策服务的买办文人。 （3）西方列强在侵略中国的过程中，杀人放火，抢劫财物，无恶不作，对中国人民犯下了滔天罪行，给中国人民带来无法估量的物质损失和精神伤害。 （4）封建剥削制度是帝国主义统治中国的主要支柱和中国封建军阀实行专制统治的社会基础。 （5）封建主义的统治也是经济现代化和政治民主化的主要障碍，是中华民族进步的拦路虎。 （6）封建剥削制度的残酷性和封建经济自给自足的特点，使中国生产力低下，人民生活极度贫困。反对封建主义就是要在经济上消灭封建剥削制度；在政治上消灭军阀的专制统治，为中国的经济现代化和政治民主化创造条件。 （7）反对官僚资本主义是因为这种资本主义同外国帝国主义、本国地主阶级和旧式富农密切地结合着，具有买办性、封建性、垄断性。 综上所述，就是因为具有买办性、封建性、垄断性的封建主义社会体制的限制使得胸有大志、一心救国的人才报国无门，也使得教育学没有发展起来。 <2>就社会时期，中国民族资本主义是在半殖民地半封建社会的背景下进行的，与欧美各国相比，具有如下特点： ①民族资本主义的发展不仅受到内部封建保守势力的抵制，还不断遭到外部资本主义列强的倾轧、排斥和摧残，发展缓慢，历经曲折； ②民族资产阶级始终没有真正掌握中国近代化的领导权；
Confucius named Qiu styled Zhongni, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. Confucius instructed more than 3000 disciples and some were from poor families. Confucius gradually changed the tradition that only nobilities had the right to receive education. In his later years , Confucius compiled many literary works of ancient times, including The Book of Songs ,The Book of Documents, and The Books of Changes. His saying and behaviors were compiled in The Analects of Confucius by his disciples. His ideology has been absorbed and carried composing the essential part of Chinese traditional ideology. It was also spread into the border regions and areas building up a circle of Confucianism. UNESCO labeled him one of the “Ten Culture Celebrities”. 孔子 孔子名丘字仲尼，春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创史人。孔子一共教授了三千多个学生，其中不乏贫困家庭的孩子，改变了只有贵族子女才有资格上学的传统。孔子晚年还编订上古书籍，《诗经》《尚书》《周易》等。孔子的言行被他的弟子们收集在《论语》中，他的思想也被后人吸收和发扬光大，成为中国传统思想最主要的组成部分，并逐渐传播到周边国家，形成了影响范围很广的儒家文化圈。联合国教科文组织曾将孔子列入世界十大文化名人之一。 Beijing Opera Beijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In development Beijing Opera has formed a number of fictitious props. For instance a pedal means a boat. Without any physical props involved , an actor may perform going upstairs or downstairs opening or closing a door by mere gestures. Though exaggerated those actions would give audience an impression with graceful movements. There are four main roles sheng dan jing and chou. A sheng or dan has the eyebrows painted and eyes circled. A jing and chou have their facial makeup ,for example, a red face depicts the loyalty and bravery and a white face symbolizes treachery and guile. 京剧 京剧是中国流行的最广泛影响最大的一个剧种，拥有两百多年的历史。在长期的发展过程中，京剧形成了一套虚拟表演动作，如一条桨就可以代表一只船。不需要任何的道具，演员就能表现出上楼、下楼，开门、关门等动作，虽然经赤了夸张但这些动作能给观众既真实又优美的感觉。京剧演员分生、旦、净、丑四个行当，生和旦的化痕迹要描眉、吊眉、画眼圈，净丑面部需要化妆，比如，红脸表示忠诚勇猛，白脸表示奸险。
我们诞生在中国观后感400字世界最好的野生动物摄影师们耗时三年跟踪拍摄素材，并经由陆川之手剪辑，最终呈现了一部迪士尼合家欢版的可可西里。 也许正是因为陆川这部惊艳亮相的关于偷猎者与野生动物保护的拍出了纪录片质感的故事片，他才会被邀请担任迪士尼自然纪录片三部曲之最终章的《我们诞生在中国》的导演吧。观影完毕后导演陆川与制作人roconli竟然出来与大家见面，也还开了一个小小的座谈会，此次观影还真是惊喜连连。 影片素材记录了五个动物：功夫熊猫1中大反派太郎雪豹，盖世五侠灵猴川金丝猴，盖世五侠仙鹤丹顶鹤，功夫熊猫2中羊仙姑藏羚羊，以及功夫熊猫当之无愧的主角阿宝大熊猫。其实影片中还出现了银河护卫队的火箭浣熊小熊猫以及高原上的牦牛与狼，还有专门捕猎幼猴的苍鹰。 这部自然纪录片严格来说仍是一部类似于纪录片的故事片。本片虽然拍摄了大量纪录片素材，但在剪辑成片时使用了电影蒙太奇手法，也就是说有一些桥段是导演为了配合影片主题故意剪辑出来而并不一定是现实中的真实状况。举一个小小的例子，影片中关于熊猫姑娘美美有一个桥段，她想要完成爬树的成人礼却一次次失败，这时树上有一只小熊猫始终关注着她。据导演透露，其实现实中这并不是同时发
生的事情，他们只是把熊猫爬树和小熊猫在树上两个时空间毫不相关的场景剪辑到了一块，形成了似乎小熊猫在注视美美的成长一样。还有丹顶鹤，他们的素材基本上都被剪掉，更多是充当一种背景，作为生命轮回的承载，串联起其他动物的故事。最终在蒙太奇手法之下，仙鹤们仿佛飞越了每一个家庭的所在地，带走了每一个逝去的灵魂。 那么这样一个类似纪录片的故事片剧本是如何决定的呢?通常影片是先有一个剧情脚本，然后不断深入挖掘，形成最终剧本。而本片，则是在拍摄了大量记录野生动物的素材后，导演和编剧们根据素材中记录的真实的动物故事来挖掘出潜在的故事。据导演陆川说，他本来只是想拍摄另一部可可西里，希望突出大自然残酷的一面和中国野生动物保护的现状，但随着创作过程中孩子的出生导致自己心境改变以及要符合迪士尼风格，最终形成了成片中以家和父母之爱为主题。 雪豹母亲达娃为了两个宝宝极力维护自己领地安全却无奈终被强敌驱逐，并于一次牦牛捕猎中不幸遇难。这个故事的结局就如笔者前面所说是完全用电影手段去呈现。据制作人透露，其实那个雪豹家庭在现实中幸福自由的活了下去，但影片通过蒙太奇手法却呈现出雪豹母亲含恨而终的下场，不免让人叹惋自然的无情与适者生存。那些牦牛本是牧民蓄养，但野生动物摄影师不能打破干涉自然的铁律去阻止母豹
－1 － 亲爱的朋友，很高兴能在此相遇！欢迎您阅读文档《我们诞生在中国》观后感，这篇文档是由我们精心收集整理的新文档。相信您通过阅读这篇文档，一定会有所收获。假若亲能将此文档收藏或者转发，将是我们莫大的荣幸，更是我们继续前行的动力。 《我们诞生在中国》观后感 《我们诞生在中国》观后感 当品味完一部作品后，这次观看让你心中有什么感想呢？这时候最关键的观后感不能忘了。可能你现在毫无头绪吧，以下是小编为大家收集的《我们诞生在中国》观后感，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 《我们诞生在中国》观后感1 9月3日下午，230名绵阳晚报小记者来到中环电影城，观看电影《我们诞生在中国》。 影片分别介绍了雪豹、金丝猴、大熊猫、藏羚羊和丹顶鹤五种动物生活经历。雪豹母亲达娃和她的两个孩子生活在崇山峻岭中，达娃为了抚养自己的孩子，让他们健康成长，在寒冷的冬，她在大雪覆盖的悬崖峭壁上捕捉岩羊，但在途中脚被扭伤了，从此她的速度变慢了下来,直到死亡，留下了两个年幼的孩子。我希望这两只
年幼的雪豹能够走出痛苦，依靠自己坚强地生存下去。－2 － 在海拔1500—3000米的高山密林中生活着许多金丝猴，其中有一只渴望得到爱的捣蛋鬼——淘淘。淘淘家自从有了妹妹，他就不再是家里的宠儿，受到了爸爸妈妈的冷落，成了一只流浪猴。有一天，淘淘的妹妹在树枝上玩，突然一只凶猛的苍鹰飞来了，大家都纷纷躲了起来，只有淘淘的妹妹不知道危险已来临，眼看苍鹰的利爪就要抓走她，在这危急时刻，淘淘挺身而出，他飞快的抱起妹妹跳到地上，救了妹妹的命。从此，他也受到了家庭的欢迎和接受，让爸爸觉得他长大了。 四川的一片竹林里，生活中野生大熊猫，其中有一对母女，母亲丫丫，女儿美美。母亲丫丫非常溺爱自己的孩子，无时无刻不在保护着她，而美美总是渴望自由，渴望接触外面的世界，也渴望凭借自己的能力去闯荡世界。当美美终于学会了爬树，母亲丫丫知道孩子已经拥有了自我生存的能力，不再需要她，才依依不舍地独自离开了。 看完影片，我不禁感慨万千。这些故事都诠释了一个字——爱。有爱才有家，达娃为了孩子可以牺牲一切，这是多么伟大的母爱；淘淘可以放弃不满而去救妹妹，这展现出了一位勇敢和有爱心的哥哥；丫丫在美美难过的
浅析中国入世议定书中的司法审查与国内司法审查 【摘要】20世纪末，由中央牵头，最高院、最高检和司法部共同商讨我国司法改革问题。其中的重点是司法审查制度，一方面1989年《行政诉讼法》的出台与施行给司法权监督行政权提供了法律依据，另一方面我国在20世纪90年代积极入世迫切需要改革司法审查制度。本文从入世协定书与司法审查制度关系入手探析此问题。 【关键词】入世协定书；司法审查；行政立法 一．总述 WTO中的司法审查制度不是指WTO自身的司法审查制度，而是针对各成员国内的司法审查而言的，即要求各成员方根据有关的WTO协议建立或完善相应的司法审查程序。从现行的WTO规则体系来看，主要有4项协议明确规定了司法审查义务:《关于履行1994年关税与贸易.急协定第六条的协定》(简称《反倾销协定》)、《补贴与反补贴协定》、《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》及《服务贸易总协定》(GATS) 《反倾销协定》第13条、《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第23条规定:受理当事人请求的裁判庭应当对立于负责做出有关决定或进行有关审查的当局。《服务贸易总协定》第6条第2款(a)项规定:“每个成员应维持或按照实际可能，尽快地建立司法的、仲裁的或行政的法庭程序，在受影响的服务提供者的请求下，对影响服务贸易的行政决定做出迅速审查，并在请求被证明合理时给予适当的补救。”此外，《海关估价协定》第11条也具体直接地指出了海关系统中做出的决定，行政相对人可以向司法机关提起上诉，成为司法审查的客体。从这些协议规定的司法审查的范围可以看出:WTO 在规范具体行政行为的同时，也规范抽象行政行为。因此，WTO要求把包括行政立法在内的抽象行政行为纳入司法审查的范围。我们认为，WTO对成员国的宪政和法律框架将产生深远的影响，但我们必须认识到WTO本身不是一个“国际宪法”，WTO仅对涉及成员方经济利益的政府行为“感兴趣”，而且只规范《关贸总协定》(GATT)和其他协议中的政府行为。也就是说，WTO只要求将其所规定的包括行政立法行为在内的抽象行政行为纳入司法审查的范围。 二．受案范围 所谓司法审查制度，就是一种国家权力对另一种国家权力的监督制约制度，即法院通过诉讼程序审查并纠正不法行为。在西方司法审查制度多指违宪审查制度，司法审查制度的理论依据是：宪法是国家的根本大法，具有最高法律效力，是（议会、政府）立法执法的基础和根据，宪法至上，法律和法令从形式到内容都不得同宪法条文相抵触；司法机关（主要是最高法院或宪法院）是保障宪法的机关，对宪法有最后的解释权，议会、政府的法律、法令如果违反宪法，司法机关可以裁决该项法律、法令违宪而无效。中国的司法审查制度最主要的司法审查制度就是1989年通过的《行政诉讼法》。它调处的是两种基本关系，即司法权与行政权，国家利益与个人利益之间的关系，它的创制过程实际就是正确处理这两种关系的过程，它的实施和进一步完善也是为了正确处理这两种关系。它既包括程序规范，也包括实
如何用英文介绍中国传统文化 春节文化 In the old days, New Year's money was given in the form of one hundred copper coins strung together on a red string and symbolized the hope that one would live to be a hundred years old. Today, money is placed inside red envelopes in denominations considered auspicious and given to represent luck and wealth。 辞旧岁：bid farewell to the old year 扫房：spring cleaning; general house-cleaning 新春佳节 1.传统中国节日：traditional Chinese festival 2.农历：lunar calendar 3.腊八节：Laba Festival 4.小年：Little New Year 5.除夕：Lunar New Year's Eve 6.春节：the Spring Festival 7.正月初一：Lunar New Year's Day 8.元宵节：the Lantern Festival 9.正月：the first month of the lunar year 10.二月二：Dragon Heads-raising Day 传统习俗 11.喝腊八粥：eat Laba porridge 12.扫尘：sweep the dust 13.扫房：spring cleaning 14.祭灶：offer sacrifices to the God of Kitchen 15.守岁：stay up 16.拜年：pay a New Year's call 17.祭祖：offer sacrifices to one's ancestors 18.祭财神：worship the God of Wealth 19.春联：Spring Festival couplets 20.贴倒福：paste the Chinese character "Fu" upside down 21.去晦气：get rid of the ill-fortune 22.辞旧岁：bid farewell to the old year 23.兆头：omen 24.禁忌：taboo 25.烧香：burn incense 阖家团圆
《我们诞生在中国》观后感 《我们诞生在中国》是由中国、美国、英国联合拍摄的一部动物纪录片。星期六的上午我带着几个小孩去湖南大剧院观看了这部电影。 电影讲述了诞生在我国神奇而美丽土地上的珍稀野生动物大熊猫、雪豹、金丝猴的家庭生活与成长故事，从每一种动物身上都能让我们感受到母爱的伟大。同时，藏羚羊、丹顶鹤也做了客串。丹顶鹤又叫仙鹤，在中国古代的传说中一个生命的逝去，丹顶鹤就会展翅高飞将灵魂带给下一个新的生命，让生命轮回，生生不息。这些故事就是从四季更替、生命轮回开始的。 丫丫是生活在四川的大熊猫妈妈，她对自己的宝宝美美过度宠爱，裹在身边寸步不离，放心不下美美，生怕出事，美美只要一攀爬就会被抓回。可美美出生牛犊不怕虎，对世界充满新鲜，对生活充满好奇，一次又一次地摔倒，一次又一次地尝试，好几次狼狈地滚落山下。美美一天天长大，终于可以独立地轻松地爬上大树，妈妈这才放心地放手、默默地离开了美美。 金丝猴淘淘可没美美那样幸福地被家人宠爱，当淘淘有了妹妹以后，爸爸妈妈就没有那么多精力照顾淘淘了，淘淘误认为爸爸妈妈不再爱自己而离家出走。流浪的日子让淘淘感受到了外界的危险以及流浪猴的散慢不团结，体会到只有家才有温暖，最终又回到了爸爸妈妈的身边。爸爸妈妈只是想让淘淘能够学会生存的本领，这才是真正的
更好的爱。 母爱的伟大在雪豹妈妈达娃身上体现得更是淋漓尽致。雪豹的生活环境非常艰险，食物严重短缺，为了养育两只雪豹宝宝，达娃每次都冒着生命危险捕获猎物，同时还会面临竞争对手的厮杀抢夺，最终用自己的性命换得了雪豹宝宝的成长。而从另一个角度，虽然雪豹身处恶境忍受饥饿，但它们却始终乐观面对生活，快乐戏嬉，享受天伦之乐。 藏羚羊属于群居性动物，它们的团队有相当的防御性，甚至可说坚不可摧，这是它们能迁徙的团队保证。为了繁衍下一代，雄藏羚羊坚守栖息地，雌藏羚羊带着队伍迁移几百公里来到湖边生育宝宝，等宝贝们长大后再原路返回栖息地与雄藏羚羊团聚。多么伟大而奇妙的生物啊！ 如此灵性的可爱的动物们真是给予我们人类太多的启示和灵感，生、死与爱的传承，它们身上表现的就是人类最原始最本领的意识形态，我们哪有理由不去好好地保护它们爱护它们呢？！
国画产生于中国文化之中阅读答案现代文阅读题 知其白而守其黑：国画之美生根于中国文化天籁、神韵、简朴是中国文化的源头，国画产生于中国文化之中。 中国文化很注重天人合一，这种特质造就了中国文化的开放性、包容性和启智性。对中国绘画而言，中国文化的启智性是非常重要的。中国绘画不需要像西方文化那样严格的逻辑分析，而需要的是感悟力。一方面，要遵循自然之道，体会天地大美。天地山川、草木虫鱼都有其自身之美、有它运行的目的，中国绘画就是要你去体会这种美、这种内在目的性，然后将其运用到笔墨中，表现出来，而不需要你问这树长在这儿对不对这老鼠怎么比南瓜还大啊另一方面，天地大美只有通过感悟才能转化为人类的美感。明代心学流派的重要代表人物王阳明在《传习录》中写道：一朵花在深山开放，你不知道它存在，可是当你看到这朵花的时候，这朵花的颜色、形态就渐渐显现出来，它果然是个美艳的存在。 中国文人讲气韵生动，其中的韵并不是单纯的作诗时押韵的韵，意义更为丰富饱满，注重的是创作主体（无论是艺术家还是诗人）对于宇宙惯有的一个诗性的判断。天地大美自然而生，可是也需要画家对其有诗性的判断、有所感悟才会于人有意义。所以，当中国人的智慧和感悟在哲学上的体现用到绘画上来的时候，绘画就受益无穷了。老子哲学里有知其白，守其黑，说的是深知本性洁白，却守持混沌昏黑的态势，这就是中国人的思维，也正是国画美之所在。笔墨加上宣纸就是黑和白，只有雏持黑白间比例的平衡和谐才能守住国画的这种
美。中国禅宗讲，妙悟者不在多言。王维在《山水诀》中将此视为对山水画的要求，其实，这是对整个中国绘画的要求以少许胜多许，以最简练的语言表现最丰富的内容。中国绘画就是有无相生之道的形象体现，笔墨的有和画面空白的无相互辉映才造就了国画之美。元代山水画家倪瓒的画就非常注重黑白间的比例，比如他的《容膝斋图》，几棵小树、一个茅亭，朦胧的远山，没有人物，没有动态。然而，你一看就能感受到一种淡淡的哀愁，一种天荒地老式的沉默和寂寞。八大山人画的鸟，蜷曲着身子，寥寥几笔，把鸟的全部内在生命表达得淋漓尽致。他的画已经撇除了一切的繁文缛节、一切的矫揉造作和一切的事功媚俗，剩下的只有士气的符号，简捷清纯、精微广大、高明中庸。 中国画的这种简洁丰润源远流长，早在远古时期陶瓷上的绘画就有体现。猪纹陶钵属于河姆渡文化时期，但刻画在陶罐上的猪极富神韵。大量的留白、相当简单的线条，却将猪那种神情、动态刻画得栩栩如生，能引发你无尽的联想。 人面彩陶瓶属于五千年前的仰韶文化时期。这个作品反映的是远古先民的一种思考状态，你可以看出他在思考，你看他的眼睛里若有疑惑，可是这个疑惑又混混沌沌，让人感到没有答案而有所茫然。这个茫然体现出一个童稚的天真。还有，嘴边那个酒窝在那儿，像一个很憨厚的人，混沌、茫然、天真、憨厚、简朴。从这个简单的作品中，我们看到了天籁、神韵、简朴。这就是我们文化的源头，这种对于艺术的感悟，对于微言大义的追求流传了几千年，深深地扎根于中国的国画之中。 1．下列关于知其白而守其黑的解说，有错误的一项是（3分）
The Spring Festivel The Spring Festivel is an important holiday in china.All Chinese families celebrate it. It is always in January or Feberary.It is often very cold at this time of year,but people are all busy and happy.Family members get tegether and then have a big dinner .After dinner we like to watch TV.There is a great Spring Festival Gala on TV every year. 翻译：春节是中国的一个重要的假期里的节日.所有的中国家庭都庆祝它. 它总是在每年的一月或二月.这个时间通常都很冷,但是所有的人们都很忙碌和快乐.家庭成员们聚在一起,然后吃一顿大餐.大餐之后我们喜欢看电视.这里每年都有一个很棒的新春盛典. Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe. 中国传统文化正在吸引全世界的注意，尽管在传统意义上被看成是西方文化的流行文化开始在中国广泛传播。尤其是中国功夫，对于那些通过功夫初次了解中国的成千上万的人来讲，有着非常大的影响。由于功夫，他们可能来到中国，学习了解中国文化的其他方面，比如京剧和川剧这样的传统戏剧。亚洲国家很早以前就知道古代中国文化的博大。他们自己的文化混合了本民族的文化和中国文化的特色。韩国和日本很早就把儒教等观念引进了他们的社会当中。甚至在被流行文化冲击的今天，儒教的影响也一直在延续。这种力量来自“四书”(《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》和《孟子》)中的思想。这些书是依照“五经”之中所体现
我们诞生在中国观后感800字范文 《我们诞生在中国》是由美国、中国、英国联合拍摄，由SMG尚世影业、迪士尼影业、北京环球艺动影业联合出品的动物纪录片，由中国导演陆川执导，周迅中文解说。该片于20XX 年8月12日在中国上映。下面是收集整理的我们诞生在中国观后感800字，希望对大家有所帮助。 我们诞生在中国观后感800字1 生命轮回，生生不息。 ——题记 本片是陆川及迪士尼剧组的一个新尝试，这也是一部清新脱俗的影片，它的演员很特别，分别是慈母雪豹达娃，古灵精怪小猴子淘淘和可爱国宝大熊猫，它将以一部故事性电影呈现在大家眼前，为我们献上一出视觉盛宴。《我们诞生在中国》这部片时长只有1小时，可是却能震撼人心，在好玩有趣的同时，也让我悟出了生命的含义，母爱的伟大，家庭的温暖。 在青藏高原的一座陡峭大山上，住着雪豹女王达娃及它的孩子们，达娃每天都要捕猎，然后将捕猎的食物都让给孩子们吃，而自己却很少吃，达娃就这样看着孩子们一天天长大，生活得无忧无虑，它自己心里也有着一种说不清楚的幸福。冬天，青藏高
原上寒风瑟瑟，食物严重短缺，很快，这里又掀起了一场风波，一只雪豹带着它的三个已成年的孩子们来占领这片土地，一对四，果然寡不敌众，于是达娃只好带着它的这些孩子搬到了一个新领域。于是，达瓦每天都早出晚归，熟悉地形，而且天天都给孩子们带来好吃的，看着孩子们吃的这么开心，达娃也吃了一小口。很快，春回大地，冰雪初融，食物资源也越来越丰富，可就在这一天，达娃正在捕猎一只犀牛，不幸的是，达娃被犀牛锋利的角撞死了，然后，达娃躺在了地上，慢慢地合上了眼睛。看到这里，我体会出了达娃伟大的母爱，有少儿到青年，由青年到成人，成人渐渐变成老人，老人慢慢走向死亡，可死亡并不是终点，它只是轮回中的一个路标罢了。 就在附近一个神秘而古老的森林里，住着猴子淘淘一家，淘淘是个非常顽皮的家伙，喜欢搞恶作剧，是个坏孩子。原来在不久之前，淘淘家迎来了一位新成员————淘淘的妹妹，也正是如此，父母将注意力都转移到了妹妹身上，淘淘认为就是这个妹妹剥夺了父母对它的爱，于是淘淘离家出走，加入了“流浪猴”群中，可是，他发现这些猴子很胆小、懦弱、自私，于是，淘淘又回到了自己家，没想到，父母不但没生气，还欣然接受了淘淘，而淘淘也成了妹妹眼中的英雄。也许，世界上让你感到最温暖的地方就是你的可爱家。
中国哪一年加入世贸组织wto Trade Organization 简称WTO)，中文简称是世贸组织，1994年4月15日，在摩洛哥的马拉喀什市举行的关贸总协定乌拉圭回合部长会议决定成立更具全球性的世界贸易组织 ，以取代成立于1947年的关贸总协定。世界贸易组织是当代最重要的国际经济组织之一， 拥有164个成员，成员贸易总额达到全球的98%，有“经济联合国”之称。 中国加入世贸组织的过程
世贸组织成立后，中国的复关谈判转为加入世贸组织的谈判。1995年7月11日，中国正式提出加入世贸组织的申请，自此从复关转为入世。同年11月，应中国政府的要求，“中国复关谈判工作组”更名为“中国入世工作组”。中国政府根据实际情况，多次重申了入世的基本立场，概括起来为以下三个基本原则：第一，根据权利与义务对等的原则承担与本国经济发展水平相适应的义务;第二，以乌拉圭回合多边协议为基础，与有关世贸组织成员方进行双边和多边谈判，公正合理地确定入世条件。第三，作为一个低收入发展中国家，中国坚持以发展中国家身份入世，享受发展中国家的待遇。 1996年3月，世贸组织中国工作组第一次正式会议在日内瓦召开，中国代表团出席了会议。同时，为加快经济建设及国内经济与世界经济接轨的速度，1996年4月1日和1997年10月1日，我国政府两次大幅度降低关税税率，逐步取消了各种名目繁多的非关税壁垒，在1998年4月中国工作组第七次会议上，中国代表团向世贸组织秘书处提交了一份近6 000个税号的关税减让表。但总体而言，这一阶段的工作组会议与双边磋商进展缓慢。 1999年后，中国入世进程明显加快。1999年4月，朱鎔基总理访美，与美国在市场准入谈判方面取得实质性进展，双方签署了中美双边协议中最重要的《中美农业合作协议》，并就中国加入世贸组织问题发表联合声明。然而1999年5月8日，