经济词汇的英语翻译讲课稿

经济英语单词翻译及解释Initial Margin 初始保证金：取得一个期货部位所交纳的初始费用。

通常为合约价值的5~10％Inverted Market 倒转市场：近期月份的价格高于远期月份价格的期货市场In Warehouse 交割仓库：LME合约中的出售地点Inter-modity Spread 跨商品套期图利：买进（或卖出）某种商品的期货合约，同时又卖出（或买进）相同交割月份的与买进（或卖出）商品相关的另一种商品的期货合约，日后分别进展对冲，以期获利Inter-delivery Spread 跨月套期图利：买进（或卖出）某种商品某月的期货合约，同时又卖出（或买进）同种商品但不同月份的期货合约，日后分别进展对冲，以期获利Inter-market Spread 跨市套期图利：在某一个交易所买进（或卖出）某种商品的期货合约，同时又在另一个交易所卖出（或买进）相同商品相同月份的期货合约，日后分别进展对冲，以期获利International Commodities Clearing House（I.C.C.H.）国际商品结算所：LME委托的结算所Inter-Market 跨交易所：LME上下午间的闭市之间，会员们用进展办公室间的交易In-the-Money 有利价值，内在价值：按当时市价如执行期权可以实现的增加价值。

看跌期权，履约价高于当前公布价；看涨期权，履约价低于当前公布的结算价In-the-Money Option 实值期权：具有有利价值（内在价值）的期权Intrinsic value 内含价值：根本同“有利价值”。

实值期权所含内在价值的金额，是权利金的构成成分Inverted Market 逆向市场，倒挂市场：同一商品的现货或近期期货价格高于远期期货价格的市况。

常用经济术语700个中英文词汇及其释义全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Common Economic Terms for KidsHey kids! Today we're going to learn about some important words related to economics. Economics is all about how we make, use, and trade things like money, goods, and services. It can seem complicated, but I'll explain it in a simple way. Let's get started!Money: This is what we use to buy things. It can be coins, paper bills, or even digital money stored on cards or phones. Having money makes it easier to get the goods and services we need.Goods: These are physical items that we can buy, sell, or trade. Examples are food, clothes, toys, furniture, and electronics. We need many different goods to live comfortably.Services: Instead of physical things, services are actions that people do for others. Getting a haircut, seeing a doctor, or having your house cleaned are all examples of services.Income: This is the money you get from working at a job, running a business, or from other sources like interest or investments. Your income is used to pay for the things you need.Expenses: These are the things you spend your income on, like rent, utilities, food, and entertainment. It's important to earn enough income to cover your expenses.Budget: A plan for how to spend your money wisely based on your income and expenses. Following a budget helps ensure you don't run out of money for necessities.Saving: Setting aside part of your income to use later instead of spending it right away. Savings can help pay for larger expenses or be used in emergencies.Interest: Extra money you can earn by putting your savings in a bank account. Or it can be money you pay to a lender for borrowing their money.Loan: Money that you borrow from a bank or other lender, which has to be paid back over time, usually with interest added.Credit: The ability to borrow money and pay it back later. Having good credit means lenders trust you to repay loans responsibly.Debit Card: A card that lets you pay directly from the money you have in your bank account. Debit cards make it easy to buy things without carrying cash.Tax: Money that people and businesses have to pay to the government. Taxes are used to fund public services like schools, roads, and parks.Cost: How much money something costs to buy or make. Consumers look for goods and services that provide good value for their cost.Price: The specific amount of money that sellers ask for when providing a good or service. Prices are influenced by costs and supply and demand.Supply: The total amount of a good or service that's available to consumers from producers and sellers. When supply is high, prices are usually lower.Demand: How much of a good or service people want and are willing and able to buy. When demand increases while supply stays the same, prices usually rise.Those are just some of the most common terms about money and the economy. Economics affects almost everything we do, from buying groceries to saving for college.Understanding these concepts now will give you a great head start! Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions.篇2Common Economic Terms and Their MeaningsEconomics is a subject that talks about how people use money and other resources. There are many words and phrases that economists (people who study economics) use to explain different ideas and concepts. Let me share some of the most common ones with you!Money and CurrencyMoney is what we use to buy things. The most common types are coins and paper bills.Currency is the money used in a particular country, like dollars in the United States or pounds in the United Kingdom.Markets and TradeA market is a place where people buy and sell things.Trade means exchanging goods or services between people or countries.Import means bringing products into a country from another place.Export means sending products from one country to be sold in another.Supply and DemandSupply is how much of something is available to buy or sell.Demand means how much of something people want to buy.When demand is high and supply is low, prices usually go up. When supply is high and demand is low, prices usually go down.Businesses and CompaniesA business is an organization that sells products or services.A company is a type of business owned by shareholders (people who own parts of the company).Profit is the money a business makes after paying all its costs and expenses.Jobs and EmploymentA job is work that someone does to earn money.Employment means having a paid job.Income is the money someone earns from their job or other sources.A salary is money an employee gets paid, usually every month.Wages are the money someone gets paid based on the hours they work, such as every week.Government and EconomyThe government is the group of people who make rules and decisions for a country or state.Taxes are money that people and businesses have to pay to the government.The economy is all the activities related to producing, buying, and selling goods and services in a country or region.Inflation is when prices for most things increase over time, making money buy less than it could before.Banking and FinanceA bank is a place that keeps your money safe, lets you borrow money (by taking out a loan), and provides other money-related services.Interest is the extra money you pay to borrow money from a bank or lender.Savings are money you put aside for later instead of spending right away.Those are some of the most common words used when talking about economics! There are many more, but this gives you an idea of how economists describe different parts of the complex world of money, trade, businesses, jobs, and the overall economy. Economics helps us understand how people use limited resources in the best possible way.篇3Economic Terms for KidsEconomics is the study of how we use our limited resources like money, time, and materials. Here are some important economic words you should know and what they mean:Money & Finance TermsMoney - What we use to buy thingsCurrency - Types of money like dollars, euros etc.Cash - Physical coins and dollar billsChange - Coins you get after payingDebit card - Card to pay from your bank accountCredit card - Card to buy things by borrowing money Interest - Money a bank pays you for keeping money there Loan - Money you borrow that must be paid back Budget - Plan for how to spend your moneyTax - Money paid to the governmentBanking Terms11. Bank - Place that holds your money safely12. Savings account - Account to keep money for later13. Checking account - Account for paying bills14. Deposit - Putting money into a bank account15. Withdraw - Taking money out of the account16. ATM - Machine to get money from your account17. PIN - Secret code to access your bank account Employment Terms18. Job - Work you do to earn money19. Career - Type of work you want long-term20. Wage - Money paid for work by the hour21. Salary - Money paid regularly for a job22. Bonus - Extra money earned for good work23. Paycheck - Money from an employer for work done24. Employment - Having a paying job25. Unemployed - Not having a jobBusiness Terms26. Company - An organization that sells products/services27. Corporation - Big company owned by shareholders28. Factory - Place where products are manufactured29. Profit - Money left over after expenses30. Revenue - Total money a company earns31. Expense - Money a company spends32. Investment - Using money to try and make more33. Entrepreneur - Someone who starts their own business34. Inventory - Products a company has to sell35. Marketing - Promoting products to potential customersEconomic Basics36. Goods - Physical products that can be bought/sold37. Services - Work done for others in exchange for money38. Consumer - Person who buys products and services39. Producer - Person/company that makes products40. Supply - Amount of a product available41. Demand - How much of a product people want42. Cost - Amount of money needed to buy something43. Price - How much something costs to purchase44. Barter - Trading goods and services directly without money45. Value - How much something is worthEconomic Systems46. Economy - How money/goods/services are produced/used47. Capitalism - Economic system based on private ownership48. Socialism - Economic system with govtownership/control49. Free market - System with little government control50. Command economy - Central authority decides what's producedInternational Trade51. Export - Selling products to another country52. Import - Buying products from another country53. Trade deficit - Importing more than exporting54. Trade surplus - Exporting more than importing55. Tariff - Tax on imports to protect domestic industries56. Embargo - Blocking trade with a certain country57. Globalization - Increased interconnection of world economies58. Currency exchange - Changing one currency to anotherAnd many, many more terms related to economics, business, finance, trade and more! Let me know if you need any clarification on these words.篇4Common Economic Terms Explained for KidsEconomics is the study of how people use resources like money, time, and raw materials. There are a lot of big words used in economics that can be confusing. But don't worry, I'll explain them in a simple way!MARKETS & TRADEMarket - A place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services for money.Supply - How much of something is available to sell.Demand - How much of something people want to buy.Import - Buying goods or services from another country.Export - Selling goods or services to another country.Trade Deficit - When a country imports more than it exports.Trade Surplus - When a country exports more than it imports.MONEY & BANKINGCurrency - The money used in a particular country, like dollars or euros.Inflation - When prices keep going up over time for the same goods and services.Deflation - When prices keep going down over time.Interest Rate - The percentage a lender charges to borrow money.Loan - Money you borrow that has to be paid back, usually with interest.Credit - The ability to borrow money and pay it back later.Investment - Using money to try to make more money, like buying stocks.BUSINESS & PRODUCTIONRevenue - The total income a company makes from selling products or services.Profit - The amount of money left after expenses are paid.Loss - When a company spends more money than it makes.Overhead - Ongoing expenses to operate a business like rent and utilities.Corporation - A big business owned by many investors.Mass Production - Making lots of one product in a factory using machines.Monopoly - When one company controls the entire supply of a product with no competition.JOBS & LABOREmployment - Having a paid job.Unemployment - Not having a job but wanting one.Wage - Money you get paid for your work, like an hourly rate or salary.Benefits - Extra compensation beyond wages like health insurance or retirement.Labor Union - Groups that workers form to negotiate better pay and conditions.Outsourcing - When companies hire workers from other countries to save money.Skilled Labor - Jobs that require special training or education.GOVERNMENT & ECONOMYTax - Money people and businesses must pay to the government.Budget - A plan for how the government will spend money and collect taxes.Deficit - When the government spends more than it receives in revenue.Debt - Money that a government owes and must pay back.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - The total value of all goods/services in a country.Recession - When the economy shrinks for at least 6 months in a row.Depression - A really bad, long-lasting recession.That covers a lot of the most common words about economics! Let me know if any other terms need explaining.篇5Common Economic Terms Explained for KidsHi there! Today we're going to learn about some important words related to economics. Economics is the study of how people use resources like money, materials, and labor to produceand trade goods and services. It's a big topic, but don't worry, I'll explain everything in simple terms.MoneyLet's start with money! Money is something that helps us buy the things we need or want. We use dollars, coins, and even digital money these days. Here are some money-related words:Currency - This is the money used in a particular country, like the U.S. dollar.Inflation - When prices go up over time, that's called inflation. Your dollar doesn't buy as much as it used to.Interest - If you lend someone money, they pay you a little extra called interest as a fee.Budget - A plan for how to spend your money wisely on the things you need.Trade and BusinessNow let's talk about trading goods and running businesses:Export - Selling products to other countries.Import - Buying products from other countries.Supply and Demand - How much of something is available (supply) and how many people want it (demand).Entrepreneur - Someone who starts their own business!Revenue - The money a business earns from selling things.Profit - The money left over after a business pays all its expenses.Jobs and IncomeEmployment - Having a paid job.Wage - The money you get paid for your work, like an hourly wage of 10.Salary - A fixed amount of money you get paid each year for your job.Career - The type of work you want to do for a large part of your life.Income - All the money you get from jobs, investments, etc.And there are so many more! Let's keep going:16-20: Goods, Services, Consumer, Producer, Investment...I'll stop there for now, but we've only covered 20 out of 700 terms! Economics has a huge vocabulary because it covers so many areas - business, jobs, money, trade, and more.As you can see, a lot of these words are things we deal with every day, like money, jobs, and buying things we need. By understanding the meanings, we can make better decisions about how to earn, spend, and save money wisely.Don't worry if you don't get all 700 terms right away. Learning about economics is an ongoing process, just like learning any new subject. But knowing these basic concepts will give you a great headstart!Let me know if you need me to explain any of those first 20 terms again. There are 680 more where those came from! Economics may sound complicated, but with patience and practice, you'll be a money expert in no time.篇6Economics Words You Should KnowHi there! Economics is all about how we make, use, and trade things. It can seem super complicated with all the big words, butI'm going to explain 700 of the most common economic terms in a way that's easy to understand. Let's get started!Absolute Advantage - Being the best at making a good or service compared to others.Accounting - Keeping track of money coming in and going out.Acquisition - When one company buys another company.Aggregate Demand - The total demand for all goods and services in an economy.Aggregate Supply - The total supply of all goods and services in an economy.Wow, that's a lot already! Told you there were a bunch of terms. But we're just getting warmed up. Here are some more:Asset - Something valuable you own like cash, property, or investments.Balance of Payments - A record of all the business a country does with other countries.Balance of Trade - The difference between what a country exports and imports.Balanced Budget - When the money a government receives equals what it spends.Barriers to Entry - Things that make it hard for new companies to enter a market.See, this isn't so bad right? We're breezing through these. Let's keep it moving:Bear Market - When stock prices are falling over time...Bond - A kind of loan that pays interest...Budget Deficit - When the government spends more than it receives...Budget Surplus - When the government receives more than it spends...Capital - Wealth owned by a person or group that can create more wealth...I could keep going on and on, but you get the idea! There are a zillion economic terms out there describing all the nitty gritty details of how money, trade, and production work. But the most important thing is to not let all the fancy jargon intimidate you.Economics really just boils down to a few key ideas: people have unlimited wants but limited resources to meet those wants. So we have to make choices about what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets the products. Countries, companies, and individuals all have to think about how to use their resources efficiently to get the most bang for their buck.The different economic terms just describe all the nitty gritty details involved in those basic concepts of scarcity, choice, supply, demand, costs, and benefits. If you can keep those core principles in mind, the rest of the terminology isn't so scary.So don't be discouraged if you don't understand every single term right away. The more you learn about economics, the more it will all start making sense bit by bit. Just take itstep-by-step and don't be afraid to ask questions. Before you know it, you'll be an economics pro!。

第四章管理卓越（总分关系）：企业管理文化是企业重要的无形资产，是推动企业持续成长、高速运转的精神力量，具有强大的生命力和扩张力。

一直以来，广西联通在加快经营模式转型、整合全业务资源、改善用户结构，实现增长方式转变进程中，以塑造“追求卓越，共创和谐”的文化价值观强化企业管理。

通过持续的管理体制和机制创新，广西联通在内部运营管理上实现了跨业务、跨平台、跨网络、跨职能的高效协同与配合；在高效管理应用中，提高运营效率，提升企业整体素质和核心竞争力；在凝聚队伍团结协作的企业精神中，打造卓越的管理团队，推进公司的跨越发展。

Chapter Four Excellent Management (top-down relationship):Corporate management culture is an important intangible corporate asset which is the spiritual power of promoting sustainable business growth and high-speed corporate operation. And the corporate management culture symbolizes a strong vitality and vigorous expansion power. In these years, Guangxi Unicom has made great efforts to accelerate the transformation of business model, and integrate comprehensive business resources and improve the user structure and to realize the transformation of growth mode. Through these years’ efforts, Guangxi Unicom always persists in enhancing the corporate management by culture value of ―pursuit of excellence, and create harmony.‖. Through the continuous innovation of management system and mechanism innovation, Guangxi Unicom realizes the efficient across-business, across-platform, across-network, and across-functional coordination and cooperation in the aspect of internal operation and management. Guangxi Unicom can improve the operational efficiency, and enhance the overall quality and core competencies through the efficient management applications. Guangxi Unicom aims to create excellent management team and promote development by improving the enterprise spirit of team unity and cooperation.高效管理追求卓越流程再造—BPR以客户为中心的BPR核心流程再造，大幅提升工作效率，全面提高公司对市场的反应速度和服务水平。

探析经济词汇的英语翻译中国经济的迅猛发展以及世界经济一体化进程的加快促使中国经济与世界经济的发展密不可分。

不仅如此,中国经济的发展产生了许多具有中国国情和中国特色的经济词汇,这些词汇要么出自于中国的官方正式文件或专有名词,要么来源于人们现实经济活动中的约定成俗。

作为对外宣传和对内交流的手段,这些经济词汇不可避免地会被翻译成英语,然而要保证翻译的准确性可接受性却并不是一件简单的工作。

因为翻译是使用不同语言的人们互相沟通的纽带和桥梁,其本质是不同思维形式的转换,思维的方式决定着语言的表达形式。

对于同一思维对象或内容的思维角度就不尽一致,从而在语言上采用不同的表达形式,因而不同民族在语言表达上存在着明显的差异。

由于东西方两个民族思维方式和文化心理结构的不同以及英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不同,在翻译过程中,很容易掉入“中式英语”的陷阱。

《译学辞典》曾对“中式英语”作出如下解释:中式英语(Chinglish,它是由Chinese和English两词掐头去尾拼缀而成)指口头或书面表达的不地道的英语。

曾在外专局工作多年的美国专家Joan Pinkham 曾对中式英语下了一个比较全面的定义:“Chingl ish,of course,is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as ‘English with Chinesecharacteristics’”(所谓中式英语就是那种畸形的、混合的、既非英语又非汉语的语言文字,也可称其为“具有汉语特色的英语”)。

中式英语的表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的,它不符合英语的规律和习惯和思维方式;它是死译、硬译、字对字翻译的结果。

因此,中式英语是不规范的,甚至是晦涩难懂的,更有可能令人产生误解。

由此可见,透视经济词汇翻译中的Chinglish倾向,进行“中式英语”的分析与研究具有积极的意义。

Good morning/afternoon/evening, and welcome to the [Name of the Exhibition]! It is my great honor to stand before you today to discuss the dynamic and ever-evolving world of exhibition economy. As we gather here in this magnificent venue, it is evident that we are part of a global community that thrives on innovation, collaboration, and the exchange of ideas.The exhibition economy, often referred to as the MICE industry (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions), has become an integral partof our business landscape. It serves as a catalyst for economic growth,a platform for networking, and a source of inspiration for professionals across various industries. Today, I will delve into the key aspects of the exhibition economy, its impact on the global market, and the opportunities it presents for the future.The Evolution of the Exhibition EconomyTo understand the significance of the exhibition economy, we must first look back at its evolution. The concept of exhibitions dates back centuries, with early trade fairs and markets serving as the precursors to today's sophisticated trade shows. However, it was not until the late 20th century that the exhibition industry truly began to flourish.The advent of technology, particularly the internet, has transformed the way we conduct business and communicate. While this digital revolution has brought about numerous changes, it has also highlighted the irreplaceable value of face-to-face interactions. Exhibitions have become the epicenter for these invaluable connections, allowing businesses to showcase their products, network with peers, and explore new opportunities.The Economic Impact of ExhibitionsExhibitions play a crucial role in driving economic growth on both alocal and global scale. They generate substantial revenue through ticket sales, booth rentals, and peripheral services such as accommodation, transportation, and dining. According to the International Associationof Exhibitions and Events (IAEE), the global exhibition industrycontributes an estimated $US 1.6 trillion to the global economy each year.Moreover, exhibitions create jobs and foster the development of local industries. From event organizers and venue staff to service providers and suppliers, the exhibition industry is a major employer. In addition, exhibitions often lead to long-term investments in infrastructure, as cities and countries compete to host these prestigious events.Networking and CollaborationOne of the most significant advantages of the exhibition economy is its ability to foster networking and collaboration. Exhibitions provide a unique environment where professionals from diverse backgrounds can come together to share knowledge, exchange ideas, and form strategic partnerships. This cross-industry interaction is crucial for innovation and the development of new technologies.Furthermore, exhibitions serve as a platform for startups and emerging companies to showcase their products and services to potential investors and clients. This exposure can lead to significant growth opportunities, helping these businesses to scale and compete on a global stage.Challenges and OpportunitiesDespite the numerous benefits, the exhibition economy faces several challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, has had a profound impact on the industry, forcing organizers to adapt to new norms and embrace virtual and hybrid events. Additionally, the rise of social media and online marketing has created increased competition for businesses seeking to engage with their target audience.However, these challenges also present opportunities. The industry is now exploring new ways to create immersive experiences, leveraging technology to enhance the attendee experience and provide more value. From augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to mobile apps and AI-driven analytics, the future of exhibitions is poised to be more engaging and personalized than ever before.The Future of the Exhibition EconomyAs we look to the future, it is clear that the exhibition economy will continue to evolve. The following trends are likely to shape theindustry in the coming years:1. Sustainability: As environmental concerns grow, the exhibition industry will increasingly focus on sustainability, reducing its carbon footprint and promoting eco-friendly practices.2. Personalization: Attendee experiences will become more personalized, with data-driven insights guiding the development of tailored event offerings.3. Globalization: The industry will continue to expand globally, with more international events and a greater emphasis on cultural exchange.4. Technology Integration: The use of cutting-edge technology will become more prevalent, enhancing the attendee experience and creating new opportunities for engagement.In conclusion, the exhibition economy is a powerful force that drives economic growth, fosters collaboration, and inspires innovation. As we navigate the challenges and embrace the opportunities that lie ahead, we can look forward to a future where exhibitions continue to shape the way we do business and connect with one another.Thank you for your attention, and I hope that today's discussion has provided you with valuable insights into the world of the exhibition economy. Let us continue to work together to ensure that our industry thrives and remains a beacon of success and inspiration for years to come.Thank you.。

探析经济词汇的英语翻译中国经济的迅猛发展以及世界经济一体化进度的加速促使中国经济与世界经济的发展密不行分。

不但这样 , 中国经济的发展产生了好多拥有中国国情和中国特点的经济词汇 , 这些词汇要么出自于中国的官方正式文件或专有名词 , 要么本源于人们现实经济活动中的商定成俗。

作为对外宣传和对内沟通的手段 , 这些经济词汇不行防备地会被翻译成英语 , 但是要保证翻译的正确性可接受性却其实不是一件简单的工作。

因为翻译是使用不一样语言的人们相互沟通的纽带和桥梁 , 其实质是不一样思想形式的变换 , 思想的方式决定着语言的表达形式。

对于同一思想对象或内容的思想角度就不尽一致 , 从而在语言上采纳不一样的表达形式 , 因此不一样民族在语言表达上存在着显然的差异。

因为东西方两个民族思想方式和文化心理结构的不一样以及英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不一样 , 在翻译过程中 , 很简单掉入“中式英语”的圈套。

《译学辞典》曾对“中式英语”作出以下解说 :中式英语 (Chinglish,它是由Chinese和English两词掐头去尾拼缀而成)指口头或书面表达的不地道的英语。

曾在外专局工作多年的美国专家 Joan Pinkham 曾对中式英语下了一个比较全面的定义 : “Chingl ish,of course,is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese butthat might be described as‘English with Chinesecharacteristics ’” ( 所谓中式英语就是那种畸形的、混杂的、既非英语又非汉语的语言文字 , 也可称其为“拥有汉语特点的英语” ) 。

中式英语的表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的 , 它不吻合英语的规律和习惯和思想方式 ; 它是死译、硬译、字对字翻译的结果。

economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户（美作:checkingaccount）current-account holder 支票帐户（美作:checking-account holder）cheque 支票（美作:check）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本（美作:checkbook）endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币（美作:bill）to pay （in）cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation （货币）贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 贡市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,贡交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,贡shareholder, stockholder 贡持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 贡投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 贡经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行贡par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国收入profitability, profit earning capacity利润率赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员China Council for the Promotion ofInternational Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of InternationalTrade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion ofInternational Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation andDevelopment, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC,European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of Twenty（Paris Club）二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM,Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场（加勒比贸易同盟）Andeans Common Market, ACM, AndeansTreaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association,LAFTA 拉丁美洲贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization,OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union,CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC西非经济共同体Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries, OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum ExportingCountries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法国对外贸易中心People's Bank of China 中国人银行Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行National city Bank of New York 花旗银行American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行The Chase Bank 大通银行Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Latin America,ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Asia and Far East,ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会Economic Commission for Western Asia,ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦贡市场Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所instruction, education 教育culture 文化primary education 初等教育secondary education 中等教育higher education 高等教育the three R's 读、写、算school year 学年term, trimester 学季semester 学期school day 教学日school holidays 假期curriculum 课程subject 学科discipline 纪律timetable 课程表class, lesson 课homework 家庭作业exercise 练习dictation 听写spelling mistake 拼写错误（short）course 短训班seminar 研讨班playtime, break 课间,休息to play truant, to play hooky 逃学,旷课course （of study）学业student body 学生（总称）classmate, schoolmate 同学pupil 小学生student 大学生schoolboy 男生schoolgirl 女生auditor 旁听生swot, grind 用的学生old boy 老生grant, scholarship, fellowship 奖学金holder of a grant, scholar, fellow 奖学金获得者school uniform 校服teaching staff 教育工作者（总称）teachers 教师（总称）primary school teacher 小学老师teacher lecturer 大学老师professor 教授schooling 教授,授课assistant 助教headmaster 校长（女性为:headmistress）deputy headmaster, deputy head 副校长rector 校长dean 教务长laboratory assistant, lab assistant 实验员beadle, porter 门房,学校工友games master, gym teacher, gym instructor 体育教师private tutor 私人教师,家庭教师pedagogue 文学教师（蔑称）of school age 教龄beginning of term 开学matriculation 注册to enroll, to enroll 予以注册to take lessons （学生）上课to teach （老师）上课to study 学习to learn by heart 记住,掌握to revise, to go over 复习test 考试to test 考试to take an examination, to sit an examination,to do an examination 参加考试convocation notice 考试通知examiner 考试者board of examiners 考试团examination oral, written examination 口试,笔试question 问题question paper 试卷crib 夹带（美作:trot）to pass an examination （或exam）, 通过考试pass, passing grade 升级prizegiving 分配奖品to fall an examination 未通过考试failure 未考好to repeat a year 留级degree 学位graduate 毕业生to graduate 毕业project, thesis 毕业论文General Certificate of Education 中学毕业证书（美作:high school diploma）holder of the General Certificate of Education 中学毕业生（美作:holder of a high school diploma）doctorate 博士学位doctor 博士competitive examination 答辩考试Chinese 语文English 英语Japanese 日语mathematics 数学science 理科gymnastics 体育history 历史algebra 代数geometry 几何geography 地理biology 生物chemistry 化学physics 物理physical geography 地球物理literature 文学sociology 社会学psycology 心理学philosophy 哲学engineering 工程学mechanical engineering 机械工程学electronic engineering 电子工程学medicine 医学social science 社会科学agriculture 农学astronomy 天文学economics 经济学politics 政治学commercial science 商学biochemistry 生物化学anthropology 人类学linguistics 语言学accounting 会计学law, jurisprdence 法学banking 银行学metallurgy 冶金学finance 财政学mass-communication 大众传播学journalism 新闻学atomic energy 原子能学civil engineering 土木工程architecture 建筑学chemical, engineering 化学工程accounting and statisics 会计统计business administration 工商管理library 图书馆学diplomacy 外交foreign language 外文botany 植物major 主修minor 辅修school 学校kindergarten 幼儿园infant school 幼儿学校primary school, junior school 小学secondary school 中学high school, secondary school 专科学校business school 商业学校technical school 工业学校technical college 专科学校（university）campus 大学university 大学boarding school 供膳宿的学校day school 日校,无宿舍学校,走读学校day student who has lunch at school 提供午餐的走读学生academy 专科学院faculty 系hall of residence 学校公寓classroom 教室lecture theatre 阅览室（美作:lecture theater）amphitheatre 阶梯教室（美作:amphitheater）staff room 教研室headmaster's study, headmaster's office 校长办公室（assembly）hall 礼堂library 图书馆playground 操场desk 课桌blackboard 黑板（a piece of）chalk 粉笔slate pencil 石板笔wall map 挂图skeleton map 廓图,示意图globe 地球仪text book 课本dictionary 词典encyclopedia 百科全书atlas地图集satchel 书包exercise book 练习本rough not book 草稿本（美作:scribblingpad）blotting paper 吸墨纸tracing paper 描图纸squared paper, graph paper 坐标纸（fountain）pen 自来水笔biro, ballpoint （pen）圆珠笔pencil 铅笔propelling pencil 自动铅笔pencil sharpener 铅笔刀,转笔刀ink 墨水inkwell 墨水池rubber, eraser 橡皮ruler, rule 尺slide rule 计算尺set square 三角板protractor 量角器compass, pair of compasses 圆规Ministry of Labour 劳工部（美作epartmentof Labor）labour market 劳工市场, 劳务市场Labour exchange, Employment exchange 职业介绍所（美作:Employment Bureau）labour management 职业介绍经纪人full employment 整日制工作to be paid by the hour 按小时付酬seasonal work 季节工作piecework work 计件工作timework work 计时工作teamwork work 联合工作shift work 换班工作assembly line work 组装线工作（美作:serialproduction）workshop 车间handicrafts, crafts 手艺, 技艺trade, craft 行当profession, occupation 职务employment, job 工作situation, post 位置job 一件工作vacancy 空缺, 空额work permit 工作许可证to apply for a job 求职, 找工作application（for a job）求职to engage, to employ 雇用work contract 劳务合同industrial accident 劳动事故occupational disease 职业病vocational guidance 职业指导vocational training 职业训练retraining, reorientation, rehabilitation 再训练, 再培训holidays, holiday, vacation 假期labour costs, labour input 劳力成本fluctuation of labour 劳力波动（美作f labor）worker 工作者permanent worker 长期工, 固定工personnel, staff 人员employee 职员clerk, office worker 办公室人员salary earner 雇佣工人workman 工人organized labour 参加工会的工人skilled worker 技术工人unskilled worker 非技术工人specialized worker 熟练工人farm worker 农场工人labourer worker 农业工人day labourer 日工seasonal worker 季节工collaborator 合作者foreman 工头trainee, apprentice 学徒工apprenticeship 学徒artisan, craftsman 工匠specialist 专家night shift 夜班shortage of labour, shortage of manpower 缺乏劳力working class 工人阶级proletarian 无产者proletariat 无产阶级trade union 工会（美作:labor union）trade unionist 工团主义者trade unionism 工团主义guild 行会,同会,公会association, society, union 协会emigration 移,移居employer 雇主,老板shop steward （工厂的）工会代表（美作:uniondelegate）delegate 代表representative 代表works council 劳资联合委员会labour law 劳工法working day, workday 工作日full-time employment, full-time job, full-timework 全天工作part-time employment, part-time job,part-time work 半日工作working hours 工作时间overtime 业余时间remuneration 报酬pay, wage, salary 工资wage index 工资指数minimum wage 最低工资basic wage 基础工资gross wages 全部收入net, real wages 实际收入hourly wages, wage rate per hour 计时工资monthly wages 月工资weekly wages 周工资piecework wage 计件工资maximum wage 最高工资（美作:wageceiling）sliding scale 按物价计酬法payment in kind 用实物付酬daily wages 日工资premium, bonus, extra pay 奖励payday 发工资日, 付薪日pay slip 工资单payroll 薪水册unemployment benefit 失业救济old-age pension 退休金,养老金collective agreement 工会代表工人与资方代表达成的协议retirement 退休claims 要求strike 罢工striker 罢工者go-slow 怠工（美作:slow-down）lockout 停工（业主为抵制工人的要求而停工）staggered strike 阶段性罢工strike picket 罢工纠察队员strike pay 罢工津贴（由工会给的）strikebreaker, blackleg 破坏罢工者down tools, sit-down strike 静坐demonstration, manifestation 示威sanction 制裁unemployment 失业seasonal unemployment 季节性失业underemployment 不充分就业unemployed man 失业者（个人）the unemployed 失业者（集体）to discharge, to dismiss 辞退,开除,解雇dismissal 开除,解雇to terminate a contract 结束合同,结束契约negotiation 谈判collective bargaining 劳资双方就工资等问题谈判receptionist 接待员typist 打字员key puncher 电脑操作员stenographer 速记员telephone operator 电话接线员programmer 电脑程序员system analyst 系统分析员shorthand typist 速记打字员office girl 女记事员public servants 公务员national public servant 国家公务员local public service employee 地方公务员nation railroad man 国营铁路职员tracer 绘图员illustrator 汇稿员saleswoman 女店员pilot 驾驶员simultaneous 同时译员publisher 出版人员graphic designer 美术设计员delivery boy 送报员secretary 秘书policeman 警察journalist 记者editor 编辑interpreter 通译者director 导演talent 星探actor 男演员actress 女演员photographer 摄影师scholar 学者translator 翻译家novelist 小说家playwright 剧作家linguist 语言学家botanist 植物学家economist 经济学家chemist 化学家scientist 科学家philosopher 哲学家politician 政治学家physicist 物理学家astropologist 人类学家archaeologist 考古学家geologist 地质学家expert on folklore 俗学家mathematician 数学家biologist 生物学家zoologist 动物学家statistician 统计学家physiologist 生理学家futurologist 未来学家artists 艺术家painter 画家musician 音乐家composer 作曲家singer 歌唱家designer 设计家sculptor 雕刻家designer 服装设计师fashion coordinator 时装调配师dressmaker 女装裁剪师cutter 裁剪师sewer 裁缝师tailor 西装师傅beautician 美容师model 模特ballerina 芭蕾舞星detective 刑警chief of police 警察局长taxi driver 出租车司机clerk 店员mailman 邮差newspaper boy 报童bootblack 擦鞋童poet 诗人copywriter 撰稿人producer 制片人newscaster 新闻评论人milkman 送奶人merchant 商人florist 卖花人baker 面包师greengrocer 菜贩fish-monger 鱼贩butcher 肉贩shoe-maker 鞋匠saleswoman 女店员stewardess 空中小姐conductor 车掌station agent 站长porter 行李夫car mechanic 汽车修理师architect 建筑师civil planner 城市设计师civil engineer 土木技师druggist, chemist, pharmacist 药剂师guide 导游oil supplier 加油工（public）health nurse 保健护士dentist 牙科医生supervisor 监工forman 工头doctor 医生nurse 护士宏观经济的macroeconomic通货膨胀inflation破产insolvency有偿还债务能力的solvent合同contract汇率exchange rate紧缩信贷tighten credit creation私营部门private sector财政管理机构fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策slack fiscal policy税法tax bill财政public finance财政部the Ministry of Finance平衡预算balanced budget继承税inheritance tax货币主义者monetariest增值税VAT （value added tax）收入revenue总需求aggregate demand货币化monetization赤字deficit经济不景气recessiona period when the economy of a country is notsuccessful, business conditions are bad,industrialproduction and trade are at a low level andthereis a lot of unemployment经济好转turnabout复苏recovery成本推进型cost push货币供应money supply生产率productivity劳动力labor force实际工资real wages成本推进式通货膨胀cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀hyperinflation长期通货膨胀chronic inflation治理通货膨胀to fight inflation最终目标ultimate goal坏的影响adverse effect担保ensure贴现discount萧条的sluggish认购subscribe to支票帐户checking account货币控制工具instruments of monetry control借据IOUs（I owe you）本票promissory notes货币总监controller of the currency拖收系统collection system支票清算或结算check clearing资金划拨transfer of funds可以相信的证明credentials改革fashion被缠住entangled货币联盟Monetary Union再购协议repo精明的讨价还价交易horse-trading欧元euro公共债务membership criteria汇率机制REM储备货币reserve currency劳动密集型labor-intensive贡交易所bourse竞争领先frontrun牛市bull market非凡的牛市a raging bull规模经济scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价bid-askspreads期货（贡）futures经济商行brokerage firm回报率rate of return贡equities违约default现金外流cash drains经济人佣金brokerage fee存款单CD（certificate of deposit营业额turnover资本市场capital market布雷顿森林体系The Bretton Woods System 经常帐户current account套利者arbitrager远期汇率forward exchange rate即期汇率spot rate实际利率real interest rates货币政策工具tools of monetary policy银行倒闭bank failures跨国公司MNC （Multi-National Corporation）商业银行commercial bank商业票据comercial paper利润profit本票，期票promissory notes监督to monitor佣金（经济人）commission brokers套期保值hedge有价证券平衡理论portfolio balance theory外汇储备foreign exchange reserves固定汇率fixed exchange rate浮动汇率floating/flexible exchange rate货币选择权（期货）currency option套利arbitrage合约价exercise price远期升水forward premium多头买升buying long空头卖跌selling short按市价订购贡market order贡经纪人stockbroker国际货币基金the IMF七国集团the G-7监督surveillance同业拆借市场interbank market可兑换性convertibility软通货soft currency限制restriction交易transaction充分需求adequate demand短期外债short term external debt汇率机制exchange rate regime直接标价direct quotes资本流动性mobility of capital赤字deficit本国货币domestic currency外汇交易市场foreign exchange market国际储备international reserve利率interest rate资产assets国际收支balance of payments贸易差额balance of trade繁荣boom债券bond资本captial资本支出captial expenditures商品commodities商品交易所commodity exchange期货合同commodity futures contract普通贡common stock联合大企业conglomerate货币贬值currency devaluation通货紧缩deflation折旧depreciation贴现率discount rate归个人支配的收入disposable personalincome从业人员employed person汇率exchange rate财政年度fiscal year企业free enterprise国生产总值gross antional product库存inventory劳动力人数labor force债务liabilities市场经济market economy合并merger货币收入money income跨国公司Multinational Corproation个人收入personal income优先贡preferred stock价格收益比率price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率prime rate利润profit回报return on investment使货币升值revaluation薪水salary季节性调整seasonal adjustment关税tariff失业人员unemployed person效用utility价值value工资wages工资价格螺旋上升wage-price spiral收益yield补偿贸易compensatory trade, compensateddeal储蓄银行savings banks欧洲联盟the European Union单一的实体a single entity抵押贷款mortgage lending业主产权owner''''s equity普通股common stock无形资产intangible assets收益表income statement营业开支operating expenses行政开支administrative expenses现金收支一览表statement of cash flow贸易中的存货inventory收益proceeds投资银行investment bank机构投资者institutional investor垄断兼并委员会MMC招标发行issue by tender定向发行introduction代销offer for sale直销placing公开发行public issue信贷额度credit line国际债券international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款leveraged loan权利股发行rights issues净收入比例结合net income gearing外贸中常见英文缩略词1 C2 T/T（telegraphic transfer）电汇3 D/P（document against payment）付款交单4 D/A （document against acceptance）承兑交单5 C.O （certificate of origin）一般原产地证6 G.S.P.（generalized system of preferences）普惠制7 CTN/CTNS（carton/cartons）纸箱8 PCE/PCS（piece/pieces）只、个、支等9 DL/DLS（dollar/dollars）美元10 DOZ/DZ（dozen）一打11 PKG（package）一包，一捆，一扎，一件等12 WT（weight）重量13 G.W.（gross weight）毛重14 N.W.（net weight）净重15 C/D （customs declaration）报关单16 EA（each）每个，各17 W （with）具有18 w/o（without）没有19 FAC（facsimile）传真20 IMP（import）进口21 EXP（export）出口22 MAX （maximum）最大的、最大限度的23 MIN （minimum）最小的，最低限度24 M 或MED （medium）中等，中级的25 M/V（merchant vessel）商船26 S.S（steamship）船运27 MT或M/T（metric ton）公吨28 DOC （document）文件、单据29 INT（international）国际的30 P/L （packing list）装箱单、明细表31 INV （invoice）发票32 PCT （percent）百分比33 REF （reference）参考、查价34 EMS （express mail special）特快传递35 STL.（style）式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX（telex）电传37 RMB（renminbi）人币38 S/M （shipping marks）装船标记39 PR或PRC（price）价格40 PUR （purchase）购买、购货41 S/C（sales contract）销售确认书42 L/C （letter of credit）信用证43 B/L （bill of lading）提单44 FOB （free on board）离岸价45 CIF （cost,insurance补充：CR=credit贷方，债主DR=debt借贷方（注意：国外常说的debt card，就是银行卡，credit card就是信誉卡。

corporation 公司headquarters 总部merchant 商人merger合并acquisition 收购venture 风险投资commercial channels 商业渠道commercial transaction 买卖，交易property 财产quota 配额stocks 存货，库存量bulk sale 整批销售wholesaler 批发商retailer 零售商dealer 经销商middleman 中间商boost提高，使增长terms of trade 贸易条件customs海关customs duty 关税tariff 关税，税率unfair competition不公平竞争dumping 倾销domestic/international/foreign trade 国内/国际/对外贸易export 出口exporter 出口商import 进口importer 进口商economist 经济学家entrepreneur 企业家manufacturer 制造商，制造厂monopoly 垄断productivity 生产力，生产率consumption 消费，消耗luxury 奢侈品purchase 购买，进货item 项目，细目financial 财政的，金融的monetary 货币的，金融的policyholder （保险）投保人insurance保险security 【pl.】证券bond 债券yield 收益broker 经纪人premium 保险金insurance premium 保险费investment 投资inflation 通货膨胀bankrupt 破产的，使破产dividend 红利gross 总的budget预算fluctuate 波动，涨落currency货币cash 把……兑现deficit 赤字debt 债务account 账户saving 节省；【pl.】储蓄金，存款deposit 存款certificate of deposit 存款单withdraw 取钱interest rate 利率balance 余额allowance 津贴，零用钱exchange 交换，兑换exchange rate 汇率stock库存；股票payment 付款bonus 奖金asset 【常pl.】资产，财产profit 利润margin 差额，利润job-hunting 找工作the want ads 招聘广告position/post/vacancy/opening 职位application letter 求职信job resume 工作简历fill in/out application form 填写申请表job interview 工作面试job prospects 职业前景accept/take the post 接受职位turn down/refuse 拒绝take over the position 接任职位useful/past experience 有用的/过去的工作经验appeal to sb吸引某人first impression 第一印象further talk 进一步谈判be impressive 令人印象深刻personnel department 人事部dismissal 开除，解雇unemployment 失业work overtime 加班working/office time 工作时间night shift 夜班odd job 零工pay offer 工资待遇paid vacation 带薪假training consultancy 培训咨询professional expertise 专业技能。

CHAPTER 2 REFORM & ECONOMY经济与改革SECTION Ⅰ：英译中Aa prudent monetary policy 稳健的货币政策absolute advantage绝对优势accounting会计学、账目清算、财会accountant会计accounting fraud作假帐accounting scandal财务丑闻financial statement财务报表keep the public informed of the financial affairs财务公开acquire购置、获取、购买、取得所有权acquisition of assets购置资产active balance (passive balance; unfavorable balance) 顺差(逆差) aggregate demand 总需求aggregate supply 总供给allocation of financial resources金融资源配置ample supply 供应充裕an average annual increase/ annual return年均利润anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施areas for the market access市场准入领域asset资产associate company （subsidiary/affiliate）联营公司autarky 自给自足、经济独立authorization bill授权书Bbad loans不良贷款banking银行业bankruptcy protection破产保护boom迅速发展brand names品牌budget预算budget deficit预算赤字budget surplus预算盈余budgetary items预算项目business cycle商业周期business fraud商业欺诈business mechanism创业机制business prototype商业原型、商业模型Ccapital 资本、资金、资产capital flow资金流量cash bonuses现金奖励cash flow 现金流量cashier's cheque 本票certificated public accountant（CPA）注册会计师commerce clause 商业条款commercialization 商品化commodity商品common law习惯法、不成文法company公司corporate （股份有限）公司、企业conglomerate集团企业、跨行业大企业firm公司，尤指合股合伙公司enterprise企业、公司、事业business 工商企业、商务业务establishment公司、企业、商业机构house 商业机构、出版公司outfit 企业、商业组织venture企业comparative advantage相对优势competition and comparison竞争比较competition mechanism竞争机制competition竞争contract 合同consumers’ association消费者协会consumer confidence消费者信心consumer expectations消费预期conventional industries传统产业core competitiveness核心竞争力cost 成本cost-effectiveness成本效应cutting edge优势Ddealer（jobber, broker）经销商(股票经纪人) deflation（inflation）通货紧缩（通货膨胀）deposit定金、保证金deprecation（appreciation）贬值（增值）depression萧条、经济不景气的一段时间devaluate 贬值discount rate贴现率distribution 流通分配diversification of investment投资多元化double, triple, quadruple两倍、三倍、四倍Eeconomic globalization 经济全球化economic growth经济增长economic leverage经济杠杆作用economic regulation经济调节economic returns经济回报、经济效应economics经济学economic ills经济弊病effective Corp. management有效的公司管理“loose and tight” management张弛有度的管理PR （the public relation）公关risk management风险管理transparency management透明管理the two-tier management system双层管理体制top-down management自上而下的管理模式make one’s own management decisions自主经营managerial and technical staff管理技术人员managerial expertise管理知识elasticity弹性、可塑性、灵活度electronic dealing电子交易electronic business (E-business) 电子商务elite精英emerging market新兴市场employment insurance(EI) 就业保险金(旧称UI—umemployment insurance，失业保险) annexation and reorganization of enterprises企业兼并重组corporate/ entrepreneurial culture企业文化corporate/ enterprise image企业形象cross-national corporation跨国公司enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit创业精神entrepreneur企业家entrepreneurship企业家身份foreign capital enterprise外资企业foreign invested venture外资企业individual initiative个人主动性initial capital 启动资金listing of a company 企业上市multinational corporation跨国公司team spirit团队精神transformation转型transnational corporation跨国公司registered capital注册资本overseas funded enterprises外资企业Ffair competition公平竞争federation 联邦financial fraud金融欺诈financial crisis金融危机financial market金融市场bullion market金银买卖市场cash market现金市场debt market债务市场discount market贴现市场equity market股本市场foreign exchange and derivatives market外汇及衍生产品市场foreign exchange market外汇市场global financial system全球金融体系insurance market保险市场securities market证券市场fiscal 财政的fiscal and monetary levers财经和货币杠杆fiscal budget财政预算fiscal policy财经政策、财务方针fiscal year 财政年度fiscal lever财政杠杆fiscal levy财政税收financial deficit财政赤字fiscal revenue财政收入national revenue财政收入fixed assets固定资产fund/capital/venture capital 资金；资本；风险资金future market 期货市场Ggenerate profit创利GNP at factor cost按成本要素计算的国内生产总值go public上市go under倒闭government spending政府开支grey income灰色收入Great Depression 大萧条Gross domestic product 国内生产总值Gross national product 国民生产总值Hhead-hunter 猎头公司hedge(against)保护、防御手段hedge fund对冲基金high return高收益、高回报holiday economy假日经济human capital 人力资本hyper-inflation恶性通货膨胀Iimmediate yield直接回报incentive动力industry工业、产业、行业advertising industry广告业aerospace industry 航空和航天工业aircraft industry飞机制造工业basic industry基础工业、重工业book industry图书出版业brewing industry啤酒酿造工业、酿制工业capital-and-technology-intensive industries资金技术密集型产业car industry汽车制造工业electronic industry电子工业entertainment industry娱乐业equipment manufacturing industry装备制造业heavy industry重工业information industry信息产业knowledge-intensive industry知识密集性产业light industry轻工业lottery industry博彩业manufacturing industry制造业monopoly industries垄断行业rubber industry橡胶工业secondary industry第二产业service industry developing in all areas 服务业全面发展textile industry纺织行业tertiary industry第三产业tourist industry旅游业industrialization 工业化infrastructure基础设施interest cut降息interest group利益集团interest rate 利率international competitiveness 国际竞争力international settlement国际结算Jjoint effort共同努力joint venture合资企业joint-stock system股份制KKeynes 凯恩斯Keynesian theory凯恩斯经济理论Llabor 劳动力labor-intensive industries劳动密集型产业late charge 滞纳金leasing 出租业务legal person法人legitimacy合理性、合法性legitimate rights and interests正当权益liability of fault过失责任limited liability corporation有限责任公司listed companies上市公司logistics物流MM&A(merger&acquisition); macroeconomic control 宏观调控Macroeconomics宏观经济学make ends meet收支平衡、日子过得去marginal return边际报酬market市场market diversification市场多元化market economy市场经济market intelligence 市场情报、市场调查market saturation市场饱和market share市场占有率、市场份额market supervision 市场监管marketization市场化market-oriented employment mechanisms市场导向的就业机制mass production批量生产mechanism机制merger合并merger and bankruptcy兼并破产merit价值microeconomics微观经济学modern market economy现代市场经济monetary货币的European monetary integration欧洲货币一体化convertible currency可兑换货币monetary lever货币杠杆monetary policy 货币政策monetization货币化withdrawal of currency from circulation货币回笼monopoly垄断multi-functionality多功能性multi-lateral trade negotiation多边贸易谈判Oold-age pension养老保险制度oligarchy寡头政治、寡头政治的执政团oligopoly求过于供的市场情况on-the-job training 岗位培训opportunity cost机会成本optimize优化overheating过热Pparagon模范、典范patent专利patent grant专利许可patent law专利法规pension退休金、养老金per capita GDP人均国内生产总值per capita income 人均收入performance业绩plunge; dip; down （价格）猛跌；小跌；下跌portfolio一组投资positioning定位potential market潜在市场practical productive forces现实生产力primary productive forces第一生产力printing and packaging business 包装印刷业private enterprise私营企业private property私人财产private sector私营部分privatization私有化produce农产品productivity生产力profit利润promotion促销propaganda宣传proprietary intellectual property rights自主知识产权protectionism（贸易）保护主义public sector公共部门public services公共服务purchasing power购买力Q（QC）quality check 质检Rraffle 抽奖售货real economy实体经济recession 衰退、不景气regime政权、机制rent 租金regional protectionism地方保护主义resources资源restructure改组、重组retail gap零售空间Ssaturation; be saturated n./ adj. 饱和sales volume n. 销售额satellite town n. 卫星城savings n. 储蓄scale operation n. 规模经营scarcity n. 缺乏securities n. 证券stock , bond, securities 股票，债券，证券securities, options and futures 证券、期权及期货A share A股B share B 股bear market 熊市bull market 牛市China's Securities Regulatory Commission （CSRC）中国证监会joint stock company 参股公司long -term government bonds 长期国债long- term treasury bonds for construction 长期建设国债rally 反弹，股市价格和成交额在下跌后显着的上升the Dow Jones Industrial A verage 道琼斯工业指数the NASDAQ Composite Index 纳斯达克综合指数the Nikkei A verage 日京指数S& P（Standard and Poors）标准普尔指数London SE（Stock Exchange）伦敦证券交易所New Y ork SE纽约证券交易所Shanghai SE 上海证券交易所Shenzhen SE 深圳证券交易所seeking financing by listing on the stock market 上市融资securities investment 证券投资state stock reduction; reduce state's stake in listed companies 国有股减持state-held shares 国有股stock index 股票指数stock option 股票期权treasury bonds （T-bonds）国库券The Securities and Futures Ordinance （SFO）证券及期货条例separation of powers n. 权利分离SEC （Securities and Exchange Commission）（美）证券交易委员会slump n./v. （经济）衰退，滑坡soar / surge / climb n./v. （价格）上涨SOHO （Small Office ; Home Office）soho一族（小型办公室和家庭办公室）solvency n. 偿付能力sources of investment n. 投资主体speculative adj. 投机性的start / build… from scratch v. 从零开始；白手起家storage and transport n. 储运strategic planning n. 战略部署，战略计划strong （currency）adj. （货币）坚挺strong demand n. 需求强劲subsidy n. 补助金，津贴sunrise industry n. 朝阳产业sunset industry n. 夕阳产业supply side economics n. 供方经济学T24 -hour service n.全天候服务tangible benefits n.实惠technology-intensive product n. 技术密集产品tender-invitation n.招商the distribution （allocation）of resources n.资源配置the economic structure n.经济结构the industrial structure n.产业结构the macro-control system n.宏观调控体系the market system n.市场体系the open economy n.开放型经济the order of the market economy n.市场经济秩序the potentially largest market潜在的最大市场the world trade organization (WTO) 世贸组织trade n./v.贸易ASEAN （Association of South-East Asian Nations）东南亚国家联盟ASEAN Free Trade Area 东盟自由贸易区EU （European Union）欧盟chamber of import and export trade 进出口商会dairy product 奶制品durable consumer goods, consumer durables 耐用消费品FMCG （fast-moving consumer goods）快速消费品grassland farming 牧业horticultural product 园艺品ice-free harbor 不冻港L/C （letter of credit）信用证lamb 羊羔milk powder奶粉mutton 羊肉produce 农产品protectionism 保护主义quotation of prices 报价单retail market 零售市场single-product export country 单一产品出口国steel 钢铁the most competitive products 拳头产品timber 木材timber product 木器trade balance 贸易平衡trade bloc 贸易集团（如：欧盟）trade conflicts 贸易冲突trade in commodities and services 商品和服务贸易trade monopolies and regional blockades 行业垄断和地区封锁trade sanction 贸易制裁trade deficit （surplus）贸易逆差/ 顺差trade volume 贸易额wholesale market 批发市场wool export 羊毛出口traditional industries n. 传统产业transaction n. 交易triple n./v./adj. 增长两倍turnover n.销售额TV shots n.电视广告Uunemployment insurance失业保险unemployment rate失业率urban economics城市经济学utility设施Vventure capital风险资金veto 否决vicious circle恶性循环Virtual Economy虚拟经济virtuous circle良性循环Wwelfare state福利国家work force职工总数、劳动力world multi-polarization世界多极化SECTION Ⅱ：中译英按劳分配distribution according to one’s performance按资排辈to assign priority according to seniority保税区bonded zone奔小康strive for a relatively comfortable life博鳌亚洲论坛Boao Forum for Asia (BFA)不良贷款bad loans产品本土化product localization产业不景气industrial depression产业的升级换代upgrading of industries产业格局industrial pattern产业结构升级upgrading of an industrial structure超负荷运转overloaded operation承包责任制the contract-responsibility城市经济学urban economics城乡居民收入income of urban and rural residents城镇化urbanization城镇居民可支配收入urban per capita disposable income持续快速健康发展sustained, rapid and sound development充足的发展空间ample room for development重复生产duplication of production出口加工区export processing zone出口商品和服务goods and services for export储运storage and transport传统产业traditional industries传销pyramid sales; multi-level marketing创业机制business mechanism刺激经济活动stimulate economic activities刺激有效需求stimulate effective demand促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy 大幅度跃升rise by a big margin大开发the large-scale development带动经济增长spur economic growth独资公司exclusively-funded venture翻两番quadruple繁荣与稳定prosperity and stability非公有制经济the non-public sectors of the economy风险资金venture capital房地产real estate首付down-payment业主home owner房产权威部门housing authority住房贷款housing loan房屋空置率housing vacancy rate个人购房贷款individual housing loan按揭mortgage物业property management房地产开发商real estate developer未售出的存量房stockpile of unsold houses房契、产权title改革的力度the momentum of reform改组、重组restructure高新技术产业high and new technology industries个人消费贷款individual consumption loan个体、私营self-employed or private enterprises更具活力更加开放的经济体系 a more open and viable economic system工业园区industrial park公司法人责任制the corporate legal person responsibility system公投referendum公有制经济the public sector of the economy股份制joint-stock system固定资产投资investment in the fixed assets国际信托投资international trust and investment国民经济the national economy国民经济的支柱pillar of the national economy国民经济命脉the lifeline of the national economy国有经济的布局和结构layout and structure of the state sector国有企业state-owned enterprises （SOE）国有企业改革和发展the reform and development of state-owned enterprises 合法经营lawful business operations黑市black market基础设施infrastructure减员增效downsize staffs and improve efficiency节约的，经济的economical经济弊病economic ills经济带economic belts经济发展的良好势头a good momentum of economic growth经济杠杆作用economic leverage经济结构战略性调整strategic adjustment of the economic structure经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones（SEZ）经济文化交流economic and cultural exchanges经济效益好good economic returns经济增长economic growth经济总量economic aggregate可持续发展sustainable development跨越式发展leapfrog development扩大内需expand domestic demand拉动经济增长fuel economic growth劳动力labor劳务输出export of labor services两岸经济合作cross-straits economic cooperation民营科技企业non-public scientific and technological enterprises南北差距the north-south gap农村富余劳动力surplus rural labor农业的市场竞争力competitiveness of agriculture in the market泡沫经济bubble economy贫富悬殊income disparity贫困地区impoverished areas贫困人口impoverished people瓶颈制约bottleneck restrictions取得领先地位assume leadership取缔非法收入outlaw illegal gains人民币非常坚挺the RMB is very strong/ firm三资企业（中外合资企业、中外合作企业、外商独资企业）Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China社会经济稳定social and economic stability社会就业比较充分a higher rate of employment社会生产落后the backwardness of social production社会主义市场经济socialist market economy社会主义现代化建设socialist modernization深化国有企业改革to deepen SOE（state-owned enterprises）reform生活富裕an affluent life世界经济波动world economic fluctuations市场经济秩序the order of the market economy市政工程municipal works; public works试点工程、试点项目pilot project收入悬殊excessive disparity in income私营部分private sector私营企业private enterprise商业银行commercial banks建设银行Construction Bank工商银行Industrial & Commercial Bank中国银行Bank of China农业银行Agricultural Bank交通银行Bank of Communications招商银行Merchants Bank农业税agricultural tax保税区bonded area消费税consumption tax个人所得税personal income tax财产税property tax保护关税protective duty/tariff岁入税；关税收入revenue tax营业税sales tax关税tariff逃税、漏税tax evasion免税期tax holiday纳税人tax payer税收政策tax policy税收减除tax relief脱贫致富shake off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity拓宽消费领域expand the scope of consumption投资investment投资地点investment destination投资环境investment environment投资机构investment institutions投资热investment fever投资者investor投资政策investment policyW外商直接投资foreign direct investment外向型经济outward-looking economy外资企业overseas-funded enterprises; foreign-funded company完善的社会主义市场经济体制full-fledged socialist market economy温饱having only adequate food and clothing稳定物价stabilize prices稳健的货币政策the sound monetary policy外汇foreign exchange外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves外汇管制foreign exchange control外汇汇率foreign exchange rateX西部地区China's western region西部大开发the large-scale development of China’s western region下岗失业人员再就业reemploy laid-off workers消费需求的不足insufficient consumer spending消费者权益日International Day for Consumers' Rights and Interests新的经济增长点new growth areas in the economy需求疲软weak demandY亚洲金融危机the Asian financial crisis衣食住用行food, clothing, housing, transport and daily necessities优化消费结构optimize the consumption structureZ招商inviting tenders; leasing政府资助项目government-sponsored programs质检QC （quality check）中部地区the central region中长期国外投资medium- and long-term foreign investment中国出口商品交易会（广交会）China Export Commodities Fair （Guangzhou Fair）中国加入世贸组织China's entry into the WTO中国电信China Telecom中国联通China Unicom中国移动China Mobile中信（中国国际信托投资公司）Citic group中央银行the Central Bank / PBOC专卖店exclusive agency; franchised store资源消耗低low resources consumption资源优化配置optimize resource allocation自负盈亏responsible for one's own profits and losses自给自足autarky自由贸易free trade自由贸易区free trade zone自由职业人员free-lance professionals重点项目key project国家重点工程national key projects南水北调South-to-North water diversion西电东送West-East electricity transmission project西气东输West-East natural gas transmission project。

经济类专业英文课程介绍International EconomicsCredit 4The study of international economics has always been a speciallylively and controversial part of economics. Many of the key insights of modern economics analysis first emerged in eighteenth and nineteenth century debates over international trade and monetary policies. Yetthere was never a time when the study of international economics was as important as it is today. Through international trade in goods and services, and international flows of money, the economics of different countries are more closely linked to one another now than ever before.At the same time, the world economy is more turbulent than it has beenin many decades. Keeping up with the shifting international environment has become a central concern of both business strategy and national economic policy. International economics uses the same fundamental methods of analysis as other branches of economics, because the motives and behavior of individuals and firms are the same in internationaltrade as they are in domestic transactions. International Economics can be divided into two broad subfields: the study of international tradeand the study of international money. International trade analysis focuses primarily on the real transactions in the international economy, that is, on those transactions that involve a physical movement of goodsor a tangible commitment of economic resources. International monetary analysis focuses on the monetary side of the international economy, that is, on financial transactions such as foreign purchases of U.S. dollarsInternational Economic OrganizationsCredit 2It is one of the basic courses to cultivate student’s knowledge of international economics and trade. By studying the course, students will have a correct thought of their majors, understand the purpose ofvariant international economic organization’s operation programs and functions on the development of the international economic relationship. It sets up the foundation of studying specialty course. The main contents includes: 1. World wide international economic organizations. GATT/ WTO, IMF, GWB, 2. Regional international economic organizations: EU, NAFTA, APEC, ASEAN3.Manufacture nations and export organizations of material and primary products: 4Other international economic organizationsPrinciples of International TradingCredit 3This course is a professional course of international trade. Bystudying the course, students will know about the basic theories of international trade in an all-round way, and grasp the related concepts of international trade skillfully. On the basis of the theories of the international division, international market and the traditionaltheories of international trade, students will understand the development trends of the current international trade theories, develop their trade interests, and understand relevant knowledge of the international capital circulation problems and thetrans-corporation. They will understand the development trend of global area economic integration, and get familiar with international trade policies and measures, and master the characteristics and trend of the international commercial activities and knowledge of WTO. This course will lay a foundation of import and export business operation and foreign affairs law.Monetary BankingCredit 3Monetary Banking is a very important basic course for students who major in economics. It introduces the basic theories of currencies, credit, financial market, commercial banks, central banks, supply and demands of money as well as policies of authoritative banks.The main task of the course is to enable the students to have a good command of the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic techniques of currency, credit, finance and banking, to understand the general law of money and finance, and to gain the basic ability of operating the finance.The main contents include the characteristics of money andcredit and their relations with economics; the function and operating system of western countries’ curr ency market and capital market; the classification of financial organizations and management of commercialbanks; the making up and operating of monetary policies; and the causes, results and managing measures of inflation.MacroeconomicsCredit 4To be simple, macroeconomics researches the problems of utilizing economic resources. It studies how the current situation of economic resources using of one country influences the whole national economy, and how to improve the utilization of economic resources for realizing potential national income and economic steady growth.To be concrete, macroeconomics regards national economic activities as the research targets. It studies society's overall economic problems and the determinants of the total amount of the corresponding economic variables and their relationships. It analysesseveral basic questions in national economy: First, how theutilizing of the total amount of economic resource, which is already disposed to the production division and enterprise, determines the total output (national income) and obtaining employment amount; second, how the supply and demand coming from the commodity market and money market determines the national income level and general price-level of one country; third, the relationship among the changing national incomelevel and general price-level and economic cycle and economic growth. In the course, the determining role and changes of the national income (obtaining employment amount) is a key issue.Economic Mathematics ICredit 4.5The topics covered in this course are: Part 1: Variable andfunction;Part 2: The application of limit and consecution;Part 3: The application of derivative and differential calculus;Part 4: Indefinite integral;Part 5: Definite integral and its application (the computing of area and volume for example)Through the learning of the course, students can lay a solid foundation for their future professional study. Furthermore, using the methods, students can easily understand andexplain the difficult and important concepts. On the basis of the basic concepts and basic methods we introduce the students to comprehensive examples, which will further improve the students’ability of computation, logical predication and space imagination.Economic Mathematics IICredit 4.5This course mainly introduces the basic concepts and methods of Linear algebra systematically.Part 1: Determinant;Part 2: Matrix;Part 3: N-dimensional space;Part 4: Solving linear structure of intercedes;Part 5: Secondary field forms;Part 6: Eigenvalue and Eigenvector. It enables the students to have a sound foundation for their future study. In the meantime, teaching with enough exercises can help students understand deeply about the contents of this course. It widens their knowledge scope, explains in detail the basic knowledge, and lays a solid foundation for their future professional study. Furthermore, explainingin detail a few actual examples also makes student combine theories with practice, use the computer to help solve problems, and improve the actual ability of application.Economic Mathematics IIICredit 4.5The course introduces the basic theories of super ovulation, differential equations and difference equations systematically.Part 1: The basic concept of sum of infinite series;Part 2: Discretion of constant item series (positive term series, any terms series conditional convergence, absolutely convergence);Part 3: Convergence of function item series (radius of convergence of Power series, assurance ofinterval of convergence), solution of function;Part 4: Launch directly and Launch indirectly;Part 5: The concept and solution of the first-order differential equations;Part 6: The second-order differential equations (high-order style, the solution of second-order constant coefficient homogeneous or inhomogeneous differential equations);Part 7: Difference equation (the solution of first-order or second-order difference equation);Part 8: Differential calculus of multivariant function;Part 9: Integral calculus of multivariant function;Part 10: Calculus of multivariant function application in economics.Through learning the course, the students can improve their actual ability of application.Marxist Political EconomicsCredit: 2Introduction to SociologyCredit 3This course introduces the basic theories of sociology from the microcosmic and macrocosmic aspects to give students a general and systemic understanding of sociology. It tries to reflect the latest trends of the Chinese social development and to reveal the latest progresses of the Chinese sociological study. The main contents include: the objectives, research contents, and subject characters of sociology; genre and functions of society; essence, differences, and functions of culture; conditions, processes, and contents of socialization; stratum theory, social mutual activity theory; social group theory; matrimony and ménage; social organization theory; stratum and fluxion; social rules and institutions; community theory; social transformation and modernization; social problems; and social aberrance and control.Assessment of Investment ProjectsCredit 3Investment and Project Appraisal is an important and basic course dedicating to students’ understanding on economics. This course mainly concerns how to apply theories and methods of the investment project evaluation analysis and decision making in the technical economics field, and how to conduct appraisal and reach decisions toward investment projects so as to meet the goals of elevating investment profit, reducing investment risks, and optimizing resource allocation, etc. Its major tasks are to help students to master the method ofequivalence calculation of costs in an innovative way to integrate the theories with the practice, to master the investment evaluation index system, to understand the hot topics and new theories concerning investment evaluation at present, and to possess the capability of analyzing relevant financial data accurately and promptly. The course focuses on the reliability appraisal of investment projects in order to conduct the feasibility study in practical aspects.MicroeconomicsCredit 4The content of economics is very broad, but the most important part is the analysis of economic theories. Economics analyzes single economic units from indiv idual consumers and producer’s economicbehavior, price decision of single market as well as all the markets’average price. The main contents of microeconomics are: the twobasic factors--demand and supply in price theory; consumer behavior theory and producer behavior theory in product market; demand and supply of producing factors in the distribution theory in producing factor market; ordinary aquarium theory and welfare economics, the theory that all the market reach their best condition in the total competitive situation, the ordinary aquarium theory suited to Pallato optional; and the real economy different from the best condition, requiring us to use microeconomic principles to improve.Political EconomicsCredit 3Political Economics takes production relations as the research object, and while revealing socio-economic systems and economic general principles, discusses the nature of capitalist production relations and the nature of economic operations and socialist production relations and China’s restructuring economy and economic operations, as well as the basic problems with Chinese economic development in international economics on the background of economicglobalization. Study purposes of the course: to grasp basicviewpoints and theories of Marxist political economics, to knowabout the nature of capitalist production relations and socialist production relations, master the general principles of economic operations, know all-round the big tendency of capital operations and socialist economic operations and economic globalization, as well as know about the new problems that Chinese economic development and the new changes of world economic development are faced with under this tendency, so that have a scientific understanding of the historical process of socialist and capitalist development.College EnglishCredit 3.5This course aims at fostering students to have a comparativelyhigher capability of reading English materials, and with the capability of listening, speaking, writing, translating, also the ability to exchange messages in English. The course should help students lay asolid foundation about the language, the learning methods, improve their cultural quality, so as to meet the requirements of the social development and economical construction. Language is the tool of communication. The target of College English is the non-English college students, after graduation, they will face thetasks such as, reading English materials, spoken or written communication in their working places. College English should focuses on these tasks. Therefore we orient the College English teaching to cultivate language knowledge, the capability of acquiring and exchanging information in English, and also the ability to self-taught and further study, make sure that through four terms of English learning, students are not only able to pass the examinations, and finish college study, but also capable of doing the future work.Fundamentals of Computer Application ICredit 2This course is one of the most fundamental courses for all undergraduate students in this university. It is the first course about computers for freshmen, which is a required one. After having finished the course, students are expected to have developed their skills of using computers, and using computers to make a document, managing information, analyzing or collecting information, and communicating with others. The main contents are: (1) Computer System, to make students understand how to express and deal with information in computers, and how computers work; (2) Operating System, to introduce the concepts,functions and effects of operating systems; Students are expected to be familiar with two kind oftypical operating systems—command line interface and graphicinterface operating systems. (3) Computer Languages. Students are expected to understand what are programs and algorithm, to be familiar with the method for simple programming, and to realize the importance of programming for computers. (4) Word Processing. Students are expected to be good at word processing with computers, such as a scientific document with words and graphs in one page. (5) Information Management. The objective is to make students understand how to manage information using data base systems, to understand the methods and advantages of processing and analyzing information by the data base languages. (6) Computer Network Communication. Students are expected to get knowledge about basic construction and communication of computer networks, to be good at Internet operating, to be familiar with using e-mail and ftp to exchange or collect information, to be good at the principles and applications of releasing or getting information with WWW. The basic contents of several courses are combined and included in this course. The course focuses on applications, combines theory with practice, takes understandable examples and typical experiments, and introduces basic concepts, knowledge and principles of different soft wares. While the student’s horizon of knowledge being wid ened gradually and the student’s ability to use computers being nurtured,students’ consciousness of computer usage will be raised.Special Topics on PhysicsCredit 3In 20th century, the establishment of quantum theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics make modern physics to a peak and to penetrate into other studies and applied fields. Because of the outstanding status of physics as the leading fundamental knowledge in science, our goal is to inspire students from social departments to understand and master some necessary basic physical principles and research methods about physics and to increase their creative abilities by learning physics.The course introduces varying from x-ray in 19th century, radiation and the discovery of vacuum tube to the important discoveries and inventions in science in the recent 100 years. The teaching content involves: basic mechanics and aerospace technology, electromagnetics and the application of electromagnetic wave in radio, TV, broadcasting, microwave and radar, the wave characteristics and quantum characteristics of light and the wave-particle duality of photon and electron, exploration of microscopic world-structure of matters structure, physical foundation of material science, Einstein’s theory of relativity and universe, novel light source, laser, and so on.C Programming LanguageCredit 3C Programming Language is an important basic specialized course. It plays an important part in the undergraduate teaching programs in colleges and universities. This course aims at helping the studentsmaster the basic grammar, basic statement, basic control structure, and learn how to write structured programs in C by the top-down programming method. Besides showing how to make effective use of C language，it also tries where possible to let the students know the importance of algorithms, good coding style and programming practice in learning C language. These training will develop the students' ability to analyze and solve problems by using C language. It will lay a solid foundation for the students to do a deep study and application in software development in the future.Lectures on ChemistryCredit 1General Chemistry is a basic science course set for undergraduatesin the School of Humanities and School of Management by the Department of Applied Chemistry. The course reflects the chemistry knowledge relating with the living of people and other importantproblems in the world on the basis of the principles of chemistry such as chemistry thermodynamics, chemistry dynamics and substance structure, which play an important role in cultivating first-class students with high capabilities. The aim of this course is to make the students find out the basic principle of the chemical reaction, learn knowledge about environment, energy sources, materials, food and animate being, know about the development characters of chemistry and its connection with other subjects, which help students to have a chemical stand of view and use chemical knowledge to solve problems in futurework and life. This course includes: chemistry principles, chemistry and atmosphere, chemistry and water, chemistry and energy sources, chemistry and materials, chemistry and food, chemistry and animate being, and so on..World Politics and International RelationsCredit 1.5World Politics and International Relations is a key and basic course aiming to provide knowledge in economics and politics for the students. It mainly deals with the basic principles and basic operational laws governing the world economics and the study on international relationships. By following the main line about thedevelopment and the changes of world economy and politics since World War II, this course provides a macroscopic summary and comprehensive analysis toward three major global issues including modern world economy, world politics, and modern world subjects & international order. It gives an introduction and classified study in economics and politics to different types of countries and regions i.e. the developed capitalist countries, socialist countries, and developing countries. It produces a key study on foreign strategy of the world’s major strategic powers and on China’s international standing and foreign relationships. The major tasks of this course are to teach students on how to strengthen their understanding on major world affairs and how to be innovative in integrating the theories with the practical things, to master the basic theories and basic concepts concerning world economyand politics, to understand the research frontiers, hot topics and new theories regarding modern world economics and international relationships, and to possess the capabilities of referring to relevant information accurately and promptly.Management of small and medium enterpriseCredit 2I n the course of the world’s economic development, the largequantity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which distribute widely, great contribution, have already become a kind of important strength that can‘t be ignored in social and economic l ife of countries all over the world. Meanwhile, SMEs are also playing a very important role in promoting the local economic growth and development etc. This course takes Harbin as an example, to carry on exploratory research on the relationships between the existence and development of SMEs and management of local government at the present, in the hope of finding out the universal experience that promote the development of SMEs. At first, the course summaries the relevant researches both at home and abroad in this field, and then explain relevant basic theories, s Then, through the comparing and analyzing of the foreign countries’ advanced management on SMEs, find out the conditions that the perfect SMEs’ management system possessing. Finally, using foreign advanced experience for reference and basing on local, in view of the problems existing in the course of development of SMEs and defects existing in the management system in Harbin, to give the imagination thatconstructing the perfect frame of Harbin’s s management on SMEs, in terms of R&D , human resources market, etc.General ChemistryCredit 1General Chemistry is a basic science course set for undergraduatesin the School of Humanities and School of Management by the Department of Applied Chemistry. The course reflects the chemistry knowledge relating with the living of people and other important problems in the world on the basis of the principles of chemistry such as chemistry thermodynamics, chemistry dynamics and substance structure, which play an important role in cultivating first-class students with high capabilities. The aim of this course is to make the students find out the basic principle of the chemical reaction, learn knowledge about environment, energy sources, materials, food and animate being, know about the development characters of chemistry and its connection with other subjects, which help students to have a chemical stand of view and use chemical knowledge to solve problems in future work and life. This course includes: chemistry principles, chemistry and atmosphere, chemistry and water, chemistry and energy sources, chemistry and materials, chemistry and food, chemistry and animate being, and so on。