CTX: A Clock-Gating-Based Test Relaxation and X-Filling Scheme for Reducing Yield Loss Risk in At-Speed Scan Testing
H. Furukawa 1, X. Wen 1, K. Miyase 1, Y. Yamato 1, S. Kajihara 1, P. Girard 2, L.-T. Wang 3, and M. Tehranipoor 4
1 Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
2 LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34392 Montpellier cedex 05, France
3 SynTest Technologies, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA
4 University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
Abstract
At-speed scan testing is susceptible to yield loss risk due to power supply noise caused by excessive launch switching activity.This paper proposes a novel two-stage scheme, namely CTX (C lock-Gating-Based T est Relaxation and X-is launched. Test relaxation and X-filling are conducted (1) to make as many FFs inactive as possible by disabling corresponding clock-control signals of clock-gating circuitry in Stage-1 (Clock-Disabling), and (2) to make as many remaining active FFs as possible to have equal input and output values in Stage-2 (FF-Silencing). CTX effectively reduces launch switching activity, thus yield loss risk, even with a small number of don’t care (X) bits as in test compression, without any impact on test data volume, fault coverage, performance, and circuit design. Keywords: Power Supply Noise, Test Relaxation, X-Filling, Clock-Gating, Test Compaction.
1. Introduction
At-speed scan testing is mandatory for improving timing-related test quality [1]. It is realized by launching a transition at the start-point of a path and capturing its response at the end-point of the path at the system speed. In practice, the launch-on-capture (LOC) clocking scheme is widely used for at-speed scan testing [1].
SE
Fig. 1 LOC-Based At-Speed Scan Testing.
Fig. 1 shows the essence of the LOC clocking scheme: After a test vector is loaded by a series of shift clock pulses with S L being the last one (L: the length of the longest scan chain), transitions are launched by the first capture clock pulse C1 at the corresponding scan FFs. The transitions are caused by the difference between the values shifted-in by S L and the values captured by C1. The test cycle between the transition launch (C1) and the response capture (C2) is the rated system clock period. Although at-speed scan testing is indispensable for improving timing-related test quality [1], its applicability is being severely challenged by test-induced yield loss, which occurs when functionally good chips fail only during at-speed scan testing [2-4]. The major cause for this problem is power supply noise, i.e., IR-drop and ground bounce, caused by excessive launch switching activity at C1, which results in delay increase. It has been shown that a 10% drop in power supply voltage can increase path delay by 30% [5]. Obviously, this may result in capture failures at C2 [4], thus leading to test-induced yield loss [6-8]. This problem is deteriorating rapidly for deep-submicron and low-power chips [6]. Therefore, there is a strong need to reduce the yield loss risk induced by excessive power supply noise. Previous techniques for reducing launch switching activity are based on the following three approaches:
(1)Partial Capture: The number of FFs that capture at C1
(Fig. 1) can be reduced by circuit modification [9], one-hot clocking [1], or capture clock staggering [1].
However, this approach may incur significant ATPG change, test data inflation, and even fault coverage loss.
(2)Low-Capture-Power ATPG:0’s and 1’s in a test
vectors can be carefully generated so that launch switching activity is reduced by such techniques as input-output equalizing at FFs [10], clock-gating, etc.
However, this approach may suffer from significant test data inflation and long CPU time.
(3)Test Relaxation & X-Filling: Test relaxation is to
identify don’t-care bits (X-bits) from a set of fully-
specified test vectors without any fault coverage loss
[11, 12]. Then, X-filling is conducted on the resulting
partially-specified test cubes to make as many FFs as
possible to have equal input and output values [13-15].
This way, launch switching activity is reduced. The concept of this approach is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Initial Intermediate Final Fig. 2 Concept of Test Relaxation and X-Filling.
17th Asian Test Symposium
As a simple post-ATPG processing, the approach of test relaxation & X -filling is practical, since it reduces launch switching activity without any change in test data volume, fault coverage, performance, and circuit design. However, this approach suffers from a major limitation: If the number of X -bits identified from a test set is small, its effect of launch switching activity reduction may be insufficient. Such X -bit shortage may be caused by test compaction or test compression. Fig. 3 shows an example of an industrial circuit (600K gates and 600 transition delay test vectors), for which test vectors obtained at the early stage of test generation have fewer (even less than 60%) X -bits.
Test Vectors % o f X -B i t s
Fig. 3 X -Bit Distribution for an Industrial Circuit .
Therefore, there is a strong need to improve the test relaxation & X -filling approach so as to effectively reduce launch switching activity even with a small number of available X -bits as in test compaction and test compression. This paper achieves this goal by a novel two-stage scheme: CTX (C lock-Gating-Based T est Relaxation and X -Filling ). Its basic idea is to make sophisticated use of clock-gating in test relaxation & X -filling, as illustrated in Fig. 4.
(11
001
(1
(a) State for Initial Test Vector
(1
001
(1?
?E (001
(1D
(b) After Test Relaxation in Stage-1 (c) After X
-Filling in Stage-1
(00(1??
E
(00(1D
(d) After Test Relaxation in Stage-2 (e) After X -Filling in Stage-2
Fig. 4 Basic Idea of CTX .
Fig. 4 (a) shows that four FFs are controlled by two clock-control signals, EN A and EN B , whose values are 1 for the initial test vector. This means that all the FFs are active , i.e. capturing at C 1 (Fig. 1), resulting in four initial launch transitions. CTX consists of the following two stages:
z Stage-1 (Clock-Disablin g ): Test relaxation is first
conducted to turn as many enabling clock-control signals (with value = 1) as possible into neutral ones (with value = X ) as shown in Fig. 4 (b), and X -filling is then conducted to turn as many neutral clock-control signals as possible into disabling ones (with value = 0) as shown in Fig. 4 (c). Since all FFs controlled by a disabling clock-control signal (e.g., FF 1 and FF 2, in Fig. 4 (c)) are inactive , launch transitions are efficiently reduced in a collective manner.
z Stage-2 (FF-Silencing ): Test relaxation is conducted to
turn as many active transition-FFs (input ≠ output, e.g., FF 3 and FF 4 in Fig. 4 (c)) as possible into neutral-FFs (input or output = X , e.g., FF 3 and FF 4 in Fig. 4 (d)), and then X -filling is conducted to turn as many neutral-FFs as possible into non-transition-FFs (input = output, e.g., FF 4 in Fig. 4 (e)) by trying to equalize the input and the output of a neutral-FF. This way, the number of launch transitions at individual FFs is reduced.
The major contributions of the CTX scheme are as follows: (1) Clock-Disabling-Based Test Relaxation & X-Filling :
CTX fully explores the collective power-saving capability of clock-gating in at-speed scan testing. (2) FF-Silencing -Based Test Relaxation & X-Filling :
CTX tries to equalize the input and output values of the remaining active FFs to further reduce launch transitions at individual FFs.
(3) Non-Intrusive Use of Clock-Gating : By using clock-gating through test data manipulation, CTX causes no ATPG change, test data inflation, or fault coverage loss. (4) X-Bit-Efficiency : With clock-disabling and FF-Silencing ,
CTX significantly reduce launch switching activity even with a small number of few X -bits.
In the following, Section 2 describes the background, Section 3 presents the CTX scheme, Section 4 shows experimental results, and Section 5 concludes the paper.
2. Background
2.1 Test Relaxation
As illustrated in Fig. 2, test relaxation is the process of identifying don’t-care bits (X -bits) from a fully-specified test vector set V to create a partially-specified test cube set C , while guaranteeing that some properties of V are preserved by C . Such properties include stuck-at fault coverage [11], transition delay fault coverage [12], and even all sensitized paths for transition delay fault detection [15].
X -bits can also be obtained directly from test generation by disabling random-fill. However, this increases ATPG time and test data volume. For example, the test vector count increased by 144.8% when random-fill was disabled to leave X -bits for low-power X -filling [13]. Thus, it is preferable to apply maximum test compaction with random-fill to generate a compact initial (fully-specified ) test set first, and then use test relaxation to create (partially-specified ) test cubes. This results in a compact final test set with additional benefits after X -filling is conducted [13-15].
2.2 X -Filling
As illustrated in Fig. 2, X-filling is the process of assigning
logic values to the X -bits in a test cube for a specific purpose. In this paper, X -filling is used for reducing launch switching activity (LSA ), which occurs at C 1 (Fig. 1). Many low-LSA X -filling techniques have been proposed [13-15], and Fig. 5 illustrates one of them, called JP-fill [15]. JP-Fill : In Fig. 5, the test cube is c = <10XX > and the logic function of the combinational portion is F . Thus,
20 to p 0 to q 1
of X -Filling c e
f
d
Fig. 5 Concept of JP-Fill .
In essence, JP-fill uses justification and multiple passes to improves the effectiveness of X -filling, while its scalability is improved by probability propagation. This way, JP-fill achieves effectiveness and scalability in a balanced manner.
2.3 Clock-Gating
Clock-gating is the most widely used power management mechanism in practice. Fig. 6 shows an example scheme. A circuit may contain multiple clock-gating blocks. Fig. 6 shows the i -th one, which is enhanced for scan testing. In shift mode (SE = 1), all FFs are constantly driven by the clock CK so that the shift operation is properly conducted. The clock-control signal (EN i ) is generated at the rising edge of CK and takes over the control of GEN i in capture mode (SE = 0). GEN i is then ANDed with CK to create the gated clock GCK i that is directly connected to the FFs.
Fig. 6 Example Scheme of Clock-Gating .
Clock-gating can be used to reduce launch switching activity in capture mode. This is achieved by setting EN i to 0 at the last shift pulse S L . This way, the launch capture clock pulse (C 1 in Fig. 1) is suppressed as shown in Fig. 7, and all FFs
controlled by GCK i , i.e.,i FF 1 ~ i
p FF as shown in Fig. 6, will not capture. That is, launch transitions at the FFs are reduced in a collective manner.
CK
EN GEN GCK i i i
S E
Fig. 7 Clock-Gating for Reducing Launch Switching Activity .
Definition 1: If the clock of a FF is a gated clock, the FF is called a clock-gated FF ; otherwise, the FF is called a non-clock-gated FF . The group of FFs controlled by the same gated clock is called a clock-gated FF group .
For example, Fig. 4 shows two clock-gated FF groups: {FF 1, FF 2} and {FF 3, FF 4}. Note that all FFs connected through one clock tree are considered as one clock-gated FF group. The capability of collectively reducing launch switching activity by disabling the clock to a group of FFs makes clock-gating a highly effective technique in reducing the yield loss risk of at-speed scan testing, especially when the percentage of available X -bits in a test cube is low, such as in test compaction and test compression where the effect of conventional X -filling on LSA reduction is often limited.
From the ATPG point of view, clock-gating can be utilized by the following two basic approaches:
Approach-1 (Detection-Oriented): Test generation is conducted in a manner that activates clocks to FFs (i.e., disabling clock-gating) as much as possible, in order to make more FFs available for launch and capture in transition fault detection. Most commercial ATPG systems use this approach explicitly or implicitly. This leads to a smaller test set, higher fault coverage, and shorter CPU time, at the cost of higher launch switching activity. Approach-2 (Reduction-Oriented): In test generation, clock-gating can be aggressively used for reducing launch switching activity. However, this reduces the number of FFs available for launch and capture in transition fault detection, leading to test vector count inflation, longer CPU time, and even fault coverage loss under certain conditions. In practice, it is preferable to use the detection-oriented approach (Approach-1) to generate a compact initial test set first, and then convert it into a final test set with reduced launch switching activity by using CTX, whose basic idea is as illustrated in Fig. 4. The details of CTX is described in the following section.
3.The CTX Scheme
3.1 Problem Formalization
The problem of clock-gating-based reduction of launch switching activity in at-speed scan testing is as follows: Suppose that V initial is a set of test vectors. Find a new set of test vectors, V final, under the following conditions:
(1)The fault coverage of V final is no less than that of V initial.
(2)The size of V final is equal to that of V initial.
(3)The peak launch switching activity of V final is made
lower than that of V initial as much as possible by utilizing clock-disabling and FF-silencing.
3.2 Basic Concept
This paper proposes a novel two-stage scheme, namely CTX (C lock-Gating-Based T est Relaxation and X-Filling), to solve the above problem. The following are useful terms in describing the procedure of CTX:
Definition 2: If the value of a clock-control signal EN under an input vector is logic1(0),EN is said to be enabling (disabling). If the value is X, EN is said to be neutral.
For example, EN A in Fig. 4 (a), (b), and (c) are enabling, neutral, and disabling clock-control signals, respectively. Definition 3: If the clock to a FF or a clock-gated FF group is enabled (disabled), the FF or the clock-gated FF group is said to be active (inactive).
For example, FF1 and FF2 (FF3 and FF4) in Fig. 4 (c) are inactive (active) FFs. It can also be said that the clock-gated FF group{FF1,FF2} ({FF3,FF4})is inactive(active). Definition 4: If the input and the output of a FF have the same(different) logic value, the FF is said to be a non-transition-FF (transition-FF). If the input or the output of a FF is X, the FF is said to be a neutral-FF.
For example, both FF3 and FF4 in Fig. 4 (d) are neutral-FFs. In Fig. 4 (e), FF3 is a transition-FF, FF4 is a non-transition-FF, and both of them are active.
CTX is based on the following two observations: Observation-1: Not all enabling clock-control signals really need to be enabling. This occurs when a clock-control signal is made enabling to detect a fault in a test vector, but later the fault may be detected by another test vector that does not require the clock-control signal to be enabling. Observation-2: Even if only one FF needs to be active for fault detection, all other FFs in the same clock-gated FF group also have to be active since they share the same clock-control signal. This results in redundant transitions especially when clock-gating is coarse-grained.
The basic concept of CTX is summarized in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8 Basic Concept of CTX.
The first observation leads to the Stage-1 (Clock-Disabling)of CTX as shown in Fig. 8.Test relaxation is conducted to turn as many enabling clock-control signals as possible into neutral ones, and then X-filling is conducted to make as many neutral clock-control signals as possible into disabling ones. This way, launch switching activity can be reduced efficiently at the clock-gated FF group level, due to the collective reduction capability of clock gating. The second observation leads to the Stage-2 (Input-Silencing)of CTX as shown in Fig. 8.Test relaxation is conducted to turn as many active transition-FFs as possible into neutral-FFs, and then X-filling is conducted to make as many neutral-FFs as possible into non-transition-FFs. This way, launch switching activity can be further reduced at the individual FF level.
An example of applying the basic idea of CTX has been shown in Fig. 4. In the following, the details of the CTX procedure are presented.
3.3 Circuit Model
Fig. 9 shows the model of a circuit containing m clock-gating blocks, for the purpose of test generation for CTX.
S
Fig. 9 Circuit Model for CTX.
As shown in Fig. 9, a fully-specified test vector v is loaded at the rising edge of the last shift pulse S L. v consists of the PPI part
3.4CTX Procedure
Based on the basic concept of CTX shown in Fig. 8, the CTX procedure can be described as follows:
Procedure of CTX:
Input:0
V= {0i v| i = 1, 2, ..., n} // initial test set Output:2
V= {2i v| i = 1, 2, ..., n} // final test set
Stage-1 (Clock-Disabling):
(1-1) Obtain RS(0i v) = {bits in 0i v that are reachable from at least one enabling clock-control signal under 0i v}
for i = 1, 2, ..., n.
(1-2) Obtain 1T= RS(01v) ∪RS(02v) ... ∪RS(0n v).
(1-3) Conduct constrained test relaxation on V0 to turn as many bits in1T into X-bits as possible, while preserving the fault coverage of V0. Denote the set of
resulting partially-specified test cubes by 1C= {1i c| i
= 1, 2, . . ., n}.
(1-4) Try to justify 0 on each neutral clock-control signal under 1i c by setting appropriate logic values to some
X-bits in 1i c for i = 1, 2, ..., n.
(1-5) Conduct low-LSA X-filling for the remaining X-bits in1i c for i=1,2,...,n.Denote the set of resulting
fully-specified test vectors by1V={1i v|i=1,2,...,n}. Stage-2 (FF-Silencing):
(2-1) Obtain RF(1i v) = {bits in 1i v that correspond to active transition-FFs under 1i v} for i = 1, 2, ..., n. (2-2) Obtain 2T= RF(11v) ∪RF(12v) ... ∪RF(1n v).
(2-3) Conduct constrained test relaxation on V1 to turn as many bits in 2T into X-bits as possible, while preserving (1) fault coverage of V1 and (2) the logic
value of any clock-control signal. Denote the set of
resulting partially-specified test cubes by2
C= {2i c| i = 1, 2, . . ., n}.
(2-4) Conduct low-LSA X-filling for the X-bits in 2i c for i = 1, 2, ..., n. Denote the set of resulting fully-
specified test vectors by 2
V= {2i v| i = 1, 2, ..., n}. 3.5 Constrained Test Relaxation
The key operation in CTX described in 3.4 is constrained test relaxation conducted on a fully-specified test set V to turn as many target bits in T into X-bits as possible, while preserving (1) the fault coverage of V and (2) the logic values of target lines in S. The result is C, a set of partially-specified test cubes. This is illustrated in Fig. 10, where ?indicates a target bit position. Note that, only fault coverage needs to be preserved in the constrained test relaxation of Step (1-3), where S = ? can be assumed.
at
Fig. 10 Basic Concept of Constrained Test Relaxation. Constrained test relaxation is conducted with the following procedure obtained by extending a basic non-constrained test relaxation procedure we previously proposed [12].
Procedure of Constrained Test Relaxation:
Input V: set of fully-specified test vectors
T: set of target bits
S: set of target lines (= ?in(1-3)of CTX)
Output C: set of resulting partially-specified test cubes
S-1: Identify all essential faults of V, each of which can only be detected by one test vector in V, by an efficient
procedure based on two passes of fault simulation.
S-2: Identify all bits in V whose logic values are needed for
(1) detecting all essential faults and (2) preserving
logic values of all target lines in S, in such a manner
that bits in T are avoided as much as possible. Such
bits can be readily found by making use of the justification operation also widely applied in ATPG.
Then, turn the identified bits in V into X-bits, and this
results in an intermediate test cube set, C’.
S-3: Conduct 3-valued fault simulation on C’ for all non-essential faults of V . For all undetected non-essential faults, identify the X -bits whose logic values in V are needed for detecting them, in such a manner that bits in T are avoided as much as possible. Then, restore the identified X -bits with their original logic values in V . This results in the final test cube set, C .
The time complexity of the constrained test relaxation procedure is O(M ×N ), where M and N as the number of faults and the number of test vectors, respectively.
4. Experimental Results
The CTX test generation scheme was implemented in C for evaluation experiments. Since there are no available benchmark circuits with gated clocks, we created two test circuits, TC-1 and TC-2, by synthesizing the open-source microprocessor design picoJava [16]. Note that one clock-gating block corresponds to one clock-gated FF group.
Table 1 Evaluation Circuits
TC-1Gate Clock-# of Gating Gating
207.8K 5,532
79.4%3,441 1.6FF’TC-2
# of
s % of Gated FF’s Clock-Gated FF’s # of
Clock Blocks Ave.# FF’s /Clock Block 191.5K 2,176
31.1%
65
33.5
Circuit # of s
6,9926,992
Evaluation experiments were conducted on TC-1 and TC-2, and the results are summarized in Table 2.
Transition LOC delay test vectors were generated by TetraMAX TM . Test vector count and fault coverage are shown under “# of Vec.” and “Fault Cov. (%)”, respectively. Three experiments were conducted using (1) XID with Preferred-Fill [13], (2) XID with JP-Fill [15], and (3) the proposed CTX scheme, where XID is a test relaxation system developed based on [12] without using gated clocks. Reduction ratio of launch switching activity w.r.t. the original test set, measured by the WSA metric [13], are shown under “XID+Preferred ”, “XID+JP ”, and “CTX ”, respectively.
Table 2 Experimental Results
TC-1
# of Fault 402515.9Launch Switching Activity 84.723.915.2TC-2
Circuit Vec.Cov.(%)3575
17.2
Reduction Ratio of 87.8
XID + JP
CTX 17.4
15.6
XID + Preferred
Table 2 shows that the CTX scheme is more effective than the previous schemes based on conventional test relaxation [12] and X -filling [13, 15]. It also shows that CTX is especially effective for low-power devices, in which the clock-gating mechanism is massively used. C. Discussions
(1) CTX is non-intrusive in reducing yield loss risk for at-speed scan testing, in that CTX causes no test data inflation, no fault coverage loss, no circuit/clocking modification, and no circuit performance degradation. This makes CTX a preferred part of any power-safe test generation flow.
(2) CTX is applicable to test compaction and test compression where the number of X -bits in a test cube are limited. CTX makes up for such X -bit shortage by making full use of clock-gating, in a sophisticated manner that the original test vector count does not change.
5. Conclusions
This paper proposed a novel two-stage scheme, namely CTX (C lock-Gating-Based T est Relaxation and X -Filling ), for effectively reducing launch switching activity that may cause yield loss in at-speed scan testing. The basic idea is to use clock-gating to disable as many as possible FFs that do not contribute to fault detection. CTX is the first of its kind that makes full use of clock-gating in test relaxation and X -filling. CTX reduces yield loss risk without any impact on test size, fault coverage, ATPG, circuit or clock design, and functional performance. Furthermore, CTX is applicable to any test compression schemes where X -bits are limited.
Future work includes: (1) conducting more evaluation experiments on more industrial circuits with gated clocks, (2) evaluating CTX in a test compression flow, and (3) conducting IR-drop and timing analysis to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the CTX scheme.
References
[1]
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数学文化作业答案(全正确答案) 1数学的研究对象是()a，物质b，物质运动c，自然d，以上不是两个学科。只有成功地应用()我们才能成熟数学 3 学习的主题不是物质或物质运动的科学。数学素养对文科学生来说并不重要。正确答案是:× 5。一般来说，数学素养意味着理性思考、仔细思考、验证、简洁、清晰和准确的表达正确答案:√ 6 一个不识字的人可以活，但不会数数的人也可以活正确答案:×7数学文化中的文化指狭隘的文化正确答案:×8 我国第一次提出数学文化是哪一年？数学文化一词最早出现在:1990年0 10年数学文化这门课程被评为XXXX 国家精品课程正确答案:“数学文化”中的× 11文化是指广义的文化正确答案:ì 12以下不是数学文化课。学生获得的是:b，提高数学能力13 以下不是数学文化的侠义意义: A，数学思想b，数学精神c，数学方法d，数学教育 14 数学是一门与其他自然学科处于同一水平的科学正确答案:×15 不同的自然科学可以用于数学研究正确答案:√ 16数学文化中的文化定义更倾向于广义解释。()正确答案:× 17数学文化的研究对象是人正确答案:√ 18“大学生素质与文化教育”一词是什么时候提出来的d，是什么时候第一次建立32 个“大学生素质与文化教育国家基地”c2 0 世纪90 年代，1 XXXX 1999 年的数学素养不包括() A，从数学的角度看问题b，控制问题的因素c，以及理性思维d。
解 决问题的逻辑能力 2 数学素养不是与生俱来的，而是在学习和实践中培养出来的正确答案:√ 3数学训练可以提高一个人的 A，推理能力b，抽象能力c，分析和创造能力d，所有这些都是正确的4企业招聘员工的问题和数学推理往往与正确答案有关:√ 5以下哪一项不是通过学习数学文化获得的？ A、理解思想b、激发兴趣c、学习方法d、解决问题方法6 一个人的数学素养水平决定了一个人工作的有效性。正确答案:√ 7数学不仅是一些知识，还是一种素质(素养)正确答案√ 8 该专业的“数学素养”是什么？()b，2: 9以下不是数学文化课的指导思想:c，数学能力10能用数学方法解决现实生活中的问题正确答案√ 11数学文化是一门以简单的数学知识为载体，讲述数学思想、精神、方法和观点的课程正确答案:ì 12目前，社会不重视数学素养正确答案:× 13数学素养是指排除数学知识后剩下的东西正确答案√ 14数学专业不含()C，热力学统计 15数学语言特征不含A，清晰B，严谨C，规范D，杂16数学重要性体现在几个层面C，317数学文化课教学方法不含 A，启发式教学B，讨论式教学C，研究式教学D，实验式教学18 数学不仅是一种重要的工具，也是一种思维方式正确答案:√1 9 数学
2006年高考历史试卷（江苏卷） 一、选择题：本大题共23小题，每小题3分，共计69分。在每小题列出的四个选项中，只 有一项是符合题目要求的。 1．下列历史事件发生在右边示意图中阴影部分的是 A．盘庚迁殷 B．牧野之战 C．吴越争霸 D．葵丘会盟 2．下列历史事件发生在东汉时期的是 A．张骞出使西域B．倭奴国奉贡朝贺： C．昭君远嫁呼韩邪单于D．卫青、霍去病大败匈奴 3．下列不属于魏晋南北朝时期江南手工业发展表现的是 A．吴、蜀的丝织业闻名全国B．建业、扬州是有名的造纸中心 C．能造使用推进器的战舰D．青瓷制作技术日臻成熟 4．下列有关我国古代四大发明的表述，正确的是 A．西汉时期蔡伦改进了造纸术B．隋唐时期已经有了活字印刷的书籍 C．唐朝时发明了管形火器“突火枪”。D．宋代在航海交通上已普遍使用指南针5．明朝的科举取士制度发生了某些变化。主要表现为 A．开始采用分科考试的方式选拔官员 B．科举试卷仅从信家的四书、五经中命题 C．首创了武举和殿试 D．在考试方法上开始旁行糊名法 6．近代中国一些进步思想家主张进行政治制度的改革。第一次提出。设投票箱，由公众选举官吏”的思想家及其论著是 A．魏源的《海国图志》B．洪仁歼的《资豉新篇》 C．梁启超的《变法通议》 D．孙中山的《民报·发刊词》 7．戊戌变法期间，一位西方外交官来到中国。此时。他能够 ①到北京拜访中国外务部 ②在上海看到外国商人租赁土地开设工厂 ③在南京去外国传教士建立的教堂祈祷 ④在北京至山海关铁路沿线要地发现有外国军队驻守 A．①②③B．⑦③C．⑦③④D．③④ 8．19世纪末中国民族资本主义有了初步发展．其原因之一是 A．一清政府放宽了对民间设厂的限制 B．中华实业团等各种发展实业的团体纷纷涌现 C．抵制日货、提倡国货运动的推动 D．欧洲列强暂时放松了对中国的经济侵略 9．下列民国初期的重要历史事件。按时同腰序捧列正确的是 ①护国运动⑦“二次革命”③袁世凯称帝④宋教仁遇制 A．①②③④B．④②③①C．③①④②D．②④①③ 10．在新文化运动中，首先提出“民主”与“科学”口号的是
2020年1月广东省高等教育自学考试民间文学概论试题 (课程代码11342) 一、单项选择题:本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。 1.女娲神话中，女娲是用造人。 A.泥土 B.树木 C.空气 D.血液 2.传说中千里寻夫、哭倒长城的人物是 A.蔡文姬 B.王昭君 C.李香君 D.孟姜女 3.《灰姑娘》的故事属于 A.幻想故事 B.生活故事 C.民间笑话 D.民间寓言 4.《格萨尔》是一部 A.史诗 B.神话 C.传说 D.民间长诗 5.“举秀オ，不知书；举孝廉，父别居；寒素清白浊如泥，高第良将怯如鸡”是 A.民间传说 B.民间故事 C.民间歌谣 D.谚语 6.“家有一老，如有一宝”是 A.成语 B.格言 C.俗语 D.谚语 7.艺人说书的提纲，通过口传心授得来的是 A.柁子 B.扣子 C.梁子 D.悬念 8.明代中后期是中国民间歌谣搜集整理的一个小高峰，其中以的成就最为突出。 A.刘邦 B.唐太宗 C.无名氏 D.冯梦龙 9.著名的《刘三姐》的歌词大多是人民以汉语创编的。 A.藏族 B.苗族 C.壮族 D.族 10.1950年3月，由任理事长，老舍和钟敬文任副理事长的中国民间文艺研究会在北京成立 A.郭沫若 B.茅盾 C.叶圣陶 D.周扬 二、多项选择题:本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分。在每小题列出的备选项中至少有两项是符合题目要求的，请将其选出，错选、多选或少选均无分。 11.一个民族集体创造和传承的口头文学，主要体裁有等。 A.神话 B.民间史诗 C.俗语 D.歇后语 E.民间说唱 12.从散文体作品看，故事结构完整，有头有尾，按顺序展开，模式化、类型化结构十分普遍，通常有 等结构形式 A.对称式 B.三叠式 C.连锁式 D.四季歌 E.五更调 13.被誉为我国古代民间叙事长诗的“双子星座”是 A.《氓》 B.《陌上桑》 C.《孔雀东南飞》 D.《木兰诗》 E.《西洲曲》 14.汉族作为中国华族的主要凝聚核心，它在历史上广泛流传的一些经典民间文学作品，如四大传说，在许多少数民族地区也流传甚广。 2020年1月民间文学概论试题和答案第 1 页共 4 页
雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑 5 口语 Test4 Part3-Purpose of festivals and celebrations；需要本教程其他单元口语范文的考生请点击：剑 5 口语Test3 Part1-Entertainment；剑5 口语 Test3 Part2-Describe one of your friends；剑5 口语 Test3 Part3范文-Qualities of Friends。 PART 3: Purpose of festivals and celebrations Q: Why do you think festivals are important events in the working year? Answer: Yeah. It’s very important for two reasons. For the country, it’s a time to remember our cultural origin and our historical past. The whole country celebrates our root and it’s very inspiring. We become so proud of our past. I guess that’s why festivals are important. For the individual, festivals give us a chance for relaxation as we often have a few days off. It’s a time of fun, meeting friends, entertainment. So after that we feel like a new man. In a sense, holidays restore our balance between work and leisure. That’s also why we need festivals for China. Q: Would you agree that the original significance of festival is often lost today? 构思: 节日的初衷: 庆祝传统, 承上启下, 结束也是开始 现在的节日: 人们繁忙, 感觉不到开始和结束的意义, 过完节,马上就再次投入到工作中, 有些单位甚至连节假日都加班. 人们也不在那么感动传统,倒是好好的利用节日放松了一下,
英语语法知识汇总-五年级 英语语法知识汇总 一、词类： 1、名词 这里强调两点：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is 名词复数如何加后缀：
2、人称代词和物主代词 人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。 3、指示代词
4、冠词 有a、an、the。a和an的区别：an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。 二、否定句： be动词（am、is、are）+not、 情态动词can+ not、 助动词（do、does）+ not 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 （2）确定助动词用do、does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用d o，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does， （3）在助动词后加not。 （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。
强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 三、一般疑问句。 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首即可。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首即可。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 I do like you. （2）确定助动词用do还是does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does He does like you. （3）把助动词后提到句首。 Does he like you? （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。 强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 四、特殊疑问句。 表示疑问，有疑问词（在开头），回答有很多种可能。
2019年安全知识竞赛题库（正确答案已标出） 本题库主要包括消防安全66题，用电安全20题，安全法律法规15题，反恐安全4题，共计105题；试题类型为单选题。 一、消防安全知识 1.发现火灾要及时报警，报警早、损失小。我国的火灾报警电话是（） A.119(正确答案) B.122 C.120 D.911 2.发生火灾后，如何正确报火警（） A.讲清着火单位、详细地址、着火物质及火势大小 B.讲清着火单位、详细地址、着火物质及火势大小，是否有人被困，留下报警 人姓名及联系方式(正确答案) C.告知着火方位后迅速挂断电话，返回火场 3.谎报火警是违法行为。谎报火警的，最高可以处（）日拘留 A.3 B.5 C.8 D.10(正确答案) 4.发现火灾隐患和消防安全违法行为，可以拨打火灾隐患举报电
话（），向当地消防部门进 行举报 A.96119(正确答案) B.12580 C.12315 D.10086 5.个人损坏、挪用或擅自拆除、停用消防设施、器材，埋压、圈占、遮挡消火栓的，处（） 处罚 A.警告或五百元以下罚款(正确答案) B.十日以下行政拘留 C.劳动教养 6.遇到消防车执行灭火或抢险救援任务时，社会车辆及行人应当（） A.靠边让行(正确答案) B.穿插其中 C.超越消防车 7.抽烟时应该注意（） A.不躺在床上或沙发上吸烟，不乱扔烟头(正确答案) B.只要在床头或茶几上摆上烟灰缸，可以躺在床上或沙发上吸烟 C.烟头已经不冒烟了，可以把烟头扔在纸篓里
8.烟头中心温度可达（），它超过了棉、麻、毛织物、纸张、家具等可燃物的燃点。若乱扔 烟头接触到这些可燃物，容易引发火灾。 A.100-200℃ B.200-300℃ C.700-800℃(正确答案) D.900-1000℃ 9.室内装修装饰不宜采用以下哪类材料（） A.聚氨酯泡沫(正确答案) B.石膏板 C.复合木地板 10.用灭火器灭火时，灭火器的喷射口应该对准火焰的（） A.上部 B.中部 C.根部(正确答案) 11.用灭火器进行灭火的最佳位置是（） A.下风位置 B.离起火点10米以上的位置 C.距离起火点3-5米的上风或侧风位置(正确答案) 12.电熨斗是家庭生活中常用的家用电器。以下哪一项做法是错误的（） A.电熨斗不能与其它家用电器合用一个插座，也不要与其它大功
2017-2018学年度第一学期期末教学质量检查九年级历史试卷2018.1) （分。50全卷考试时间为分钟，满分100说明：1. 本次考试分试卷和答题卡两个部分，考生只须在答题卡上作答。 2.) 分。3分，共75一、单项选择题(本题共25小题，每小题他生活在巨人辈出的时代，他的祖国曾宣称：我们宁愿失去一百个印度，也不愿缺少一个他。他1. 的代表作《罗密欧与朱丽叶》被称为西方的“梁山伯与祝英台”。他的代表作品是A.《蒙娜丽莎》 B.《俄底浦斯王》 C.《哈姆雷特》 D.《天方夜谭》 2. “它扩展了人类活动的范围，海洋在人类文明中的地位迅速上升，世界的人种地理分布、宗教与文化格局开始发生重大变化。”造成这种重大影响的历史事件是 A．亚历山大东征B．郑和下西洋C．丝绸之路开通D．新航路的开辟 3.“这是一个前所未有的变化，君权从‘神授'变成了‘民授'，它根本性地改变了在英国已经存在了千年之久的王权性质。”下列对这一“变化”产生关键影响的法律文献是 A.《权利法案》 B.《独立宣言》 C.《人权宣言》 D.《解放黑人奴隶宣言》 4.“他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵，来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当……他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。”这句话节选自美国的《独立宣言》，这里的“一个文明国家”指的是A．英国B．法国C．意大利D．西班牙 5.《大国崛起?美国》中的一段解说词：“在美国首都华盛顿，林肯纪念堂和华盛顿纪念碑遥遥相望。有人说，是华盛顿创立了美国，是林肯拯救了美国。”他们分别领导了美国的 A．独立战争、南北战争B．独立战争、第一次世界大战 C．南北战争、第二次世界大战D．第一次世界大战、第二次世界大战 6.英国资产阶级革命、美国独立战争、法国大革命的共同点是 A.处死了国王 B.推翻了封建专制制度 C.打败了外国的武装干涉 D.促进了本国资本主义的发展 7.拿破仑是法国历史上著名的资产阶级政治家。他为巩固资产阶级统治作出的贡献有 ①颁布《民法典》②领导法国赢得独立 ③打击欧洲封建势力④建立法兰西第一共和国 A．①②B．③④C．①③D．①④ 8.英国到处都建立起大工厂。庞大的厂房，发出隆隆的轰鸣，打破了原来中世纪田园生活的恬静，历史已经跨入了一个新的时代”。这里“新的时代”是指 A．蒸汽时代B．文艺复兴时代C．殖民时代D．火车时代 9. 1963年美国黑人运动的领袖马丁·路德·金在演讲中说到：“一百年前，一位伟大的美国人签署了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。”“……就像一束巨大灯塔所放射出来的希望之光，就像结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅的黎明。”马丁·路德·金所说的这位伟大的美国人是 A．华盛顿B．拿破仑C．林肯D．亚历山大二世10.“社会主义由空想到科学，由理论到实践，由理想到现实”是一位学者对国际共产主义运动在20世纪20年代前发展特点的概括。下列能体现“由空想到科学”尝试的史实是 A．欧洲工人运动的兴起B．《共产党宣言》的发表C．巴黎公社的建立D．十月革命的胜利九年级历史第1 页（共5 页）
《民间文学概论》试题及答案 一、单选题 1、关于杨家将与契丹人作战的传说可归为( C ) A、农民起义传说 B、起义英雄传说 C、反抗外来侵略传说 D、革命历史事件传说 2、1846年,发明了“Folklore(民俗)”一词的英国考古学家名叫 ( B )、 A、阿兰?邓迪斯 B、威廉?汤姆斯 C、马林诺夫斯基 D、斯密斯?汤普森 3、据目前掌握的资料,世界上篇幅最长的史诗是藏族的《格萨尔》, 它长( B ) A、10多万行 B、50万行以上 C、20余万行 D、30万行以上 4、鬼故事属于( D ) A、魔法故事 B、变形故事 C、动物故事 D、生活故事 5、河北农村流传的表述农民传统婚姻观念的谚语"休前妻,毁稚 苗,后悔到老",在内容的类型上可归为( B )、 A、认识自然和总结生产经验的谚语 B、认识社会和总结社会活动经验的谚语 C、总结一般生活经验的谚语 D、其它 6、民间文学在民俗学的学科体系中属于( D )、 A、精神民俗
B、社会民俗 C、物质民俗 D、语言民俗 7、段成式《酉阳杂俎》是一个笔记体作品集,记录了大量民间故 事、该书出现于( A )、 A、唐代 B、先秦时期 C、魏晋时期 D、明代 8、有一种评书讲述绿林英雄行侠仗义,除暴安良,比武打擂,拜山攻寨等内容的故事,或讲述清官秉公破案,惩恶扬善的故事,这种评书 的种类名称为( D )、 A、世情书 B、袍打书 C、神魔书 D、短打书 9、歇后语的目的语在字面上是呼应引语部分的意思的,实际上却 另有所指,从而以双关的形式构成( C )、 A、岔断型幽默 B、情感释放型幽默 C、干涉型幽默 D、含蓄型幽默 10、鬼故事属于( D )、 A、魔法故事 B、变形故事 C、动物故事 D、生活故事 11、许多地方在结婚仪式上都念诵撒帐歌,如"一把栗子一把枣, 小的跟着大的跑"等,这种歌谣属于( D )、 A、法术歌 B、情歌 C、节令歌 D、礼俗歌
1.《春秋》是根据（）历史改编的。鲁国 2.下列说法错误的是：孔子把商朝最重要的典籍做了整理 3.孔子用（）区分君子与小人。道德 4.《论语》是四书之一，是记录孔子及弟子言行的书。√ 5.孔子打破了“学在官府”传统，导致只有贵族可以读书× 6.孔子最提倡以（）来区分君子与小人。道德 7.信奉鬼神较少的典籍是论语 8.孟子从不以财产和地位区分君子与小人。× 9.《论语》中，“君子”一词出现107次，“小人”一词出现107次。× 10.孙中山革命提出的口号“大同社会”是由儒家思想提升出来的。√ 11.在儒家典籍里（）的关系处于核心地位。人与人 12.要想成为君子，下列做法错误的是：自弃 13.怎么才能成为一个君子？下面不包括哪些？要吃亏 14.论语中有句“父母唯其疾之忧”是对（）的解释。孝 15.儒家思想认为君子的道德底线是“仁”。√ 16.孔子说“四十不惑，五十而知天命”说的是人到了一定年纪听天由命，不用学习的意思。× 17.“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”是对（）的描述。仁 18.“德不孤必有邻”是谁说的? 孔子 19.“居处恭，执事敬，与人忠”解释错误的是：做事不用认真 20.墨家的爱是无差别的，而儒家的爱是有差别分先后顺序的。√ 21.孔子认为所有人认为是好人的人就是好人。× 22.下列说法错误的是： A、史可以通古今之理
B、史在一定程度上具有“经”的作用 C、史的作用在汉朝形成共识 D、在古代《春秋》只是鲁国才有的我的答案：D 23.下列说法错误的是： A、鲁国曾是周公伯禽的封地 B、现在的《春秋》是记录西周和东周的历史 C、孔子编订了《春秋》 D、《春秋》在春秋时期各国都有的一本书我的答案：B 24.下列说法错误的是（）。 A、史官在古代是很多官员的统称 B、老子是出身于史官 C、“天人”不是史官的组成系统 D、古代的“卜官”也属于史官我的答案：C 25．《春秋》记录了春秋时期12个国君，242年的历史大事纲要。√ 26.在周朝，卜官和巫官地位上升，而主管作用下降。× 27.《春秋》是中国现存的最早的一部编年体史书。√ 28.下列说法错误的是（）。 A、《左传》又称《春秋左氏传》 B、《春秋》的字数比《左传》多 C、《左传》最大的影响是“行人辞令” D、《左传》是研究历史得失，总结教训的我的答案：B 29.现在说的春秋三传不包括：《夹氏传》 30.对《公羊传》和《谷梁传》说法不正确的是：没有谈义例 31.《公羊传》和《谷梁传》在汉代起到非常重要的作用√
1、资本—帝国主义的入侵，给中国带来了什么？ 坏处：给中华民族带来主要的是发展进步的障碍： 1、发动一系列侵略战争，屠杀中国人民，侵占中国领土，划分势力范围，了索赔款，抢掠 财富，使中国的经济和社会发展受到了严重的阻碍。 2、控制中国的内政、外交，镇压中国人民反抗，使中国在政治上不再拥有完整的主权。 3、通过不平等条约的特权，控制中国的通商口岸，剥夺中国的关税自主权，实行商品倾销 和资本输出，操纵中国的经济命脉，使中国在经济上形成了对它们的依附而丧失了自己的独立性，中国被纳入资本主义的世界经济体系，成了西方大国的经济附庸。 4、在传教的名义下，对中国进行文化渗透，为侵略中国制造舆论，宣扬殖民主义奴化思想， 麻醉中国人民的精神，摧毁中国人的民族自尊心和自信心。 好处：客观上也给中国资本主义的发展创造了一定的条件，在一定程度上促进了中国资本资本主义的发展。 1、新思想到来。（启蒙思想、资本主义民主思想、西方政法思想、马克思主义思想等等） 2、民族觉醒与民族爱国主义（国家重新回到以汉族为主体的中华民族的格局，共同为民族解放努力） 3、新的科学技术 2、简述遵义会议的主要内容和历史意义。 【主要内容】 1、会议集中全力纠正了博古等人在军事上和组织上的…左?倾错误； 2、肯定了毛泽东的正确军事主张；选举毛泽东为中央政治局常委； 3、取消博古、李德的军事最高指挥权。 【历史意义】 1、结束了王明…左?倾错误在中央的统治； 2、在事实上确立了以毛泽东为核心的新的党中央的正确领导； 3、这是中国共产党第一次独立自主地运用马克思主义原理解决自己的路线、方针和政策问题，妥善处理了党内长期存在的分歧和矛盾，是中国共产党由幼稚走向成熟的标志； 4、这次会议在极危险的情况下，挽救了党，挽救了红军，挽救了革命，成为党的历史上一个生死攸关的转折点。 3、为什么说中国人民抗日战争是弱国战胜强国的范例？（跟第10题一样） 4、简述洋务运动的主要内容及其作用。 内容： ①以“自强”为口号创办军事工业；②以“求富”为口号，创办民用工业；③创办近代海军； ④创力新式学校，选送留学生。 作用： 积极：1、虽然没有使中国走向富强的道路，但在客观上刺激了中国资本主义的发展，对外国经济势力的扩张，起到了一定的抵制作用；2、开始了中国近代化的历程。 消极：1、有清朝官府举办，为维护反动统治服务； 2、经营管理腐败
剑桥雅思口语真题解析 Part 1: 1.1姓名 1. What’s your full name? 2. Can I have your name, please? 3. Are there any special meanings of your name? 4. Do you like your name? Why? 5. Do Chinese people like changing their names? 6. What kind of people in China like changing their names? 7. Is there any rule for Chinese people giving names to their children? 1.2故乡 My hometown is Guangzhou. It is the capital of Guangdong province in the southwest of China. It is a large industrial city. It is close to Hong Kong so a lot of the industries involve trade and retail. It is also a finance area. The people in Guangzhou are very genial and helpful, also are very easy to get around. If you lose your way and ask someone, he will give you the direction immediately, he can also give you a hand if you are in trouble. By the year 2011, it is believed that my hometown Guangzhou has become the economic center of China. 2. Where is it located? 3. How about the climate in your hometown? Which season do you like? In my hometown Guangzhou, the four seasons are not evident, which only has spring and summer. It is too hot in the summer and it is also humid in the winter. I like summer better, for we will go swimming and start our outdoor activities in the summer, it gives us pretty environment, which full of various kinds of colors. Another reason is that it is suitable for traveling around. 4. How about the people in your hometown? The people in my hometown Guangzhou are very genial and helpful, also are very easy to get around. People will always give you a hand with things. If you lose your way and ask someone, he will give you the direction immediately, he can also give you a hand if you are in trouble. 5. What do most people do in your hometown? 6. Oh yes. Even though Guangzhou is very modern, it has some interesting temples and streets. There is one called the Temple of Six Banyan Trees and it was built about 1500 years ago. There is also a famous cultural and commercial street in Guangzhou called Beijing Road. In this street, you can not only see a historic exhibition about different years roadbed, which has more than thousand histories, but also has many business shops sale almost all kinds of things. Besides, you can taste traditional snacks and refreshments or experience temples with /unusual special architectural style nearby. Anyway, it is an interesting place so worth to visit! 7. How about the style of the building in your hometown? 8. What is one of the greatest changes having taken place over the years? 9. What problems still exist in your hometown? 10. How to improve the situation in your hometown? 11. Where is Chinese population mainly distributed? 12. What changes have occurred in people’s dwelling? 1.3学习 1. Are you an employee or a student? (Are you working or studying?) 2. What is your major?
初中英语语法基础知识汇总(1) 英语语法基础知识词类-名词Noun 名词（Noun．-n．） 第一部分：名词基础知识 定义：人、地、物、事或观念等名称叫做名词。 人：Edison（爱迪生），Helen（海伦），Mr．Wang（王先生） 地：Asia（亚洲），China（中国），New York（纽约） 物：book（书），dog（狗），tree（树），water（水） 事或观念：work（工作），music（音乐），truth（真理） 注： 1．如人名、地名、国名等属于该名称持有者专用的名称，其第一字母必须大写，如E dison，New York，China。 2．名词亦有可数和不可数之分，如果是可数的就有单数和复数的区别。所谓复数就是多于一个的意思，通常是在单数名词的词尾加“-s，es，ies，…”以示其为复数。例如： a book（一本书）two books（两本书） one boy（一个男孩）some boys（一些男孩） one girl（一个女孩）many girls（许多女孩） 名词在句子中的主要功能如下： （1）作句子的主语，例： Miss Lin is our English teacher． （林小姐是我们的英语老师。） （2）作句子的主语补语或宾语补语，例： John and Tom are good friends． （约翰和汤姆是好朋友。—主语补语） I call my puppy “Luck”． （我叫我的小狗“来福”。—宾语补语）
（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿
3.xx用（）区分君子与小人。xx 4.《论语》是四书之一，是记录孔子及弟子言行的书。√ 5.孔子打破了“学在官府”传统，导致只有贵族可以读书× 6.孔子最提倡以（）来区分君子与小人。道德 7.信奉鬼神较少的典籍是论语 8.孟子从不以财产和地位区分君子与小人。× 9.《论语》中，“君子”一词出现107次，“小人”一词出现107次。× 10.孙中山革命提出的口号“大同社会”是由儒家思想提升出来的。√ 11.在儒家典籍里（）的关系处于核心地位。人与人 12.要想成为君子，下列做法错误的是： 自弃 13.怎么才能成为一个君子？下面不包括哪些？要吃亏 14.论语中有句“父母唯其疾之忧”是对（）的解释。孝 15.儒家思想认为君子的道德底线是“仁”。√ 16.孔子说“四十不惑，五十而知天命”说的是人到了一定年纪听天由命，不用学习的意思。× 17.“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”是对（）的描述。仁 18.“德不孤必有邻”是谁说的?xx 19.“居处恭，执事敬，与人忠”解释错误的是： 做事不用认真 20.墨家的爱是无差别的，而儒家的爱是有差别分先后顺序的。√
21.孔子认为所有人认为是好人的人就是好人。× 22.下列说法错误的是： A、xx可以通古今之理 D、在古代《春秋》只是xx才有的我的 答案：D 23.下列说法错误的是： A、xx曾是xx禽的封地 B、现在的《春秋》是记录西周和东周的历史 C、xx编订了《春秋》 D、《春秋》在春秋时期各国都有的一本书我的 答案：B 24.下列说法错误的是（）。 A、xx在古代是很多官员的统称 B、老子是出身于xx C、“天人”不是xx的组成系统 D、古代的“xx”也属于xx我的 答案：C 25．《春秋》记录了春秋时期12个国君，242年的历史大事纲要。√ 26.在周朝，卜官和巫官地位上升，而主管作用下降。× 27.《春秋》是中国现存的最早的一部编年体史书。√ 28.下列说法错误的是（）。
2013年春学期九年级学情调研抽考 历史试题 一、单项选择（请将正确答案填涂在答题卡上，每小题1分，共25分） 1．海外华人常自豪地称自己为“炎黄子孙”是因为 A．华人是黄皮肤的黄种人 B．从中国大陆出去的华人 C．中华民族的主干部分是炎黄两部结成的部落联盟发展而来 D．炎帝黄帝战胜了蚩尤 2．战国时期商鞅变法的措施中，从根本上确立封建制度的是 A．承认土地私有，允许自由买卖B．严刑峻法 C．奖励耕战，废除奴隶主贵族特权D．推行县制 3．某校历史兴趣小组在探究“古代中国的经济发展”课题时，得出以下部分结论。 你认为其中不正确的是 A．汉朝丝绸之路的开辟推动了中外贸易的发展 B．魏晋南北朝时期我国的经济重心已完成南移 C．隋朝大运河的开通大大促进了南北经济交流 D．清朝实行闭关锁国政策阻碍了对外贸易发展 4．明初，国子监祭酒宋讷有一天上朝，朱元璋问他为何昨晚不悦，宋讷大惊。朱元璋拿出一幅画，正是宋讷昨晚生气表情的画像。这件事反映的实质是 A．君权的强化B．君臣关系亲善 C．君臣关系紧张D．大臣昼夜忙于政务 5．科举制在封建社会延续了一千多年，对我国历史有着深远的影响。下列对唐朝科举制度的表述正确的是①在隋朝的基础上得到很大的发展②答卷的文体必须分为八个部分③进士科、明经科是重要的考试科目④解答内容须遵循《四书集注》的观点，不能有自己的见解 A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④6．“国家统一，民族融合”是中国历史发展的主流，有关这一主题的史实表述不正确的是 A．北魏孝文帝改革加快了北方民族大融合的进程 B．唐朝时，唐太宗将文成公主嫁给吐蕃首领松赞干布 C．元朝时，形成一个新的民族──“回族” D．清朝时，设乌里雅苏台将军加强了对新疆地区的管辖 7．都江堰、秦长城、大运河、赵州桥、明长城、北京故宫都是 A．杰出的水利工程B．木结构和石结构的杰出建筑C．保卫边防的防御工程D．中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶8．近年在汉堡发现了一本1691年出版的《论语》英译本，该书的前言说：“这位哲学家的道德是无限辉煌的。”请问这位哲学家思想的核心是 A．“仁”B．“无为而治”C．“兼爱”“非攻”D．“法治”9．假如你穿越时空来到宋代，下列情景不可能遇到的是 A．元旦到来时，放烟花、鞭炮 B．工匠使用泥活字印刷书籍 C．说书人在娱乐场所“瓦肆”讲小说《水浒传》 D．人们传诵李清照的词作《如梦令》 10．中国古代文化、科技光彩熠熠，下列人物与称号对应正确的是A．张仲景——诗圣B．王羲之——医圣 C．吴道子——画圣D．杜甫——书圣 11．“她虽然没有形成一个统一的国家……但她在文学、史学、科学、哲学、艺术诸方面都独领风骚，而且还开启了西方民主政治的先河。”“她”是指 A．古代中国B．古代希腊C．古代埃及D．古代印度12．悠悠驼铃，漫漫古道，在古代东西方文明交往中充当了和平使者的是A．亚历山大B．玄奘C．鉴真D．马可·波罗13．公元纪年是现在通行的纪年方式，它的产生与一种宗教有关，这种宗教是A．基督教B．道教C．伊斯兰教D．佛教 14．拿破仑在逝世前说了一段话：“我是一位新普罗米修斯……我曾从天上窃了火种，作为一份礼物，奉献给法兰西。”拿破仑奉献给法兰西的“火种”是 A．赫赫战功B．《拿破仑法典》 C．加冕称帝D．建立法兰西共和国 九年级历史第1 页共4 页
1、什么是民间文学？如何理解民间文学之“民间”。 “民间文学”概念：民间文学是广大民众集体创作、口头流传的一种语言艺术。它运用口语的形式传述故事，展示生活，塑造形象，抒发情感。它是广大民众日常生活的组成部分之一，是他们认识社会、寄托理想、表达情感意愿的重要方式和渠道。 第二问没找到明确的答案，综合各种东西自我感觉可以从以下几点入手回答： “民间”包含二义：一是生活于底层社会空间的“民众”，二是“民众的生活领域及精神世界”。民间不是由文人建构的虚拟空间，而是以个永远存在的社会实体。（1）民间文学的创作者是“人民大众”。（2）在内容上是更直接地反映人民大众的生活、理想和愿望。民间文学是人民大众自我娱乐、自我教育的产物。（3）民间文学的艺术形式的人民大众所喜闻乐见的，如：神话、民间传说、民间故事、民间歌谣等。它的艺术风格简朴明朗、刚健清新，表现手法多为情节章句的重迭、复沓，语句的夸张，固有体例和套话的运用，贴近生活的赋、比、兴等。（4）在人民群众中广为流传。如各种传说等。 2、试分析作家文学与民间文学的关系。 关于两者之间的关系有多种说法，较为稳妥的说法是民间文学与作家文学并存论。（1）民间文学的题材和思想内容对作家文学的影响 ①《九歌》——受民间祭歌影响；《天问》《山海经》——受神话传说影响。 ②受乐府民歌影响：曹氏父子和建安七子——《蒿里行》、《七哀诗》、《饮马长城窟行》——汉末政治动乱、战祸的残酷、人世的凄凉。 ③、运用神话传说作为题材：李白《东海有勇妇》——民众不屈的反抗精神 ④、杜甫“三吏”、“三别”——受民歌影响——深刻的人民性，反映广泛的社会生活。（2）民间文学在艺术形式上对作家文学的影响 历代作家在体裁、形制格式、修辞手段和艺术风格等方面向民间文学学习。 ①、古代许多文学的体裁（特别是韵文）大都来源于民间文学。 韵文——原始歌谣；散文的小说、笔记——神话、传说和民间故事；戏剧——原始歌舞；诗歌、词、曲——来自民间，与当时流行的世俗音乐相抵持，于民间广为流传。[笔记小说《笑林》——记录民间笑话；魏晋六朝志怪小说——记录、加工当时的民间故事和传说] ②、民间文学在艺术形式方面对作家文学的影响 在形制格式、修辞手段、艺术风格，民间文学为文人文学提供了丰富的资料和借鉴经验。汉唐诗人广取民歌的艺术手法——“文质半取，风骚两挟” 运用民歌固有的形式——唐·刘禹锡《竹枝词》——土家族民歌 运用民歌比兴手法——《诗经》《楚辞》 李白《静夜思》首句——有南朝子夜歌《秋歌》影响痕迹 古诗文中的“典故”——从民间文学中来——“愚公移山”“精卫填海” 总之，民间文学是作家文学的源泉。作家的智慧灵感蕴藏于民众生活和民间创作中，民众把创造的语言和优美的诗思赋予作家。口头文学体裁为作家提供了多样的创作形式，民间文学的内容为作家文学提供丰富的题材。（民间口头文学与作家书面文学始终保持着多方位的双向交流关系[“交融互渗”]。） 以上是老师的总结，但是偶认为还应该加上作家文学对民间文学的影响，如下：从历史上看，文人作家对民间文学的影响表现在积极和消极的两个方面。（一）、作家文学对民间文学的积极影响 （1）．历代文人作家对民间文学的辑录和保存上有很大的功绩历代文人作家用文字把民间文学作品记录和保存下来，一方面保持了作品的基本风貌，为后人进行研究提供了可靠