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题型：1、单词（30%）英译中6 中译英9
2、课本句子（30%）
句子6 段落7 摘要4
3、课外（40%）
一、单词:
1、根轨迹P85 the root locus
2、方块图计算P73 block diagram algebra
3、调节时间P80 settling time
4、现场总线P211 field bus
5、DSP P165 digital signal processor 数字信号处理器
digital signal processing 数字信号处理
6、几种表压P183 psig:pounds per sequare inch gauge 表压【磅/每平方英寸】
psia:pounds per sequare inch absolute 绝对压强【磅/每平方英寸】
pounds per sequare inch of area 磅/每平方英寸面积
psi :pounds per sequare inch 磅/每平方英寸面积
psid:pounds per sequare inch gauge 压差【磅/每平方英寸】
7、DCS P207 discrete control system 离散控制系统
8、家用电器P263单词appliances 电器用具、家用电器
9、P7 NOTES 2 photovoltial 光电的、光伏的power factor 功率因数
10、运算放大器P9 the operational amplifier
11、出射角、入射角P89 departure angle 出射角arrival angle 入射角
12、主存储器、辅助存储器P139 primary memory主存储器
secondary memory 辅助存储器
13、变送器P181 transmitter 变送器（热敏电阻）
14、局域网P207 LAN：local area networks 局域网
15、Unit 2 PART A 标题P259 smart grid standard 智能电网标准
16、触发器P19 flip-flop
17、相位超前、相位滞后P29 phase-lead 相位超前phase-lag 相位滞后
18、P187 NOTES gpm：gallons per minute 每分钟加仑数
19、物联网P279 Internet of Things
20、云计算P264 标题 Cloud computing
21、P206 标题、工厂自动化factory automation
22、嵌入式系统P174 embedded system
23、布尔代数P19 Boolean algebra
24、偏微分方程P69 partial differential equation
25、常对数P99 common logarithm
26、稳态误差P80 标题the steady-state errors
27、P4 PART B标题三相电路three-phase circuits
二、课本翻译（英译中或中译英）
1、P2长句子
P2 课文：A summary of Eqs. (1-1A-1) (1-1A-2) and (1-1A-4) for the three forms of
passive circuit element is given in Fig. 1-1A-1.Note that conventional current flow is used;hence the current in each element is shown in the direction of deceasing voltage.
Active electric devices involve the conversion of energy to electrical form. For example, the electric energy in a battery is derived from its stored chemical energy. The electric energy of a generator is a result of chemical energy of the rotating armature.（电枢，衔铁，加固）Active electrical elements occur in two basic forms: voltage sources and current sources. In their ideal form, voltage sources generate a constant voltage independence of the current drawn from the source. The aforementioned（上述的，前面提到的）battery and generator are regarded as voltage sources since their voltage is essentially constant with load. On the other hand, current sources produce a current whose magnitude is independent of the load connected to the source. Although current sources are not as familiar in practice, the concept dose find wide use in representing（代表，表示，阐明）an amplifying (放大)device, such as the transistor, by means of an equivalent electrical circuit. Symbolic（符号的，记号的）representations of voltage and current sources are shown in Fig.1-1A-2.
A common method of analyzing an electrical network is mesh（网孔）or loop analysis. The fundamental law that is applied in this method is Kirchhoff’s fist law（基尔霍夫第一定律）, which states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed loop is 0, or, in any closed loop, the sum of the voltage rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops. Mesh analysis consists of assuming that currents—termed loop currents—flow in each loop of a network, algebraically summing the voltage drops（电压降）around each loop, and setting each sun equal to 0.
Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 1-1A-3a which consists of an inductor and resistor connected in series（串联）to a voltage source e. Assuming a loop current I, the voltage drops summed around the loop are -e+uR+uL=0 (1-1A-5)
译：归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和(1-1A- 4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。注意，图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。
有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能，例如，电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能，发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。
有源电气元件存在两种基本形式：电压源和电流源。其理想状态为：电压源两端的电压恒定，与从电压源中流出的电流无关。因为负载变化时电压基本恒定，所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。另一方面，电流源产生电流，电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。虽然电流源在实际中不常见，但其概念的确在表示借助于等值电路的放大器件，比如晶体管中具有广泛应用。电压源和电流源的符号表示如图1-1A-2所示。
分析电网络的一般方法是网孔分析法或回路分析法。应用于此方法的基本定律是基尔霍夫第一定律，基尔霍夫第一定律指出：一个闭合回路中的电压代数和为0，换句话说，任一闭合回路中的电压升等于电压降。网孔分析指的是：假设有一个电流——即所谓的回路电流——流过电路中的每一个回路，求每一个回路电压降的代数和，并令其为零。
考虑图1-1A-3a 所示的电路，其由串联到电压源上的电感和电阻组成，假设回路电流i ，那么回路总的电压降为：-e+uR+uL=0 (1-1A-5)
2、P7长句子
[1] Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 译：这样看来，三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。
过去分词短语作状语，用以表示时间、原因、让步、方式或陪衬情况。必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对象是句中主语。
*[2] At unity power factor ，the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle ． 译：在功率因数为1时，单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 at 用于表示速度、温度、价格、成本和比率。
[3] It should be noted that if the polarity of point A with respect to N ( ) is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180 out of phase with, .译：应该注意，如果把A 点相对于N 的极性（ ）定为正半周，那么 在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同 相反，即相位差为180 。
should 用于表示建议、要求、决定、命令等意义的主从复合句内，这时从句谓语一般是“should ＋动词原形”。
3、P82第一、二段
第一段：Actual system are also subjected to undesirable inputs, such as noise in command inputs and disturbances arising from changes in the plant parameters or changes in the environment in which the plant is operating. Noise inputs that enter the system with the command input require filtering techniques to remove or suppress them without affecting the command input itself. We shall limit our discussion to disturbance inputs which enter the system at the plant rather than at the controller,as indicated in the generalized block diagram of Fig.2-2B-2a.In Fig.2-2B-2b the diagram is redrawn with the disturbance d as the principal input.Since the system is linear,the principle of superposition holds,and we can assume r equal to zero.The disturbance input transfer function for an unity feedback system(H(s)=1)can be written as )()(1)()()()(1)()()()(p c p 1p c p d d s G s G s G s H s G s G s G s D s C s G H +=+===
译：实际系统也受非期望输入的影响，比如：控制命令中的噪声，设备运行时由于设备参数变化和运行环境变化引起的扰动。夹杂在控制命令中的噪声输入，需要用滤波技术除去或抑制，使之不影响控制输入本身。我们仅讨论在设备处进入系统的扰动，而不是从控制器中进入的，如图2-2B-2a 。以干扰d 作为主要输入的重画图如图2-2B-2b 。由于系统是线性的，叠加定理成立，我们可以假定r 为零。单位反馈系统的扰动传递函数可写作下式： )()(1)()()()(1)()()()(p c p 1p c p d d s G s G s G s H s G s G s G s D s C s G H +=+===
第二段：When this transfer function is compared with the usual input-out transfer function with d=0,we see that characteristic equations are identical,as is to be expected,but that numerator functions are differert.A disturbance input,therefore,will not affect the stability of the system but may change the shape of the transient response and introduce steady-errors that must be considered in determining the overall accuracy of the system.
译：将这个传递函数和d=0的普通输入输出传递函数相比较，如同期望的，其特征方程是一样的，但是分子函数是不同的。因此可知扰动输入不会影响系统的稳定性，但是可以改变暂态响应的形状，并且它要引入到在测量整个系统精度所必须考虑的稳态误差
附第三段：It is often difficult to minimize both components of the error simultaneously. Obviously, it is necessary to have some knowledge as to the nature of probable disturbance inputs. Both error terms of Eq.(2-2B-7) can be set equal to zero by introducing an integrator into the controller. This additional integrator increases the type of the system ( from 1 to 2, for
example) , thus eliminating the velocity error, and by being introduced ahead of the point of entry of the disturbance into the system, eliminates the steady-state error resulting from a step in the disturbance input. This additional integrator must be accompanied by at least one zero if the system is to remain stable.译：通常同时将误差的两个部分最小化是困难的。很明显，具有适当的干扰输入特性的一些知识是很有必要的。方程2-2B-7的两个误差项都能通过在控制器中加入积分器而消除。这些附加的积分器增加了系统的型（例如，从1型系统变为2型系统），因此可以消除速度误差，并通过在系统扰动进入点之前引入积分环节，可以消除由输入信号中包含的阶跃扰动引起的稳态误差。如果要保持系统稳定该附加的积分器必须相应增加至少一个零点。
4、P71第一、二段
第一段：The transfer function can be obtained in several ways. One method is purely mathematical and consists of taking the Laplace transform of the differential equations（微分方程）describing the components or system and then solving for the transfer function; nonzero initial conditions, when they occur, are treated as additional inputs. A second method is experimental. A known input (sinusoids and steps are commonly used) is apply to the system, the output is measured, and the transfer function is constructed from operating data and combination of the known transfer functions of the individual elements. This combination or reduction process is termed（称做）block diagram algebra.译：传递函数可以通过多种方法求得。一种方法是纯数学的，先对描述元件或系统的微分方程取拉普拉斯变换，然后求解得出传递函数。当存在非零起始条件时将之看作外加输入对待。第二种方法是试验法。通过给系统加上已知的输入，测出输出值，通过整理数据和曲线得出传递函数。某子系统或整个系统的传递函数经常通过对已知的单个元件传递函数的正确合并而得到。这种合并或化简称做方块图代数。
第二段：The Laplace Transformtion 拉普拉斯变换
The Laplace transformation comes from the area of operational mathematics and is extremely useful in the analysis and design of linear systems. Ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients transform into algebraic equations that can be used to implement the transfer function concept. Furthermore, the Laplace domain is a nice place in which to work, and transfer functions may be easily manipulated, modified, and analyzed. The designer quickly becomes adept in relating changes in the Laplace domain to behavior in the time domain without actually having to solve the system equations. When time domain solutions are required, the Laplace transform method is straightforward. The solution is complete, including both the homogeneous (transient) and particular (steady-state) solutions, and initial conditions are automatically included. Finally, it is easy to move from the Laplace domain into the frequency domain.译：拉氏变换源于工程数学领域，广泛用于线性系统的分析和设计。常系数的常微分方程转变为代数方程可通过传递函数的概念实现。此外，拉氏域更适合于工作，传递函数容易处理、修改和分析。设计人员很快就会熟练地把拉普拉斯域的变化与时域状态联系起来而不需真地解系统方程（时域）。当需要时域解时拉氏变换法可直接使用。解是全解，包括通解和特解，初始条件被自动包含在内。最后，可以很容易从拉氏域转到频域中去。
5、P162有两个句子
P162 至P163 过渡段课文：A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer
The single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital
computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century
These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-2.
In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3.
Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type(此处省略，要看图自己看课本，下同)
Fig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computer
Fig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputer
Read only memory (ROM)
ROM is usually for the permanent, non-volatile storage of an applications program .Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips . Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools.
Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmable memory. The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which it is derived albeit with restricted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROM less devices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM[2];there can still be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit. More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form of variants with 'piggy-back' EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。These devices are naturally more expensive than equivalent ROM device, but do provide complete circuit equivalents. EPROM based devices are also extremely attractive for low-volume applications where they provide the advantages of a single-chip device, in terms of on-chip I/O, etc. ,with the convenience of flexible user programmability.
译：单片机基础
单片机是电脑和集成电路发展的巅峰，有据可查的是他们也是20世纪最有意义的两大发明。
这两种特性在单片机中得到了充分的体现。一些厂家用这两种特性区分程序内存和数据内存在硬件中的特性，如图3-5A-1，依据同样的原理广泛的适用于一般目的的电脑和微电脑，一些厂家在程序内存和数据内存之间不区分的像Princeton特性，展示如图3-5A-2.
此处漏了一段翻译
只读存贮器(ROM). ROM是通常的永久性的，非应用程序的易失性存储器。不少微机和单片机用于大批量应用，因此，经济的设备制造要求的程序存储器的内容是在制造期间永久
性的刻录在芯片中，这意味着严谨的方法，因为修改ROM代码不能制造之后发展。这一发展过程可能涉及仿真,使用硬件仿真功能以及强大的软件工具使用先进的开发系统。
一些制造商在其提供的设备包括的范围（或拟使用）用户可编程内存.其中最简单的通常是设备能够运行于微处理器模式通过使用一些输入/输出作为地址线额外的ROM选项和数据总线访问外部内存.这种类型的设备可以表现为单芯片微型计算机尽管有限制的I / O和外部修改这些设备的电路.小内存装置的应用是非常普遍的在永久性内存的制造中[2];但仍然可以在我节省大量成本I/ O和其它芯片相比，传统的基于微处理器电路.更准确的ROM设备更换，可在与'形式变种背驮式'EPROM（可擦除可编程只读存储器）插座或存储器，而不是ROM器件。这些器件自然价格比同等ROM设备贵，但不提供完整的等效电路.EPROM的设备也非常有吸引力对于低容量应用中，他们提供的单芯片器件的优势，在以下方面的板载I / O等，在灵活的用户可编程带来的便利。
6、P179及
7、P180
P4UIA A Process Control System第四部分第一单元课文A
过程控制系统
A Process Control System The principal purpose of this part is to present you, the reader, with the need forautomatic process control and to motivate you to study it. Automatic process control is concerned with maintaining process variables, temperatures, pressures, flows, compositions, and the like at some desired operating value. As we shall see in the ensuing pages, processes are dynamic in nature. Changes are always occurring, and if actions are not taken, the important process variables—those related to safety, product quality, and production rates--will not achieve design conditions. 此部分的主要目的是满足读者对自动过程控制的需要和激励读者来学习。自动过程控制与持续过程变量、温度、压力、流量、成分和期望操作值一类的量有关。正如我们在后续的章节中所看到的，过程本身是动态的。变化不断发生，并且如果激励未加入，重要的过程变量——与安全有关的变量、产品质量和生产率——将不能获得期望值。
In order to fix ideas, let us consider a heat exchanger in which a process stream is heated by condensing steam. The process is sketched in Fig. 4-lA-1. 为了强化概念，让我们来考虑一个过程流通过浓缩（冷凝）流加热的热变换器，其过程框图如图4-1A-1.
The purpose of this unit is to heat the process fluid from some inlet temperature, Ti(t), up to a certain desired outlet temperature, T(t). As mentioned, the heating medium is condensing steam. 此单元的目的是把一过程流从某一入口温度Ti(t) 加热到某一期望出口温度T(t)。如前所述，加热媒质是浓缩流
The energy gained by the process fluid is equal to the heat released by the steam, provided there are no heat losses to surroundings，that is, the heat exchanger and piping are well insulated. In this case the heat released is the latent heat of condensation of the steam. 只要对周围环境没有热损失，过程流所获得的能量等同于浓缩流释放的热量。也就是说，热变换器和管子均绝缘。在这种情况下，释放的热量就是浓缩流浓缩的潜热。
In this process there are many variables that can change, causing the outlet temperature to deviate from its desired value. If this happens, some action must be taken to correct for this deviation. That is, the objective is to control the outlet process temperature to maintain its desired value. 在此过程中，有许多变量可变化，从而造成出口温度偏离期望值。如果发生此情况，必须加入激励以更正此偏差。也就是说，目的是控制出口温度以维持其期望值。
One way to accomplish this objective is by first measuring the temperature T(t), then
comparing it to its desired value, and, based on this comparison, deciding what to do to correct for any deviation. The flow of steam can be used to correct for the deviation. This is, if the temperature is above its desired value, then the steam valve can be throttled back to cut the steam flow (energy) to the heat exchanger. If the temperature is below its desired value, then the steam valve could be opened some more to increase the steam flow (energy) to the exchanger. 完成此目的的一种方法是首先测量温度T(t)，然后与期望值比较，基于此比较值，确定以什么来更正偏差。浓缩流的流量可用于更正偏差。也就是说，如果温度高于期望值，那么到热交换器的浓缩流的流量（能量）可调节减少。如果温度低于期望值，那么到热交换器的浓缩流的流量（能量）可调节增加。All of these can be done manually by the operator, and since the procedure is fairly straightforward, it should present no problem. However, since in most process plants there are hundreds of variables that must be maintained at some desired value, this correction procedure would require a tremendous number of operators. Consequently, we would like to accomplish this control automatically. That is, we want to have instruments that control the variables without requiring intervention from the operator, This is what we mean by automatic process control. 所有这些均可由操作者人工完成，并且如果过程简单明了，这将不成问题。然而，在大多数过程控制设备中，均有数百个变量必须保持期望值，那么更正过程将需要大量的操作人员。因此，我们希望自动的完成此控制。这就是说，我们需要一些不用操作人员介入就可控制这些变量的设备。这就是我们所说的自动过程控制。
To accomplish this objective a control system must be designed and implemented. A possible control system and its basic components are shown in Fig. 4-1A-2. The first thing to do is to measure the outlet temperature of the process stream. A sensor (thermocouple, resistance temperature device, filled system thermometers, thermistors, etc) does this. This sensor is connected physically to a transmitter, which takes the output from the sensor and converts it to a signal strong enough to be transmitted to a controller.为完成此目的，必须设计和实现控制系统。一种可能的控制系统和其基本元件如图4-1A-2所示。首先是测量过程流的出口温度，完成此任务的是传感器（热电偶、阻抗温度仪、系统温度计、电热调节器等）。传感器与转换器相连，转换器从传感器采一输出点，并把其转换为足够强的信号传递给一控制器。The controller then receives the signal, which is related to the temperature, and compares it with desired value. Depending on this comparison, the controller decides what to do to maintain the temperature at its desired value. Base on this decision, the controller then sends another signal to final control element, which in turn manipulates the steam flow. 控制器接受与温度相关的信号，并与期望值相比较。依赖于此比较值，控制器可确定怎样保持温度在期望值。基于此决定，控制器给终端控制元件传送另一信号，其反过来控制流量。
The preceding paragraph presents the four basic components of all control systems. They are 1) sensor, also often called the primary element; 2) transmitter, also called the secondary element; 3) controller, the "brain" of the control system; 4) Final control system, often a control valve but not always. Other common final control elements are variable speed pumps, conveyors, and electric motors. 前面的段落介绍了控制系统的四个基本元件。它们是：1)传感器，通常称为主要元件。2)变送器，通常称为次要元件。3)控制器，控制系统的“中枢”。4) 终端控制系统，经常为控制阀但不总是。一般其它终端控制元件为变速泵、传送机和电动机。
The importance of these components is that they perform the three basic operations that must be present in every control system. These operations are 1)Measurement (M): Measuring the variable to be controlled is usually done by the combination of sensor and transmitter.
2)Decision (D): Based on the measurement, the controller must then decide what to do to
maintain the variable at its desired value. 3)Action (A): As a result of the controller's decision, the system must then take an action. This is usually accomplished by the final control element. 这些元件的重要性在于它们执行的是在每一个控制系统中所必须的三个基本操作。这些操作是: 测量(M):常常将传感器和变送器组合起来测量被控变量。决策(D):基于测量值, 控制器必须决定怎样将变量维持在期望值。执行(A):系统必须执行控制器的决策, 通常有终端控制元件完成。
As mentioned, these three operations, M, D, and A, must be present in every control system. The decision-making operation in some system is rather simple, while in others it is more complex. The engineer designing a control system must be sure that the action taken affects the variable to be controlled, that is, that the action taken affects the measured value. Otherwise, the system is not controlling and will probably do more harm than good.如上所述，在每一个控制系统中这三个基本操作：M、D和A都会存在。在某些系统中，决策-执行操作相当简单，而在另一些系统中操作很复杂。工程人员设计控制系统时必须确保采取的措施要影响控制变量，也就是说，采取的措施要影响测量值。否则，系统是不可控的，且有可能弊大于利。
8、P206第一段
第一段:Networking is used in all areas of automation. In factory automation, process automation and building automation networks perform diverse tasks. Likewise, there are distinct differences between tasks performed for applications in different industry sectors that all have unique characteristics and consequently varying requirements. The way devices are connected, configured, and exchange data also differ.译：网络已应用于自动化的所有领域。在工厂自动化、过程自动化及楼宇自动化的领域内，网络完成各种各样的任务。而且，由于不同的工业领域具有各自的特性和各种不同的要求，不同自动化网络所执行的任务也有明显的差异。此外，网络中设备的连接、组态及数据的交换也不同。
附第二段:There is no one-size-fits-all for industrial networks; rather, buses are optimized foter different characteristics. For example, factory automation and process automation are often used in harsh and hazardous environments where a production interruption is costly. These requirements contrast significantly with building automation, for example, where keeping costs low is a main driving force.译：没有一种单一的总线能适用于所有工业控制；相反，每种总线总是针对其所运用领域的特点而优化的。举例而言，工厂自动化与过程自动化通常应用在苛刻的和危险的场合。而在这些场合，人员、环境及昂贵的机器设备处于危险之中，或者生产的中断会造成巨大损失。这些需求同追逐低成本的楼宇自动化相比，有明显的差异。
附第三段：Factory Automation 工厂自动化
Factories with assembly-line manufacturing, as in the automotive, bottling, and machinery industries, are predominantly controlled using discrete logic and sensors that sense whether or not, for example, a process machine has a box standing in front of it. The network types ideal for simple discrete I/O focus on low overhead and small data packets, but they are unsuitable for larger, messages like configuration download and the like. Examples of this network type are Seriplex, Interbus-S, and AS-I (AS-Interface), which are sometimes called sensor buses or bit level buses. Other more advanced protocols oriented toward discrete logic include DeviceNet, ControlNet, and PROFIBUS (DP and FMS application profiles). These buses are sometimes referred to as device buses or byte-level buses. Factory automation involves fast-moving machinery and therefore requires quicker response than slower processes. Traditionally, these tasks have been handled by PLCs.译：在具有装配线的制造业类工厂中，如汽车、灌装与机械
工业，离散逻辑控制处于主导地位，而传感器所感受到的将只是“是”或“否”，例如，是否有一个箱子处于流程机器的前方。对简单的离散I/O较为理想的网络类型注重低开销及小的数据包，但它们不适用于组态下载(Configuration download)等较大的报文。这些类型的网络有Seriplex，Interbus-S及AS—I(AS—Interface)，有时将它们称为传感器总线或比特(bit)级总线。其他更为先进的离散逻辑协议则包括DeviceNet?，ControlNet?，及PROFIBUS (DP 及FMS应用行规) 。这些总线有时被归类于设备总线或字节(byte)级总线。工厂自动化含有快速移动的机械，因此同较慢的过程相比要有更快的响应。这些任务在传统上是由PLC来处理的。
9、P207第一段
P206至P207过渡段Process Automation 过程自动化
Process plants in industry segments like refining, pulp & paper, power, and chemicals are dominated by continuous regulatory control. Measurement is analog (here meaning scalar values transmitted digitally), and actuation is modulating. Of course, process industries also use some discrete control and the predominantly discrete manufacturing industries use some modulating. Fieldbus on/off valves are already available in the market, as are small remotely mounted I/O modules for discrete sensors. In the past, a DCS or single-loop controller did this. 译：对炼油、造纸、电力以及化工等过程对象而言，连续的调节性控制占支配地位。测量是模拟的(此处意味着标量值是以数字信号传送的)，而执行则是调节性的。当然，过程工业也采用一些离散控制，而以离散为主的制造业也采用一些调节性控制。现在，市场上已经存在现场总线开/关，它是用作通/断传感器的小型远程安装的I/O模块。以前，是由集散控制系统(DCS)或单回路调节器完成这种工作。
P207 第一段：Process-related network include FOUNDATION Fieldbus, PROFIBUS (PA application profile), and HART. All these buses as a category are now typically referred to as fieldbus (without the capital F), though some would argue that one or the other does not belong. These three protocols were specifically designed for bus-powered field instruments with predefined parameters and commands for asset management information like identification, diagnostics, materials of construction, and functions for calibration and commissioning. In term of size, the networks used in industrial automation are considered to constitute local area networks (LAN) spanning areas no greater than a kilometer or two in diameter and typically confined to a single building or a group of buildings. Networks that extend only a few meters are insufficient, and networks that span cities or even the globe are overkill. 译：本文将重点讨论三种与过程相关的网络：基金会现场总线(FF)，PROFIBUS (PA应用行规)与HART。这些总线目前一般都被笼统地称为现场总线，尽管有些人会有争议，说其中有的不属于现场总线。这三种协议在设计时已明确了现场仪表由总线供电，也规定了现场仪表应具备所定义的参数与指令用于设备管理，如识别、诊断、材质及用于校验及调试的功能。就规模而论，一般认为，工业自动化网络所组成的局域网(LAN)跨越不大于直径为1km或2km的区域，而且一般限制在一幢建筑物或一群建筑物内。显然，只能延伸几米的网络是不够用的，而跨越城市或甚至全球的网络则过大了。
10、P259 六个句子
The deployment of smart home and duilding automation systems are getting
The deployment of smart home and building automation systems are getting popular with the advancement in information and communication technology ict ) applications . smart systems
offer convenience in both private residence and commercial buildings .these systems increase the comfort rough remote control of heating ventilation , air condition , lighting , and allow user to manage appliances without physical presence . a smart home and building automation network consists of devices that monitor and control technical systems in a home brand building automatically . the smart home and building automation system aims at improving control , monitoring and administration lese systems using two way communication either through wireless or wired technologies . in addition , through smart grid a system enables a user to control the energy usage according to the price and demand . in doing so , these systems contribute toward energy saving . this is certainly one the challenging global targets for researchers to tackle recently ( fig .6-2a -1 )
译：智能家居和楼宇自动化系统的部署随着信息和通信技术的发展而越来越受欢迎。智能系统在私人住宅和商业建筑中提供便利。这些系统增加了对加热通风，空调，照明的粗糙远程控制的舒适性，并且允许用户无需物理存在地管理电器。智能家居和楼宇自动化网络由自动监控和控制家庭品牌建筑中的技术系统的设备组成。智能家居和楼宇自动化系统旨在通过使用通过无线或有线技术的双向通信来改进控制，监视和管理系统。此外，通过智能电网，系统使用户能够根据价格和需求来控制能量使用。在这样做时，这些系统有助于节能。这当然是研究人员最近处理的具有挑战性的全球目标（图6-2a-1）
三、课外翻译（句子）
1、英译中（提示：人工智能、AI、artificial Intelligence）
2、中译英（提示：摘要、机器人Robot、伺服控制serve control、机械手、关节、计算机仿真computer simulatico）
附录：课堂作业
1、英译中
To simulate tactile in human hands, a complete tactile-sensing system must peform three fundmental sensing perations: (1)joint force sensing which senses the force applies to ro bot’s hand, wrist and arm joints; (2)touch sensing which sense the pressure applied to various points on the hand’s surface or the gripper’s surface; (3)slip sensing which senses any movement of the object while it is being grasped.
百度翻译结果：
为了模拟人手的触觉，一个完整的触觉传感系统必须完成三个基本的传感操作。（1）关节受力传感，能够感觉到作用于手、手腕和手臂的力。（2）接触传感，能够感觉到作用于手或者爪子表面各点的压力。（3）滑动感觉，能够感觉当物体被抓住时的任何移动。
百度翻译重点词汇释义：
?simulate模拟; 模仿; 假装，冒充; 拟态; 模仿的; 假装的
?tactile触觉的; 触觉感知的; 能触知的; 有形的
?sensing感觉; 读出; 辨向; 指向
?senses理智; 知觉; 五官的感觉; 理性; 意义( sense的名词复数); 见识; 感觉; 识别力?applies应用( apply的第三人称单数); 使致力于; 使从事于; 使接触
?joints关节; 接头( joint的名词复数); 公共场所; 一块烤肉
?applied to施加
?surface n.表面;外观，外表;地面。水面vi.浮出水面;在表面工作;显露vt.使浮出水面;使成平面adj.表面的，外观的;外表上的，平地上的;肤浅的
?gripper钳子，夹子
?grasped抓住( grasp的过去式和过去分词); 了解; 急忙抓住; 急切地抓住
2、中译英
本文介绍了一种新型的触觉测量装置。本文讨论控制系统稳定性判别方法。该系统由一个高精度的热电偶和8031单片机组成。采用自适应PID控制算法。
百度翻译结果：
This paper introduces a new kind of tactile measuring device. In this paper, the stability of the control system is discussed. The system consists of a high precision thermocouple and 8031 single chip microcomputer. Adaptive PID control algorithm.
百度翻译重点词汇释义
触觉feeling; tactile [tactual] sensation; sense of touch; touch reception; thigmesthesia
测量装置measurement equipment
控制系统navar; control system; operating system
稳定性stability; stabilization; steadiness; constancy
判别distinguish; discriminate; differentiate
高精度high-precision; high-accuracy
热电偶thermocouple; thermel; thermoelectric couple; thermoelement; thermoelectric pair
单片机singlechip; SCM
自适应self-adaption [adaptation]
控制算法control algorithm
电子信息专业英语复习资料 一、基本术语（英译汉） 1.probe探针 2.real time operational system 实时操作系统 3.debugger 调试器 4.sourse code 源代码 5.software radio wireless LAN 软件无线电网络 6.base station 基站 7.top-down approach 自顶向下分析法 8.variable 变量 9.data compress 数据压缩 10.signal conditioning circuit 信号调理电路 11.Chebyshev Type Ⅰfilter 切比雪夫Ⅰ型滤波器 12.vertical resolution 垂直分辨率 13.device driver 设备驱动 https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc4801608.html,piler 编译器 15.template 模板 16.concurrent process 并发进程 17.object recognition 目标识别 18.Discrete Time Fourier Transform 离散傅立叶变换 https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc4801608.html,bined circuit 组合逻辑电路 20.impedance transform 阻抗变换器 21.voltage source 电压源22.passive component 无源器件 23.quality factor 品质因数 24.unit-impulse response 单位脉冲响应 25.noise origin 噪声源 26.Domino effect 多米诺效应 27.output load 输出负载 28.cordless phone 无绳电话 29.Antenna 天线 30.harmonic interference 谐波干涉 31.Parallel Resonant 并联谐振 32.voltage control oscillator 压控振荡器 33.adaptive delta modulation 自适应增量调制 34.amplitude modulation 调幅 二、缩略语（写出全称） 1.LSI：large scale integration 2.PMOS ：p-type metal-oxide semiconductor 3.CT：cycle threshold 4.MRI：magnetic resonance imaging 5.ROM：read-only memory 6.DRAM ：dynamic random access memory 7.TCXO ：temperature compensated X'tal (crystal) Oscillator https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc4801608.html,B：Universal Serial Bus 9.DCT：discrete cosine transform
这是考试范围，第一道大题选十个单词或词组，第二道答题选十个缩写词，第三道答题选六段翻译1.写出下列单词或词组的中文。 multimeter 万用表insulation 绝缘transistor 晶体管，三极管envelope 包络线spectrum 频谱 binary 二进制 antenna 天线harmonics 谐波attenuation 衰减capacitance 电容differential 微分bandwidth 带宽propagation 传播transmission 传输optical fiber 光纤 channel 信道 multiplex 多路复用 modulation 调制telecommunication 电信impairment 减损 sampling 抽样，取样 quantizing 量化 carrier 载波 encryption 加密 scheme 方案？计划？设计？系统？trade off 综合考虑？权衡？协调？state of art 技术发展水平performance 性能，效率 ULSI Very Large Scale Integration超大规模集成电路 fier Foundation for Instrumentation Education and Research 使用仪器教育和研究基金会 2.写出下列缩写的全称 DSBFC double-sideband full carrier双边带全载波调制 ITU International Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟 FFT Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅立叶变换 IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform 逆快速傅立叶变换 LAN local area network 局域网 MAN Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 WAN Wide Area Network 广域网 WWW world wide web 全球网、万维网 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议 GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用无线分组业务 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换标准码 ISDN integrated services digital network 综合业务数字网 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line非对称数字用户环路 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 电气与电子工程师协会 ISO International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织 FET field-effect transistor 场效应管 USB Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线 GSM global system for mobile communication 全球移动通信系统 CPU CentralProcessingUnit 中央处理器 LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器 CDMA Code Division Multiple Accessing 码分多址技术 3. 将下列句子译成中文。 ㈠The ratio of the capacitance with some material other than air between the plates, to the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation,is called the dielectric constant of that particular material.
金融保险专业建设的现状及发展论文 摘要：针对目前我院金融保险专业建设的现状，结合斯尼胡专业 人才培养特点和要求，分析了我系该专业拿下工程取得的成就与存在 问题，认为问题主要集中表现为：教学改革方面存在欠缺，缺乏有效 的校企加强合作机制，对科研的不重视导致科研力量薄弱。针对问题 提出要重点从构建人才培养，改革课程体系及其内容，改革考试方法，建设第二课堂等方面完善新的专业体系建设。 关键词：金融保险；实训基地；培养模式 金融保险专业旨在培养能适应社会主义市场经济发展需要，德、智、体、美全面发展，具有现代金融、保险、理财、证券等方面知识；能够想要综合运用各种金融工具，解决金融实务问题，并能够从事信 贷管理、公司和个人理财、证券投资、银行风险管理、保险业务等工作；能够在保险公司、金融机构、企事业单位等从事金融服务、保险、内部管理的专门人才。在中都具体人才培养实施方案中才，联结职业 技术院校学生师生层次特点，本专业注重培养承保学生扎实的保险理 论基础和实务应用能力、中国金融基本理论和交易技巧，并注重培养 学生极强的社会适应能力、技能操作与嵌入式能力。要求优秀学生考 取英语、计算机、保险代理人等相关资格证书；掌握保险知识现代金 融业务知识和操作技能,具备风险意识；具有敬业精神整合性和行业所 需的综合素质；了解国家有关经济、保险、中国金融方面的政策法规；具有良好的职业道德操守人品和人文素养，能熟练处理业务。鉴于此，笔者认为应针对我校实际情况，进一步调整、完善金融保险专业特长 的理论与实践教学体系。 一、金融保险专业建设概况 金融保险专业自开设以来，学校对该建设与改革倾注了大量人力、物力和财力，使该专业的寄宿制办学条件得到良好发展，专业优势明显，特别是在基础管理、师资队伍、教学设施、等方面形成了一定优势。
This simple circuit made up of a source,a load and two wires is seldom,if ever,met with in practice.Practical circuits may contain a large number of sources and loads interconnected in a variety of ways. 这种由一个电源、一个负载和两根导线组成的简单电路，在实践中即使能碰到也是很少见的。 实际电路可能包括许多按不同方式连接的电源和负载。 The direct ion of curre nt flow may be show n either by a hollow arrowhead or by suppl ying the curre nt symbol with a double subscript whose first digit identifies the junction at a higher potential and the second 省略了identifies) the junction at a lower potential. 电流的方向既可用一个空心箭头来表示，又可用带有双下标的电流符号来表示，且第一个下标 认定为高电位点，第二个下标为低电位点。 In a pote ntial-distributi on diagram it is represe nted( on a suitable scale)by the slope of the respective curve at any poi nt,the slope bei ng defi ned as the tangent of the angle that the line tangent to the curve at that point make with the x-axis. 在电势分布图中，电流由曲线上该点相应的斜率表示，斜率定义为切线与x坐标轴夹角的正切。 It follow that the r.m.s.(effective) value of an alternating current is numerically equal to the magnitude of the steady direct curre nt that would produce the same heat ing effect in the same resista nee and over the same period of time. 由此得出：交流电流的均方根(有效值)大小上等于在相同电阻上和同一时间内产生相同的热效应的恒稳直流电流。 The operational voltage amplifier is representedschematically by the triangular symbol .AO is the voltage gain from differe ntial in put to sin gle-e ndrd output and is always a positive nu mber . Phase reversals are taken into account at the in put termi nal，which is the reas on why these are labeled ” +” andThe voltage at each terminal，including the output ,may be referred to common reference ,usually ground ,and uni ess otherwise stated ,this com mon refere nee will be assumed . Thus ,lett ing V(+) represe nt the voltage of the positive in put term inal with respect to the com mon refere nee ,and V(-),that of the n egative in put term inal ,we may defi ne the differential input voltage as V二V( ) -V (-) ,and the output voltage is V0 = A0V id. 电压运算放大器可用三角形符号来表示。A0表示从差动输入端到单一输出端的电压增益，并恒 为正值。考虑到在输入端可能会有反相输入的情况，所以要标上“ +号与号。每个端口包括 端口的输出端口的电压，都可以选一个共同的参考点，通常选大地，除非另有说明，否则所假定的参考点就是地。这样，用V(+)代表正向输入端对参考点的电压，而V(-)则代表负向输入端 对参考点的电压，我们可以将差动输入电压定义为％二V「)-V(-)，输出电aa压V。二Ay。 The significance of this result is that the terminal voltage gain ,which is the usable voltage gain , is in depe ndent of the parameters of the amplifier ,and depe nds only on the exter nal comp onent R1 and 这个结论的意义在于端电压增益(这是很有用的电压增益)与放大器的参数无关，而只取决于外部元件 R1和R2。 A truth table is a list of all of the possible in put variable state combinations of a circuit listed in binary-sequential order with the corresponding output state for each combination listed in an adjace nt colu mn. Tablei shows the binary nu mbera corresponding to the decimal nu mbers from zero to fiftee n. 真值表是这样的一个表格，电路中可能输入的所有不同状态组合按二进制顺序连续排列，输出 状态与输入端的每种组合--- 对应，表1表示了与十进制0~15 ------------ 对应的二进制数。 The truth table is used as the begi nning point in desig ning or an alyz ing a logic circuit The sequential listing makes it easy to recog nize if any in put comb in ati ons were missed. It is made up of either from the problem specificati ons or by seque ntial testi ng of an assembled circuit. A logic equati on can be formulated from the truth table and a logic circuit can be developed from the equation. Truth tables are
编号：TQC/K396 英语教育专业建设现状调 研报告完整版 Daily description of the work content, achievements, and shortcomings, and finally put forward reasonable suggestions or new direction of efforts, so that the overall process does not deviate from the direction, continue to move towards the established goal. 【适用信息传递/研究经验/相互监督/自我提升等场景】 编写：________________________ 审核：________________________ 时间：________________________ 部门：________________________
英语教育专业建设现状调研报告完 整版 下载说明：本报告资料适合用于日常描述工作内容，取得的成绩，以及不足，最后提出合理化的建议或者新的努力方向，使整体流程的进度信息实现快速共享，并使整体过程不偏离方向，继续朝既定的目标前行。可直接应用日常文档制作，也可以根据实际需要对其进行修改。 一、专业设置与建设现状 1.专业设置与调整 英语教育专业已连续招生10余年，在校生总数达400余人，每学年学生人数不少于120人。本专业培养目标明确，对知识，能力，素质概念把握准确，且结构较科学，较好的体现了以素质教育和职业能力培养为主线，能满足预期就业岗位的要求。随着经济社会发展需要，本专业根据每年人才需求和毕业生跟踪调研结果，做
服装专业英语复习完整 版 文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]
1.zippe拉链 2.zig-zag stitch z 形线迹 3.zig-zag lockstitch人 字平缝 4.yoke育克 5.yarn 纱线 6.yardage码数 7.X-back后背宽 8.wrinkle起皱 9.wrap-seam包缝缝型 10.woven label织标 11.woven fabric机织物 12.worsted精纺的 13.workmanship 手工 14.working shirt工作服 15.woolen羊毛的 16.wool羊毛 17.WIP半成品 18.weft-knitting纬编 19.weft 纬纱 20.waterproof防水 21.water streak 水痕22.water spots水渍 23.warp-knitting经编 24.warp float经向挑花， 浮经 25.warp 经纱 26.warehouse仓库 27.wardrobe衣柜 28.waist-tag 吊牌 29.waistline腰围线 30.waistcoat 背心，马甲 31.waistband腰头 32.waist tag腰卡 33.waist 腰围 34.viscose 黏胶纤维 35.vertical measurement 垂直测量 36.vent衩位 37.vendor供应商 38.upper arm上臂围 39.unit price单价 40.uneven plaids格仔不 均匀 41.uneven hem边脚不齐 42.underwear内衣 43.under-pressing中烫 44.underarm-seam袖底缝 迹 45.underarm腋下 46.under collar领底 47.twisted leg 48.twill斜纹布 49.tweed 粗花呢 50.tulle薄纱 51.tuck裥 52.trousers 裤子 53.trimming整理，修剪 54.triacetate三醋酸纤维 55.trade dept.贸易部门 56.town-suit外出套装 57.towel 毛巾 58.tops上装 59.top- stitching面缝线 迹 60.tolerance容位 61.tight fit 紧身
1.Types of Business Organization: 1)Sole Proprietorship :an unincorporated business owned by one person 2)Partnership :owned by two or more individuals (called partners) a)Limited partnership——general partners,limited partners 3)Corporation :a legal entity separate from its owners 2、Separation of Ownership and Control (pros and cons)： Pros(赞成的理由): Specialization，Efficiency，Diversify，Going concern Cons(反对的理由)：Four major downsides：agency problem,free-riding problem,increased costs of information https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc4801608.html,rmation asymmetry 3.Overview of Financial Statements balance sheet; income statement;statement of cash flows;statement of retained earnings 4. Statement of Retained Earnings,it shows: the retained earnings balance at the start of the period;how much the firm earned (net income); how much dividends the firm paid;how much net income was reinvested back into the firm (retained earnings);any repurchases of the firm’s stock;any new issues of the firm’s stock; andthe retained earnings balance at the close of the period. 4. Statement of Cash Flow:Operating Cash Flows ，Investing Cash Flows ，Financing Cash Flows 5.Analyzing Financial Ratios Financial ratios are not standardized. Analyzing a single financial ratio for a given year may not be very useful. Some of a firm’s financial accounting practices or choices will affect its financial statements and, finally, its financial ratios. Financial ratios do not provide analysts with all of th e answers about a firm’s condition. 7. Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis：while ratio analysis can provide useful information concerning a company’s operations and financial condition, it does have limitations that necessitate care and judgment 1.Risk-return tradeoff Investors will take on additional risk only if they anticipate high return. 2.Time value of money A dollar available today is worth more than a dollar available at a future date. This is because a dollar today can be invested to earn a return. 3.Types of value Going-concern value,Liquidation value ,Book value ,Market value ，ntrinsic value 4.Valuation Approaches discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation，relative valuation，contingent claim valuation，option-pricing models 7.Contractual Provisions of a Typical Bond Par Value,and Coupon Rate,Maturity,Call Provisions,Sinking Fund Provisions,Conversion Rights ,Put Provisions,Indenture,Trustee,Collateral,Bond Rating 1.Introduction to Risk and Return All financial assets are expected to produce cash flows, and the risk of an asset is judged by the risk of its cash flows. Here are two assumptions about risk and return: Assumption (1): The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption (2): Investors are risk-averse. The risk of an asset can be considered in two ways: (1) on a stand-alone basis (2) in a portfolio context. In a portfolio context, an asset’s risk can be divided into two components: a,diversifiable risk ;b. market risk.An asset with a high degree of relevant (market) risk must provide a relatively high expected rate of return to attract investors. 4.Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Assumption 1:The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption 2: Investors are risk-averse.Assumption3:Investorsare rational.Assumption4:Investors are price takers.Assumption 5: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds. 5. Three types of financial market efficiency: allocationally efficient, operationally efficient,informationally efficient 6. Three main factors associated with informational market efficiency The type of information to which the market price reacts,The speed at which the market price reacts to information,The degree to which market participants over-or under-react to information 8. Characteristics of an Informationally Efficient Market Price changes cannot be predicted. The price of the asset is equal to its fundamental (unobserved but true) value.Prices change due to the inflow of new information, and information flows randomly to the market.Therefore, price changes should be random and unpredictable. 10. Modern portfolio theory —Markowitz’s Mean-variance Framework ,Efficient portfolios are those that have: the lowest risk for an expected rate of return; or the highest expected rate of return for a given level of risk.The assets that meet these criteria make up the efficient frontier.
赤水市中等职业学校专业建设情况 学校主动适应地方经济社会发展和企业用人需求，着眼赤水市工业园区和生态旅游城市打造，制定“十二五专业建设发展计划”、“十三五专业建设发展规划”，成立了专业建设指导委员会，制定了《专业建设指导委员会章程》。对专业建设实施动态管理，用“专业设置找市场、办学过程贴市场、毕业环节进市场、质量检测靠市场”的工作方法，定期召开行业企业专家座谈会和专业论证会，通过专业建设指导委员会形成可行性报告，结合各专业领域职业岗位（群）的需求和职业能力需要动态调整专业设置，把区域社会经济建设所需人才专业建设为重点专业，为地方社会经济建设做出了突出贡献。 在专业建设中突出重点。在保持现有专业重点建设，做好旅游服务与管理示范专业建设；教育类开设学前教育专业；优化交通运输类、土木水利类、信息技术类专业建设，在专业群下布局紧密结合地方产业的专业方向。 专业建设贴近生产实际。坚持“面向一线技能型人才、应用型人才”的培养目标，创新与企业合作的模式。按企业生产技术水平，投入大量资金，完善了各专业设施设备，完善的校内外实训基地，将专业教学、培训、生产、开发作为实训基地的四大功能，有效地将基地建设与企业、行业直接对接，建成了各专业功能齐全、环境真实、设备生产化、人员职业化、管理规范化、文
化企业化的实训场地，建成一流专业设备设施。 现开设有旅游酒店管理服务、学前教育、汽修、建筑、信息技术等5大类专业群，包括旅游服务与管理、高星级饭店运营与管理、学前教育、汽车运用与维修、建筑工程施工和计算机平面设计等9个专业。 学校旅游服务与管理专业申报为省级示范专业、学前教育专业已申报为省控专业，建筑专业、汽修专业、计算机专业、电子专业、机械加工等有效实施专业建设与产业对接，为“人人发展”、地方产业发展和改善民生做出了重要贡献。 2017年4月
专业应试题库 一，专业词汇翻译 A spherical system of coordinates 球坐标系Absolute scale绝对温标 Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute zero 绝对零度 Acute angle锐角 Adiabatic process绝热过程 Adjacent邻近的 Amount of heat 热量 Amplitude振幅 Analytical expression解析式 Angular momentum角动量 Angular velocity角速度 Annihilate湮灭 Appreciable相当多的 Approximate solution近似解 Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的 Assume that 假设 At constant pressure定压 At rest静止的， Axial symmetry轴对称 Axis of rotation转轴 Be independent of 独立的， Be proportional to 与……成正比 Bend使弯曲的 Capacitor电容器 Center of mass质心 Centripetal force向心力 Cgs厘米-克-秒制（Centimeter-Gram-Second） Change in jumps 突变 Chaotic无序的 Charge by conduct 接触起电 Charge by induction 感应起电 Circulation motion圆周运动 Classical mechanics经典力学 Coefficient系数 Coherent相干性 Combustion engine内燃机 Comparison 参照物 Compensate 补偿，抵消 Conductor导体 Consecutive 连贯的 Consequently结果，因此 Conservation守恒 Considerable 相当大的
Main Points Chapter 1 Communication: Mass and Other Forms 1.The 8 elements in the communication process: A source, encoding process, message, channel, decoding process, receiver, feedback, and noise. 2.The 3 types of noise:Semantic, environmental, mechanical. 3.The 3 main settings for communication: Interpersonal, machine-assisted interpersonal, mass communication. 4.Each element in the communication process may vary according to setting. 5.Mass Communication: Refers to the process by which a complex organization, with the aid of one or more machines, produces public messages that are aimed at large, heterogeneous, and scattered audiences. 6.Characteristics for a mass communicator: Traditionally, it is identified by its formal organization, gatekeepers, expensive operating costs, profit motive, and competitiveness. The internet has created exceptions to these characteristics. 7.New models have been developed to illustrated Internet mass communication. A.Push Model—the traditional model of mass communication was a ―one-to-m any‖ model. Under the traditional model there is little direct interaction between sources and receivers. B.Pull Model –the new model makes it possible that several different levels of communication happen in a computer-mediated environment. The content is provided not only by organizations but also by individuals. It is not a one-way model. Instead, receivers can choose the time and manner of the interaction. The messages flowing to each receiver are not identical. In this new model, the receiver pulls only the information that he or she wants. https://www.doczj.com/doc/cc4801608.html,munication content has become more specialized in the past 40 years, but the channels of mass communication still have the potential to reach vast audiences. 9.7 trends for modern mass communication: Audience segmentation, convergence, user-generated content, increased audience control, multiple platform, more mobility, social media. 1 / 24
考试时间：90分 试题总分：100分 考试题型： 选择题——30％（课内） 完型题——30％（课内、课外） 阅读题——20％(课外) 判断题——20％（课内） 复习要点： 1. Windows 2000 provides you with quick and easy access to the Internet, no matter what programs you are running or tasks you are performing. 不管正在运行何种程序或执行何种任务，Windows 2000使你能快速而方便地访问互联网。 2. Internet Explorer lets you search the Internet for people, business, and information about subjects that interest you. Internet Explorer使你能在互联网找人，查询某个企业，以及感兴趣的相关主题信息。 3. Encryption is the way to solve the data security problem. 加密术是解决数据安全问题的一种方法。
4. Almost all encryption schemes used in the Internet uses asymmetric key encryption for exchanging the symmetric encryption key, and symmetric encryption for better performance. 在互联网中几乎所有的加密方案都使用非对称密钥加密来交换对称加密密钥，然后使用对称密钥以得到更好的性能。 5. Since the advent(出现，到来) of the Internet and computer network security, many people have sought for firewall. 由于互联网和计算机网络安全的出现，许多人都在寻找防火墙。 6. In other words, these protocols provide nearly all services available to today’s Netsurfer. 这就是说，这些协议为网上冲浪者提供了几乎所有可利用的服务。 7. Network-1evel protocols manage the discrete mechanics of data transfer. 网络层协议管理数据传输的离散结构。
（一）专业建设现状 书法专业是我院新增专业，书法专业的建设还处于不断的探索阶段，我们参考其他院校的培养方案制定了适合我院办学特色的书法专业（师范类）的培养方案。我们的培养目标定位在为社会输送中小学书法教师的基点上来。在今后的教学中，不断完善、修正培养方案，尤其在专业课程设置、师资队伍建设、教学设施和实践工作室建设方面，要逐渐适应培养应用型人才的需要。 书法专业作为一个新设置的专业，其培养目标、课程体系、教学内容、教学方法以及学生就业方向等尚处在一个不断完善和发展的过程中，因此，怎样设置书法专业课程体系，合理安排教学内容，使之更好的体现出培养应用型人才的要求，成为我们今后逐步探讨摸索的重要课题.2013年书法专业正式开始招生，已经有37名学生报到入学。科学、合理、全面地评价书法专业建设状况对于完善与推动书法教育学科发展，树立具有我院特色的书法专业人才培养模式，促进书法教育人才培养与社会需求的对接等有着积极重要的作用 （二）13年专业建设规划 1.师资建设规划 目前书法教研室共有专职教师5名，从事书法专业班授课教师3名，其中教授1名，副教授2名，讲师以下2名。根据今后的教学需要，我们将聘请省内、外著名书法家及黑河市书法家协会骨干力量来我院授课、搞专题讲座、笔会等活动。 2.课程建设 书法专业在课程建设方面，经过专家们的多次讨论，参考其他有书法专业办学经验的院校，并结合我院办学特色，充分体现培养应用型人的需要而制定的。确立了人才培养目标和特色，从公共必修、公共选修课、专业必修课、专业选修和实践课五个方面确定了课程教学计划，其中公共必修课752学时；公共选修课744学时；专业必修课1128学时；专业选修课120学时。 3.教材建设 目前有我院专业书法教师根据本校实际情况编写的《书法教程》一书可供书法专业学生参考使用。《大学书法教材》系列教程由中国教育学会书法教育专业委员会编著，也是我们专业书法生的重要参考用书。同时我校采购了300余册历代名家经典碑帖供学生临摹鉴赏。 4.科研队伍建设 在十一五期间，积极鼓励教师参与有关书法方面的课题研究，现已结项课题两个，正在研究的课题两项。主持编写教材一部，参与编写教材三部，在省级以上报刊、杂志发表论文10余篇。书法作品、现代刻字作品在省、国家级以上展览中多次