Lesson1
1．中国医药学traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 2．中医基础理论basic theory of TCM 3．临床经验clinical experience 4．辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 8．针灸acupuncture and moxibustion 14．病因学etiology
19．滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire
1. 中国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。
TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in t heir struggle against diseases.
2. 中医学有完整独特的理论体系。
TCM has a unique and integrative theoretical system.
4.《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。
Huangdi’s Inner Canon of Medicine has laid a foundation for the formation of theoretical system o
f TCM.
7.阳常有余，阴常不足。
Y ang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.
8.内伤脾胃，百病由生。
Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.
11.金元时期出现了后世称为“金元四大家”的医学流派。
In the Jin and Y uan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called “four great physicians” in medical s chool.
12.张从正认为病由邪生，提倡汗、吐、下三法祛邪治病。
Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by pathogenic factors and advocated the t hree means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation to eliminate the pathogens for cure of diseases
Lesson2
4．整体观念holism 9．诊断学diagnostics 11．治疗学therapeutics
10．邪正关系relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi
13．同病异治treatment of the same disease with different remedies
14．异病同治treatment of different diseases with the same remedy
17．疾病本质nature of disease
1．中医理论体系有两个基本特点：一是整体观念，二是辨证论治。
The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrom e differentiation.
2．中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体。
TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.
4．整体观念贯穿于中医生理、病理、诊法、辨证和治疗的各个方面。
The holism permeates through various aspects of the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of diseases.
7．心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里。
The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small intestine. 10.人体阳气白天多趋于表，夜晚多趋于里。
Y ang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the interior at night. 12．证是机体在疾病发展过程中的某一阶段的病理概括。
Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course of a dise ase.
14．证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质，以及邪正关系。
Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic fa ctors and healthy qi.
Lesson3
2．相互转化 mutual transformation 5．寒极生热 extreme cold turning into heat
11．相互消长 mutual wane-wax 12．相互制约 mutual restriction
13．相互依存 interdependence
2. 阴阳是自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象对立双方的概括。
Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature.
在一定条件下，阴阳可以各自向其相反的方向发展。
Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.
12. 功能属于阳，物质属于阴。
Function pertains to yang while substance to yin.
14. 无论疾病的病理变化如何复杂，都不外乎阴阳的偏胜偏衰。
No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than relat ive predominance or decline of yin or yang.
15. 正气指整个机体的结构与功能，包括人体对疾病的抵抗力等。
The so-called vital qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resistance a gainst diseases.
17. 疾病发生发展的内在原因在于阴阳失调。
Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progress of a disease
Lesson4
1.五行学说the doctrine of five elements 8.相乘相侮subjugation and counter-restriction
9土虚木乘
deficient earth being subjugated by wood / Wood subjugates earth because it is deficient.
10．生克制化inhibition-development with generation and restriction
11．母病及子 involvement of a child- organ by its mother-organ disorder
2.中医理论体系在形成过程中，受到古代五行学说的深刻影响。
The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five ele ments.
3.水具有滋润和向下的特性。
Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.
4.肝主升而归属于木。
The liver pertains to wood because its qi is characterized by ascending.
5. 脾主运化而归属于土。
The spleen pertains to earth because it governs transportation and transformation.
9. 相乘即以强凌弱的意思。
Subjugation means to launch an attack on the weak.
18．生我者为母，我生者为子。
The one generating me is my mother and the one being generated by me is my child.
Lesson5
1．藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestation 3．奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs
4．水谷精微essence of water and food 9．临床实践clinical practice
10．藏而不泻storage without discharge/excretion
3.五脏的共同生理(特点)功能是化生和贮藏精气。
The common physiological function of the five zang-organs is to produce and store essential qi.
4.六腑的共同生理(特点)功能是受盛和传化水谷。
The common physiological function of the six fu-organs is to receive, transport and transform wat er and food.
8.肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。
The essence-qi in the kidney is helpful for promoting the growth of skeleton.
9.心与小肠相表里。
The heart and the small intestine are internal-externally related (to each other).
12.五脏的生理活动与精神情志密切相关。
The physiological functions of the five zang-organs are closely associated with the minds and emo tions.
Lesson6
2．心气充沛sufficiency of heart qi 5．脉道不利unsmooth vessels
9．汗血同源sweat and blood sharing the same origin
13．脾主运化the spleen governing transportation and transformation
16．后天之本origin of acquired constitution
1. 心脏的主要生理功能是主血脉和主神志。
The main physiological function of the heart is to control blood and vessels, and govern the spirit. 3．血液的正常运行必须以心气充沛，血液充盈和脉道通利为其基本的前提条件。Sufficient heart qi, abundant blood and smooth vessels are essential prerequisite to normal circula tion of blood.
5．肺的呼吸功能健全与否，直接影响着宗气的生成。
The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of pectoral qi.
11．脾为后天之本，气血生化之源。
The spleen is the origin of acquired constitution and the source of qi and blood production. 13．肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄和主藏血。
The main physiological functions of the liver are to control free flow of qi and store blood. 17．肾主生长、发育与生殖。
The kidney governs growth, development and reproduction.
18．肾所藏的精气包括“先天之精”和“后天之精”。
The essence stored in the kidney includes innate essence and acquired essence.
19．肾的纳气功能正常则呼吸均匀和调。
When the kidney functions normally to receive qi, breath will be smooth and even.
Lesson7
1. 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs 6．上焦upper energizer
7．泌别清浊separating the lucid from the turbid 12．初步消化 primary digestion
17．月经来潮occurrence of menstruation
2. 胆的主要生理功能是贮存和排泄胆汁。
The main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile.
4. 胃的生理功能是受纳与腐熟水谷。
The physiological function of the stomach is to receive and decompose foodstuff.
7. 小肠在吸收水谷精微的同时，也吸收了大量的水液。
The small intestine also absorbs a large quantity of water as it is absorbing essence from the chym
e.
9. 小肠的泌别清浊功能正常，则二便正常。
If the small intestine functions well to separate the lucid from the turbid, the defecation and urinati on will be normal.
12．胃与脾相表里。The stomach and the spleen are internally and externally related.
Lesson8
7．气机调畅smoothness of qi movement 11.气机qi movement 12.气化qi transformation 13.先天之气innate qi 14.后天之气acquired qi
1.气是构成人体的最基本物质。
Qi is the most essential substance to constitute the body.
2. 人体的气来源于禀受于父母的先天之精、饮食物中的营养物质和存在于自然界的清气。Qi in the body is derived from innate essence inheriting from the parents, and acquired essence co ming from both food nutrients and fresh air.
5.气是活力很强的精微物质。Qi is a sort of refined substance with powerful activity.
10．气化指通过气的运动而产生的各种变化。
Qi transformation refers to various changes caused by qi movement.
14．元气是人体最基本、最重要的气，是人体生命活动的原动力。
The primordial qi, as the most essential and important qi, is the primary power of life.
16．宗气是积于胸中之气，具有推动心脏的搏动、调节心率和心律的功能。
The pectoral qi is a kind of qi accumulating in the thorax, functioning to enhance heart beat and re gulate heart rate and cardiac rhythm.
20．营主内守而属阴，卫主外卫而属阳。
The nutritive qi pertains to yin with its nourishment to the interior of the body while the defensive qi pertains to yang with its protection of the body surface.
Lesson9
1．气生血qi generating blood 2．气行血qi propelling blood
11．津血同源body fluid and blood sharing the same origin
16．气为血帅，血为气母Qi serves as commander of blood and blood does as mother of qi. 18．益气固脱nourishing qi to stop collapse
1.气血津液都是维持人体生命活动的基本物质。
Qi, blood and body fluid are the basic substances for maintaining human life activities.
6.血与津液均为液态物质，都有营养和滋润作用，与气相对而言，两者都属阴。
Both the blood and body fluid are liquid substance, functioning to nourish and moisten. They per
tain to yin as compared with qi.
10.人体排泄水液的途径主要是尿与汗。
The human body discharges water mainly through urination and perspiration.
18. 津液的生成、输布和排泄都离不开肺、脾、肾、三焦、膀胱等脏腑的气化功能。
The production, distribution and discharge of body fluid depend on the qi transformation of the lu ng, spleen, kidney, tri-Jiao, bladder, etc.
20.气能生血、行血、摄血，故称“气为血之帅”。
Qi can produce, propel, and control blood. And thus it is said “qi is the commander of blood”.
Lesson10
1．经络学说meridian theory 6．十二正经twelve regular meridians
8．络属关系 connecting and subordinating relation (of a certain meridian )
9．奇经八脉eight extraordinary meridians 10．十二经别twelve meridians’divergences 1．经络是运行全身气血的通道。
Meridian system is the pathways for qi and blood to circulate in the whole body.
8．孙络是人体最细小的络脉，这就是为什么中医将其称为“孙络”。
The minute collaterals are the smallest collaterals. That is why they are literally called in TCM. 13．经络学说是研究人体经络的生理功能、病理变化及其脏腑相互关系的学说。
The meridian theory is to study the physiological functions and pathological changes of human me ridians and their relationships with the viscera.
16．由于手三阳经与足三阳经在头部交接，所以说“头为诸阳之会”。
The three yang meridians of hand and the three yang meridians of foot are connected with each ot her in it, so “the head is the place where all kinds of yang meet”.
18．经脉中的气血运行是循环贯注的，如环无端。
Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles, without an end.
Lesson11
1. 外感六淫six exogenous pathogenic factors 6. 风邪外袭pathogenic wind attacking the exterior 9. 感受寒邪attack/invasion by pathogenic cold
16. 阴虚生内热production of endogenous heat due to yin deficiency
18. 七情内伤internal impairment due to seven emotions
2. 六淫是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的统称。
The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for six exogenous pathogens of wind, cold, summ er-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.
14. 疠气是一类具有强烈传染性的病邪，具有发病急骤、病情较重、传染性强、易于流行等特点。
Pestilent pathogens are a kind of highly infectious pathogens, which are characterized by sudden o nset, severe condition, fulminating infectivity and strong epidemicity.
15. 七情内伤直接影响相应的内脏，使脏腑气机逆乱，气血失调，导致种种疾病的发生。The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorde r of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.
16. 饮食不节主要是损伤脾胃，导致脾胃功能失常。
Immoderate diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.
18. 痰和饮都是水液代谢障碍所形成的病理产物。
Phlegm and stagnant fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water.
Lesson12
2. 体质强弱 (body )constitutional state
8. 五心烦热feverish sensation in the five centers (palms, soles, and chest)
9. 虚实夹杂coexistence of deficiency and excess 12. 五志过极extreme changes of five emotions 14. 阴阳互损mutual involvement of yin and yang
1. 许多疾病的过程也就是邪正斗争及其盛衰变化的过程。
The course of many diseases is a process of combat between pathogenic factors and healthy qi as well as the ebb and flow of their strengths.
2. 邪气盛则实，精气夺则虚。
Predominance of pathogenic factors leads to excess while depletion of essence results in deficienc y.
3. 正胜邪退，疾病趋向好转和痊愈。
When healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, it will lead to improvement of or recovery from an illness.
10. 血虚是指血液不足或血的濡养功能减退的病理变化。
Blood deficiency refers to a morbid state of blood insufficiency or hypofunction of blood to nouris
h.
13. 气滞血瘀是由于气的运行不畅而导致的血运障碍。
Blood stasis with qi stagnation means that unsmooth flow of qi leads to disturbance of blood circul ation.
Lesson13
3．精充气足 sufficient essence and abundant qi9．肌肤甲错squamous and dry skin
12．面部表情facial expressions 13．预后良好favorable prognosis 20．脉象pulse condition 5.局部病变可以影响及全身、内脏的病变，可以从各个方面反映出来。
Local pathological changes may involve the whole body and the viscera, which can be manifested in various aspects.
6.四诊的方法是在长期的医疗实践中逐步形成和发展起来的。
9.假神是垂危病人出现精神暂时好转的假象。
“False vitality” is a false manifestation of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a disease.
10.常色指人在正常生理状态时的面部色泽。
Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.
20.在临床应用中，只有四诊合参才能得到正确的诊断。
Clinically, only combined use of the four diagnostic methods can enable one to perform the correc t diagnosis.
Lesson15
2．表里同病
disease involving both exterior and interior/co-existence of exterior and interior disorders
3．寒热错杂co-existence of cold and heat/ mixture of cold and heat
5．真寒假热true cold with false heat 14．寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heat one
16．热证转寒transformation of heat syndrome into cold one
19．潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating
1．疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可用八纲加以归纳。
The manifestations of a disease, though complicated, can be generalized into a certain pattern in th e light of the eight principles.
8．热证是感受热邪、或阳盛阴虚，人体的机能活动亢进所表现的证候。
Heat syndrome, characterized by hyperactivity of human functions, is caused by invasion of patho genic heat or predominance of yang with decline of yin.
13．虚症是对人体正气虚弱各种临床表现的病理概括。
Deficiency syndrome is a pathological generalization of various manifestations due to deficiency o f healthy qi.
14．实证是对人体感受外邪，或体内病理产物蓄积而产生的各种临床表现的病理概括。Excess syndrome is a pathological generalization of various manifestations caused by exogenous p athogens or accumulation of pathological substances in the body.
16．真阴不足与真阳不足就是肾阴不足与肾阳不足。
Deficiency of genuine yin or yang refers to insufficiency of kidney yin or yang.
Lesson16
1．中草药Chinese medicinal herbs 2．四气五味four properties and five flavors
11．燥湿健脾drying dampness to invigorate the spleen
12．升降沉浮ascending, descending, sinking and floating
13．归经channel tropism of medicines 14．用药禁忌medication contraindication
1．植物药根据入药部分的不同，采集季节和方法也不同。
The seasons and methods of collecting herbs vary with the parts used for medicinal purpose of the herbal plants.
5．寒性药物具有清热、泻火、解毒的作用。
Cold-natured herbs have the functions of clearing away heat, purging fire, and removing toxin. 7．热性药物具有祛寒、温里、助阳的作用。
Hot-natured herbs have the functions of expelling coldness,warming the interior and invigorating yang.
9．辛味药多有发散和行气血的作用。
Herbs pungent in flavor have the functions of dispersing and promoting flow of qi and blood.
问答题
1. What is TCM.
TCM, with a history of thousands of years, unique and integrated theoretical system, rich practical experience and good clinical effect, has been making great contribution to Chinese people’s healt h care and the development of Chinese nation. It is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.
2. Do you know what the characteristics of TCM are.
This unique theoretical system is essentially characterized by the concept of holism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. The concept of holism is reflection of classic Chinese materiali sm and dialectics in TCM, emphasizing the integrity of the human body and the unity between the
body and its external environments.
3. What are main points of the concept of holism in TCM?
The main points of the concept of holism is emphasizing the integrity of the human body and the u nity between the body and its external environments.
4. How do you understand the theory of yin and yang?
Yin and Y ang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature. Their relationship as follow that: yin and yang oppose each other, yin and yang depend on each other, yin and yang wane and waxes while the other wanes, yin and yang tra nsform between each other.
5. Please tell the order of restriction of the five elements.
Wood restricts earth, earth restricts water, water restricts fire, fire restricts metal, and metal, in turn , restricts wood.
6. What is the main function of the five zang-organs? (chose one)【考试时要写成一句话，而不是知识点，比如：the main function of lung are……】
Lung: a. primary functions are to dominate Qi and control respiration.
b. diffusion purification and descent as well as regulate water passage
c. the lung assists the heart in circulation blood
heart: a. governing the blood and vessels
b. being in charge of the mind
spleen: a. the spleen dominates the transformation and transportation
b. the spleen up bearing the clear function
c. the spleen controls the blood within the vessels
liver: a. maintaining the smooth flow of Qi
b. storing blood
kidney: a. the most fundamental function of the kidney is to store the body`s essence
b. the kidney presides over water, which here means the metabolism of body fluid
c. the kidney is responsible for holding Qi
7. What are the extraordinary fu-organs and why they are so called?
The extraordinary fu-organs include the brain, marrow, bones, vessels , gallbladder and uterus. They are in morphology and organ hollow inside and with a cavity, and be essential juice, like th e five zang-organs “to store essence-qi”, so they are also called an extraordinary fu-organ.
8 .What are the physiological functions of qi , blood and body fluid?(chose one)
There are mainly five physiological functions of qi. The first is promoting. The second is warming . The third is defending. The fourth is consolidating. The fifth is transforming.
The main physiological function of the blood is to nourish and moisten the whole body. The blood circulates inside the vessels throughout the body, internally to the viscera and externally to the ski n, muscles, tendons and bones.
The physiological functions of body fluid inc lude moistening and nourishing the body, transformi ng and enriching blood, regulating yin and yang, neutralizing toxin and excreting waste.
9.What are the relationships among qi, blood and body fluid?【同六】
Relationships between qi and blood:
a. Qi generates blood.
b. Qi propels blood.
c. Qi commands blood to circulate inside vessels to avoid bleeding.
d. Blood generates qi.
e. Blood carries qi.
Relationships between qi and body fluid:
a. Qi generates body fluid.
b. Qi promotes the flow of body fluid.
c. Qi controls body flui
d.
d. Body fluid carries qi.
e. Body fluid generates qi.
Relationships between blood and body fluid: physiologically, blood and body fluid are both genera ted from food nutrients and can supplement and transform into each other. Pathologically blood an d body fluid can affect each other.
10. what is “meridian system”?
The meridian system refers to the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body. There pathway s connect the viscera with the limbs and joints, link the upper part of the body with the lower part and associate the interior portion with the exterior.
11.How many pathogenic factors are mentioned in the text? What are they?
Pathogenic factors are various, such as abnormal changes of weather, pestilence, mental stimulati on, improper diet, overstrain, trauma due to heavy load, injury caused by falling, incised wound an d insect or animal bites, etc.
12. Do you know anything about disharmony between yin and yang?
Disharmony between yin and yang refers to the relative exuberance or debilitation of yin and yang or failure of yin to control yang or yang to control yin due to various pathogenic factors. The path ological changes of disharmony between yin and yang mainly include relative exuberance relative debilitation, mutual consumption, mutual repulsion and depletion of yin and yang.
13. What are the four diagnostic methods?
The four diagnostic methods include inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry as well as pu lse-taking and palpation. The human body is an organic whole. Local pathological changes may af fect the viscera and the whole body and can be detected from the manifestations of the sensory org ans ,limbs and surface of the body.
14. Do you know anything about eight principles?
The eight principles refer to yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat as well as deficien cy and excess. The manifestations of diseases, though complicated, can be generalized into certain patterns in the light of the eight principles.
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牛津词典系列 牛津辞典是英国牛津大学出版社出版的多种英语词典的统称，是英国语言词典的代表。牛津词典详细追溯了每个英语词的历史演变（对其最早的出现年代有明确的标注），释义和引证繁富，因而是英语词汇的最高权威。 牛津老大 The Oxford English Dictionary，20 Volume Set《牛津英语大辞典》【查早到1150年（的古旧词）】类似《汉语大词典》 牛津老大：最高级的牛津词典，就是The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）简称OED，这是牛津兄弟的老大，也是英语词典界的圣经。它一共有20卷，目前国内书商动辄索价￥20000RMB。这么贵的词典谁会买呢？问得好。其实，没有任何人能够读完这本词典，它的存在更具有象征意义，象征着人类对知识无限的追求。 然而人类的这点成就这一切，在电子时代失去了骇人的体量和质感。OED的光盘版，只需要两张CD-ROM。但凡买过这套电子版的人，无不怨声载道，因为它的接口设计实在太差了。查完一个词之后，居然没有一个后退键。只能用鼠标浏览，但又不支持鼠标右键的COPY和粘贴。总之，如果花钱买来的话，大概会非常痛苦。 顺便说一句，The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）有个缩印版，The Compact Oxford English Dictionary，内容跟OED一样，价格只要￥3200，但字体非常恐怖，是把OED四页的内容印到一页上，如果你不想写一部失乐园续集的话，最好还是打消买它的念头。 牛津老二 The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary，2 Vol.Set《牛津简编英语词典》【查早到17世纪（的古旧词）】类似《辞源》 牛津老二：The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary （2 Vol. Set），可能是牛津也觉得自己浪费森林太不象话，于是出了一个简编版。不要以为看到Shorter，就真Shorter，其实，这是牛津家族中第二大的词典。两大本3888页的厚度，也够意思了。这本词典在国内由上海外语教育出版社引进第五版。网上可以找到供Mdict词典软件使用的牛津简编词典包。 牛津老三 The New Oxford Dictionary of English《新牛津英语大词典》【查现代的（百科新词）】类似《辞海》 该词典国内已经出版了，双解版名为《新牛津英汉双解大词典》（上海外语教育出版社），在网上也要卖￥315左右。如果OED和SOED侧重词源学，引经据典太多，太学术的话，那么ODE就是给人类预备的。不过这本词典的中文翻译挺讨厌，因为把每个例句都翻译了，包括：“Yes，I will.” 这样的。如果你想拥有一本英英的原版，先不要急着去亚马逊下单，下面有一个终极解决办法，金山词霸2009[牛津版]收录其双解版。 牛津老四 Concise Oxford Dictionary《牛津简明英语词典》【查现代的（英文新词）】类似《现代汉语词典》 该词典是大学级别词典（College Dictionary），中高级用用也足够了，简称COD。由外语教学与研究出版社引进。
v1.0可编辑可修改Lesson One History of Traditional Chinese Medicine 中医术语 acupunture and moxibusion 针灸 health maintenance 养生 drugs cold and cool 寒凉药 the school of cold and cool 寒凉派 diaphoesis emesis purgation 汗吐下 the school of purgation 攻下派 exagenous pathogenic factors 外邪 reinforcing the earth 补土 internal impairment of spleen and stomach would bring about vorious diseases 内伤脾胃百病由生 yang is usually redundant ,while yin is frequently deficient. 阳常有余阴常不足 nourishing yin滋阴 medicinal herbs草药 blood stagnation淤血 warm and inorgorate the spleen and stomach温养脾胃 中国医药学 : traditional Chinese medicine 中医基础理论 : basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验 : clinical experience 辨证论治 : treatment based on syndrome differentiation;pattern identification and treatment 本草 : materia medica 中药 : Chinese materia medica; Chinese medicinals 中草药 : Chinese medicinal herbs 四气五味 : four properties and five tastes
第一课 一．术语翻译 1. traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 中国医药学 2. basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 中医基础理论 3. clinical experience临床经验 4. treatment based on syndrome differentiation 辨证论治 5. miscellaneous diseases杂病 6. Chinese pharmacy 中药学 7. four properties and five tastes/flavors四气五味 8. acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox 针灸 9. classical Chinese philosophy古代中国哲学 10. sweating therapy; diaphoresis汗法 11. purgation 下法 12. vomiting therapy; emetic therapy 吐法 13. the School of Reinforcing the Earth补土派 14. etiology 病因学 15. prescription; formula 方剂 16. medical practice 医疗实践 17. therapeutic principles 治疗原则 18. herbs cold and cool in nature 寒凉药物 19. nourishing yin and reducing fire滋阴降火 20. diseases caused by blood stagnation瘀血致病 二．句子翻译 1.TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases. 中国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。 2. TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system. 中医学有完整独特的理论体系。 3. TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases. 中医学是研究人的生命规律以及疾病的发生发展和防治规律的一门科学。 4. Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. 《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。 5. Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore. 《难经》在许多方面，尤其是在脉学上，补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。 6. Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China. 《诸病源候论》是中医学最早的一部病因症候学专著。 7. Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient. 阳常有余，阴常不足。 8.Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.
中医翻译研究：回顾、现状与思考 （上海中医药大学外语教学中心周恩） 摘要：本文对过去几个世纪关于中医翻译的研究状况进行了全面总结。分三个阶段回顾了其发展历程，并从学科与研究队伍建设、学术成就以及研究内容等几方面概述了中医翻译研究的现状，同时指出了研究中存在的不足。 关键词：中医；回顾；成就；不足 Research on the Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Survey Abstract: This article provides a general survey of the research on TCM translation in the past several centuries. It reviews the three-staged developments of the research, presents the status quo by highlighting the researcher cultivation and subject construction, achievements, contents as well as weaknesses in the research of TCM translation. Key Words: traditional Chinese medicine; review; achievements; weaknesses 1．引言 中医翻译早已有之，早在秦汉时期，中国的医药学就已传入东南亚诸国。然而，在我国同那些国家那时所进行的医药交流中，却鲜有翻译活动的记载。直到17 世纪中叶，我国开始与欧洲诸国进行医药交流，才为我们今天研究中医翻译历史提供了比较详尽资料（李照国1997）。从那时起到现在，我国中医翻译经历从无到有，从小到大的一系列的发展过程。在此，我们将对中医翻译的历史做一个大致的回顾，对其研究现状进行大致的介绍，并提出中医翻译研究的一些思考。 2．中医翻译研究的历史回顾 中医翻译从17世纪至今，其发展大致可以分文三个阶段：早期萌芽阶段、逐步深入阶段和逐步成熟阶段。下面我们对每个阶段的特点进行简要的回顾。 2.1 早期萌芽阶段 17 世纪中叶到18世纪末，为中医向欧洲传播的始发阶段，进展比较缓慢。在欧洲仅出版了19 部有关中医的译著。而在18 世纪末到19 世纪末的这一百年间，中医学在欧洲的传播有了一定的发展，研究范围有了一定得拓展，先后出版了137 部有关中医的书籍。
第一课 1.中国中医药traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验clinical experience辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 杂病miscellaneous diseases中药学Chinese pharmacy 四气五味four properties and five tastes 针灸acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox古代中国哲学classical Chinese philosophy汗法sweating therapy; diaphoresis 下法purgation吐法vomiting therapy; emetic therapy补土派the School of Reinforcing the Earth方剂prescription; formula 医疗实践medical practice治疗原则therapeutic principles寒凉药herbs cold and cool in nature滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire瘀血致病diseases caused by blood stagnation 第二课 1 ve zang-organs; five zang-viscera五脏six fu-organs六腑system of meridians and collaterals经络系统holism整体观念organic wholenss有机整体social attribute社会属性(of the five zang-organs) open into开窍sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store生长化收藏diagnostics诊断学relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi邪正关系therapeutics治疗学common cold due to wind and cold风寒感冒different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease同病异治the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases异病同治balance of water metabolism水液代谢平衡clearing away heart fire清心火nature of disease疾病本质treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side以左治右drawing yang from yin从阴引阳treating the lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part病在上者下取之 第三课 1 philosophical concept哲学概念mutual transformation相互转化balance of yin and yang阴平阳秘transformation between yin and yang阴阳转化extreme cold turning into heat寒极生热 pathological changes病理变化absolute predominance 绝对偏盛 general rule of pathogenesis病机总纲supplementing what it lacks of补其不足eliminating wind and dispersing cold祛风散寒mutually inhibiting and promoting相互消长mutually inhibiting and restraining相互制约interdependence相互依存excess of yin leading to decline of yang阴胜则阳病contrary and supplementary to each other相反相成organic whole有机整体impairment of yang involving yin阳损及阴deficiency of both yin and yang阴阳两虚deficiency cold syndrome虚寒证suppressing yang and eliminating wind熄风潜阳 第四课 1.the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases五行学说free development 条达舒畅to be generated and to generate生我我生restraint in generation生中有制Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.木曰曲直Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.土元稼穑 Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing.水曰润下over restriction and counter-restriction相乘相侮Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient.土虚木乘promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation生克制化disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ母病及子insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney肝肾精血不足blood deficiency in the heart and liver心肝血虚exuberant fire in the heart心火亢盛insufficiency of liver yin肝肾不足declination of kidney yang肾阳衰微weakness of the spleen and stomach脾胃虚弱soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach平肝和胃insufficiency of kidney yin肾阴不足balance between water and fire水火不济 第五课 doctrine of visceral manifestations脏象学说five zang-organs and six fu-organs五脏六腑extraordinary fu-organs齐桓之府nutrients of water and food水谷精微ransmitting and transforming water and food传化水谷storing essence贮藏精气internal and external relationship表里关系therapeutic effects治疗效应 clinical practice临床实践storage without discharge藏而不写discharge without storage泻而不藏physical build and various orifices形体诸窍(of five zang-organs) open into开窍spirit and emotions精神情志the heart storing spirit心藏神the lung storing corporeal soul肺藏魄the liver storing ethereal soul肝藏魂the spleen storing consciousness 脾藏意the kidney storing will肾藏志the luster manifesting upon the face其华在面 第六课 the heart governing blood and vessels心主血脉sufficiency of heart qi心气充沛rosy complexion面色红润sufficiency of blood血液充盈unsmooth vessels脉道不利lusterless complexion面色无华thin and weak pulse脉象细弱the heart storing
中医英语翻译句子翻译重点 1.由于证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质以及邪正关系，反映出疾病发展过程中某一阶段的病理变化的本质，因而它比症状更全面、更深刻、更正确地揭示了疾病的本质。 Since syndrome, covering the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi, indicates the nature of pathological changes in a phase during the disease progress, it more comprehensively, profoundly and correctly uncovers the nature of disease than symptom does. 2.所谓辨证，就是将四诊（望、闻、问、切）所收集的资料、症状和体征，通过分析、综合、辨清疾病的原因、性质、部位以及邪正之间的关系，概括、判断为某种性质的证。 The so-called syndrome differentiation refers to the process of figuring out the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi by analyzing the information, symptoms and signs of the patients collected by four examinations including inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry and palpation, and finally identifying the disease as a certain syndrome. 3.辨证和论治，是诊治疾病过程中相互关系不可分割的两个方面，是理论和实践相结合的体现，是理法方药在临床上的具体体现，是指导中医临床工作的基本原则。 Syndrome differentiation and treatment, correlated and inseparable in diagnosing and treating disease, show the combination of theory and practice, and application of principles, methods, formulas and medicinals to clinical practice, and serve as the fundamental principle to guide clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. 4.阴阳学说认为，世界是物质性的整体，世界本身是阴阳二气对立统一的结果。
中医药英语翻译学者观点之探讨 随着我国现代化建设的不断前行，经济迅猛发展，各行各业与国际交往也越来越多。华夏文化也随之更加广泛地走向世界，中医药理论及文化随同此番大潮也展现了向国际化发展的良好趋势。中医药作为中华民族的瑰宝之一走向世界，是许多年来华夏儿女的梦想。她在中华大地为中华各民族世世代代所传承的基础上，不久的将来必将为全世界人民的健康和诊病发挥不可替代的积极作用。我们传承中华医学，发扬华夏文明的传统美德，向全世界宣传中医药并在世界医学领域推广中医药离不开语言和文字交流。 1 问题的提出 笔者注意到，近年来特别是20世纪80年代中后期至今，国内许多学者在从事中医药领域的语言翻译事业，做了大量的前所未有的建设性基础工作。国外的同行业人士也频繁来国内进行专业沟通交流。国内的专家学者也不断走出去，利用各种机会和场合宣传中医药文化及近年来的发展。但我们意识到，在沟通与使用不同语言交流过程中，汉文化在中医药中的语言，转变为英语后在以西方文化为主要代表的国家地域在表达和理解上存在明显差异，其重要原因是对中医药的英语译释不准确、不全面、没有体现中医的精髓，因此产生许多误解。为了扭转这种对中医药在国际上发展的不利因素，国家近几年也陆续出版了相关的中医药典，形成比较规范的中医药行业指导性文献资料。中医英语的译释工作在语言翻译行业已经成为一个重要科目，不断有新的、不同的学术观点和理论阐述发表。笔者对近年来有关中医英语的翻译工作及学术观点进行粗略总结，本文通过总结这些学术论点，提出自己的见解，与业内人士共飨。 2 学者观点浅论 2.1 汉斯·维米尔的《翻译目的论》[1] 它的核心概念认为：决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的。而这个目的是由目标语读者或者译文信息接受者的期望、需求、已有条件和环境条件共同决定的。任何一种翻译做品都是指向某一特定的受众读者群体，由此翻译是目标语情态中为某种目的及目标生产的文字信息资料。 笔者完全认同这一点。在中医药领域，将中医药翻译成英语，是将我们几千年积累并传承的医学理论，通过语言的翻译，向全球占较大比例的西方文化群体或使用英语的其他人群进行有效传播的唯一途径。没有语言的传播，仅靠我国无偿提供的医疗援助中带有中医药特色的服务，很难实现中医药在国际医学领域的推广和进步。翻译的目的就是让受众读者群体通过他们熟悉的语言了解中医药文化，并最终认可中医药，使用中医药。因此其目的性决定了在翻译时语言词汇的取舍和定位。 在中医药英语译释工程中，中医与西医的病名、药名、方剂名是翻译中的主要三大类。众所周知，华夏文化始终强调的是天人合一、天地一体、注重平衡、喜欢中庸平和。中医药理论的核心部分是整体观念和阴阳平衡。中医学认为，人体是一个以腹胀、经络为核心的有机整体，各脏腑组织之间互相联系、相互影响促进又相互制约，人体与自然也是紧密相关的对立统一体，中医临床正是依据这种联系和影响辨证论治。中医的养生理论也是认为人类必须顺应大自然，保持人体与外界环境的协调统一。因此可见中医具有鲜明的民族文化属性，中医理论与中国的传统观念息息相关、一脉相承。而西方文化则推崇个人主义、突出个人奋斗和个性化、喜欢标新立异与自然抗衡、鼓吹冒险等，两者反差巨大。但是根据目的性原则，中医英语的译释工作，必须将中国的传统文化在汉译英的翻译过程中，满足其让英语读者的受众群体通过文字了解、读懂，这就是中医英语翻译的目的。在不同中找出相同、在差异中找出相似、在类似中采用加注等，以实现翻译给英语读者方便阅读的最终目的。 2.1.1 例如：在病名中翻译处理，西医与中医有关病名是完全对应的，采取直译是最为妥当的。
中医术语翻译的诀窍 由于中医术语高度概括，抽象深奥，且多采用古汉语表达，故给中医翻译带来了很大的难度。翻译不是简单的语际语码的转换，而是一种真正意义上的跨语言，跨文化交际… 中医英语翻译乃是一种双重的跨语言，跨文化交际。因为在翻译过程中首先要实现古汉语，古代文化与现代汉语，现代文化之间的转换，然后再实现从现代汉语向英语，东方文化向西方文化的跨越。这要求译者在具备翻译功底的同时，还须熟知中医学理论和扎实的古汉语知识。本文就中医术语的翻译方法及相关问题进行讨论。 一、科技英语常用构词法科技英语构词中，普遍运用复合法，缀合法，缩合法，首字母缩略等。在中医术语翻译时可借鉴之。 1、复合法这类术语在中医术语翻译中占了很大的比例，其含义大多是各个词含义的叠加。采用这种译法的优点是容易找到对应词，结构明了，易于理解缺点是译文往往不够简洁，例如活血化瘀。 2、缀合法此类术语的含义为词缀与词干意义的相加，特点是简洁，专业性强，与西医术语的可比性强，便于学术交流。但在目前中医术语翻译中，这类词的使用比例并不高，如针灸。 3、缩合法其含义通常是构成该词的两个部分的词语意义相加，其特点类似缀合法。例如针压。 4、首字母缩略这种方法在科技英语(包括医学英语)中使用得非常广泛，但在中医英语中却很少使用。目前被本人系天天论文网就职11年的资深论文编辑；工作中与各大医学期刊杂志社进行学术交流过程中建立了稳定的编辑朋友圈，系多家医学杂志社的特约编辑，常年为医学期刊杂志供稿，负责天天论文网医学论文·分检·编校·推送·指导等工作！工作企鹅1:1550116010工作企鹅2：766085044普遍接受的只有”中医”一词。当然，也有学者在这方面做了有益的尝试，如将温病缩略为。 首字母缩略是一种非常便捷的构词方式，可提高单位词汇的信息量。但是，如何运用这一方法使中医术语趋于简洁，规范，还有待进行深入的研究。 二、其他翻译方法 1、词性的转换由于中文和英文的语言结构，表达方式不同，在翻译时要将中医术语的结构进行转换。较常用的方法是将中文的主谓结构，动宾结构转换成英文中的名词性词组或非限定动词词组。例如: 止痛等。对症状的描述也多采用类似的方法。由于症状表示的是一种状态，而非具体动作，其中文可采用主谓或动宾等词组来描述，而在英语中则常采用名词(词组)或动名词(词组)的形式。如盗汗等。 2、结构调整中医术语大多形成于中国古代，故语言形式上保留了古汉语的特点，讲究工整对仗。但在译成英语时，往往需要对这类结构进行调整，采用符合目的语语言习惯的结构，实现意义上的忠实。如神疲肢倦，心悸怔忡等2.3音译法由于东西方文化和中西医理论之间存在很大的差异，所以有不少中医术语很难在西医(英语)中找到对应的词用意译的方法则译文过于冗长，不符合术语简洁精练的要求。在这种情况下，采用音译不失为一种可取的选择，必要时可加以注释，以弥补音译的不足。例气一，气功一，阴阳一。气是中医理论中的一个重要概念，它既可以指人体的生命物质，也可以指人体的生理功能。用音译法来翻译，则最直接，最简洁地反映出了”气”的真实内涵。 三、翻译中须注意的问题 1、求同存异对于在英语中有完全或部分对应词汇的术语，应尽量采用对应语，以与国际通用术语接轨，符合术语标准化的要求，又便于目的语读者的理解。如腰，胃痛，头晕耳鸣等。尽管象”腰”，”胃”等术语在中医中的含义与西医并不完全一致，但如果采用其他
电器电子英语词汇（D） 育龙网 WWW.CHINA-B.C0M 2009年06月03日来源：互联网 育龙网核心提示： d/a converter 数字模拟转换器da 设计自动化dac 数字 模拟转换器dacq 数据采集damage 损伤damage area 损伤区damage probability d/a converter 数字模拟转换器 da 设计自动化 dac 数字模拟转换器 dacq 数据采集 damage 损伤 damage area 损伤区 damage probability 损伤概率 damage study 破坏研究 damped oscillations 阻尼振荡 damped wave 衰减波 damping 衰减 damping constant 衰减常数 damping diode 阻尼二极管 damping factor 衰减因数 dark current 暗电流 dark discharge 暗放电 dark pulse spectrum 暗脉冲谱 dark resistance 暗电阻 dark space 暗区 dark spot 黑点 dark spot signal 黑点信号 dark trace screen 暗迹屏 darlington amplifier 达灵顿放大器 darlington emitter follower 达林顿射极跟随器data 数据 data acquisition 数据采集 data bank 数据库 data capture 数据采集
data channel 数据电路 data circuit 数据电路 data collection 数据采集 data communication 数据通信 data communication system 数据传送系统data compression 数据压缩 data concentrator 数据集中器 data conversion 数据转换 data gathering 数据采集 data handling 数据处理 data line 数据电路 data link 数据传输线路 data logging 数据采集 data modem 数据灯解调 data network 数据网 data packet switching 数据包交换 data processing 数据处理 data reduction 数据压缩 data slice 位片微处理机 data transfer 数据传送 data transmission 数据传送 data transmission channel 数据传输通道dc 数据转换 dc amplifier 直僚大器 dccd 数字电荷耦合掐 dccl 直接电荷耦合逻辑 dctl 直接耦合晶体管逻辑 dctl gate 直接耦合晶体管逻辑门 de emphasis 去加重 dead time 无感时间 debunching of a beam 束立聚 deburring 去毛刺
heat 清肺热clear away lung-heat 相互制约mutual restraint, mutual restriction/interaction 湿邪犯肺pathogenic dampness invading the lung 动态平衡dynamic equilibrium 清热泻火clearing away heat and reducing fire 阴平阳秘yin and yang in equilibrium 腠理muscular interstices, striae, interstitial space 阴阳得互根互用interdependence of yin and yang 水湿停滞retention of water and dampness, water retention 相互依存interdependence 癃闭retention of urine 阴阳离绝separation of yin and yang 气血运行circulation/flow of qi and blood 相反相成opposite and supplementary to each 阴阳转化transformation between yin and yang 生理功能physiological functions 阳消阴长yang waning and yin waxing 病理变化pathological changes 阴胜则阳病predominance of yin leading to disorder of yang 临床诊断clinical diagnosis 阴胜则阳病an excess of yin leads to deficiency of yang 阳胜生外热exuberance of yang leading to exterior heat 阳胜则热predominance of yang generating heat 阳中求阴obtaining yang from yin 寒极生热extreme cold generating heat 绝对偏盛absolute predominance 热极生寒extreme heat generating cold 阳虚则寒yang deficiency leading to cold 阳损及阴impairment of yang involving yin 阴阳俱损simultaneous consumption of yin and yang 阴液不足insufficiency of yin-fluid 阴阳两虚simultaneous deficiency of both yin and yang 病机总纲general principle of pathogenesis 阳虚发热fever due to yang deficiency 病机pathomechanism, pathological mechanism 阴阳自与natural harmony between yin and yang 阴阳胜复alternative predominance of yin and yang 木乘土the wood over-restrains the earth 虚寒证deficiency-cold syndrome 木火刑金wood-fire impairs the metal 扶阳退阴strengthening yang to reduce yin 金水相生generation between the metal and water 祛风散寒expelling/eliminating wind to dispersing cold 生克制化interrelationship between generation and restriction 消导积滞promoting digestion and removing food retention 制则生化restriction ensuring generation 潜阳熄风suppressing yang to quench wind 母病及子disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ 五行学说theory of five elements 传变transmission of disease, progress of disease
中国医药学：traditi onal Chines e me dicin e 中医基础理论:basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验:clinical experience 辨证论治:treatment based on syndrome differentiation 本草:materia medica国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。 TCM, a medical system with a history of thousands years，has summarized the experience of the Chinese people accumulating in the struggle against diseases. 2.中医学在古代唯物论和辩证法思想的影响和指导下，通过长期的医疗实践，逐步形成并发展为独特的医学理论体系。 Under the influence and guidance of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics,tradition Chinese medicine has eventually evolved into a medical system with unique theory through long term medical practice. 3.中医学是研究人体生理病理以及疾病的诊断和防 治的一门科学。 Tradition Chinese medicine is a science focusing on the study of the physiology and pathology of the human body as well as the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. 4.黄帝内经总结了春秋战国以来的医疗成就和治疗 经验，确立了中医学独特的理论体系，成为中医药学发展的基础。 The Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine has summed up the medical achievements and clinical experiences since the Spring-Autumn Period and Warring States ，establishing the unique theoretical system of TCM and laying the foundation for the development of TCM 5.难经内容十分丰富，补充了内经的不足，成为后 世指导临床实践的理论基础。 The Canon on Medical Problems is rich in content, supplementing what the Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine lacks and serving as the theoretical basis for the clinical practice of the latter generations 6.阴常有余，阳常不足。 Yang is frequently in excess while yin is often in deficiency 7.温病是研究四时温病的发生发展规律以及其诊治 方法的一门临床学科。 Epedemic febrile disease is a clinical specialty concentrating on the study of the occurrence , developing tendency , diagnosis and treatment of febrile diseases in the four seasons. 8.中医在其长期的发展过程中，形成了各家学说In its long course of development, TCM has developed into various schools of theories. 9.内伤脾胃，百病由生。 The interior impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about the occurrence of various diseases. 10.中药不但包含有草药，而且包含有矿物药和动物 药等。 Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs but also minerals and animal parts. 1.中医学在其形成过程中受到了古代唯物论和辩证 法思想的深刻影响。 During the long course of its development and practice , tradition Chinese medicine has been under the influence of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics. 2.中医学认为，世界是物质的，是阴阳二气相互作 用的结果 Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the world is material and is the result of the interaction of yin and yang 3.天地合气，命之曰人 The existence of human beings depends on the interaction between the celestial qi and terrestrial qi 4.中医学认为精气是生命的本原物质，这种精气先 身而生，具有遗传性 According to tradition Chinese medicine, essence is the essential substance for life. Such an essential substance exists prior to the formation of the body and is hereditary 5.父母之精气相合，形成胚胎发育的原始物质The combination of the parental essence is the primary substance for the formation of fetus 人体各组织器官共处于统一体中，不论在生理上还 是在病理上都是相互联系相互影响的All the tissues and organs in the human body are in a unity which associate with each other and influence each other both physiologically and pathologically 疾病是可以认识的，也是可以防治的 Diseases are cognizable, preventable and curable. 治病必须抓住疾病的根本矛盾，即所谓的治病必求 于本The treatment of disease must focus on the root cause. That is what “the treatment of disease must concentrate on the principal aspect “ means 寒者热之，热者寒之，虚者补之，实者泻之 Cold disease should be treated by warm therapy, while febrile disease should be treated by cold therapy, deficiency syndrome should be treated by supplementing therapy, while excess syndrome should be treated by purgative therapy 人是自然界的一个组成部分，并与自然界有着密切 的联系 Human being is one of the components in nature and keeps close relationship with nature 人的生命活动过程就是人体阴阳对立双方在不断地 矛盾运动中取得统一的过程 The process of life activity is a course in which yin and yang in the human body realize unity after constant contradictory movement 1.中医理论体系的基本特点就是整体观念和辨证论 治TCM is characterized by the concept of organic wholeness and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. 2.中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体 Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the human body is an organic whole. 3.人体各组成部分在功能上相互为用，在病理上相 互影响The components of human body functionally depend on each other and pathologically affect each other 4.整体观念贯穿于中医生理病理诊法辩证和治疗的 各个方面 The concept of holism permeates through all the fields in TCM, including physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment. 5.人体某一局部区域内的病理变化往往与全身脏腑 气血阴阳的盛衰有关 The pathological changes in certain part or region of the human body are usually related to the conditions of viscera, qi and blood as well as yin and yang in the whole body 6.人体内部脏腑的虚实气血的盛衰和津液的盈亏都 可呈现于舌The condition of the viscera, qi , blood and body fluid all can be manifested over the tongue 7.心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里 The heart opens into the tongue and is exteriorly and interiorly related to the small intestine 8.人与天地相应 The human beings are in correspondence with the universe 9.春夏脉多浮大，秋冬脉多沉小 In the spring and summer, the pulse appears floating and large, while in the autumn and winter, the pulse appears deep and small 10.人体阳气白天多趋于表，夜晚多趋于里 The yang-qi in the human body tends to flow in the exterior in daytime and in the interior at night