口译资料
高级口译推荐教材：
1．上海英语中级口译全真模拟考试龚龙生上海外语音像出版社（制作与口译考试形式、难度相似，适合考前使用）
2．现代汉译英口译教程吴冰外语教学与研究出版社34.90 元（目前未出磁带，不适合做考前备考资
料，最多把一些相关词汇或表达法熟读即可）
3．现代汉译英口译教程练习册吴冰外语教学与研究出版社23.90 元
4．通用口译教程梅德明北京大学出版社（内容编撰较新，可以巩固基础知识）
温馨提示：
如果复习期间没有找到上述书本或材料，可以以手头所有的资料为蓝本，巩固基础，重点提高听力和口头语言表达能力即可。
.临考小贴士：
1．遇到听不懂得词怎么办？
翻译时，最怕遇到听不懂的词．克服这一障碍的唯一方法是应培养应变和预测能力．当然，事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知识是十分重要的．这样就能心中有数，知道讲话人要讲什么方面的内容．在这个基础上进行翻译时,个别不会的词，根据上下文，根据对整个讲话精神的体会，也可以将全句内容表达出来，千万不能被一个词卡住，而不能将翻译继续下去．如果翻译任务是不可提前知道的，（譬如考试中,就要在听到材料的几秒内把自己的注意力和精力全部转向此方面的平时准备和积累的知识上.）
2．如何在现场纠正翻译中的错误
要快速和准确，难免发生错误＼漏译和误译．译错后，如果是小错，只要是不影响大局的，则不必纠正，可接着往下进行；如果译的内容出现了大的错误，则必须立即纠正，可以明确地说: “刚才这点翻译错了.” 千万不能顾及自己的面子而造成损失；如果完全听漏了一句话，不要慌，最好的办法就是接着现在的话往下译，而不必考虑刚才漏听了什么，漏掉的话如同洒出去的水，是无法收回的．有的人过分认真，总在想刚才漏掉了什么，这样一来，不但漏掉的话补不回来，而且会漏掉更多的话．
3．碰到发言人/磁带录音讲话速度过快怎么办？
遇到这种情况时,一定要稳住，不能着急，要仔细分析整段的内容，紧紧抓住中心即可．在理解的基础上用目的语准确清晰完整地传达原语信息．
4.必须在影响同声传译质量的５个重要因素上下功夫，它们是：
(１)．记忆的作用(２)．预测(３)．应变能力(４)．储存能力(５)．共时理解和共时表达理解原语信息应放在首位，用目的语传达原语信息应放在末位．所以，传译中，最关键的问题是把发言人讲话的意思清晰地准确无误地传达给观众，帮助双方的交流得以实现．要等听清一个至多个意群后再做口译。
短期记忆为同声传译提供可能性。比如：对于发言中出现的数字、术语、缩略语、专有名词等.尽量顺着原语语序，即一听到一个完整的意群，就马上将其译为目的语。若有疏漏，可视情况做适当补充或说明。
在对可能出现的词或词组预测把握不足的情况下，可选用一些外延较广的中性词来组织句子结构，然后视具体情况将疏漏部分补全。
如果预测与发言人讲话的意义发生冲突，译员不应停下正翻译到一半的句子，重新组织译句。这里，唯一可取的办法就是可将话锋巧妙一转，补上讲话人的原意。
例如：“The la ck of these preconditions was demonstrated only recently in a frightening manner by the shooting down of a civilian airliner.” 当译员听到“the lack of these preconditions…,”他会预测这将是一个“没有……就会……”的结构（没有这些先决条件，就会导致……的结果。但是，当译员说完“没有这些先决条件”，后面听到的讲话于他的预测完全不同。这时，他不应重新翻译原句，而应及时补上：“这种情况，表现在最近一架民航客机被击落了。这是一个骇人听闻的事件。”
此外，必须对不同国家的社会、文化和语言背景有一定的了解.
例如：中国人说：“诸位长途旅行后一定很劳累了。”以表示对客人的关心。可是，西方人不喜欢别人说自己看起来很疲倦。所以，在这种场合不必字字对译，可以用“I believe you had a real nice trip.” 这样的句子来表达讲话人的关切。当然，强调译员的应变能力在同声传译中的重要性并不意味着可以随意拼凑。译员应熟练掌握自己的工作语言（包括母语）。如果口译中不知道使用固定译法，而编造出另外的译法，会大大影响口译质量。
例如：“明天我们将开一个吹风会。”“吹风会”的固定译法是“briefing”。如果译成“to blow wind”或“to give
information”,都会使听众迷惑不解。
成功的口译必须清晰易懂。因此，在口译时要摆脱原语的形式而掌握发言人讲话的意义，然后用最自然、贴切的语言（目的语）将其传达给听众。
例：“No nation can survive without peaceful environment. We mainta in no situation is pertinent which does not take into count the legitimate wishes of the majority of people of any country.”如果字字对译，译句将是：“没有国家的生存，没有和平的环境的话。我们认为没有情况是持久的，那种不考虑多数人民合法愿望的情况。”显然，这样的译句拗口难懂。若能够领会发言人的意思，用合乎中文语法的结构把原意表达出来，效果会理想得多：“任何国家要生存必须有一个和平的环境。
5.为避免遗忘，要尽量顺译，及时处理每一个意群。对新生事物感兴趣并及时记住新闻新语的表达。
6. 平时的语言积累可以确保有扎实的双语能力，同时还要有较强的口头表达能力。要掌握百科知识，例如：旅游、政治、经济、文化、环境、卫生、战争、和平等。要培养良好的心理素质：起初经常会觉得“心发慌、嘴发紧”，可能会译得一塌糊涂，这主要是准备不充分造成的。更是由于心理素质欠佳造成的。要能做到“处乱不惊，情绪稳定”否则会出现怯场现象，甚至大脑空白。因此，要有自信心，并做好充分准备。
7. 考试时考生要自带纸张或笔记本及笔，准备做笔记使用。
8．考试时通常播放磁带录音，建议考前练习用录音机扬声练习以适应考试；
9．考口译时，听完录音，不要延误时间，不重复已答内容，尽量简洁答题，听懂多少回答多少；
10．应试阶段要重点练习带有数字的段落，数字能力为考察重点；
高级口译考题分析：
北京市高等教育自学考试口译课程试题及参考答案
试题（一）
汉译英：敬老院
朋友们，欢迎你们到我们的敬老院来参观者。在你们参观之前，请允许我借此机会简单地介绍一下我们敬老院的情况。
Friends, welcome to our old folk’s/people’s home! Please allow me to take this opportunity to give you a briefing on the Home before I show you round.
我们这个敬老院是在1991年根据社会发展的需要而建立的。朋友们可能知道，中国老年人口一直以平均每年大约3%的速度增长。现在我市的老年人口就有156万。
This old folk’s home was built in 1991 to meet the needs of the social development. As you may know, China’s elderly population has been increasing at an average annual growth rate of about 3%. Currently, the aged population in city has reached 1. 56 million.
敬老院的建筑面积近1，000平方米，我们还有一个很大的活动中心，老年人不但可以在这里读书看报、打牌、下棋、打乒乓，还可以学书法和绘画，或者学一种乐器。
The Home occupies a floor space of some 1,000 square meters. We have a large recreational center for the elderly to read newspapers and magazines, play cards, chess or ping pong. They may also take lessons in calligraphy and painting, or learn to play a musical instrument.
过去我们敬老院只收无子女的老人，现在有许多老人因为呆在家里太寂寞，也希望住到敬老院里来。因此，凡是交得起费用的，我们尽可能地接收。
We used to accept only elderly people without children. Now that many senior citizens feel lonely staying at home all by themselves and want to come to live in our old folk’s home, we try to admit as many as possible those who can afford the expenses.
不过目前我们的地方太小，想接收更多的老人心有余而力不足。好了，情况就介绍到这里，大家如果有什幺问题，我很乐意回答，谢谢！
But the trouble is that the place is too small, so we are unable to accept as many as we’d like to. Well, so much for the briefing. If you have any questions, I’d be very glad to answer them. Thank you!
英译汉：中美首脑互访
Question:
How do you comment on President Jiang Zemin’s visit to the United States and President Clinton’s visit to China?
问：你如何评价江泽民主席对美国的访问和克林顿总统对中国的访问？
Answer:
I think the fact that our two president(s), the President of China and the President of the United States, have visited each other’s countries, eh, is indicative of the fact that our two countries are coming closer together and co operating in a whole host of areas.
答：我认为中国国家主席和美国总统（中美两国首脑）实现互访，这意味着两国的关系更加密切，各个方面都在进行合作。
And I think that we Americans and Chinese citizens are very fortunate in that both our presidents like each other and they have a good close personal relationship.
我认为中美两国人民都是幸运的，中美两国首脑彼此留下了良好的印象，他们建立了亲密了个人关系。
They’ve met each other many times over the past 6 years. They’ve come to know each other; they respect each other.
过去六年来，他们多次会晤，他们彼此了解，相互尊重。
They, eh they meet each other in an, in an attitude of mutual respect and mutual cooperation and I think that’s very beneficial to the Chinese people and, and also to the American people and beneficial to the world at large.
他们的会晤是抱着相互尊重、相互合作的态度，我认为这对中国人民、对美国人民、乃至全世界都是十分有利的。
试题（二）
汉译英：经济发展
在过去的一年里，中国贯彻扩大内需的方针，经济得到稳步发展，人民生活水平得到显着提高。
Last year, China implemented the policy of enlarging domestic demand, which led to a steady economic development and a significant improvement in the quality of the people’s life.
初步统计显示，国内生产总值为8万9千4百多亿元，比上年增长8％
Preliminary statistics show that the GDP was over 8, 940 billion yuan, an increase of 8 percent over the previous year.
到2000年底，中国人均国内生产总值达到800美元，创历史最高纪录。数字化家电、汽车和电脑已经进入越来越多中国人的家庭。
By the end of 2000, the per capita GDP in China came to a historical high of US$800. Digital electric appliances, cars and computers have entered more and more Chinese homes.
在物质生活进得到提高的同时，人民的文化生活也得到进一步的充实。他们用于文化活动、医疗健身的支出稳步增长，用于教育的支出大幅度提高。
Along with the improvement of their material life, the cultural well-being of the Chinese people has also improved. Their spending on cultural activities, body-building and health care has grown steadily, while that on education has increased considerably.
1998年以来，国家增加了公休假日。现在春节、五一、十一人们都有七天的长假，这使旅游市场一片火爆。Since 1998,the Government has increased the number of public holidays. People now have 7 days off during the Spring Festival, May Day and National Day holidays, which has led to the boom of the tourism market.
英译汉：中美首脑互访
Question:
Could you tell me what impression President Jiang Zemin gave you during his visit to the United States?
问：你能谈谈江泽民主席访美时给你留下的印象吗？
Answer.
Well, President Jiang’s visit to the United States was a great success. It was also, it’s a success from the standpoint of view of the government, the government relations, but it’s also I think a great personal success.
答：江主席对美国的访问取得了巨大的成功。这不仅从政府关系来说是成功，而且我认为，这也是江主席个人的重大成功。
The American people saw the President of China Jiang Zemin and they liked him. They like him because he had a smiling face and he portrayed himself as a friend of the American people.
美国人民看到了中国国家主席江泽民，他们对他表示欢迎。他们欢迎江主席，因为他面带微笑，因为他表明了自乙是美国人民的朋友。
He, as the representative of the Chinese people, had a great understanding of the American people, and their history.
他作为中国人民的代表，对美国人民，对他们的历史十分了解。
And I think he advanced the Sino-American relations a great deal by that visit. It was a very successful visit and the American people like the President of China and I think primarily because of that visit.
我认为他通过这次访问，极大地推进了中美关系的发展。这是一次非常非常成功的访问，我认为美国人民之所以喜欢中国的中家主席，主要归功于这次访问。
试题（三）
汉译英：信息产业
信息产业已成为中国的主要支柱产业和出口大户。中国政府将大力推动信息技术的应用，促进经济和社会的发展。The information industry has become a major pillar industry and the top exporter of China. The Chinese government will make great efforts to push forward the application of information technology to boost economic and social development. 统计数字表明，去年该行业制造部门的年产值达到了1200亿美元，出口产量达到551亿美元。
Statistics show that the annual output value of the industry’s manufacturing sector topped US; 120 billion last year, when total exports reached US$55.1 billion.
中国的信息产业在未来5年里的年均增长率要达到20%，到2005年，其增加产值要占到国内生产总值的7%。China’s information industry is set to work for an average annual growth rate of 20 percent in the coming five years, with its value accounting for 7 percent of the country’s GDP by the year 2005.
为了更好地发展我们的信息技术产业，我们要引进一个更加开放的竞争体制，创造一个有序的、法治的外部环境。To better cultivate our It industry, we will introduce a more-open competition system, creating an orderly and law-based external environment.
作为发展中国家，中国的信息技术远远落后于许多发达国家。我们需要借鉴别国的经验，同时也要顾及我们自己的具体情况。
As a developing country, China is lagged far behind many developed countries in information technology. We should draw upon experience from other countries while considering our own specific conditions.
Did you have a chance to meet President Jinag Zemin when he paid his official visit to the United States?
问：江泽民主席正式访问美国时，你见过他吗？
Answer:
Yes, in fact when he was in Washington for the official visit, I was able to attend the luncheon in his honor. That was hosted by Vice President Gore and I ended up by sitting very close to the President.
答：见过的，江主席在华盛顿进行正式访问时，我参加了欢迎他的午宴。那是副总统戈尔为他举行的宴会，我坐的位置离江主席很近。
And much to my surprise he speaks quite good English and so we were able to have a, a very brief but pleasant conversation.
令我感到十分惊讶的是，他能讲一口很好的英语，因此我们进行了简短而愉快的交谈。
I actually was, I guess like a lot of Americans, expecting someone much more formal and stiff, but he came across as very humane, with a sense of humor, which Americans particularly appreciate.
我想实际上我同许多美国一样，原以为见到的中国领导人会比较拘谨正式，但他却表现得颇有人情味，并具有幽默感，这是美中人特别欣赏的。
And I think that help them to get to know him and to relax with him and feel that they could trust him.
我认为这有利于美国人了解，与他轻松相处，并感到能够信任他。
试题（四）
汉译英：大学
女士们、先生们，欢迎你们到我们学校来！很高兴今天由我带大家参观我们学校，大家有什么问题，我可以为您解答。
Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our University. I’m very glad to show you around today and I’m ready to answ er your questions.
我们学校是一所文理科的综合大学。建校初期，我们只有四个系，这四个系是中文系、英文系、数学系和理化系。Ours is a comprehensive university of liberal arts and science. When it was first founded, there were only four departments, namely, Chinese, English, mathematics, physics and chemistry.
现在我们学校有16个系，下设39个专业。本科生读4年，研究生读三年。全校学生1万1千多人，其中研究生1千多人。
Now we have 16 departments with 39 specialties. The period of study is 4 years for undergraduates and 3 years for
graduate students. The student enrollment is over 11 thousand, including over 1 thousand graduate students.
我们学校与海外高等学校的学术交流十分频繁。今年我们就聘请15位外国专家任教，召开过一次国际研讨会。We have frequent academic exchanges with universities overseas. This year we have 15foreign experts teaching in our university and we held one international symposium.
近年来，我们学校的教学和科研条件得到了很大的改善，我们新建了一些实验室和计算中心。这栋楼是我们的视听电教中心，我们一些进去看看吧。
In recent years, our facilities for teaching and scientific research have been greatly improved. We have some new laboratories and computer centers. This is our audio-visual center. Let’s go in and have a look.
英译汉：中美首脑互访
Question:
Can you tell me why there are some people from the Congress of the United States who oppose to President Clinton’s visit to China?
问：你能谈谈为什么美国国会有些人要反对克林顿总统访华吗？
Answer
America speaks with many different tones, many different voices. For example, simply because five or ten members of the US Congress might say something, that does not mean it’s the policy of the American government, or the American people.
答：美国有许多不同的音调，有许多不同的声音在说话。如果仅仅有五到十个美国会议员说了些什么，并不意味着这就是美国政府或美国人民的政府。
Because the re’re five hundred and thirty-five members of the US Congress and so you have all sorts of diverse opinions there.
因为美国国会有五百三十五名议员，国会里各种各样的意见都有。
And simply because one congressman may say eh, say something that the Chinese government or the Chinese people don’t like, that does not mean that’s the policy of the US government.
如果一个国会议员就了些中国政府或者中国人民不爱听的话，那么这并不表明这些话就是美国政府的政策。
We need to watch and see what the President of the United States says, Mr. Clinton, or what the Secretary of State says; that represents the policy of the United States government.
我们需要关注美国的总统说了些什么，克林顿说了些什么，国务卿说了些什么，因为他们的活才是代表美国政府的政策的。
其他补充材料：
BEIJING
1.北京，中华人民共和国的首都，是中国政治、经济和文化中心。它历史悠久，曾为六朝古都，现有城市面积16,800 平方公里，人口超过1，000 万。// 北京城拥有许多名胜古迹，其中著名的有：故宫，香山等；还有许多有名的现代建筑，诸如：人民大会堂、中国人民历史纪念馆、革命博物馆、民族文化宫、军事纪念馆、农展馆、中国美术馆等。// 北京已经形成了星罗棋布的交通网络，已有五环、六环及许多道路从干道辐射开去，现在城市已有超过100条高架公路和超过200座立交桥及地下通道。//
Beijing, the capital of the People’s Republic of China, is the country’s political, economic, and cultural center. As the cit y with long history, it was the capital of six dynasties in the history. The city covers an area of 16,800sq.km., and has a population of more than 10 million; // Beijing boasts/has many historic interest and scenic beauty. The most famous are: the Palace Museum, the Fragrant Hills etc. and also many notable modern buildings, such as: the Great Hall of the People, the Museum of Chinese History and Museum of the Chinese Revolution, the Nationalities Cultural Palace, the Military Museum, the Agricultural Exhibition Hall, and the China Art Gallery and so on. // Beijing has formed a chessboard-like network of thoroughfare/transportation, with the 5th and the 6th Ring Roads and many radiating roads as its framework. Now the city boasts over 100 large overpasses and over 200 platform bridges and pedestrians underpasses.
2．紫禁城，闻名的古代皇宫，今天依然是北京这个大都会的中心。它所拥有的10，000 间房屋主要为一层明代建筑，占地面积为720，000平方米，是世界上最大` 保留最完整的古代建筑之一。//
The Forbidden City, the famous ancient imperial palace, is still at/ still locates at the center of the metropolis, the 10,000-room palace is primarily/chiefly one-story Ming dynasty construction. It covers an area of 720,000 sq.m. and is one of the largest and best preserved ancient buildings.
SPORTS
1.国家奥林匹克体育中心位于北京北郊，占地66公顷，总建筑面积10万平方米。中心有田径场、游泳馆、体育馆、曲棍球场、中国体育历史博物馆、中国武术研究院、还有检录处、兴奋剂检测中心等。// 所有的建筑都环绕一个面积为3万平方米的人工湖。各个比赛场馆由一条高架桥连接。
The National Olympic Sports Center, situated/ located in the northern suburbs of Beijing, occupies an area of 66 ha. and covers a floor space of 100,000 sq. m. The Center includes a stadium, a natatorium , a gymnasium, a hockey field, Chin a’s Sports History Museum, China Martial Arts Research Institute, a call room, and a drug-testing center. All the structures encircle a 30,000 sq. m. man-made lake and the competition buildings are connected by an elevated walkway.
2.中国发展体育运动的目的是要通过在人民中普及体育运动，增强人民体质、提高人民对疾病的抵抗力、提高整个国家的运动技能、创造新纪录、来促进国家经济、道德和文化的发展。// 中国运动员不断保持世界纪录，或刷新世界纪录；适合老年人、残疾人、和学前儿童的运动已得到来自政府及社会的广泛关注。// 武术和气功这两种以健康为目的传统运动不仅在中国得到了很大的发展而且在别的国家也备受青睐。特别是武术可以强身健体、锻造意志、提高人们擒拿格斗的技巧、更是广受欢迎。这种独特的中华民族运动引起了国外友人的兴趣在世界各地被广泛教授。
The purpose of developing physical culture and sports in China is to popularize sports among the people, strengthen their physique, enhance/ improve their immunity from diseases, improve the sporting skills of the country as a whole and chalk up new records to promote th e country’s economic as well as ethical and cultural developments. // Chinese players have been holding the world records and chalking up new world records; sports for senior citizens, the handicapped and preschoolers have received special attention and support from the government and society at large. // Wushu and Qigong , the two traditional health-oriented exercises have not only spread in China but gained favor in many other countries as well. Especially Wushu builds strong bodies, temper the willpowers, and improve training in fighting skills, and it is immensely /very popular in China. The unique Chinese national sport has also aroused interests in foreign friends and is taught in many countries throughout the world.
Environmental Protection
1.Integration of Environment Protection and Economic and Social Development
环境保护及经济社会的发展相结合
Environmental protection must be carried out in coordination with economic and social development. Environmental protection and promotion of development are the two aspects of one major issue and can’t be separated.
环境保护必须与经济社会的发展相结合。环境的保护与发展的推动是一个主要问题的两个方面，不可分开。
Production, consumption, and development of mankind can’t sustain if problems of resources and environment are neglected. Likewise, without economic development and technological progress, there can be no environmental protection to speak of.
如果资源和环境的问题被忽略，人类的生产、消费、和发展不能维持。同样，没有经济发展及技术进步，环境保护也无从谈起。
Without peace and stability, environmental protection and economic development are out of the question. A country unde r foreign aggression and intervention can’t improve its environment and develop its economy amidst turbulence, conflict and war.
没有和平稳定，环境保护和经济发展不可能实现。一个受到外国入侵及干涉的国家在动荡`纷争`战争中不可能提高他的环境或发展它的经济。
A world without peace and stability will see not only wastes of valuable resources in war and conflicts, but also
direct damages to ecological environment.
没有和平稳定的世界不但会在战争`纷争中浪费宝贵的资源，而且会破坏生态环境。
Peace and stability are the prerequisites/precondition for environmental protection and economic development at national, regional, and global levels.
和平稳定是国家`地区`全球环境保护和经济发展的前提条件。
2. A New Global Partnership：新的全球伙伴关系
We hold that a “new global partnership should be established on a firm basis:
我们认为“新的全球伙伴关系应建立在坚实的基础上”：
(1)It should be aimed at promoting cooperation in the international community in the preservation and
restoration of the global ecosystem as well as in economic development. Without steady development, it’s
impossible to meet the people’s basic needs in life, let alone protect the ecosystem and environment.
应着手与推动国际保护和修复全球生态系统及经济发展。没有稳定发展，不可能满足人民生活的基本需求，更不用提保护生态和环境。
(2)It must be based on such norm as mutual respect for national sovereign and territorial integrity,
non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexiste nce.
必须基于互相尊重主权和领土完整，互不侵犯`互不干涉内政`平等互利`和平共处的五项原则。
(3)It must be fair and just, it should be responsible for the global ecological degradation, not applying one
single rule to all cases.
必须合理公正，为全球生态恶化负责，不采取一刀切的做法。
(4)It should be able to handle the problems such as technology transfer etc., the long-term common interests of
mankind.
能处理诸如技术转让等人类长期共同利益的问题。
(5)It should have active and effective participation of the whole international community. Without effective
participation of developing countries, establishment of a “new global partnership’’ is out of the question and
so is global ecological and environmental protection as well as sustainable growth.
应有积极`有效的国际社会的参与。发展中国家没有积极加入，“新的全球伙伴关系”不可能实现，全
球生态和环境保护，可持续性发展不可能实现。
Therefore, international cooperation in environment and development should take into full account the
special situation of developing countries, in particular, their special needs in economic development, and
pay adequate attention to their mayor environmental problems.
因此国际间环境发展的合作应考虑发展中国家的特殊状况，尤其是他们发展经济的特殊需求，关注
他们主要的环境问题。
3.China’s Role in the Protection of Global Environment：中国在全球环境保护中的地位
Despite of financial and other difficulties, China has made unremitting efforts over the years to maintain ecological balance, protect environment, eradic ate poverty, improve people’s living conditions and curb population growth, with a strong sense of responsibility for mankind, especially for the future generation.
尽管金融及其它困难，中国本着强烈对人类及对子孙后代的责任心，依然不懈努力维持生态平衡，保护环境，根除贫困，提高人民的生活水平，抑制人口增长。
4.The Environmental Situation in China Today：今日中国环境形式
China has listed environmental protection as one of its basic policies. According to its environmental protection law, industrial enterprises, which continue to pollute the water, air, atmosphere, etc. will face economic sanctions in addition to legal penalties. // Illegal killing, trading and smuggling of wild animal or endangered species will also be severely punished. China maintains that environmental protection should go hand in hand with economic construction.
中国将环境保护列为基本国策。根据环境保护法，继续污染水`空气`等将受到经济制裁及发律的严惩。// 非法猎杀`贩卖`走私野生动物及濒危物种将受到法律严惩。中国坚持环境保护与经济建设并重。
5 Afforestation Project has been listed on the “China Agenda 21”, which is known as a key construction project in the UN-sponsored global environmental program. // It is another vital afforestation undertaking in China ，besides
6 other major projects---- the 3 North Shelterbelt, the Yangtze River Greenbelt, the Plain Farmland Afforestation Network, the Coastal Windbreak , the Northwest Sand-Control Project and the Fast-Growing Timber Forest Development Project.
植树造林工程被列入了“中国21世纪议程”，其为联合国环境规划署资助的重要项目。//在中国还有六个其他的植树造林工程：三北防护林，长江绿化带，平原农田绿化网，沿海防风带，西北风沙控制项目，速生长木材林发展项目。
6. In an effort to improve its coastal environment, China is ready to establish more offshore nature reserves and marine protection zone to protect marine life (shellfish, algae, coral reef…) and ecology, such as national marine parks etc..
要努力提高沿海环境，中国计划建立近海自然保护区和海洋保护区，譬如国家海洋公园等以保护海洋生物，（贝类`藻类`珊瑚礁）及生态。
Protect and improve the humanistic and ecological environment 保护和改善人文及生态环境
Prevent and control pollution and other public hazards/nuisance 防止污染和公害
Protect rare animals, plants and endangered species 保护珍惜动植物及濒危物种
Pollution index 污染指数
Integrated control of environmental pollution 环境污染综合防治
Municipal refuse / sewage 城市垃圾/ 污水
Soil erosion 水土流失
Dustfall/ duststorm 降尘/沙尘暴
Ozone layer depletion 臭氧层损耗
Ultraviolet rays 紫外线
单项能力提高：数字的理论与技巧
记录与表达
1.数字的记录方法
迅速、准确地记录听到的数字是做好数字口译的第一步。以下我们以实例介绍几种常用的记录方法。
当听到英语“one hundred twenty-three million，four hundred and fifty-six thousand”时，我们可以用下面的方法记录：
（1）123m456t
用英文字母“t”、“m”、“b”、和“tr”分别表示“thousand”、“million”、“billion”和“trillion”等段位。
（2）123，456，或123，456 / 或123，456 ------ 或123，456K
用逗号“，”、斜杠号“/”、横线“------”或用字母“k”表示“000”。
（3）1亿2345万6千
转换成目的语记录。
如果听到汉语“1亿2千3百45万6千”时，我们可以用下面的方法记录：
（1） 1.23456亿
用小数点表示。
（2）1亿2345万6千
用原语记录。
（3）123m456t
用目的语记录。
虽然还有其它的记录方法，但是以上的几种方法比较简明、快捷，更有利于数字的正确记录与转换。
2.数字的表达
讲话人经常利用数字来说明事物的趋势变化，因此译员应该掌握一些趋势用语以丰富口译表达。以下介绍几种常用的表达方j法：
（1）表示向上的趋势
上升to rise a rise
增加to increase an increase
提高to climb a climb
暴涨to jump a jump
高得多 a great deal (far / much / dramatically) higher
（2）表示向下趋势
下降to fall a fall
下跌to drop a drop
下降，下滑to decline a decline
减少to decrease a decrease
暴跌，跳水 a sharp drop
略微低于fractionally (marginally) lower
稍微低于somewhat lower
稍低于slightly (a little) lower
远低于considerably (substantially) lower
当使用“高于”，“低于”，或“更快”表示比较时，可以通过添加“dramatically（显著地）”或“marginally（微小地）”等词，增强或减弱比较的程度。以下一组词常用于表示由极强至极弱的程度变化：
dramatically → sharp → substantially → considerably → far → much → a little → slightly → somewhat → marginally
表示数字变化趋势时，要注意“of”、“by”、“to”、“at”等介词的使用。例如：
There was a rise of 6% (six percent).
The figure rose by 3% (three percent).
（3）表示波动或平衡的词语
达到平衡to level out / off
保持平衡to remain stable
波动to fluctuate
保持在to stand / remain at
达到高峰to reach a peak
（4）表示倍数、百分比
●“翻两番”表达的意思是“四倍”，例如：
到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番，达到40，000亿美元左右。
By 2020, China’s GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion.
●一成即10%，60%即六成。“2成3”表达的意思是“23%”，例如：
今年的粮食产量比去年增长2成3。
The output of grain this year has increased by 23% over last year.
The figure for middle school students in China will rise to 127 million.
Inflation stood / remained at 4%.
The Sales of the company’s products fell / dropped by 5% last year.
二、技巧训练
单句口译：
提示：你将听到一些带有数字的句子，请把它们记录下来，并将其译成目的语。
1．全年工业增加值为62.815亿元，比上年增长11.5%。
2．全年粮食产量为46.947万吨，比上年增加3，877万吨，增长9.1%。
3．全年进出口总额达11，548亿美元，比上年增长35.7%。
4．全年合同外资金额为1，535亿美元，增长33.4%；实际使用外资606亿美元，增长13.3%。
5．全年入境旅游人数10，904万人次，国际旅游外汇收入257亿美元，增长47.9%。
6．Last year the unemployment rate in the US was nearly 5%.
7．European unemployment fell by roughly two percent in the 1st quarter of 2005.
8．The volume of freight handled by ports throughout the country totaled 4 billion tons, up 21.3 percent over the previous year.
9．The total number of privately-owned vehicles was 13.65 million, up 12.0 percent.
10．The year 2004 saw 1.1 billion domestic tourists, up 26.6 percent. Revenue from domestic tourism totaled 471.1 billion yuan, up 36.9 percent.
数字口译的难点
数字口译是口译技巧训练中的重点与难点之一。
之所以是重点，是因为数字信息反映的是客观、具体、重要的事实，因此它要求译员必须保证信息得到准确、如实地传递。错误可能会造成严重的后果。
之所以是难点，是因为英、汉两种语言在数字的表达方式上存在较大的差别，最主要表现在它们有不同的分段方式。英语以“个、十、百”每三位数为一个段位，每一个段位由低到高依次用“thousand”（千）、“million”（万）、“billion”（十亿）、“trillion”（万亿）等词表示；而汉语则是以“个、十、百、千”每四位数为一个段位，每一个段位由低到高依次用“万”、“亿”、“万亿”等词表示。如下表所示：
个百十个百十个百十个百十个
4， 3 2 1，9 8 7， 6 5 4， 3 2 1
t b m th
个千百十个千百十个千百十个
4， 3 2 1 9，8 7 6 5， 4 3 2 1
万亿亿万
从以上的比较不难看出，汉语中的“万”、“十万”、“千万”、“亿”、“百亿”、“千亿”在英语中找不到直接的单一对应词，因此，在口译中涉及到“万”或“亿”的数字时，就要进行相应的转换。这种转换很容易出错。
基于以上原因，译员必须通过专项训练，才能了解数字口译的难点，摸清规律，熟练掌握其技巧。即使是资深的译员对数字也不可掉以轻心。
以下的数字信息在转换时比较容易出错：
（1）包括“万”、“十万”、“千万”、“亿”、“百亿”、“千亿”等数字，例如：
1万→ 10千→ ten thousand
10万→ 100千→ one hundred thousand
1000万→ 10百万→ ten milli on
1亿→ 100百万→ one hundred million
100亿→ 10个十亿→ ten billion
1000亿→ 100个十亿→ one hundred billion
（2）包括“零”的数字。例如：
汉语数字：4506万零130
译为英语：45 million 60 thousand 130
(Forty-five million sixty-thousand one hundred and thirty)
英语数字：80 million 302 thousand 508
汉语译为：8030万2508
（3）包括小数点又带汉语的“万”、“亿”或英语的“million”、“billion”的数字。例如：
1.23亿转换为英语one hundred and twenty-three million
2.36亿转换为英语twenty-three thousand and six hundred
1.217 million 转换为汉语121.7万
27.44 billion 转换为汉语274.4亿
实践证明，数字的英、汉互译虽然有一定的难度，但是只要我们针对难点、加强训练，就能熟能生巧。
三、技巧训练
10.1 英汉数字转换
提示：您将听到一组用英语朗读的数字，请把它们记录下来，并将其译成汉语。
1．8，666 2．801，806
3．2，009，005 4．363，605，401
5．45，060，130 6．945，063，505
7．1，278，865，000 8．12.5 million
9．15.28 billion 10．1.03 trillion
10.2 汉英数字转换
提示：你将听到一组用汉语朗读的数字，请把它们记录下来，并将其译成英语。
1．203.7亿2．1.306亿
3．123.45亿4．42.192公里
5．60.25公斤6．600.53亿美元
7．5.8万元8．166.68万吨
9．866.9万人次10．436.75万名新生
汉英参考译文：
尽管有明码标价- 按照教育局、财政局等部门的文件规定收费，但不少公办托儿所都要收取规定之外、不怎么合法的“赞助费”以及各种名目的费用，实际上，除了每月700元的日托费，这些已成为约定俗成的“必须”费用，一般在几千元至几万元不等。
Public nurseries as such seemingly carry price tags mandated by education and financial regulators. That said, many of these daycare centers normally ask for more than that. Unmandatory and unjustified sponsorship fees as well as miscellaneous concocted costs are put on the tab le as part of what it takes to secure a position. These “must-pay” expenses aside from 700 yuan in mandatory monthly charges have effectively become the norm, ranging somewhere between several thousand and tens of thousands of yuan.
“赞助费我们交得非常心甘情愿，毕竟儿子没有'输'在'起跑线'上。”魏伦斯说。她与丈夫的年收入加起来近22万元人民币，与很多人相比，算是比较“有钱”的，但他们还是最终放弃了一家赞助费要5万的“更好一些”的托儿所，“这属于'漫天要价'了。
“But we are more than willing to pay/we feel perfectly comfortable with sponsorship fees. After all, we can’t afford to let our son lose out at the ve ry start,” argues Ms. Wei. With a combined family income of close to 220,000 yuan each year, she and her husband may be much of a well-off couple in China. For all their wealth, they have let go a “better” nursery that charges 50,000 yuan in sponsorship fe e, which they say is totally “outrageous”.
魏伦斯也感受到“无底洞”的压力与负担，她要随时准备交费、交费、再交费。托儿所经常开展联谊活动、户外比赛，并要统一服装- 都需要家长另外付费。魏伦斯自己也明白，家长们对学前教育期望值过高，导致了托儿所费用的水涨船高。据她了解，很多父母均认同这样一种看法：如今每个家庭都是一个孩子，于是一些托儿所利用家长“望子成龙”(“望女成凤”)的心态，“投其所好”，想方设法推出各种名目的学前教育计划和培养目标，无形中，也大大增加了家长的投入。
Ms. Wei is also struggling with the “unfathomable” burden of charges that may arise anytime down the line. As a rule, nurseries organize networking parties and outdoor contest events that require uniforms at the extra cost of parents. As Ms Wei sees i t, parents’ excessive/undue expectation on preschooling is what underlies exorbitant nursery charges. She also understands that this view is echoed by many parents. After all, as each family typically has but one child, some day care providers are taking advantage of aspiring parents and trying every possible means to please them with tailor-made preschooling programs and promising visions. This also helps add to the final cost of ambitious parents.
Beijing Hutong
"Hutong" is formally a Mongolian term that means small lanes. A folklore expert once says that the culture of the old Beijing is actually the culture of lanes because there are more than 7,000 lanes in Beijing. Each Hutong has its historical anecdotes and symbolizes the history of lifestyle of Beijingnese. Now, we will talk about a large variety of lanes in Beijing and see if we can all appreciate the charming culture of small lanes.
In the past, the city of Beijing was composed of many large and small sized Siheyuans (a combination of houses around a courtyard) face to face, back to back, side by side. Each line of a Siheyuan should leave a vacant path therefore people can go in and out easily, and the path is called Hutong (lane).
The lanes appeared early in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368AD). Many lanes got the names early in the Yuan Dynasty, which are used till now. In the past, the planning of houses in the capital was very strict, and it was the rule to build courtyards in straight lines. Due to this reason, there is slang in Beijing:
"Like carrying the bamboo poles in lanes, do it in a straight way".
Lanes spread through out the City of Beijing. The names of lanes are like an encyclopedia, which not only reflect the historical development of the city, but also represent the social customs. People today can feel the wisdom and creativity of ancient people from the way they named those lanes. Some lanes was named after famous figures, such as Prime-Minister Lane.
Some lanes were named after markets or goods, such as Goldfish Lane. Some given the name after the local dialect, for example, Enigma Pot Lane. Some lanes which had the coarse names now changes to more elegant ones, for example, Donkey Market Lane, now it changes into Protocol Lane.
Hutong in Beijing have various styles and different sizes. The narrowest Hutong is Cash Exchange Market Lane, whose narrowest part is only 40 centimeters wide. It is difficult for a man with large belly to go through this narrow lane. The most twisting and deepest, zigzag lane is in the area around Beixin Bridge. It has more than 20 turns. Nowadays, this long twisting lane was divide into five lanes. At Qian Men Gate, there is a zigzag lane where you will find 13 windings. The lanes have gone through the changes for hundreds of years and symbolized the lifestyle of the older Beijingnese. Today lanes still occupy most of the areas of downtown and accommodate one-third of the population of Beijing. Most residents in the city still maintain the tradition lifestyle. You can climb to the Drum Tower and overlook the old downtown and lanes of all directions. You can then go to the Houhai District, where you can pay a visit to the South and North Guangfang Lane, the large and small Gold Lion Lane, and the Back and Forth Well Lane.
You can also go into one of the courtyard, and have a chat with the residents to learn more about their life. Going down Liuying Street, you will reach Prince Gongqin's Mansion, known as "The Northern Grandview Garden" compared to the one in the ancient novel "The Red Chamber Dream". You can also visit the Imperial Garden if you have time.
Lanes and modern skyscrapers combined together form two different styles in Beijing. The outside world changes rapidly everyday while the worlds in the lanes still keeps the traditional living styles and its own pace. After coming back from the Hutong tour, many tourists commented it as a "past beauty".
The Forbidden City
There is a world famous architecture in the center of Beijing. It has thousands of splendid rooms and magnificent towers. It is the Forbidden City - the largest, best-preserved, mass group of palaces in China.
In the past, it was named the Forbidden City. After PRC was established, it was renamed the Palace Museum (Gugong Bowuyuan). You will regret if you come to Beijing and didn't visit the Forbidden City.
Why is the Forbidden City so enchanting? First of all you should know its history. It used to be the palace of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Altogether 24 emperors lived here. Construction of the Forbidden City started in the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongle (1406) of Ming Dynasty and was completed 14 years later.
This rectangle-shaped palace is 960 meters long from south to north, 753 meter wide from west to east. It occupies an area of 720,000 square meters, among which the total floor space is 155,000 square meters.
Counting the space enclosed by four pillars as a "room", there are more than 9900 rooms in nearly 900 buildings. Tradition has it that there are altogether 9999.5 rooms in the Forbidden City, only half room less than the Heavenly Palace, which belongs to the Jade Emperor in the heaven. So it is said that the Forbidden City is the largest palace in the world.
Entering the Forbidden City through Wu Gate (Wumen), you will find a square. This is the first square in the Forbidden City. A belt-shaped artificial river runs through the square from west to east. It is the Golden Water River.
On the river there are five marble-made bridges, the middle one of which could only be used by the emperor. Civil and military officials passed from the left side, and members of imperial families passed from the right side. Different people used different bridges, which could not be confused.
Walking forward, you will come across the Gate of Supreme Harmony (Taihemen). Two bronze-cast lions stand in front of the gate. The one on the right is male, under which there is a copper ball, symbolizing power. The one on the left is female, under which a little lion is lying. The statue stands for intimacy and maternal love. Watching carefully, you will find something special - there are 13 rolls of hair on the head of lions, signifying the supremacy of the imperial family.
the Gate of Supreme Harmony is the front gate of the three outer halls. The floor was made of "gold bricks" and the interior roof of the gate was painted with golden dragons and colorful phoenix.
The hall opposite to the Gate of Supreme Harmony is the Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian). There is a square between the hall and the gate, the Square of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian Guangchang), occupying an area of 30,000 square meters.
What is unusual is that there is neither trees nor grass on the square. It is so vast and so quiet that it makes people feel solemn and respectful.
In the middle of the square is a straight road, which was used only by the emperor. Both sides of the road were paved with bricks. Allegedly, there are 15 layers of bricks spreading disorderly, and they were built to avoid that someone would dig the ground and enter the hall.
Passing through the square, you will see the Hall of Supreme Harmony. "Supreme Harmony" was quoted from a famous Chinese religious book "Zhouyi". According to "Zhouyi", supreme harmony means all things in the universe are harmonious and satisfactory.
There are 18 big copper stoves on each layer of the terrace on the square. Tradition has it that they represented 18 provinces at that time. Combustion sandalwoods were burnt in the stoves on each grand ceremony. On the terrace in front of the hall are a copper tortoises and cranes symbolizing longevity. To the east of the terrace is a sundial. It was used as timer in the past. To the west is a grain-measure, symbolizing that the imperial power was fair. Grand ceremonies were held here.
At the center of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the throne which stands on a sumeru dais (it originated from Buddhist seat, later it was used as the dais in the high-level architectures in China.). In the front of dais and both sides are wooden steps. On the dais is a golden chair carved with dragons. It was the dragon-chair of the emperor.
Around the throne stand two bronze cranes, elephant, tripods, incense burners and so on. On the elephant stands a precious bottle holding five cereals (rice, millet, sorghum, wheat and beans). It is symbolic of peace and bumper harvests of the five cereals.
Behind the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the Hall of Central Harmony (Zhonghedian), the second hall in the Forbidden City. "Central Harmony" was quoted from an ancient Chinese book "Liji Zhongyong". It means that everything should be accomplished impartially and properly. The Hall of Central Harmony is in the middle of the three halls and the smallest one. It was the rest place for Emperor on his way to the Hall of Supreme Harmony.
The last of the three main halls in the outer court is Hall of Preserved Harmony (Baohedian). "Preserved Harmony" means that the consciousness of the members of the imperial family is clear and unconfused so that the emperor could be healthy and the country be peaceful.
In Ming Dynasty when the crown prince was conferred and the empress was appointed, the emperor would be here to receive congratulations from officials. In the Qing Dynasty, imperial banquets were given here to entertain princes of vassal states on the eve of lunar New Year.
Since the Forbidden City is too large, it is impossible to visit all rooms. The above mentioned is only the main part of the palace. After visiting the three halls, visitors can choose three routes according to your own interest and schedule.
The first route is to visit the three rear palaces. The second is to visit the six palaces in the west. The third is to visit treasure houses in the east.
The last scenic spot is the Imperial Garden. Occupying an area of 120,000 square meters, it holds more than 20 architectures in various styles. While viewing the rare "imperial garden in Chinese palace", you will be distinctively enchanted by the exotic flowers, rare herbs, pavilions and towers in the garden.
According to some people, visiting the Forbidden City is a test of eyesight and foot. It is worthy of the name "City in City". The structure is a unique combination of artistic tastes, mechanics, architecture, and craftsmanship. Those people who had visited here said that the most attractive things in the Forbidden City were the Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian) and the dragon seat in the hall.
If you want to fully appreciate this ancient palace, you will have to spend more than half of the day. If you only intend to visit it as quickly as possible, you will also need at least two hours.
The Great Wall - Beijing Badaling
Visiting the Great Wall is inevitable for visitors from both domestic and foreign countries who come to Beijing the first time.
There is a well-known Chinese saying written on the Great Wall, "He Who Has Not Climbed the Great Wall Is Not a Real Man". It is a scenic spot with a lot of tourists.
Badaling Great Wall lies in Yanqing County in Beijing and stands on the ridge of infinite steep mountains. There are two high peaks, generally called the south high peak and the north high peak. The highest point is about 1,000 meters above sea level.
The base of the wall was made of granite and lump of soil and the top was paved with square bricks.
The great wall averages 7.8 meters in height and is 6.5 meters wide at the base and 5.7 meters at the top. The width is enough for five horses to go side by side.
On both sides of the road there are dwarf walls called "parapet wall". The 1.7-meter-high "crenel wall" is the outer wall. On its top, there are battlements for patrolling and watching. Below the battlements are peepholes, used for firing at the enemy. At intervals along the inner wall are arched entrances with stone stairways leading to the top of the wall.
Every other 300 to 500 meters, there are fortresses. There are two kinds of fortresses. One is two-storied fortress called fighting tower. The ground floor was used for living, storing weapons and the top floor was used for watching and shooting. Another kind is fighting terrace or enemy terrace, which was used for patrolling and fighting.
Many piers or castles, which also called smoke pier or beacon tower, were set up on the higher part and important fort along the Great Wall.
In ancient time, soldiers made smoke in daytime and fire at night if they found the enemies. The soldier that saw the fire in another beacon tower faraway would ignite fire immediately and the next beacon tower would do the same. The message could be transmitted in a short while to the command post. It was one of the means for communication in the ancient times.
The Great Wall has a history of more than 2,000 years. As early as the Warring States Period, in order to self-protect, rival kingdoms built walls around their territories. This is the earliest Great Wall.
When Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, unified the whole country in 221B.C, he ordered to build another new wall on the base of the original walls of the Countries Qin, Zhao, and Yan in effort to guard against the invasion of the northern nomadic tribes.
Subsequent dynasties continued to strengthen and extend the wall. Most part of the existent wall were build in Ming Dynasty (1386~1644A.D.).
Looking from the space, you will find a construction. This is the Great Wall in China.
It is an indisputable fact that the Great Wall of China is the longest defense wall in the world. From the aspects of culture and history, the wall is an ancient masterpiece that you can fully enjoy.
The Summer Palace
Summer Palace lies in the northwestern outskirts of Beijing, about 10 kilometers to Beijing City. It is up to now the best preserved and the largest imperial garden in China.
It used to be an imperial palace for short stay away from the capital. In 1750, Emperor Qianlong had it renovated and named it Qingyiyuan (Garden of Clear Ripples).
In 1860, an Anglo-French joint force destroyed the garden. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi misappropriated navy budget of 30,000,000 taels (about 74.5 tons) of silver to rebuild it and renamed it Summer Palace.
Occupying an area of 290 hectares, the Summer Palace has not only a lake but a hill as well. Kunming Lake, which covers about three-fourths of the total area of the garden, is the major scenic spot in Summer Palace.
Many views were constructed near the lake. Nanhu Islet, an island in the lake, is connected to the bank by a bridge - Seventeen-Arch Bridge. Compared to the noisy surroundings, it is rather quiet and peaceful.
To the west of Kunming Lake is West Causeway, on which six bridges were exquisitely constructed. They were in imitation of Su Causeway in the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Xiequyuan (Garden of Harmonious Interests) was also in imitation of Jichangyuan (Pleasure Garden) in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province.
The main reason to build Summer Palace was to put spring-everlasting Kunming City and beautiful scenes in south China into the garden and so the Empress Dowager can enjoy the picturesque scenery in Beijing.
In the middle of Summer Palace, you will come across a mass group of buildings along an axis leading downhill. They are Zhihuihai (Sea of Wisdom), Dehuidian (Hall of Moral Brilliance), and Paiyunmen (Cloud Dispelling Gate).
The splendid 41-meter-high Foxiangge (Tower of Buddhist Incense) was built on a 20-meter-high terrace, which was made of stone. This huge building was burnt by Anglo-French joint force. In 1891, Empress Dowager spent 780,000 taels of silver (about 2 tons) to have it restored. It was the largest project in Summer Palace. Foxiangge commands a full view of the scenery in scores for miles.
While talking about the Summer Palace, almost everybody who has been there would say that the Long Gallery is the most impressive scene. The gallery is 728 meters long and has 273 rooms. In 1992, it proved that it is the longest of its kind in the world, and so it was added to the Genis World Record.
It is in the south of Wanshoushan (Longevity Hill) and in the north of Kunming Lake. Walking in the gallery, you can enjoy viewing the beautiful lake as well as the hill. Each beam in the gallery is colorfully painted. They are very enchanting.
Leshoutang (Hall of Joyful Longevity) was the residence of the Empress Dowager. The furnishings in the hall are the same as before. In the courtyard, planted several magnolias, they were the favorites of the Empress Dowager Cixi. Now they are very tall and the fragrant of their white blossom are still coming out every year. Every summer the perfume of the blossom floats in the courtyard and keeps companying with the huge stone named Qingzhiyou.
A marble boat in Kunming Lake, known as Boat for Pure Banquets, was build in the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Qianglong (1755AD). There used to be a traditional style cabin tower on the boat. It was destroyed by Anglo-French joint force. In the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1893 AD) it was renovated into western style. Two wheels were added to decorate the boat, and it was renamed Boat for Pure Banquets.
East Palace Gate is the main gate of the Summer Palace. Entering this gate, you will see the Hall of Benevolent Longevity (Renshoudian) where the Empress Dowager conducted state affairs. To the north of Renshoudian is the Garden of Moral Harmony (Deheyuan), where the imperial family watched operas. The grand building looks like a theater.
The view in the front hill of the Summer Palace is magnificent, while the view in the back hill is peaceful. The rear of the hill presents an exquisitely constructed bridge and flowing water. Only when you spend more than half of a day can you fully appreciate the scenery in the world-famous imperial garden, and experience two feelings while visiting the front of the hill and the rear of the hill.
Hutong Culture
The name of a hutong implicates its origin, location or history. It is in the gray-tiled deep lanes that families play, travel, buy goods, gossip and connect. In Beijingers' eyes, hutongs means a period of history, a cordial lifestyle and even an " encyclopedia of Beijing".
When a certain name was given and prevailed among people, it exactly became the necessary symbol for intercourses and communication. From the names of hutongs one can discover how Beijingers, in the course of centuries, advanced from vulgarity to refinement. In numerous hutongs are scattered the residences of famous personages, and these places are repositories. Laoshe, a well-known playwright is just one of them. Laoshe was born in a small lane, in the west part of the city. The memory of his childhood was so dear and impressive that after he'd been away from Beijing for more than 20 years, he still clearly remembered his birthplace, and he made it the backdrop of his novel "the Four Generations Under One Roof". Many famous operas and dramas are based on the themes of the " hutong life". A visit to hutongs plus a drama by the Beijing People's ArtTheatre, such as " Teahouse" or " SmallHutong" in the evening will help you appreciate the fundamental part of Beijing's life. When urban construction threatens the existence of these hutongs, some Beijingers become worried.
Beijing Opera
Beijing Opera of China is a national treasure with a history of 200 years. In the 55th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1790) , the four big Huiban opera Troupes entered the capital and combined with Kunqu opera, Yiyang opera, Hanju opera and Luantan in Beijing's theoretical circle of the time. Over a period of more than half a century of combination and integration of various kinds of opera there evolved the present Beijing Opera. Beijing Opera is the most significant of all operas in China, and it has a richness of repertoire, great number of artists and audiences, that give it a profound influence in China and plays a large role in Chinese culture.
Beijing Opera is a synthesis of stylized action, singing, dialogue and mime, acrobatic fightin
2021年英语翻译口译笔译考试初级口译模拟试 题（3） Part A: Translate the following passages from English into Chinese(two passages, each 25 points) Passage 1 : Can man be credited with choosing the right path when he knows only one?Can he be congratulated for his wise decision when only one judgment is possible? If he knows nothing of vice, is he to be praised for adhering to virtue? Wisdom consists of the deliberate exercise of judgment; knowledge comes in the discrimination between those known alternatives. Weighing these alternatives is the way of maturity. Only then does man have the strength to follow his choice without wavering, since that choice is based firmly on knowledge rather than on an uncertain, dangerously shallow foundation of ignorance. Passage 2 :
B :It’s my pleasure. Yo u team did well in th e game. It sh owed great skill and good spotsmansh球技精湛，球风正. Congrat ulat ions . A : Thank you for coming to see us off. 谢谢你来为我们送行。 B :It’s my pleasure. You team did well in the game. It showed great skill and good spotsmanship球技精湛，球风正派. Congratulations . 不客气。你们的球队发挥的很好球技精湛，球风正派。祝贺你们。 A : Thank you! And thank you so much for everything. 谢谢!同时谢谢你们所有的招待。 B :We hope you had a good time in Beijing . 希望你们在北京的这段时间过的愉快。 A :We sure did. We had a great time! Everything was just fine. Beijing Olympic Games are one of the most impressive and well-organized athletic feasts I’ve ever attended. 我们确实过的很愉快，一切都很好。北京奥运会是我参加过的组织最严密，最令人印象深刻的体育盛会之一。The Olympic Games are based on mutual understanding, friendship, unity and fair play. And it helps promote a better and more peaceful world. And its symbol, the five interlocking rings,represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of the athletes of the world at the Olympic Games.
历年英语翻译初级口译考试真题及答案 上午卷： 英译中： (1) New Zealand is a South Pacific country located midway between the Equator and the South Pole, with a land of 268,105 square kilometers and a population of over three million. （第63页－黄） 新西兰是一个南太平洋国家，位于赤道和南极洲之间，国土面积为268105平方公里，人口为300多万。 简析：纵观口译考题，出题者十分聪明地将有关课文的每篇的首句作为考题来出，真是用心良苦。试想每篇文章的首句或每段文章的第一句话不是有提纲挈领的作用吗？理解了首句往往就能了解文章的大概。这和阅读理解的要求有着很大的相通性。所以加强平日对英语句子的敏感性十分有必要。 2) When the washing cycle is over, the machine fries the plates and glasses with its own heart, and indeed they can be left inside until they are needed for the next meal. (P.367) 洗涤过程完成后，洗碗机用自身的热量将盘子和杯子烘干。杯盘还可以留在机内待下一餐使用时再取出。 中译英： (1）为了过好学校里的公寓生活，学生应该学会自己洗衣服，整理房间，甚至于买菜做饭。（第355页） To manage apartment living in school successfully, the students must learn to do their own washing and cleaning, and even buy and cool their own food. (2）据估计，全球毒品的贸易额以达到每年4000亿美元之巨。吸毒者约占全世界人口的3％。(p36蓝)
外事接待 第一篇 制药 pharmaceutical Co. Ltd 副总经理 deputy managing director 研究生 graduate student 论文 paper 研究成果 research findings 实验助手 lab assistant 市中心 downtown area 假日酒店 Holiday Inn 旅馆招待费 hotel accommodation fee 招待所 guesthouse 舒适如归 make sb. comfortable 不尽如人意之处 inconvenience in life and work 排忧解难 help sb. out 第二篇 Stanford University 斯坦福大学 a land of wonder充满奇观的国家 head office 总部 magical power 神奇的魅力 Oriental 的 Confucianism 儒家思想 Taoism 道家学说 inexplicable 难以言表的 set foot on 踏上……的土地 cosmopolitan city 国际大都市 maximize 充分利用 in no time 不久 rewarding 有成效的 参观访问 第一篇 学位点 degree program 国家级重点社科研究基地key social science research centers 博士后科学研究流动站post-doctoral research stations 国家级重点学科 national key disciplines 两院院士academicians of the Chinese academy of science and the Chinese academy of engineering 网络教育 online education 科举制 imperial examination 日月光华,旦复旦兮brilliant are the sunlight and the moonlight after night the day dawns again 人文精神 humanistic spirit 披荆斩棘,筚路蓝缕negotiate various impediment 博学而笃志,切问而近思extensive scholarship with unyielding dedication and earnest inquiry with close examination 治学态度 educational philosophy 取精用弘的学术思想 the academic ideology of extracting the best and exploiting the greatest 怀抱超旷的才隽学人graduates with brilliant scholarship 高等教育发展的重中之重 priority among institutions of high learning 承前启后 inherit fine tradition and usher in the future mission 团结,共襄盛举 strive together in good faith 文理工医科综合性大学 a comprehensive university with a complete range disciplines in liberal arts, science, engineering and medicine 全面提升知名度和影响力 elevate influence and visibility in all dimensions 社会转型时期 a period of social transition 百年传承之名校 a prestigious university with a century-long academic tradition and intellectual esteem 第二篇 Vancouver 温哥华 Canada’s gateway to the pacific 加拿大通往太平洋的门户 The Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 Natural ice-free harbor 天然不冻港Manufactured goods 制成品 Lumber and paper milling 伐木、造纸 Oil refining 炼油 Metal fabricating 金属锻造 Printed matter 印刷 Real estate 房地产 Triple 增至3倍 Quadruple 增至4倍
数字口译基础练习 Part A . 3,899 3,908 7009 780,120 504,781 五千 九亿三千六百七十七万七千 Part C. 1. The population of this city in 2004 was 78,872,890. 2. The natural reserve takes up an area of 123,880,000 square kilometers. 3. The coastal line of this country is 7,723,605 meters. 4. The n umber of college graduated will climb 30,009 90,591 79,301 67,900 Part 六万 四百六十七万 九 百六^一万 七百五 十万 十^一亿七千 五百万 五十七万 五千九百三十三万 三千五百三十八万
to a record high of 328 million this summer, an increase of 540,000, or 34%, over the year 2000. 5.Austrilia, with its landmass of 7,686,850 square kilometers, or 2,967,893 square miles, has a population of 18,742,000. Part D ．以下是世界上五个主要英语国家的人口与国土面积的情况，请听译成汉语。 The United States has a population of 301,257,800, with a total area of 9,372,610 square kilometers, or 3,618,765 square miles. Canada ,a country with a population of only 31,519,500, has a total area slightly larger than that of the United States, that is , an area of 9,946,140 square kilometers, or 3,851,788 square miles. The United Kingdom, whose population amounts to 60,315,600, has a total land area of 244,820 square kilometers, or 94,525 square miles. Austrilia, with its land-mass of 7,686,850 square kilometers, or 2,967,893 square miles, has
商务英语口语参考答案 I.From Chinese into English 1、我坚信您的来访将促进我们双方的了解和友谊。 I’m sure your visit will help promote the friendship and understanding between us. 2、这样大的订单，我们通常是在收到有关信用证后两个月内交货。 For such a large order, we usually make delivery within two months after receipt of the relative L/C. 3、你们的报盘比你们在其它国家的竞争对手所报的一些价格要高 Y our offers are higher than some of the quotations from your competitors in other countries. 4、不过，按照惯例，除非你方要求，否则我们是不投保这些险种的。 But as a rule, we don’t cover them unless you want to. 5、由于你方的价格偏高，目前我们很难推销你方的数码摄相机。 As your price is on the high side, it’s difficult for us to push the sale of your digital cameras nowadays. 6、如有劣质货物交达，本公司就永远不会再下定单了。 If the goods of inferior/bad/poor quality are delivered, we will not place our order with you again. 7、如一方未能履约，另一方有权终止合同。 If one side fails to honour the contract, the other side are entitled to cancel it. 8、由于你方不同意降低价格，我们只好到他处订货。 As you don’t agree to reduce your price, we will have to purchase the goods elsewhere. 9、要是那样的话，您能否接受远期信用证，允许我们延迟付款，比如，见票后60天付款？If that’s the case, could you accept a time L/C and allow us to delay payment, say, 60 days after sight? 10、如果是我们的错，我们会乐意地赔偿贵方的损失的。 If we were at fault, we should be very glad to compensate for your losses. 11、我是不是有足够的时间办理入境和通关手续呢？ Will I have enough time to go through the immigration and the customs? 12、假如你方给3% 的佣金，我们将向你试订一批货。 We shall book a trial order with you, provided you will give us a 3% commission. 13、请告诉我您需要的数量，这样我们才好安排生产和装运。 Please let us know the quantity you required so that we can arrange the production and shipment date. 14、顺便问一下，如果我想要货物在圣诞节前交的话，我什么时候必须开立信用证？ By the way, when must I open the L/C if I want the goods to be delivered before Christmas season? 15、鉴于我们过去几年的友好合作关系，我们各让一步吧，我把价格降低3%。 In view of our good cooperation over the past years, let’s meet each other half way; I’ll make a reduction by 3%. 16、交货的延误是由于你们信用证的延误。你们的信用证昨天才到达。 The delay in shipment is due to your delay in opening the letter of credit. Y our L/C arrived only yesterday. 17、若你方愿意降低价格，比方说3%，我们愿向你方试订此货。 Should you be prepared to reduce the price by, say, 3%, we would place a trial order with you. 18、我确定所有的货物在装运前都包装得很好。它们一定是在运输过程中遭到损坏。
On China’s Entry into the WTO 论中国入世 艰苦努力painstaking efforts 世贸组织新成员new member of the WTO 具有历史意义的一件大事a major event of historic significance 现代化建设modernization drive 产生重要而深远的影响exert important and far-reaching influence on 经济发展economic development 社会进步social progress. 加入世贸组织joining the WTO // accession to the WTO // entry into the WTO // WTO entry 重大战略决策a major strategic decision 改革开放reform, opening up 中国深入参与China's in-depth participation in 经济全球化economic globalization. 最大的发展中国家the largest developing country 不完整的incomplete 普遍性和公正性universality and fairness 多边贸易体制multilateral trading system. 利弊advantages and disadvantages 许多方面many aspects 发展机遇opportunities for development 扩大就业总量expand total employment volume 提高人民生活水平raise people's living standards 更好地利用外资make better use of foreign capital 有利于conducive to 实施“走出去”战略implementing the strategy of "going globe-wide" 参加国际竞争与合作participating in international competition and cooperation 在更广阔的天地in a broader world 利于我国分享……好处advantageous to China's share of the benefits 严峻的挑战grim challenges 从观念上、体制上做必要的调整make necessary conceptual and structural adjustments 经济的管理economic management, 相应的转变corresponding changes 企业的管理方法enterprises' management method 经营机制operational mechanisms 随着……的进入along with the inflow 服务业service trades 中国产业Chinese industries 成本高、技术水平低和管理落后的企业enterprises with high cost, low technical level and backward management 遭受一定的冲击和压力be subjected to certain impact and pressure 迎接这些挑战meet these grim challenges 不失时机lose no time
Unit 1 ?李颖：We are going to ascend the great wall tomorrow morning. So I’d like to go to bed early and have a good sleep this evening. You know climbing the great wall is not an easy job. ?明天早上我们计划去爬长城，所以我想今晚早点休息，好好睡一觉。你知道爬长城可不是一件简单的事情。 ?Jack: Great. The Great Wall is very famous and becomes a must for tourist in Beijing. Would you tell me something about it? ?好啊。长城那么有名，是游客来北京必去的景点。你能和我说一说长城么？ ?李颖：OK. The construction of the great wall took altogether over 2000years.it started in the Zhou dynasty in the 7th century. B.C. And continued until Ming Dynasty in the 15th century A.D. The existing wall was built in the Ming Dynasty. ?好。长城的整个建筑过程持续了总共两千多年，始于公元七世纪的周朝，后来一直延续到公元后十五世纪的明朝。现存的城墙都是明朝修建的。 ?Jack: The Great Wall is indeed the crystallization of the industry and wisdom of the Chinese people and also a symbol of ancient Chinese culture. Then why the ancient people built the wall? ?长城的确是中国人民勤劳智慧的结晶，同时也是中国古代文化的象征.那么为什么古代人民要修建长城呢？ ?李颖：It was constructed to guard against the invasion by nomadic tribes from the north. When enemy troops approached, guards on watch would send smoke signals from the beacon-fire towers as an alarm. ?修建长城是为了抵御来自北方游牧民族的入侵。敌军逼近时，放哨的警卫就会在烽火台上发送烟雾信号作为警报。 ?Jack: How did they manage to do so? Can you be more specific? ?他们怎么发送烟雾信号作为警报呢？你能说的具体点么？ ?李颖：Those towers on the wall are spaced at equal distances from each other. When guards in a tower saw the signals from its neighbor, they immediately did the same thing .In this way; the signals would be relayed to the capital. ?长城上的烽火台是均匀分布的。如果烽火台上的警卫看到相邻烽火台上发出的信号，他们就会立刻跟着发出信号。这样一个接一个信号就传到了都城。 ?Jack: what the smart idea the ancient people had! I was told that in china. People usually call the Great Wall “Ten Thousand Li Long Wall”. Does it really mean that long? ?古代人民的想法真是巧妙啊！我听说在中国人们通常把长城称作“万里长城”。真的有那么长么？ ?李颖：Yes, exactly. It runs all the way across the eastern half of china with a length of about 6 000 kilometers. 是的，正是这样。长城绵延约6 000公里，穿越了中国的东半部。 ?Jack: 6 000 kilometers! It is unbelievable. 6 000公里！难以置信。 ?李颖：The Great Wall is said to be the only building on the earth that can be seen from the outer space. 据说万里长城是从外太空可以看到的地球上唯一的建筑。
Ladies and gentlemen, it is great pleasure to have you all here this evening. On behalf of the International Trade Association, I'd like to extend a warm welcome to you all. Welcome to China! Welcome to the Trade Fair! 女士们，先生们：今晚各位能出席这个酒会，我们深感荣幸。我仅代表国际贸易协会向各位致以热烈欢迎。欢迎到中国来！欢迎参加这个交易会！ This Fair is more than a business event. It promotes friendship as well as trade. It is important to have an opportunity like this to meet and exchange views with each other. 交易会不只是商业活动。它不但促进贸易，而是促进友谊。有机会相互见面并交换看法，这是十分重要的。 In developing foreign trade, we stand for the principle of "mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit". I believe it will help develop our national economy independently. 在发展对外贸易中，我们坚持相互“相互尊重，平等互利”的原则。我相信，这一原则有助于发展我们各国独立的民族经济。 I want to take this opportunity to express my thanks for the close cooperation and kind support our friends have given us over these years. Now may I propose a toast：To the success of the Fair! To our friendship and cooperation! To the health of everyone here! Cheers! 我愿借此机会向各位朋友在几年来给予我们的密切合作与热心支持表示感谢。现在请允许我提议：“为交易会的圆满成功，为我们的友谊与合作，为在座各位的健康，干杯！” Passage2 After China joins the World Trade Organization, average Chinese consumers will start to find more choices in their shops, including many new items from overseas. But, will they buy them? It isn't something that can be taken for granted. 加入世界贸易组织之后，中国的普通消费者将会发现可供选择的商品增多，其中不乏来自国外的许多新品牌。届时，消费者们是否选购这些商品呢？答案还很难说。 However, the survey suggests that richer Chinese are more inclined to take homemade products.59% of respondents said that they foreign brands when they are choosing from the same category. 但是，通过这次调查，比较富有的中国消费者将会更加倾向于支持国产品牌。59%的采访对象表示，在同类产品中，他们会选择国货。 Of course, this doesn't mean that imported items will all be left on the shelf. On the contrary, Chinese consumers have cultivated a liking for trying out new products. While two thirds of respondents admit to being drawn to try new and distinctive items. 当然，这并不意味着进口商品将会一直滞留在货架上，卖不出去。恰恰相反，中国消费者已经开始培养起一种喜爱尝试新事物的消费心理。尽管三分之二的采访对象表示自己更习惯于选购自己熟悉的品牌，仍然有四分之三的人承认自己会被有特色的新产品吸引。 On the whole, a common feeling among Chinese elites is that their country's accession to the WTO will boost Chinese economic prosperity in the main frame of world economy. Business opportunities will steadily increase, capital investments will rise constantly, and the overall economy will be improving. 总体来说，中国的精英分子相信加入世贸组织将会使中国的经济更好地融入世界经济的大框架之中。商业机会将持续增多，投资数额将继续上扬，整个经济状况会愈来愈好。
译之灵翻译培训：2015年5月CATTI二级口译真题 （回忆版） 第一部分英译汉 Part 1 English to Chinese interpreting Passage 1 如何应对人口增长的挑战 现在的世界人口已经超过了70多亿，而中国人口有13亿多，我们现在的世界和1945 年联合国刚成立时是十分不同的，当时的人口是世界的三分之一的比重。但重要的是，在人口增长的过程中，对基础设施，医疗，健康，经济发展造成了一系列的挑战。 我们要特别注意对待男女平等问题，保证女孩接受教育的权力，保证他们获得工作机会的权力，使母婴得到关怀，和充足的营养供给，并降低婴儿死亡率，然而，在一些贫穷的国家，母婴并没有这些，我们应该为我们的下一代提供更多有利条件与保障。 Passage 2 调整水价对水资源进行管理 我经常到中国访问，但是我很少看到人们和水龙头里面的水，2014年中国瓶装水的销 量十分巨大！超过了美国。··· 我们今天的努力会为我们的后代带来实在的利益。中国水资源需要建立完善的管理体系，清洁水是~~~中国水资源占世界多少，很少！现在大家都不敢直接饮用水龙头接出来 的水， 只增加供应量是不行的，所以中国需要更好的水资源管理系统。那么有效的解决办法就是调整水价。每立方米的水价格占中国人均可支配收入的比重为0.5%，而美国是2.5%。 5%的人口缴纳3倍的水价，15%的人口缴纳1.5倍的水价，剩下的80%人口缴纳最基本的水价。 人的日常用水，工业用水，和农业用水也占很大比重，我们应该使先进科学技术参与到水资源的管理之中，让自来水从水龙头中接出便可直接饮用。 调整价格是管理水资源的一种有效方式，但是与此同时，我们也要正确使用这样的一种方式。 第一部分汉译英 Part 2 Chinese to Englishinterpreting
外事接待 第一篇 制药有限公司pharmaceutical Co. Ltd 副总经理deputy managing director 研究生graduate student 论文paper 研究成果research findings 实验助手lab assistant 市中心downtown area 假日酒店Holiday Inn 旅馆招待费hotel accommodation fee 招待所guesthouse 舒适如归make sb. comfortable 不尽如人意之处inconvenience in life and work 排忧解难help sb. out 第二篇 Stanford University 斯坦福大学 a land of wonder充满奇观的国家 head office 总部 magical power 神奇的魅力 Oriental 东方的 Confucianism 儒家思想 Taoism 道家学说 inexplicable 难以言表的 set foot on 踏上……的土地 cosmopolitan city 国际大都市 maximize 充分利用 in no time 不久 rewarding 有成效的 参观访问 第一篇 学位点degree program 国家级重点社科研究基地key social science research centers 博士后科学研究流动站post-doctoral research stations 国家级重点学科national key disciplines 两院院士academicians of the Chinese academy of science and the Chinese academy of engineering 网络教育online education 科举制imperial examination 日月光华,旦复旦兮brilliant are the sunlight and the moonlight after night the day dawns again 人文精神humanistic spirit 披荆斩棘,筚路蓝缕negotiate various impediment 博学而笃志,切问而近思extensive scholarship with unyielding dedication and earnest inquiry with close examination 治学态度educational philosophy 取精用弘的学术思想the academic ideology of extracting the best and exploiting the greatest 怀抱超旷的才隽学人graduates with brilliant scholarship 高等教育发展的重中之重priority among institutions of high learning 承前启后inherit fine tradition and usher in the future mission 精诚团结,共襄盛举strive together in good faith 文理工医科综合性大学 a comprehensive university with a complete range disciplines in liberal arts, science, engineering and medicine 全面提升知名度和影响力elevate influence and visibility in all dimensions 社会转型时期 a period of social transition 百年传承之名校 a prestigious university with a century-long academic tradition and intellectual esteem 第二篇 Vancouver 温哥华 Canada’s gateway to the pacific 加拿大通往太平洋的门户 The Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 Natural ice-free harbor 天然不冻港Manufactured goods 制成品 Lumber and paper milling 伐木、造纸 Oil refining 炼油 Metal fabricating 金属锻造 Printed matter 印刷 Real estate 房地产 Triple 增至3倍 Quadruple 增至4倍 Quintuple 增至5倍 High-rise office building 摩天办公楼Boutique 时装礼品店 Ethnic group 少数民族团体 Planetarium 天文馆 Aquarium 水族馆 Skating rink 溜冰场 Botanical garden 植物园 Conservatory of exotic plants 异国植物花房Maple tree 枫树 Sap 树液
Unit 1 1.Working together, our people have done well. Our economy is breaking records, with more than 22 million new jobs, and the lowest unemployment in 30years齐心协力，我国人民取得了巨大成就，我国经济正在创新的记录，新增工作岗位2200万个，并且创下了30年来最低的失业率 2.Thanks to the continuing boom in technology shares on the stock market, this year the richest have added to 5 billion more to their wealth.由于在证券市场上技术股的不断上升，本年度富人的财产增值了50亿。 3.As for this type of camera, there may be cheaper ones on the market, But when you look at the quality and the design, You’ll agree our price is the most favorable. 就这类照相机(而言)，市场上可能会有比它更便宜的，但如果你注意以下质量和设计，你会认可我们的价格是最优惠的。 4.In 1995,the market share of our product was quite small, only 5%, In 1999, it has increased to 20%, By the year 2005 we expect the figure to go over 50%.在1995年，我们的产品市场占有份额很小，只有5%，在1999年，增加到20%，到2005年，我们期望会超过50% 5.In the United States, most enterprises are multiproduct firms. For example, American automobile manufacturers are also responsible for such diverse products as diesel locomotives, buses, refrigerators, guided missiles, and air conditioners.在美国，大多数企业是多产品的公司，比如，美国的汽车制造商同时也负责各种其他人员柴油烟机，公共汽车，冰箱，制导导弹和空调机 6.Inflation can have a number of causes. It can be caused by rises in prices of raw materials: Factories have to pay more for their law material, and as a result they have to put up the prices of their products. 通货膨胀可以是由于几方面的原因引起的，可以是由于原材料价格的上升，工厂不得不为原材料支付更多的钱，结果他们不得不提高产品的价格。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb13848730.html,rge wages rises can lead to inflation, too: If workers are paid more, prices go up and the cost of living rises. Changes in the value of currency are another cause of inflation. If the pound goes down in value. Then it costs more to import goods from other countries. 大幅度工资增长也会导致通货膨胀：如果工人的报酬增加，物价就会上涨，生活费用也会上升。货币价值的变化是通货膨胀的另一个原因：假如英镑贬值，那么从其他国家进口货物时就要多花钱了。 1.将近三倍的油价暴涨导致了两位数的通货膨胀以及全球经济的衰退The near-tripling of oil price resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. 2.中美联系现在十分广泛，涉及到我们人民生活的各个方面，包括商业，文化，教育以及我们的国家安 全政策。Sino-American ties have become very extensive, affecting all aspects of our people’s lives: commerce, culture, education and our national security policies. 3.人们往往希望雇主支付他们高于市场的工资，他们渴望灵活的工作日程，他们要求公司股票股买全， 还有学习的机会。People always want employers to pay them above the market rates, they seek flexible work schedules, they want stock options and a chance to learn. 4.对我来说，创业最大的障碍是搞清楚它是否切实可行，要做到这一点真的很难，因为我以前从未涉及 过这个行业。For me, the biggest hurdle to get the business running was working out whether it would be feasible at all. That’s really hard to do as I haven’t been involved in the industry before. 5.创业或难或易，但是守业绝对不是件容易的是。目前的统计数字表明，有三分之二的新企业在创办后 的头五年里倒闭。Starting a business may or may not be easy, but keeping it running is