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评述英国人的教育旅行及其影响

评述英国人的教育旅行及其影响
评述英国人的教育旅行及其影响

评述英国人的教育旅行及其影响

西华师范大学刘人铭

“大旅行”作为国外旅行的主要特征,并且作为一种长期得到实践的传统和习俗,“大旅行”对英国社会产生了广泛而深刻的影响。笔者从“大旅行”的来源及其含义和特征、发展过程、影响、学术研究,以及对本国的启示意义等方面为切入点,对“大旅行”做一探讨。

一.来源及其含义

大旅行是“Grand Tour”一词的直译。而“Grand Tour”一词源于法语,意指“长时间的周游”,它因理查德·拉塞尔斯在《意大利之旅》一书中首先使用而进入英语语言之中。之后,人们纷纷以该词来描述英国社会上层为文化或教育之目的而在欧洲各地长时间游历、学习的现象。而关于“大旅行”的内涵,西方学者意见并不统一。但总体来说有两种主要观点:一种是从狭义张来说,是指英国上层为教育的目的而前往欧洲大陆的旅行;另一种是从广义上来说,(欧洲)社会中富有阶层为了政治、经济、文化、教育、保健和精神愉悦等生产性和非生产性目的而在西欧进行游历的现象。而大旅行也有属于自己的特征,笔者认为可以简要概括为以下三点:首先,“大旅行”的客源主要来自于特定的区域和特定的社会阶层。其次,“大旅行”在时间上呈现出明显的季节性特征。最后,“大旅行”有着自己相对固定的旅行目的地和旅行线路。

二.大旅行兴起的原因及其发展过程

英国人旅行的传统可以追溯到中世纪,甚至罗马不列颠时代,这一时期,主要是土兵、土王、土著贵族相继向欧洲文明学习。在中世纪,朝圣者、接受训练的骑士、希望提升学问的学生和学者,不时前往欧洲大陆游历。近代初期,牛津学者首先开启赴欧陆寻求新知识的先河,此后,派遣贵族青年前往欧陆进行教育旅行,逐渐成为训练宫廷精英熟悉国际事务和世界文化的一种方式。在16、17世纪,前往欧陆旅行,并在各文化、教育中心体验、学习,逐渐成为上流社会的时尚,而教育旅行逐渐被看作是上层青年教育不可或缺的组成部分。17世纪中后期和18世纪,上层社会的政治经济需求、绅士阶层提高自身素养的需要以及部分英国人对自身生活习性的反思都使大旅行得以发展的盛行。可以说,“大旅行”兴起于16世纪中后期,发展于17世纪,18世纪达到高峰,19世纪以改头换面的方式继续存在。而以“大旅行“为代表的旅行文化在英国发展是多种因素共同作用的结果。首先,16世纪以来欧洲各地区间文化关系的变化是英国国外旅行文化得以发展的一个重要原因,英吉利海峡对面的欧洲大陆文化的繁荣,导致英国对外文化的渴求。其次,英国旅行文化的发展还得益于欧洲文艺复兴运动的鼓舞,文艺复兴外向、探索的精神激发英国人向外旅行。再次,17世纪,培根和笛卡尔等哲学家论证了收集证据和运用理性的重要性,这对旅行者前往欧洲各地旅行起到了推波助澜的作用。再次,到18世纪,人类理性的共

同思想和观念体系———进一步将欧洲社会精英团结起来。最后,认知的变化、贵族教育的转向、英国上层政治、经济、自身素养的需求、以及对大学教育信心的丧失。

三、“大旅行”的影响

社会方面,教育旅行是近代英国社会发展的结果,并促进了英国的社会转型。教育旅行适应了英国从传统贵族领地式国家向近代君主国家转化的需要,促进了君权的集中和贵族职能的转化,为英国向近代国家转化奠定基础。

文化方面,促进了英国和欧洲大陆文化的交流,人文思想的传入,英国与欧洲大陆的交流,促使英国人对其行为方式、制度和思想进行反思,使得英国文化向近代文化转型

教育方面,它一方面丰富了英国传统教育的内容,弥补了传统教育的不足,另一方面又促进了英国传统教育向近代教育转型。

旅行者个人方面,“大旅行”增进了旅行者的见识,提高了个人素质,锻炼了个人品格、培养了绅士风度。

旅行风俗的形成方面,“大旅行”是早期英国国外旅行文化的典型代表,极大促进了英国以及欧洲的旅行风俗的形成,同时促进了旅游业的发展。

消极:借教育之名在欧陆放荡游乐、酗酒赌博的人来说,教育旅行使他们个人品行进一步堕落,甚至使他们踏上毁灭之路。

四、研究状况

自上个世纪初“大旅行”研究正式确立以来,在经过近一个世纪的努力,西方学界在“大旅行”研究中取得了丰硕的成果,这些研究成果有助于我们深入了解“大旅行”具体情况,当然,西方学者对“大旅行”的研究仍然还存在着某些局限。例如, ‘大旅行’在英国国内文化生活中究竟发挥了怎样的作用?它除了有助于扩大人们的世界观念之外,是否也有助于培养英国人与欧洲大陆居民之间的超地域亲和感,乃至“欧洲”观念呢?作为主要目的地的法、荷、德、意等国的居民在英国人的‘大旅行’中发挥了怎样的作用?”等问题,西方学者并没有进行深入的研究。有待于我们在进一步的研究中去克服或解决这些问题。

五、启示

对外的学习,可以学习他国先进的文化、成果,弥补自己文化的弱点,我国要善于学习他国的先进文明,但是,在学习的过程中要注意学习精华部分,舍弃糟粕部分。

英美文学重点整理

What’s symbolism? 1)Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2)举例。

48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?

**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.

英国个人资料表(个人旅游类签证用)

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英国旅游景点概述

英国旅游景点概述 一、简要阐述英国伦敦的旅游景点. 1唐宁街10号 建于1680年,18世纪以来一直是英国历届首相官邸和办公处。唐宁街为17世纪后半叶由唐宁(Downing)爵士开发建筑的私人住宅街道,后来保留了四所住宅。1733年,英国国王将10号辟为首相府邸,11号现为财政大臣官邸,12号是财政大臣的办公室。 唐宁街10号楼内最有名的房间是内阁室,从室内可远眺皇家禁卫军的换岗仪式和圣?詹姆斯公园(St.James’sPark)。第二次世界大战期间邱吉尔(Churchill)将地下室的一间房间用做餐厅。二楼有早餐厅、国宴厅、书房及第二会客厅,其中最大的为国宴厅。客厅内挂有名贵油画,大部分借自博物馆和画廊。唐宁街10号一直室英国政府做出重大决定、制定政策和举行改变世界的会议的中心。 2大本钟 大本钟介绍 中国人给大本钟起了一个可爱的外号叫做“大笨钟”。大本钟(Big Ben)代表了英国古典文化,是伦敦的标志,也是英国人的骄傲。大本钟即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔,英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼 (Clock Tower) 的大报时钟的昵称。 大本钟基本信息 位于威斯敏斯特桥的南面桥头,与英国议会大厦相连,英国议会大厦的北角。作为伦敦市的标志以及英国的象征,大本钟巨大而华丽。大本钟从1859年就为伦敦城报时,根据格林尼治时间每隔一小时敲响一次,至今将近一个半世纪,尽管这期间大本钟曾两度裂开而重铸。现在大本钟的钟声仍然清晰、动听。自从1859年投入使用后,英国政府每隔五年就要对大本钟实施维护,包括清洗钟体、替换大本钟的报时轮系和运转轮系等。

外形特点 钟楼高95米,钟直径9英尺,钟重14 吨,时针和分针长度分别为2.75米和4.27米,钟摆重305公斤,每15分钟响一次。大本钟巨大而华丽,四个钟面的面积有两平方米左右,每个钟面各由312块乳白色玻璃镶嵌而成。大本钟自1859年被安装在钟楼上。成为世界上第二大的同时朝向四个方向的时钟。每个钟面的底座上刻着拉丁文的题词,“上帝啊,请保佑我们的女王维多利亚一世的安全。” 历史意义 大笨钟曾经激发起英国人无比崇高的爱国热情和一往无前的英勇气概,是伦敦人民的骄傲。 在第二次世界大战中,伦敦遭受了1224次空袭,而大笨钟始终播送着它那安定人心的钟声。特别令人肃然起敬的是每年的休战纪念日(11月的第一个星期天)上午11:00鸣响的钟声,那是在哀悼在第二次世界大战中阵 亡的英国军人,此时,整个城市交通停止,人们脱帽肃立,仰望那雄伟的大笨钟。每当议会召开会议的时候,大钟上方的灯就会点亮。一到夜晚,大钟在灯光的照耀下,静静地浮在夜空中,从对岸观望更觉壮观。门票: 免费 开放时间: 每周一、周二、周四14:30-22:00,周三10:00-14:30,周五9:30-15: 3杜莎夫人蜡像馆 杜莎夫人蜡像馆旅游简介 杜莎夫人蜡像馆(Madame Tussaud’s)是位于英国伦敦的一间蜡像馆,其在阿姆斯特丹、纽约、香港和拉斯维加斯都有分馆,在中国的上海分馆也于2006年开幕。蜡像馆是由蜡制雕塑家杜莎夫人建立的,有众多世界名人的蜡像,其中恐怖屋最为出名。整个馆由3层楼及地下室组成,分4个展览层。

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

英国旅游景点介绍

英国旅游景点介绍 ●英国真的是很好玩哦~我之前跟众信去了一次,玩出了一些小经验~ ●塞尔比教堂 塞尔比教堂是一座安立甘宗英国国教会的教区教堂,位于英格兰北约克郡的塞尔比镇,它虽然不是一座大主教所在的教区大教堂,却是中世纪时代存留至今相当少而且规模最大的几座修道院之一。教堂始建于1069年并在此后几个世纪不断修建,教堂主塔是诺曼风格,东边是哥特式风格,四面的前方则融合了哥特式、诺曼式和维多利亚风格。教堂内部以杜伦大教堂为模型。教堂内的几处窗户都颇具特色和历史色彩 ●诺丁汉城堡 诺丁汉是英国历史最悠久的城市之一,也是一座拥有着传奇色彩的古老城市。诺丁汉罗宾汉的故事就发生在这里,好像所有景点都是围绕着罗宾汉这个传奇人物开设的。诺丁汉城堡始建于1067年,自古以来便是皇家御用的军事要塞和居住地。在城堡边还有一尊罗宾汉的雕像。 ●约克大教堂 约克的历史可以追溯到公元71年,当初是罗马人为了防御外敌而建的堡垒。17世纪罗马人以约克大教堂为中心建起了长达5公里的正方形城墙。约克城堡和约克城堡博物馆是城堡仅存的少数遗迹之一。13世纪就开始建造的约克大教堂是英国规模最大哥德式建筑。约克城内有铺满鹅卵石的古老街巷,街道两旁商店和餐馆的建筑古朴典雅,整个小城内充满了浓郁的中古气息;

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