2005 TEXT1
a fat pay rise 工资大涨
colleague n. 同事
slack v. 放松，松懈
outrage n/v. 愤怒，愤慨，暴行
good-natured adj.和蔼的，和善的
tardily adv. 缓慢地，拖延地
stagnant adj. 停滞的
counterpart n. 副本，配对物，参照对象
in exchange for 作为..的交换
token n/v.象征，代币
slice n.薄片v.切开，切成薄片
adjoining adj.邻接的，毗邻的
chamber n.小房间adj. 室内的，秘密的
in return for 作为...的报答
markedly 明显地，显著地，引人注目地
luxury n.奢侈，奢华，奢侈品adj.奢侈的
grievance n. 不满，不平，委屈v. grieve n. grief
toss n/v 投掷，投币（赌正反面）
induce v. 诱导，引诱
righteous adj. 正直的，正义的，公正的
indignation n.愤慨，愤怒
candidate n. 候选人
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan?s and Dr. de Waal?s study.
这些特性使它们成为。。。理想的研究对象。
reluctant adj.不情愿的，勉强的
And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
paralyze v.使瘫痪
(2010 text 4) 死寂的市场一定程度上反映了瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既不愿出售资产，也不愿意去购买那些看似不错的廉价资产。
assumption n.假定，设想，担任
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
underlie 作为。。。的基础
同任何发达国家一样，一些列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。as yet 至今仍然
The designer and the inventor ... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices(定语
前置) that as yet do not exist.
设计者和发明者。。。能把那些尚不存在的设备在头脑中组装和操作。
ancestor n祖先
When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn?t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.
一万年前当我们的祖先还在狩猎和采集野果时，除了寻找食物他们没有时间想其他很多的东西。
preserve v.保全，保存，保留n.保护区
Its hero avoids being civilized --- going to school and learning to read --- so he can preserve his innate goodness.
该书的主人公逃避教化---不上学和不学习读书写字---因此他才得以保住善良的天性。
reward n.报酬，报答v奖励
Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.
(2005 text1)拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其他成员。
abundantly adv丰富的，大量的
The already-gathered data is abundant to reveal the truth of matter that ...
已经惠及的这些资料足以解开一个事实，那就是。。。
creature n生物，创造物
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
biotic (2010翻译)
vanish v消失，使不见
Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.
(2000 text1)面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。
reputation n名誉
A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
（2011 text2）激烈的商业环境同样使得高级经理们小心翼翼地避免模糊的表态破坏到他们的声誉。
长难句
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
这种行为被看做是人之常情，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意
识。
But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
但是由佐治亚特兰大艾里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是猴之常情。该研究已在自然杂志中发表。
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
然而，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
如果一直猴子根部无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上格子独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
2005 TEXT2
inconclusive adj 不确定的，非决定性的
antismoking adj 反对吸烟的，禁止吸烟的
anti-cancer pill 抗癌药
nonsense n胡说，废话
grave n坟墓，墓穴tomb
definitely adv 清楚地，明确地，毋庸置疑地
fume n烟雾v冒烟
prudent adj 谨慎地，精明的
paralysis n 麻痹，无力
steward n 管家，乘务员
legislative adj立法的，有立法权的n立法
initiative adj 主动的，自发的n.主动权，首创精神
take the initiative of doing sth. 主动做某事
crucial adj 关键的，重要的，决定性的
negligence n疏忽，忽视，大意
aggravate v加重，恶化
crucial adj 关键的，重要的，决定性的
The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关把将私人资金用于克隆人的行为视为犯罪。
panel n.仪表盘，面板，座谈小组
The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
(1999 text4)随后，该小组非正式地接受了几条一般的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。
parallel n平行线，同样adj平行的，类似的
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.
类似的情形存在于肉食类哺乳动物和吃鱼的鸟中。
lobby n大厅，休息室v游说
Unfortunately, banks? lobbing now seems to be working.
（2010 text4）不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。
长难句
The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth?s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. 最近的行动时由白宫召集了一批来自国际科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是认为造成的。
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it?s Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.
就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn?t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the governments should stay out of the way?
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑
者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？
Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求更多的研究，这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹”案例。
2005 TEXT4
aspire to/for 渴求，追求aspiration
degradation 退化
controversialist 争论者
permissive adv 许可的，自由的，放纵的
counter-culture 反文化
elevated adj 提高的v提高，抬起
genre n类型，流派(gene基因)
spontaneity n自然性，自然发生
an array of 一排，一批=some一些
illustrate v阐明，表明
chunk n大块，矮胖的人或物
grieve over 哀悼
elaborate adj 精心制作的，详尽的v精心制作
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.
（2005 TEXT4）俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言，并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌；而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲，即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。
linguist 语言学家
As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive.
作为语言学家，他认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力。
In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
在他最近的书《做我们自己的事，语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意》中，作为混合着自由派和保守派观点的语言学家及批判家麦克沃特认为，60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world
that cannot convey complex ideas.
麦克沃特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言都具有强大的表达力，世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。
Mr. McWhorter?s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
麦克沃特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说，他认为whom一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。
While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.
在20世纪60年代以前，仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的强调，而那之后，即使是最受关注的文章也开始逮住口语就写在纸面上。
2006 TEXT1
homogenize v使均匀，使类同
assimilate v使同化，使类似
analogy n类比，类似
democratize v民主化,使大众化
discourse n论述，谈话v演说，谈论，讲述
address a discourse of sth 发表一个关于。。。的讲话
intimate adj亲密无间的n知己v暗示，通知intimacy n.
cater v投合，迎合
divisive adj分裂的，区分的
immune adj免疫的be immune to
deteriorate v恶化，变坏
elevate v提升，举起
indice n指数，标记体
census n人口普查
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
(1998 TEXT4)没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能突出显示美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。
pocket n口袋
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?
在美国是否存在不和以及潜在的不安？
remote adj遥远的，远处的
The prospect seems remote.
(2010 TEXT1)前途似乎很遥远。
unprecedented adj史无前例的
Writing for the National immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today?s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation.
（2006 TEXT1）Gregory Rodriguez为美国移民研讨会撰文指出，今天的移民既不是出于空前的水平，也不抵制同化。
casual adj随便的，非正式的，休闲地
Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
(2002 TEXT1)包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，这些话你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。
launch n/v发射，发起，发动
The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC. (1996 text2)英国政府发起了这场争论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人参与进来。
长难句
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.
移民们很快适应了这个主流文化，他们也许总共也不能为这个文化增色多少，但也不会有害于它的。
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the Unite d States remain somehow immune to the nation?s assimilative power.”
罗德里格斯写道，即使那些住在世界各地偏僻村庄的孩子们都是诸如阿诺施瓦辛格和加思布鲁克斯等明星的星迷，然而一些美国人却害怕住在美国的移民不知为何能抵御这个国家的同化力量的影响。
2006 TEXT2
Superb adj极好的
townsfolk n市民，镇民
live off sth./sb. 靠。。。维生
livelihood 生计childhood 童年liveliness 生动，活泼
sandal n 凉鞋，便鞋
entirely adv全部地，彻底地thoroughly 完全地，彻底地
playgoer n.戏迷sightseer = tourist
subsidy n补贴，津贴
lounge n休息室
lean v靠在，倚在adj消瘦的
flagstone n石板
take in 参观
on the side 顺便，兼职，另外；秘密地
The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don?t usually see the plays
ironic adj讽刺的irony n.讽刺
Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.
(2009 text3)具有讽刺意味的是，这一观点的首个证据出现在美国。
revenue n税收，国家收入
In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.
他认为，在许多国家，企业的收益的损失远远超过了成本的下降。
长难句
And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway?s Cottage, Shakespeare?s birthplace and the other sights.
也有一些市镇居民很大程度上依靠游客生活，这些游客不是来看戏剧的，而是游览安娜海瑟威的小屋，莎士比亚诞生地以及其他景点的。
They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
他们看起来都一个样，虽然他们从各个地方而来---消瘦、率直、专注的脸庞，穿着牛仔裤和便鞋，吃着圆面包在剧场外的石板上过夜，一边能买到20张坐票和80张站票，这些票都是为那些睡觉的人准备的，并且在票房第二天上午10点半开始售票时就卖给他们。
2006 TEXT3
biomass n生物量
over time 随着时间推移
…predator n肉食动物，掠食者
halve vt减半
longline n多钩长线
bait v引诱，折磨n诱饵
hook n钩子v钩住
vessel n血管，容器，船舰
prey v捕食，掠夺n捕食，猎物
baseline n基线
marine adj船舶的，航海的n海运业，舰队
crop n产量，农作物v种植，收货
be cropped from 源自于
yield 产量=production yield v 让步yield to 屈服于，让步
Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes. (2009 text3)因此，如果没有政治改革，贫穷国家可能无法摆脱其贫困陷阱。
underestimate v低估看轻n低估overestimate
Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
因此有一些鱼种没被抓到，因为没有哪种鱼饵的鱼钩能捕到它们，导致过去的捕鱼业被低估了。
saturate v浸透，使饱和adj浸透的，饱和的
In the early days, longlines would have been more saturated with fish.
(2006 text3)在早期的时候，多钩的鱼竿线已经对鱼不起作用了。
长难句
What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.
诸如Ransom Myers和Boris Worm这些研究人员向我们展示的是事情的变化速度是如何之快。
That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.
那表示更高比例的海洋生物遭到捕获，所以现在和过去之间的真正差别要比记录下来的捕捉范围的变化来的更糟糕。
2007 TEXT1
certificate n证书，执照，文凭
approve v 批准
astrological adj占星的,占星学的
stamina n毅力，精力，持久力
conceive vt怀孕vi构思,孕育
mania n狂热，狂躁
coupled with 与…相结合，伴随
cognitive adj认知的，认识的
swamp n沼泽，湿地v下沉，使陷入
e?lite n精英elitism 精英主义
deliberate adj故意的
Thanks for your deliberation. 感谢你的三思而后行。
annual adj年度的
peak n山峰，最高点，顶峰
Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble.
不久前，随着这个国家经济陷入衰退，日本正处于泡沫破灭前的高峰期。
长难句
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006?s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months.
如果你查看一下参加2006年世界杯赛的所有足球运动员的出生证，你极有可能会发现一个引人注意的怪事，优秀的足球运动员大多是在年头出生，而不是在年尾出生。
If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.
如果你再查看一下为世界杯和职业联赛输送人才的欧洲各国的国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪的现象更加明显。
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
怎样解释这一奇怪的现象，有几个猜想：1.某些星相赋予超强的足球技能；2.冬天的婴儿大多摄氧量更高，可以增加足球技能； 3.狂爱足球的父母更有可能在春天怀孕，这一段时间是足球狂热的高峰；4.以上都不是。
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.
这一成功以及后来显示记忆本身并非基因所决定的研究，让埃里克森得到这样的结论，即记忆行为是一种认知练习，而不是一种直觉练习。
Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.
他们的工作得出了一个惊人的观点：我们通常称之为天才的特性被高估了。换句话说，在记忆、外科、芭蕾或计算机程序方面的专业人士，他们几乎都是后天努力的结果，并非天生如此。
2007 TEXT2
analogy n类比，类推
envision v想象，预想
numerical adj数字的，数值的
coincidence n巧合，一致
coincide with 与…保持一致
elude v逃避，躲避
en?compass v包含，包围，环绕
statistical adj统计的，统计学的
peer v凝视，窥视
element n元素，要素
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America--- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
(1996 text4)在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢？
fondness n爱好
What?s the difference between love and fondness?
(2007 text2)热爱与喜爱之间的区别是什么？
长难句
It?s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
设想物体、判断数字模式的能力如何使一个人能够回答难倒了一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家的问题，这可并不那么显而易见。
Superhigh scores like vos Savant?s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chrono’logical age and multiplying by 100.
chronic 长期的(时间) chronic disease synchronize(syn=sym=same同样)
再也不可能出现V os Savant测得的智力高分了，因为评分标准是根据同龄中人口分布统计数据而制定，而不是简单根据实足年龄除以智力年龄再乘以100.
Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. assess评估appraise评估access to接近，进入
Sternberg认为传统的测试最能评定分析技能和语言技能，但却无法测定创造力和实际知识，而这些部分对解决问题和人生的成功也起着至关重要的作用。
2008 TEXT3
anthropologist n人类学家
under-nutrition 营养不足，营养不良
bipedal n两足动物
posture n姿势，姿态v摆姿势，作…姿态
obscure adj含糊的，晦涩的v使阴暗，使含糊
sanctity n神圣sanctify v使神圣
sacrifice 牺牲
secular adj世俗的，现世的n俗人
a pattern known as the secular trend in height.
（2008 text3）这就是长高的趋势。
substantial adj实质的，物质的n重要部分substantial moment 重大时刻
At the same time, the American Law Institute---a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight --- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers.
(1999 text1)与此同时，美国法学会---该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成---签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险。
长难句
The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
这些年来在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况发生了很大的改变，而他们的经理人也更愿意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更大，更高的身材。
Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.
而且，就算人类已经直立行走了几百万年了，我们的脚和背部继续对抗者巨大的压力，这些压力来源于双足直立的姿势和巨大的肢体。
2008 TEXT4
transplant v移居，移植，迁移n移居者，移植
extract v提取，取出，榨取n汁，榨出物
track n轨道
spur v激励，鞭策n鼓舞，刺激，马刺
compromise v/n妥协，让步concede v让步，迁就，妥协concession n妥协，让步；公共租界
fragile adj易碎的，脆的(fra破裂)
congressional adj国会的，议会的
approximately 大约（有x）
hamper v妨碍，束缚n食盒，食物篮
We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.
(2003 text3)我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。
长难句
Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
入主白宫之后的1803年，杰弗逊通过购买路易斯安那州扩大了奴隶制度，这片新土地后来被划分为了13个州，其中包括3个蓄奴州。
Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.
华盛顿在目睹了美国独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇之后开始相信人人生就平等。于是，不顾亲属的反对，他解放了自己所有的奴隶。而仅仅在十年前，解放奴隶的法案才在弗吉尼亚得以批准。
2009 TEXT1
mindlessly adv不费心思地
auto-pilot 自动导航
paradoxical adj矛盾的，似是而非的
plausible adj似乎是对的，模棱两可的
contradict v对立，冲突
ambivalent adj矛盾的
ambiguous 朦胧的，说不清的
kill off 消灭
perpetuate v使不朽adj不朽的，长存的
mode of thought 思维方式
foster v培养，养育adj收养的，养育的
innovation 创新novel 新的
unreflecting adj未反射的，浅薄的，无思想的
Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd.
并非选择，而是习惯会控制那些没有思想的人。
inherently adv内在的，固有的，天性的
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
(1999翻译)从历史学角度来看，方法论一直是一个很模棱两可的概念。
dismiss v解散，解雇；摒弃，反感
He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish.
(1998 text2)他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾。
长难句
But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto
new, innovative tracks.
但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯，就创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们思绪的列车跳转到新的创新轨道上来。
In fact, the more new things we try---the more we step outside our comfort zone---the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.
事实上，我们队新事物尝试得越多，就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带，在职场及个人生活中变得越有创造性。
At end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
但是在青春期结束的时候，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最为宝贵的思维方式。
2009 TEXT2
shell out 付款，还账，为..提供
paternity n父权，父系
over-the-counter adj直售的
kinship n亲属关系
track down 追捕
genealogist n系谱学者
swab n药签，棉签v擦拭，涂抹（药）
saliva n唾液，口水
hawk n鹰v兜售，沿街叫卖
chromosome n染色体
mitochondrial adj线粒体的
lump n块，块状，肿块v结块，混在一起
precision n精度，精密度
And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy---far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002 text2)由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们双手所能达到的水平。
boost v促进，增加，推进
This development is boosting wholesale demand.
（2010 partB）这个发展推动了全方位的需求。
长难句
More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which
makes the over-the-counter kits.
道格福格是Identigene(生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他指出，自从去年PTK无需处方就可以买到以来，购买者已经超过6万人。超过24家公司直接向公众出售DNA检测工具，价格从几百美元到2500多美元不等。
This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
这个DNA只揭示了一两个祖先的基因信息。但是仅仅3代之前，除了曾祖父母，他们还有6个外曾祖父母，或者4代以前除了曾曾祖父母，他们还有14个外曾曾祖父母。
This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.
这意味着依据处理这些结果的公司的不同，DNA数据库也可能不同。此外，公司用来评估血缘关系的电脑程序可能申请了专利，不能对其进行同行审查或外界评估。
2009 TEXT3
consistently adv一贯地，一致地
radically adv根本上，彻底地
ironically adv讽刺地
deride v嘲笑，嘲弄（被骑在下面）
counterpart n副本，配对物，参照物
complexity n复杂，复杂性
Human perception is far more complicated than previously imagined.
(2002 text2)人类的感觉器官也比以前想象的更复杂。
Recession n衰退，不景气
Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious.
(2010 partB) 与此同时，随着经济衰退越来越明显，人们开始变得焦虑起来。
conventional adj传统的，常见的，惯例的
The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. （2011 text3）如今消费者做出购买决定的方式，意味着市场营销的影响力来自于传统付费媒介之外的广泛因素。
长难句
Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.
毫无疑问，在这两个方面的进步，对于这些国家及其他国家的社会、政治及学术发展而言是必要的，但是那种认为教育是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的重中之重的传统观点是错误的。
The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
一家研究机构的研究成果一再表明所有国家的工人都可以进行在职培训以大幅度提高生产率，从而提高生活水平。
More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry?s work.
最近，在进行住户建设检查时研究人员发现在德克萨斯州的休斯顿，尽管房地产行业的工作非常复杂，但是未受过教育的，英语不是母语的墨西哥工人总是能够达到最佳的劳动生产率标准。
2010 TEXT 1
dirt-cheap adj极其便宜的
ornament n装饰，饰品v装饰，装点
stylist n设计师
prose n散文adj散文的，平凡的v写散文
knight n骑士
He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.
(2010 text1)1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。
revival n复兴，复活，苏醒
Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival.
(1998 text2)在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。
contempt n轻蔑，蔑视
But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users.
(1999 text2)但这种“推”销技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。
长难句
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。
“So few authors have brai ns enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in
journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define …journalism? as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”
“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个轻蔑之词”
2010 TEXT3
plausible adj貌似可信的，花言巧语的
outsize adj特大号的n特大号
cascade n叠层，小瀑布v瀑布般冲下
propagate v传播，传送，繁殖
simulation n模拟，仿真
variable adj变量的，可变的，易变的
And there are long, variable legs before policy changes have any effect on the economy.
(1997 text5)在政策改变对经济产生影响前会有一段较长的且变化不定的滞后期。
长难句
Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.
营销人员之所以接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，如果他们能够找到影响，并对他们施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。
Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.
然而，根据两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者通过直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。
Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”–the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor.
他们发现，人们所说的“全球连锁反应”----影响力通过人际、网络进行广泛传播---发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。
高考英语长难句解析练习篇答案版 1.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解A篇)It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. 句意：这是一个惊人的成就，一个没有来自个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨的支持我们就不可能取得的成就。 分析：本句为复合句。其中，one指代前面的accomplishment，后面为定语从句，修饰先行词one，且从句使用了cannot和without表示双重否定。 2.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解D篇)Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. 句意：接着把管子放在恰当的位置，使得管子的一端放在杯子里，管子的其余部分向上延伸到坑的外部。 分析：本句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为祈使句；so that引导目的状语从句，从句是and连接的并列句。 3.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. 句意：如果三年前有人告诉我会用大部分的周末时间来野营，我会狂笑不已。分析：本句为主从复合句。if引导的是条件状语从句，因表示对与过去事实相反的假设，所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外从句中包含了一个that引导宾语从句。 4.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning. 句意：这次跟自然母亲的短暂亲近用去了我两天的假期，被严重晒伤的皮肤还需慢慢恢复，而且还花费了一笔钱为我儿子食物中毒看医生。 分析：句中cost后的直接宾语有三个，即A，B and C三个并列宾语。 5.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Little did I know that I would discover my love for ASL. 句意：我不知道我竟然会爱上美式手语。 分析：此句为倒装句，little为否定词，当否定词位于句首时，句子要使用部分倒装。 6.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past. 句意：我所看到的和我之前经历的完全不同。 分析：此句中what 引导的是主语从句，作句子的主语。此外，I had experienced in the past为定语从句，修饰先行词anything。 7. (2017年全国1卷完形填空)Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less. 句意：相反，如果有任何交谈，那会导致我们学到较少的东西。 分析：本句为复合句。if引导的是虚拟条件句，表示对过去的虚拟，所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been；主句使用“would have done”结构。
雅思阅读长难句分析(十二) 雅思阅读长难句一直是雅思阅读中的一个难点，烤鸭们几乎都被折磨过。今天，雅思小编就给大家具体分析一下剑桥真题中出现过的长难句，让烤鸭们掌握分析长难句的分析技巧，攻克雅思阅读长难句，不再是个传说。 1. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. (剑4 Test 1 Passage 1) 译文：这些误解不是孤立存在的，而是组成了一个尽管多层面却十分有条理的概念体系，这一点使得该体系本身及其所有组成的观点更加难以攻破，有些观点甚至本身就是错误的，但是也正是这样，它们反而更容易改动。 这个句子主要难在词汇和句子结构上。我们先来学习一下下面几个词汇： 1. multifaceted：多层面的；多才多艺的 2. component: 组成部分的 3. erroneous：错误的 4. robust: 粗鲁的；强健的 5. incorporated：组成的，合并的 我们该来分析一下句子结构：句子主语是These misconceptions，并列谓语do not remain ……but become，其中有not……but 句式，宾语是isolated，incorporated into…… framework。Making作结果状语，which引导限制性定语从句修饰the component ideas。
定语从句长难句分析 1.Thesediscoverieshaveledtothefieldknownasneuroeconomics,whichstudiestheb rain’ssecretstosuccessinaneconomicenvironmentthatdemandsinnovationand being able to do things differently from competitors. 译文：这些发现带来了神经经济学领域的出现，神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑胜利的秘诀，这个经济需要创新，需要和竞争者做例外的事情。 解析：which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，因为neuroeconomics是一个专有名词，在语法中，是需要非限制性定语从句修饰的。同时，这也是一个嵌套定语从句，也就是从句套从句，在which引导的非限制性从句中还包含着一个that引导的从句修饰economic environment. 2.Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in adifficultposition,astheymuststeeranarrowcoursebetweenthedemandsof‘evidence’an d‘attractiveness’,especiallygiventheincreasingneedintheheritageindustry and income-generating activities. 译文：那些专门从事诠释历史的人面临着一个困境，他们需要在证据的要求和参观者对于吸引力的要求之间做出权衡，特别是考虑到历史遗产产业对于创收活动不断增长的要求。 解析：who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history是定语从句修饰前面代词。这里的as引导的是原因状语从句。Given引导条件状语从句，意为“鉴于”。 3.In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, suchasJosephPriestley,whoseRudimentsofEnglishGrammar(1761)insiststhat‘thecusto m of Speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. 译文：在18世纪中后期，我们已经发现了这一观点的支持者，比如JosephPriestley,他1761年出版的《英语语法入门》一书中坚持认为：说话的习惯是最基本的也是任何语言的唯一标准。
1. 【雅思长难句分析】1-5 雅思阅读长难句分析： 1 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 2 Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of techno logy or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 3 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and Appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 4 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the Research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 雅思阅读长难句分析： 5 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s econom directly bound up with the efficiency of its
Fpg 定語從句之長難句解析the after call a yearning It 1.was what sentimentalists satisfied are women they not ideal, and means that until they have husbands and children. who deal in very big words 【要點】who引導の定語從句引導の定語用來修飾sentimentalists (情感主義者) whom用來修飾affectionswhom they may center 從句on which are 引導の定語從句husbands and children。which用來修飾small changes elsewhere,as it were,in spent affections 【譯文】一般情感主義者喜歡用大字眼,稱之為對於理想愛情の渴望。換言之，他們認為女人の情感平時只能零星發洩，必須有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起來有了歸宿，自己才能得到滿足。 2..Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis. 【要點】本句為簡單複合句。句架為Smart cards, which ..., are Fpg Fpg
雅思阅读长难句分析作业（2011-12-23） 1.From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. 翻译： In this paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people A.may be interested in studying art. B.can draw outlines of different objects and surface. C.can recognize conventions such as perspective. D.can draw accurately. 1.This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning .To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle. I was taken aback. 翻译：
【精心整理】从句长难句翻译【例句&讲解】 英语从句的翻译定语从句状语从句 名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句） >>定语从句的翻译 无论是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，翻译成汉语时是处理为前置定语还是后置定语，要视具体情况而定；有些定语从句和主句存在着状语关系，翻译时更要灵活对待。 It was what sentimentalists,who deal in very big words,call a yearning after the ideal,and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections,which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes. It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal,and means that women they are not satisfied until they have
husbands and children. 【大意】这就是情感主义者称之为对于理想爱情的渴望，简单说来，就是女人必须在有了丈夫和孩子之后才能感到满足。 who引导的定语从句who deal in very big words用来修饰sentimentalists(情感主义者)whom引导的定语从句on whom they may center affections用来修饰husbands and children which引导的定语从句which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes用来修饰affections 一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。 >>前置法： 如果定语从句较短，限制能力较强，一般我们将此类定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰的先行词的前面。 Those who sacrifice themselves for the people's cause are the real heroes of history. We found a restaurant where the food was excellent.
雅思阅读长难句的分类和实例分析从常见的主从复合句、并列复合句和其他特殊句式三个方面分享了这些复杂结构的分析方法，大家可以参考一下，希望能提高大家的备考质量。 一、主从复合句：是指一个句子中有两个或两个以上主谓结构，并且其中一个(或更多)主谓结构作为句子的某些成分。常见的主从复合句有名词性从句(主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、宾语从句)、定语从句和状语从句。给大家举个例子吧： 例：同位语从句+定语从句+状语从句 Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. (剑9 Test 1 Passage 2) 句子结构分析：这句话的主干是we make a very conservative assumption that…that…since if…whether…。第一个That引导的从句作assumption的同位语，第二个that引导定语从句修饰a life form，since引导时间状语从句，if引导条件状语从句。 译文：第二，我们保守地假定我们正在搜寻的生命形式和人类非常相似，如果形势完全不同，那么我们可能不会把它看作一种生命形式，更不用说能否与它进行交流了。 二、并列复合句：由两个或两个以上的分句通过一些并列连词(but、and、not only…but also…、neither…nor…、yet、while、so等)，构成的复合句。常见的并列复合句可以分为并列关系复合句、转折关系复合句、因果关系复合句和选择关系复合句。给大家举个例子吧： 例：并列关系复合句 The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. (剑9 Test 3 Passage 2) 句子结构分析：and连接两个并列句，第一个句子是被动语态，为现在完成时，句子主干是The technology has been developed in the North Sea oil industry 。第二个句子是主系表结构，为一般现在时，句子主干是much is already known about turbine blade design，because of作原因状语。 译文：应对海底恶劣盐渍环境的技术已经在北海油田工业中得以研发，而且得益于对风力发电及船只螺旋桨等技术的积累，人们对涡轮机叶片的设计已经有了很多了解。 三、其他特殊句式：除了上面给大家分享的一些复合句之外，雅思阅读中还会出现一些倒装、省略、强调等特殊句式，同学们备考的时候要注意一下。例子如下： 例1 ：强调句式
2020 年托福阅读长难句100 句：后置定语从句 我们知道 一个句子的主干 ( 主谓宾 ) 相当于它的骨架，识别了主干相当于抓住 了句子的主要信息 ; 而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分 ( 定状补同等 ) 则相当于句子的血肉，血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、增强甚至不可或缺的作用。 教学中作者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生： The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions. 本句 since 之前的部分含有标准的 S(The physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument) 结构，而 since 之后明显应该是原因 状语 ( 从句 ) 的部分，所以句首的 SVO就是整句的主句。下面我们来仔 细分析 since 后面的部分： 第一行末尾的 that 紧跟 an argument 之后，显然做 an argument 的后置定语从句。 that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构， only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的 ( 即小级别 ) 条件状语从句 it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构); 接下来我们遇到了 loses ，since 到 loses 之间是两个主系表从句，有各自的系动词，于是 loses 不属于这两个从句，只能与 an argument 对应，这个点也可从单复数上佐证。 loses 与后面的 all its force 形成动宾结构，其中it指代前文的an argument;
解析2015考翻译硕士中的长难句 翻译硕士考试中的长句一般存在于阅读理解和相关阅读题当中，长难句一般是考翻译硕士的拦路虎，下面就结合考试真题解析考翻译硕士中的长难句该怎样应对。 从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列、平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外)，也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。 英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。 1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句; 2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后的除外); 3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词; 4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体; 5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干; 6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。 长难句分析的步骤举例 经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段) In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins. 分析: 第一，划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will
雅思阅读长难句分析 1.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. 翻译：当然，过去也有词典，第一部词典是一本大约120页的小册子，它由一位叫罗伯特·考德雷的人编纂而成并于1604年出版，书名叫《疑难常用英语词汇表》。 词汇：compile v. 编写，编纂 a certain 某一 publish v. 出版 under the title 名叫……，题为…… 分析： 主干部分：There had been dictionaries in the past. （倒装句） 独立主格结构：the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages The first of these 逻辑主语 Being a little book of some 120 pages 分词短语 状语成分：compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, publishe d ... wordes’. （过去分词短语作状语） 2.Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer --- lexical as well as social and commercial. 翻译：除了从混乱中建立起秩序的实际需要，词典的兴起也与英国中产阶级的兴起息息相关，他们急切地希望能定义和界定各种各样等待他们去征服的领域——词汇领域，社会领域以及商业领域。 词汇： Chaos n. 混乱，紊乱 新通教育
1. As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of scienee shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedi ngly powerful resista nee to further in vestigati on ;i n some cases cen turies elapsed before this resista nee was even tually broke n dow n,as happe ned in cosmology,for example. 译文至于第三个因素，科学史中有许多事例表明，权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它 给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时间才能最 终打破这道障碍。例如，在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。 2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an en vir onment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 译文行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大，而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。 3. I suggest tran sform ing our social system from a bureaucratically man aged in dustrialism in which maximal product ion and con sumpti on are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which manand full development of his potentialities -those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements. 译文我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主 义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能一一即爱和理智的潜能一一为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。 4. Wemay define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance. 译文：我们客户可以说，化学式论述物质的化学变化的科学，通过这种变化可能得到一种新 物质。 5. The child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate resp on ses will experie nce greatly in tellectual developme nt. 6. Those in dividuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an adva ntage in the struggle for existe nce are more likely to survive and con tribute their genes to the n ext gen eratio n. 7. But the movie differed significantly from those other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active in volveme nt of a master of cere monies who assembled the final
从句和长难句分析 高考英语试题中定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 2008-12-15 22:24:06 来源:网络作者:佚名【大中小】点击：126 次评论：次 1.The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains. A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were 【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）： (1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops. A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are (2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are (3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are 2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand” A. that B. which C. where D. what 【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高，无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来说,英语句子中, 除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列,平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句,即：①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说 的定语从句；③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外）,也可以跟 自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长. 英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干. 1）划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句； 2）划出所有介词短语(位于be 动词后的除外）； 3）名词性从句看作一个整体，找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词； 4）非谓语动词结构看作一个整体; 5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干； 6）分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构. 长难句分析的步骤举例： 经典例题( 2001 年考研完型填空第二段） In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press， Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins. 分析： 第一，划出定语从句和状语从句： that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins. 第二，划出介词短语： In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press 第三，句子的结构分析：
1. An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. 2. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting. 3. Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. 4. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. 5. One form of pollution –the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming –does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. 6. Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority. 7. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the carves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. 8. Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality. 9. Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the control in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.
2012年考研英语阅读长难句"四种类型"分析 1．含有分隔结构的句子 分隔结构在英语表达中经常出现，它的作用主要是调整语气、补充信息以及平衡句子结构。在阅读长难句中出现较多的分隔形式是插入语。 插入语有很多不同的类型，可以是一个词，比如形容词（strange，etc）、副词（p ersonally，honestly，fortunately，luckily，etc）；可以是短语，比如形容词短语（worst still，sure enough，etc）、介词短语（of course，in short，as a matter of fact，by the way，etc）、分词短语、动词不定式（to be sure，to tell you t he truth，etc）；也可以是句子，比如if I may say so，if you don't mind，that is（to say）等都是非常常见的插入语。通常，去掉句中这些插入成分不会影响句子的完整性。如：I say /hear，I think /hope / believe，you know / see，wh at's more，I'm afraid，do you think / suppose等。 如：His journey to the e-mail use began innocently enough when,as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system. 这是一个典型的含有多个插入语的长句。as chairman of Computer Associates I nternational是he的同位语，a software company是Computer Associates Interna tional的同位语，它们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。去掉这些插入语后，这句话的意思就很清楚了。 2．被从句拉长的简单句 这些句子较长，有时甚至出现一个从句套另一个从句、环环相扣的情况。遇到这种情况时，在阅读过程中经常会遗忘前面刚刚读过的内容，往往读了几遍，还搞不清整个句子的结构。 如：Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day havi ng occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same k ind,though differing in degree,which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomenon. 事实上，无论多长多复杂的句子，都是由主干和修饰成分这两部分组成的。主干是整句话的主体框架，主要指主谓宾结构（He plays basketball）或主系表结构（This is an apple）。修饰成分可以是单词，可以是短语，也可以是从句，无论是何种形式，它在句中都只起到修饰和补充主干的作用。因此，对于这种类型的长句，我们要做的首先是确定主干，然后理清从句结构，再按照所确定的各个成分想想句子的大意，再联系上下文看是否与语境相吻合。如果前后文理不通，则可能是分析有误，这时就需要对句子结构重新进行分析。