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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1: geography, people and language 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts① The British Isles ② Great Britain ③ England (geographical names)④ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (official name)⑤ Britain ⑥ the United Kingdom ⑦ the U.K 2. National Flagthe Union Jack3. The British Isles are made up oftwo large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. (geography)4. The image of John Bull.5. British National Emblem6. Climate: maritime climateTemperate ( with warm summer ,cool winter) plentiful precipitation (降雨量) Three principal features: frequent fog the large number of rainy days Instability or changeability7. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. (三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士) Region Capital National emblem People language Famous personsEngland（Southern ） London rose English 50M 83%English (Official)Scotland （north ）Edinburgh （爱丁堡）Thistle （蓟花）Scottish/Scots 5M <9.6% Gaelic (盖尔语)Robert Burns (罗伯特·彭斯)——Auld Lang Syne (友谊地久天长) A Red Red Rose(一朵红红的玫瑰 Wales（west ） Cardiff（加的夫）daffodil (黄水仙) Leek（韭葱）Welsh <3M <2%Welsh (1/4 in Wles)Northern Ireland Belfast（贝尔法斯特）Shamrock（三叶草）Northern Irish1.7M 1.8%English William Butler Yeats（威廉·巴特勒·叶芝）——When youare oldJames Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯)——stream-of-consciousness(意识流)George Bernard Shaw（乔治·萧伯纳）Other people:3%(immigrants)补充：（1）Englandis the largest, most populous and most wealthiest part of the country.The River Thames originates in southwestern England. (英国第二长河)(2) Scotlandhas three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英语国家概况The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland英国的历史分四部分:1.The Origins of a Nation2.The Shaping of the Nation3.Transition to the Modern Age4.The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireEarly settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invasions -> the Norman ConquestNorman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprisingThe English Reformation -> Elizabeth I -> the English Renaissance -> James I -> Charles I -> the Civil War -> the commonwealth -> the Glories RevolutionTwo parties (Whigs and Tories) -> Agricultural changes -> the Industrial Revolution -> the Chartist Movement -> Trade unions and the Labour Party -> Colonial Expansion -> in the two World Wars Chapter 1 Land and People第一部分：Different Names for Britain and its Parts1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain：England, Scotland and Wales 3. Why do people tend to use "England" and "English" when they mean "Britain" and "British"? England is the largest, most populous and generally speaking the richest section. So people tend to use “England” and “English” when they mean “Britain” and “British”.4.名词解释：The Commonwealth of Nations 或the British CommonwealthThe Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers.英联邦是一个由许多独立国家组成的自由组织，这些国家都是大不列颠国以前的殖民地，成员国都是出于经济原因结合在一起的并有固定的贸易往来。
英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
Chapter 1第⼀章Land and People英国的国⼟与⼈民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官⽅正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛—⼤不列颠岛（较⼤的⼀个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔⼠。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部，是，⼈⼝最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠的北部。
第一章国土与人民英国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland),简称“联合王国”(simply U.K),由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰及数百个岛屿组成，首都为伦敦。
大不列颠Great Britain大不列颠群岛British Isles爱尔兰岛Ireland英国河流为不冻河，最长的是赛文河(the Severn River)，次长的也是最重要的是泰晤士河(the Thames River)，尤适于航运。
英国处于温带，由于周围海洋的调节作用，加上从海上吹来的温暖湿润的西南风，和北大西洋暖流的影响，气候为海洋性气候，多雨，气候温差不大。
东南部雨量不足。
英格兰人是原居住在今日德国西北的盎格鲁萨克逊人的后裔，苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人则是凯尔特人的后裔。
语言：主要是英语，少数人说威尔士语。
宗教：多数人信天主教，少数人信基督教。
Knowledge Points✧Britain lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.✧The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.✧Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain (1343m) is located in Scotland.✧The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.✧The Republic of Ireland gained its independence in 1949.✧Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.✧Cardiff/加的夫is the capital of Wales.✧Belfast/贝尔法斯is the capital of North Ireland.✧There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.✧During the Ice Age great ice covered Great Britain.✧Immigrants to Britain are mainly from the West Indies, India, and Pakistan.名词解释：1.The Thames River/泰晤士河(流经牛津,伦敦等)∙The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain. It is 336 kilometers long, rising in southwest England and flowing through England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly, which is very favorable for water transportation.2.The High Landers∙They are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.3.The British Commonwealth/英联邦∙The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of nations in 1931. It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.4.The Chunnel/英吉利海峡隧道(铁路),水底铁路隧道∙In 1985 the British go vernment and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.问答题：1.What are the three natural zones/自然带in Scotland?∙The three natural zones in Scotland are: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands. 2.What are the three factors which influence the climate in Britain?1)The surrounding waters.2)The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerly blow over the country all the year round.3)The North Atlantic Drift.3.Describe the geographical position of Britain.∙Britain is an island country, which lies off the west coast of the European continent in the Atlantic Ocean. Or to be more exact, it lies between latitude 50 to 60 degrees north. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.4.Where about in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?∙The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.第二章英国的起源新石器时代不列颠就有了最早的居民---伊比利亚人(Iberians)。
第一部分 英国地理
1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain:
England, Scotland and Wales.
3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth
of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.
4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in
1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once
colonies of Britain.
5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in
the south and the North Sea in the east.
6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising,
and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are
mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.
7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish
border, are the principal mountain chain.
8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the
Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.
9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north,
the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center
comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.
10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland.
11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and
Hebrides.
苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
12. Besides, the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees and the Thames Rivers on the
east coast all face the North Sea ports on the European continent.
除此以外，东海岸的邓恩河，泰河，迪斯河和泰晤士河都面临欧洲大
陆上的北海各港口。
13. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. The most important
river is Thames River. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.
英国最长的河流是赛文河，最重要的河流是泰晤士河。克莱德河是苏
格兰最重要的河流。
14. Though the weather in Britain is so changeable and unpredictable, the
climate is in fact a favorable one. Britain has a steady reliable rainfall
throughout the whole year.
虽然英国的天气总是如此变化无常，无法预测，但实际上英国的天气
相当宜人。英国全年有稳定的降雨量。
15. Britain has a population of 57411000. it is a densely populated
country with an average of 237 people per square kilometer, and it is very
unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban, and only 10% is
rural.
英国人口为57411000。它是一个人口稠密，分布不均的国家，每平
方公里平均237人，90％的人生活在城镇，只有10％的人居住在农
村。
16. the English are Anglo-Saxons, but the welsh, Scots and Irish are Celts.
英格兰人是安各鲁－撒克逊人。而威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰人是凯尔
特人。
17. The Celts of Wales defended their freedom for 1000 years and were
not conquered by the English until 1536. today about a quarter of the
welsh population still speak welsh as their first language and about one
percent speak only welsh.
威尔士的凯尔特人为自由战斗了1000年，直到1536年才被英格兰人
征服。今天有大约四分之一的威尔士人把威尔士语当作第一语言，大
约1％的人只讲威尔士语。
18. though the Gaelic language is still heard in the Highlands and western
isles, the English language is spoken all over the Scotland.
尽管在高地和西部岛屿还能听到盖尔语，但英语却遍及全苏格兰。
19. Since then, there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who
are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics who are seeking more
social and economic opportunities.
从那时起，新教徒和罗马天主教徒间展开了艰苦的斗争，新教徒是统
治者，而罗马教徒要求更多社会和经济机会。
20. About three million have came to live and find work since world war
second. They are mainly from the West Indies, India and Pakistan.
自二战以来，约有三百万人来到英国居住，他们主要来自西印度群岛，
印度和巴基斯坦。
