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《计算机技术基础-VF》期末考试卷-样卷

《计算机技术基础-VF》期末考试卷-样卷
《计算机技术基础-VF》期末考试卷-样卷

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华 北 科 技 学 院

2008/2009学年第二学期考试试卷-样卷(08级)

考试科目:

《计算机技术基础-VF 》选用试卷 样卷 适用专业 非计算机专业本科 考试时间 120分钟

一、选择题(每题1分,共30题,30分)

1、如果一个班只能有一个班长,而且一个班长不能同时担任其他班的班长,班和班长两个实体之间的关系属于________ 的关系。

A .一对一

B .一对二

C .多对多

D .一对多 2、Visual FoxPro 默认的查询去向是________。 A .主窗口 B .表 C .浏览窗口 D .报表文件 3、表达式16+63%4*3的运算结果是_ _。 A .27 B .25 C .19 D .0 4、VF 是一种关系数据库管理系统,所谓关系指的是________。 A .表中各记录彼此有一定的关系 B .表中各字段彼此有一定的关系

C .一个表与另一个表之间有一定的关系

D .数据模型符合满足一定条件的二维表格式 5、将逻辑值赋给内存变量X 的正确方法是________。

系(部) 专业、班级 姓名 学号 密封

装订线

A.X="T" B.STORE "T"TO X

C.X=TURE D.STORE.T.TO X

6、能显示当前库文件中所有男生的姓名,性别和籍贯的命令是________。

A、list fields 姓名,性别,籍贯

B、list fields 姓名,性别,籍贯for 性别="男"

C、display all fields 姓名,性别,籍贯

D、list for 性别="男"、and、籍贯="四川"

7、在Visual FoxPro中,关于自由表叙述正确的是________。

A.自由表和数据库表是完全相同的B.自由表不能建立字段级规则和约束

C.自由表不能建立候选索引D.自由表不可以加入到数据库中

8、在Visual FoxPro中,运行表单T1.SCX的命令是________。

A.DO T1 B.RUN FORM1 T1 C.DO FORM T1 D.DO FROM T1

9、在Visual FoxPro中,表结构中的逻辑型、日期型字段的宽度由系统自动给出,它们分别为:_______。

A.1、8 B.4、10 C.1、6 D.2、8

10、在Visual FoxPro中,使用”菜单设计器”定义菜单,最后生成的菜单程序的扩展名是:________。

A.MNX B.PRG C.MPR D.SPR

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《英语语音》期末考试试卷及答案

《英语语音》考试试卷(A卷、闭卷) I. , (15%) ()1. A. B. C. D. ()2. A. B. C. D. ()3. A. B. C. D. ()4. A. B. C. D. ()5. A. B. C. ()6. A. B. C. D. ()7. A. B. C. D. ()8. A. B. C. D. ()9. A. B. C. D. ()10. A. B. C. D. . (15%) ()1. A. B. C. D. ()2. A. B. C. D. ()3. A. B. C. D. ()4. A. B. C. D. ()5. A. B. C. D. ()6. A. B. C. D. ()7. A. B. C. D. ()8. A. B. C. D. ()9. A. B.

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5. , : 1) ; 2) . V. . (20%). 1. “” . A. B. C. 2. . , . A. B. C. a 3. . A. B. C. 4. “”, “”, “”“”, “c”“k” . A. B. C. 5. “ .” . A. ’s . B. ’s . C. . 6. I’ . A. B. a C. 7. a ? A. B. C. 8. ? A. B. C. 9. a . A. B. C. ? 10. :

材料力学期末试卷答案解析

一、一、填空题(每小题5分,共10分) 1、如图,若弹簧在Q作用下的静位移st20 = ? 冲击时的最大动位移 mm d 60 = ? 为:3Q。 2、在其它条件相同的情况下,用内直径为d 实心轴,若要使轴的刚度不变 的外径D。 二、二、选择题(每小题5分,共10分) 1、 置有四种答案: (A)截面形心;(B)竖边中点A (C)横边中点B;(D)横截面的角点 正确答案是:C 2、 足的条件有四种答案: (A) ; z y I I=(A); z y I I>(A); z y I I<(A) y z λ λ= 。正确答案是: D 三、 1、(15 P=20KN, []σ 解:AB M n = AB max M= 危险点在A

2、图示矩形截面钢梁,A 端是固定铰支座,B 端为弹簧支承。在该梁的中点C 处受到的重 解:(1)求st δ、max st σ。 将重力P 按静载方式沿铅垂方向加在梁中心C 处,点C 的挠度为st δ、静应力为max st σ, 惯性矩 ) (12016.004.0124 33m bh I ?== 由挠度公式 ) 2(21483K P EI Pl st +=δ得, 8 3339 3 10365.112 )10(104010210488.040---???????= st δ mm m 1001.01032.25240213==???+ mm m 1001.0== 根据弯曲应力公式 z st W M =max σ得,其中4Pl M =, 62bh W z = 代入max st σ得, MPa bh Pl st 124 01.004.06 8.0406 42 2max =????== σ (2)动荷因数K d 12160 211211=?+ +=+ +=K st d h δ (3)梁内最大冲击应力 M P a st d d 1441212max =?=K =σσ 3、(10分)图中的1、2杆材料相同,均为园截面压杆,若使两杆在大柔度时的临界应力相等,试求两杆的直径之比d 1/d 2,以及临界力之比21)/()(cr cr P P 。并指出哪根杆的稳定性较好。 解:由 2 22212λπλπσE E cr == 即: 22 221111i l i l μλμλ===;

材料力学期末试卷1(带答案)

学院 《材料力学》期末考试卷1答案 (考试时间:120分钟) 使用班级: 学生数: 任课教师: 考试类型 闭卷 一.填空题(22分) 1. 为保证工程结构或机械的正常工作,构件应满足三个要求,即 强度要求、 刚度要求 及 稳定性要求 。(每空1分,共3分) 2.材料力学中求内力的基本方法是 截面法 。(1分) 3.进行应力分析时,单元体上剪切应力等于零的面称为 主平面 ,其上正应力称为 主应力 。(每空1分,共2分) 4.第一到第四强度理论用文字叙述依次是最大拉应力理论、最大拉应变理论、最大剪应力理论和形状改变能理论。(每空1分,共4分) 5. 图示正方形边长为a ,圆孔直径为D ,若在该正方形中间位置挖去此圆孔,则剩下部分图形 的惯性矩y z I I =(2分) 6. 某材料的σε-曲线如图,则材料的 (1)屈服极限s σ=240MPa (2)强度极限b σ=400MPa (3)弹性模量E =20.4GPa (4)强度计算时,若取安全系数为2,那么塑性材料的许 用 应力 []σ=120MPa ,脆性材料的许用应力 []σ=200MPa 。 (每空2分,共10分) 二、选择题(每小题2分,共30分) ( C )1. 对于静不定问题,下列陈述中正确的是 。 A 未知力个数小于独立方程数; B 未知力个数等于独立方程数 ; C 未知力个数大于独立方程数。 ( B )2.求解温度应力和装配应力属于 。 A 静定问题; B 静不定问题; C 两者均不是。 ( B )3.圆轴受扭转变形时,最大剪应力发生在 。 A 圆轴心部; B 圆轴表面; C 心部和表面之间。 ( C )4. 在压杆稳定中,对于大柔度杆,为提高稳定性,下列办法中不能采用的是 。 A 选择合理的截面形状; B 改变压杆的约束条件; C 采用优质钢材。 ( C )5.弯曲内力中,剪力的一阶导数等于 。 A 弯矩; B 弯矩的平方; C 载荷集度 ( C )6.对构件既有强度要求,又有刚度要求时,设计构件尺寸需要 。 A 只需满足强度条件; B 只需满足刚度条件; C 需同时满足强度、刚度条件。 ( A )7.()21G E μ=+????适用于 A .各向同性材料 B. 各向异性材料 C. 各向同性材料和各向异性材料 D. 正交各向异性。 ( B )8.在连接件上,剪切面和挤压面分别 于外力方向 A.垂直、平行 B.平行、垂直 C.均平行 D.均垂直 ( C )9.下面两图中单元体的剪切应变分别等于 。虚线表示受力后的形状 A. 2γ,γ B. 2γ,0 C. 0,γ D. 0,2γ

材料力学期末考试复习题及答案

二、计算题: 1.梁结构尺寸、受力如图所示,不计梁重,已知q=10kN/m,M=10kN·m,求A、B、C处的约束力。 2.铸铁T梁的载荷及横截面尺寸如图所示,C为截面形心。已知I z=60125000mm4,y C=157.5mm,材料许用压应力[σc]=160MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=40MPa。试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件校核梁的强度。 3.传动轴如图所示。已知F r=2KN,F t=5KN,M=1KN·m,l=600mm,齿轮直径D=400mm,轴的[σ]=100MPa。试求:①力偶M的大小;②作AB轴各基本变形的力图。③用第三强度理论设计轴AB 的直径d。 4.图示外伸梁由铸铁制成,截面形状如图示。已知I z=4500cm4,y1=7.14cm,y2=12.86cm,材料许用压应力[σc]=120MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=35MPa,a=1m。试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件确定梁截荷P。 5.如图6所示,钢制直角拐轴,已知铅垂力F1,水平力F2,实心轴AB的直径d,长度l,拐臂的长度a。试求:①作AB轴各基本变形的力图。②计算AB轴危险点的第三强度理论相当应力。

6.图所示结构,载荷P=50KkN,AB杆的直径d=40mm,长度l=1000mm,两端铰支。已知材料E=200GPa,σp=200MPa,σs=235MPa,a=304MPa,b=1.12MPa,稳定安全系数n st=2.0,[σ]=140MPa。试校核AB杆是否安全。 7.铸铁梁如图5,单位为mm,已知I z=10180cm4,材料许用压应力[σc]=160MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=40MPa,试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件确定梁截荷P。 8.图所示直径d=100mm的圆轴受轴向力F=700kN与力偶M=6kN·m的作用。已知M=200GPa,μ=0.3,[σ]=140MPa。试求:①作图示圆轴表面点的应力状态图。②求圆轴表面点图示方向的正应变。③按第四强度理论校核圆轴强度。 9.图所示结构中,q=20kN/m,柱的截面为圆形d=80mm,材料为Q235钢。已知材料E=200GPa,σp=200MPa,σs=235MPa,a=304MPa,b=1.12MPa,稳定安全系数n st=3.0,[σ]=140MPa。试校核柱BC是否安全。

最新酒店英语期末考试试卷-(1)

试卷代码: 南京城市职业学院2015-2016学年度第二学期 酒店管理专业酒店英语期末考试试题 班级:学号:姓名: 2016年6月 一、单选题(每题1分,共20分) 1、Good morning. _______ I help you? A、Would B、Must C、May D、Am 2、I would like to _________ a room, please. A.order B、book C、see D、look 3. It’s very kind __________ you to help me. A.of B、to C、by D、for 4. What’s the ________ for a double room? A. right B. rate C、money D、for 5. I would like to book a double room ________ bath. A. with B. of C、by D、for 6.Excuse me, sir. You need to ________ the form. A. fill in B. fill on C、fill of D、fill for 7.We are looking forward to __________ you. A. see B. saw C、seeing D、sees 8.I'm afraid we are fully booked _______ the 5th. A. with B. of C、by D、for 9.Do you want to pay _____ cash or _____ credit card. A. in in B. by by C、by in D、in by 10.The porter will show you _______ your room. A. with B. to C、by D、for 11.My flight will leave ______ 6 pm today. A. with B. on C、at D、for 12.The hotel is full and there is someone ________ your room. A. take B. To take C、takes D、taking 13.Let me _______ you with your luggage.

材料力学期末考试试题A卷

材料力学期末考试试题(A卷) 一、单选或多选题(每小题3分,共8小题24分) 1.图中应力圆a、b、c表示的应力状态分别为 A 二向应力状态、纯剪切应力状态、三向应力状态; B 单向拉应力状态、单向压应力状态、三向应力状态; C 单向压应力状态、纯剪切应力状态、单向拉应力状态; D 单向拉应力状态、单向压应力状态、纯剪切应力状态。 正确答案是 C 2.一点的应力状态如右图所示,则其主应力1σ、2σ、3σ分别为 A 30MPa、100 MPa、50 MPa B 50 MPa、30MPa、-50MPa C 50 MPa、0、-50MPa D -50 MPa、30MPa、50MPa 正确答案是 B 3.下面有关强度理论知识的几个论述,正确的是 D 。 A 需模拟实际应力状态逐一进行试验,确定极限应力; B 无需进行试验,只需关于材料破坏原因的假说; C 需要进行某些简单试验,无需关于材料破坏原因的假说;

D 假设材料破坏的共同原因。同时,需要简单试验结果。 4.对于图示的应力状态,若测出x、y方向的线应变xε、yε,可以确定的材料弹性常数有: A 弹性模量E、横向变形系数ν; B 弹性模量E、剪切弹性模量G; C 剪切弹性模量G、横向变形系数ν; D 弹性模量E、横向变形系数ν、剪切弹性模量G。 正确答案是 D 5.关于斜弯曲变形的下述说法,正确的是 A B D 。 A 是在两个相互垂直平面内平面弯曲的组合变形; B 中性轴过横截面的形心; C 挠曲线在载荷作用面内; D 挠曲线不在载荷作用面内。 6.对莫尔积分 dx EI x M x M l? = ? ) ( ) ( 的下述讨论,正确的是 C 。 A 只适用于弯曲变形; B 等式两端具有不相同的量纲; C 对于基本变形、组合变形均适用; D 只适用于直杆。

材料力学期末考试习题集

材料力学期末复习题 判断题 1、强度是构件抵抗破坏的能力。(√ ) 2、刚度是构件抵抗变形的能力。(√ ) 3、均匀性假设认为,材料内部各点的应变相同。(×) 4、稳定性是构件抵抗变形的能力。(×) 5、对于拉伸曲线上没有屈服平台的合金塑性材料,工程上规定2.0σ作为名义屈服极限,此时相对应的应变为2.0%=ε。(×) 6、工程上将延伸率δ≥10%的材料称为塑性材料。(×) 7、任何温度改变都会在结构中引起应变与应力。(×) 8、理论应力集中因数只与构件外形有关。(√ ) 9、任何情况下材料的弹性模量E都等于应力和应变的比值。(×) 10、求解超静定问题,需要综合考察结构的平衡、变形协调和物理三个方面。(√ ) 11、未知力个数多于独立的平衡方程数目,则仅由平衡方程无法确定全部未知力,这类问题称为超静定问题。(√ ) 12、矩形截面杆扭转变形时横截面上凸角处切应力为零。(√ ) 13、由切应力互等定理可知:相互垂直平面上的切应力总是大小相等。(×) 14、矩形截面梁横截面上最大切应力maxτ出现在中性轴各点。(√ ) 15、两梁的材料、长度、截面形状和尺寸完全相同,若它们的挠曲线相同,则受力相同。(√ ) 16、材料、长度、截面形状和尺寸完全相同的两根梁,当载荷相同,其变形和位移也相同。(×) 17、主应力是过一点处不同方向截面上正应力的极值。(√ ) 18、第四强度理论用于塑性材料的强度计算。(×) 19、第一强度理论只用于脆性材料的强度计算。(×) 20、有效应力集中因数只与构件外形有关。(×) 绪论 1.各向同性假设认为,材料内部各点的()是相同的。 (A)力学性质;(B)外力;(C)变形;(D)位移。 2.根据小变形条件,可以认为( )。 (A)构件不变形;(B)构件不变形; (C)构件仅发生弹性变形;(D)构件的变形远小于其原始尺寸。 3.在一截面的任意点处,正应力σ与切应力τ的夹角( )。 (A)α=900;(B)α=450;(C)α=00;(D)α为任意角。 4.根据材料的主要性能作如下三个基本假设___________、___________、___________。 5.材料在使用过程中提出三个方面的性能要求,即___________、___________、___________。 6.构件的强度、刚度和稳定性()。 (A)只与材料的力学性质有关;(B)只与构件的形状尺寸关 (C)与二者都有关;(D)与二者都无关。 7.用截面法求一水平杆某截面的内力时,是对( )建立平衡方程求解的。 (A) 该截面左段; (B) 该截面右段; (C) 该截面左段或右段; (D) 整个杆。 8.如图所示,设虚线表示单元体变形后的形状,则该单元体

研究生英语期末考试试卷

ad if 命 封 线 密

A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs -though some remain popular -increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world -including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV -is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows -the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s -studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is,how ants,bees or any social animal,including humans,behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome,Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani,a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology,described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance,by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store,forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes,also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information,and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

材料力学期末试卷1(带答案)

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20.图所示点的应力状态,已知材料的许用正应力[σ],其第三强度理论的强度条件是 2τ《=【σ】 。 21.物体相对于地球处于静止或匀速直线运动状态,称为平衡。 22.在截面突变的位置存在应力集中现象。 23.梁上作用集中力偶位置处,其弯矩图在该位置有突变。 24.图所示点的应力状态,已知材料的许用正应力[σ],其第三强度理论的强度条件是。 25.临界应力的欧拉公式只适用于细长杆。 26.只受两个力作用而处于平衡状态的构件,称为而力构件。 27.作用力与反作用力的关系是。 28.平面任意力系向一点简化的结果的三种情形是力,力偶,平衡。 29.阶梯杆受力如图所示,设AB和BC段的横截面面积分别为2A和A,弹性模量为E,则截面C的位移为 7Fa/2EA 。 30.若一段梁上作用着均布载荷,则这段梁上的剪力图为斜直线。 二、计算题: 1.梁结构尺寸、受力如图所示,不计梁重,已知q=10kN/m,M=10kN·m,求A、B、C处的约束力。 2.铸铁T梁的载荷及横截面尺寸如图所示,C为截面形心。已知I z=60125000mm4,y C=157.5mm,材料许用压应力[σc]=160MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=40MPa。试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件校核梁的强度。

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《材料力学》期末考试试卷02

第二章 拉 压 一、判断题 1.变截面杆AD 受集中力作用,如图3所示。用N AB 、N B c 、N CD 分别表示该杆AB 段、BC 段、CD 段的轴力的大小,则N AB >N B c>N CD 。(错 ) 2.如图所示的两杆的轴力图相同。( 对) 3. 杆件所受到轴力F N 愈大,横截面上的正应力σ愈大。(错) 4. 作用于杆件上的两个外力等值、反向、共线,则杆件受轴向拉伸或压缩。(错 ) 5. 由平面假设可知,受轴向拉压杆件,横截面上的应力是均匀分布的。( 对 ) 6. 极限应力、屈服强度和许用应力三者是不相等的。( 对 ) 7. 材料的拉压弹性模量E 愈大,杆的变形l Δ愈小。( 对 ) 8. 由εσE =可知,应力与应变成正比,所以应变愈大,应力愈大。( 错 ) 9. 进入屈服阶段以后,材料发生塑性变形。( 对 ) 10. 为保证构件能正常工作,应尽量提高构件的强度。( 错 ) 11. 对于没有明显屈服阶段的韧性材料,通常以产生0.2%的塑性应变所对应的应力作为名义屈服强度,并记为2.0σ。( 对 ) 12. 轴向拉伸或压缩杆件的轴向线应变和横向线应变符号一定相反。( 对 ) 13. 若拉伸试件处于弹性阶段,则试件工作段的应力ε与应变σ必成正比关系。( 对 ) 14. 安全系数取得越大,经济性就越好,工程设计就越合理。( 错 ) 15. 轴向拉伸或压缩的杆件横截面上的应力一定正交于横截面。( 错 ) 16. 钢材经过冷作硬化处理后其弹性模量基本不变。( 对 ) 二、填空题 1.杆件受拉伸或压缩变形时的受力特点是:作用于杆件上的外力作用线和杆件的轴线 ; 杆件的变形是沿 方向的 或 。 2.轴力的正、负号规定为:杆受拉为 、杆受压为 。 3.应力是截面上 ,与截面垂直的应力称为 ,与截面相切的应力称为 。 4.作用于杆件上的外力 和杆的轴线重合,两个外力方向 为拉杆;两个外力 为压杆。 5.l Δ称为杆件的 ,ε称为杆件的 ,对拉杆,l Δ,ε均为 值。对压杆,l Δ,ε均为 值。 6. 虎克定律表达式εσE =,表明了 与 之间的关系,它的应用条件

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